Dissertations / Theses: 'Rural labour markets'

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MacDonald, R. F. "Schooling, training, working and claiming : Youth and employment in local, rural labour markets." Thesis, University of York, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382968.

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Mueller, Bernd. "Working for development? : a study of the political economy of rural labour markets in Tanzania." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2011. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13195/.

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The thesis aims to expand economists’ general understanding of rural development by interpreting the formation, expansion and functioning of rural labour markets as being situated at the centre of development. For this, we start by setting up an analytical framework that is rooted in classical political economy and that highlights the importance of socio-economic relations of power and property, processes of socio-economic differentiation, as well as the centrality of gender and intra-household relations as critical parts and complements in any holistic analysis. Through this we explore the deep theoretical links between the labour market and any process of rural development. The principal part of the thesis then goes on to applying this analytical framework using empirical survey data collected in the West Usambara Mountains region in North Tanzania through primary fieldwork in 2008 exploring wider processes of labour market participation and capital accumulation. A major aspect of this research is to compare our results with the influential study by Sender and Smith (1990) conducted in the same region in 1986. Some important results of our study are a relatively clear trend towards production being predominantly governed by wage labour relations, a general increase of economic pressure on people’s land holdings and a resulting process of increased differentiation and separation from the means of subsistence. We furthermore observed – in contrast to Sender and Smith’s conclusions – a tangible reduction of men’s capacity to coercively appropriate women’s labour power within the household, which they diagnosed to be a major impediment towards the greater process of development.

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Moses, Gary William. "Social relations in the Victorian countryside hiring fairs and their critics in the East Riding of Yorkshire c. 1840-1880 /." Thesis, Online version, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.324567.

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Nasser, Yousef. "Labour markets and rural household economics : the case of hill country Palestine (1890-1990) with special reference to the Israeli occupation period." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259711.

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Cramer, C. "Labour markets, employment, and the transformation of war economies. Paper presented at the ¿Transforming War Economies¿ Seminar, Plymouth, 16-18 June 2005." University of Bradford, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4178.

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Although many different analyses in some ways acknowledge the relevance of labour markets to the political economy of violent conflict and of war to peace transitions, there has been little sustained or systematic exploration of this dimension of war economies and post-conflict reconstruction. This paper highlights the empirical and analytical gaps and suggests that a framework departing from the assumptions of the liberal interpretation of war allows for a richer analysis of labour market issues and policies. This is illustrated by the history of rural Mozambique through the war economy and into the first post-war decade.

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Feuerbacher, Arndt. "Economy-wide Modelling of Seasonal Labour and Natural Resource Policies." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19825.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich methodischen und empirischen Forschungsfragen mit Bezug auf saisonale Arbeitsmärkte und Politiken zur nachhaltigen Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen. Hierfür wird ein gesamtwirtschaftlicher Modellierungsansatz angewendet, für den das im südöstlichen Himalaya gelegene Königreich Bhutan als empirische Fallstudie dient. Das methodische Forschungsziel der Arbeit ist, die Relevanz der Darstellung von saisonalen Arbeitsmärkten innerhalb von allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen (sog. CGE Modelle) zu ergründen. Dies stellt eine Neuheit in der Literatur dar. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, dass Modelle ohne saisonale Arbeitsmärkte systematisch Ergebnisse, wie Angebotsreaktionen und Wohlstandseffekte, verzerren. Die Saisonalität von Arbeit hat eine hohe Relevanz für gesamtwirtschaftliche Analysen im Kontext landwirtschaftlich geprägter Volkswirtschaften, insbesondere für Untersuchungen des Strukturwandels und agrarpolitischer Interventionen. Empirisch wird die wechselseitige Abhängigkeit von Politiken zum nachhaltigen Management natürlicher Ressourcen mit Zielen des Umweltschutzes und der ländlichen Entwicklung untersucht. Basierend auf unterschiedlichen Modellierungsansätzen, konzentrieren sich drei Studien auf agrar- und forstpolitische Szenarien in Bhutan. Es wird gezeigt, dass Bhutans Ziel, seinen landwirtschaftlichen Sektor auf 100% ökologische Landwirtschaft umzustellen, zu substantiellen Wohlfahrtsverlusten und negativen Folgen für die Ernährungssicherung führen würde. Die Analyse verschiedener forstpolitischer Szenarien demonstriert, dass eine höhere Forstnutzung in Bhutan im Sinne der gesamtwirtschaftlichen und ländlichen Entwicklung nachhaltig möglich ist. Die Arbeit weist auf verschiedene zukünftige Forschungsfelder hin, wie zum Beispiel die Integration von Ökosystemdienstleistungen, was als eine der wesentlichen Einschränkungen bei der modellgestützten Analyse von Politiken zur Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen identifiziert wurde.
Using an economy-wide modelling approach, this dissertation investigates methodological and empirical research questions related to seasonal labour markets and natural resource policies. The Kingdom of Bhutan, located in the south-eastern Himalayas, serves as a case study. The methodological research objective of this thesis is to gain an understanding of the relevance of seasonal labour markets in the context of economy-wide modelling. The depiction of seasonal labour markets at national scale using a seasonal social accounting matrix (SAM) and computable general equilibrium (CGE) model presents a novel development within the literature. It is demonstrated, that the absence of seasonal labour markets leads to systematic bias of model results. The consequences are distorted supply responses and biased welfare effects, underlining the pivotal implications of seasonality for economy-wide analysis in the context of agrarian economies, particularly for scenario analysis involving structural changes and agricultural policy interventions. The empirical research objective addresses the interdependence of natural resource policies with objectives of environmental conservation and rural development. Employing modelling techniques, three studies focus on specific agricultural and forest policy scenarios in Bhutan. Simulating Bhutan’s ambitious policy objective to convert to 100% organic agriculture demonstrates substantial welfare losses and adverse impacts on food security, causing trade-offs with objectives of rural development and food self-sufficiency. Analysing forest policy reforms shows that increased forest utilization contributes to economic development, particularly in rural areas, without jeopardizing the country’s forest conservation agenda. The dissertation points at numerous areas of future research, as for example the incorporation of ecosystem services, which is identified as one key limitation of economy-wide analysis of natural resource policies.

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Yu, Li. "Labour market outcomes, migration intentions of rural-urban migrants and return migration in China." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3340.

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It has been widely documented that migrant labourers have made great contributions to the urban economy of China; as well, the explosive growth of rural-urban migrants has generated several "migration problems," such as growing social inequality in urban China. It is widely reported that a large number of migrants have returned to their places of origin, after several years of "urban life," and this trend has been accelerated after the global economic crisis after 2008. Consequently, the large number of return migrants have created many problems in the cities, such as labour shortage in the manufacturing industry, and also posed a huge challenge to the rural areas in the resettlement of these returnees. In sum, to understand both the migrants in destination cities and return migrants in their places of origin is of great importance for both urban and rural development in China. The research so far, on the understanding of migrants' behaviour and labour market outcomes in a multi-phased migration process, seems highly controversial and therefore, insufficient. This study, based on migrant survey data collected in Fujian Province, and return migrant interview data collected in Sichuan and Jiangxi Provinces, explores migrant labour market outcomes in the cities, as well as their geographical differentiation; migrant return intentions, and their gender differentiations; return behaviour and the resettlement situations of actual returnees. The results show that the multi-phased migration process of rural migrants in China is synthetically shaped by macro, meso, and micro factors, and by the interactions between these factors. To be more specific, findings of this study indicate that migrant labour markets in urban China are largely geographically differentiated according to several regional characteristics. The study also finds that a large proportion of rural-urban migrants intends to return to their places of origin. As well, their return intentions are significantly gender-differentiated. Finally, the resettlement situations of return migrants are closely connected to their migration experience.
ix, 160 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

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Vera-Toscano, Esperanza. "Modelling the labour market behaviour of women in rural canada." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302482.

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This thesis develops and applies the neo-classical approach to labour supply to analyse differences between rural and urban women's labour market behaviour. Thus, one of the questions addressed is - what are the socio-economic factors affecting the labour supply of women in rural areas, and, thus do they differ between rural and urban female workers? Further beyond the general issue as to whether rural labour markets are functioning in the same way as their urban counterparts, the study also considers whether the labour market outcomes of women in poor households differ from the rest of the rural female workforce and/or their urban counterparts. First, an in-depth exploration of rural women is presented, focusing on the major barriers faced by women when entering rural labour market. Further explanations are also provided on the additional limitations among the rural poor workforce. Second, background information of employment in rural areas of Canada and, more specifically, aggregate evidence of particular differences in labour market behaviour are presented. Thus, we will have both theoretical and empirical work motivations for modelling rural-urban differences. Finally, through the use of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics individuals' and other socio-economic factors such as individual and household characteristics, job attitudes and place of residence are controlled for in order to model, at a micro/individual level, the labour market behaviour of women both in rural and urban areas. In particular, emphasis is placed on labour market participation, wages and hours of work supplied. Given the lack of previous economic studies in this field, this thesis represents a reasonable first step to the economic analysis of the impact of various socio-economic factors on any rural-urban differences.

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Wang, Xiaobing. "Labor market behavior of Chinese rural households during transition /." Halle (Saale) : IAMO, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0803/2008400549.html.

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Garnett, Anne Margaret, and n/a. "EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION ADJUSTMENT IN RURAL AUSTRALIA." University of Canberra. School of Business & Government, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070802.130527.

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Rural regions in Australia have been, and continue to be, distinguished by very different population and labour market characteristics than those of more urbanised areas. Since the 1980s, rural regions have been exposed to a range of economic events and policies which has impacted on the structure and composition of the population and the labour force. These changes include trade liberalisation and globalisation, deregulation, declining numbers of agricultural establishments, advances in technology, increases in productivity and changes in the levels of public and private provision of goods and services. In addition, in recent years, serious shortages of labour, particularly skilled labour, has emerged as a major issue facing rural regions. However, there has been little economic research into rural labour markets relative to other labour markets, particularly since the 1980s. While there has been significant public discussion and political debate in recent years on the apparent changes experienced by rural regions, evidence regarding the nature, causes and impacts of these changes has often been anecdotal. For example, there is the popular notion of the �tree change� which refers to the idea that people are leaving metropolitan areas and moving to rural areas. Concurrently, there is also the significant discussion on the �rural downturn�, which refers to the belief that rural regions are declining in term of population and employment growth. Further, the agricultural sector has continued to be cited as the likely cause for downturns in rural population and employment growth rates in rural areas. However, again, there is a lack of economic research to substantiate these claims. The aim of this thesis is to redress the lack of economic research and to provide a comprehensive analysis of rural labour markets and population in Australia since the 1980s. Analysis focuses on the changing structure and composition of rural labour markets and the impact of population shifts on rural localities. Evidence is provided on the extent to which two decades of significant structural, technological and regulatory change have impacted on rural labour markets in Australia. This then provides a sound basis for the policy discussion in this thesis on population and labour market changes in rural Australia and the causes and implications of these changes.

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11

Liu, Yunhua. "Institutional constraints and mobility of labor and capital in rural China." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33051234.html.

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van, den Bosch Inge. "Beyond Education : Perspectives of rural graduate Filipinas on labor market participation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145064.

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The Republic of the Philippines is an example country when it comes to gender equality within education. However, this trend does not persist when it comes to female labor market participation. Current research shows that a mere 53,4% of all Filipinas are currently employed in the labor market against 81% of their male counterparts, indicating a wide engendered gap. This study investigates why so few of the highly educated female population find gainful employment by studying the perspectives of university graduate students in the rural province of Antique through the use of a wide range, quantitative survey across three universities, and 9 qualitative in-depth interviews. By using Nussbaum and Sen’s capability approach, an inventory of both known and new barriers is made, which are organized in the following categories: barriers on the supply side of the labor market, barriers on the demand side of the labor market, and other barriers. Revealing those barriers that have not been researched before contributes to the existing body of knowledge on impediments that hinder graduating Antiqueñas to enter the labor market. The hindrances as described and discussed in this thesis can be used to improve gender sensitive policies that have the ability to expand freedoms, capabilities, and functioning for Antiqueñas, but also for Filipinas in general, since the barriers; lack of good and productive vacancies, (early) motherhood, a wide gender wage gap, unpaid family work, patriarchic views on traditional female roles, and a divide in male and female jobs are all barriers that hinder Filipinas on a national level.

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Miller, Luke Currie. "Valuing place : understanding the role of community amenities in rural teacher labor markets /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Garnett, Anne Margaret. "Employment and population adjustment in rural Australia /." Canberra : University of Canberra, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20070802.130527/index.html.

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15

Heidelk, Tillmann. "Education, labor markets, and natural disasters." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/304527.

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This thesis explores the entire cycle of education, from initial access to schooling, over degree completion, to returns to education. Despite recent gains in increasing access, an tens of millions of children worldwide are still out of school. Abolishing school fees has increased enrollment rates in several countries where enrollments were low and fees were high. However, such policies may be less effective, or even have negative consequences, when supply-side responses are weak. The first part of the thesis evaluates the impacts of a tuition waiver program in Haiti, which provided public financing to nonpublic schools conditional on not charging tuition. The chapter concludes that school's participation in the program results in more students enrolled, more staff, and slightly higher student-teacher ratios. The program also reduces grade repetition and the share of overage students. While the increase in students does not directly equate to a reduction in the number of children out of school, it does demonstrate strong demand from families for the program and a correspondingly strong supply response from the nonpublic sector.Pertaining degree completion, it is well established that natural disasters can have a negative effect on human capital accumulation. However, a comparison of the differential impacts of distinct disaster classes is missing. Using census data and information from DesInventar and EMDAT, two large disaster databases, the second part of the thesis assesses how geological disasters and climatic shocks affect the upper secondary degree attainment of adolescents. The chapter focuses on Mexico, given its diverse disaster landscape and lack of obligatory upper secondary education over the observed time period. While all disaster types are found to impede attainment, climatic disasters that are not infrastructure-destructive (e.g. droughts) have the strongest negative effect, decreasing educational expansion by over 40%. The effects seem largely driven by demand-side changes such as increases in school dropouts and fertility, especially for young women. The results may also be influenced by deteriorated parental labor market outcomes. Supply-side effects appear to be solely driven by infrastructure-destructive climatic shocks (e.g. floods). These findings thus call for differential public measures according to specific disaster types and an enhanced attention to climatic events given their potentially stronger impact on younger generations.It is also widely appreciated that natural disasters can have negative impacts on local labor market outcomes. However, the study of differential types of negative capital shocks, the underlying labor market mechanisms, and the context of the poorest countries have been neglected. Following testable predictions of economic theory, the third part of the thesis exploits the exogenous variation of destruction of human and physical capital caused by the 2010 Haiti earthquake to disentangle the differential impact on local individual monetary returns to education. Employing individual-level survey data from before and after the earthquake the chapter finds that the returns decreased on average by 37%, especially in equipment-capital intensive industry. Higher educated individuals adjust into low-paying self-employment or agriculture. The returns are particularly shock-sensitive for urban residents, migrants, males, and people over age 25.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Cheng, Li. "Labour surplus economy under transitions = a case study of chinese rural labour mobility = Transições na economia de mão de obra excedente: um estudo de caso da mobilidade da mão de obra rural na China." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286402.

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Orientadores: Carlos Alonso Barbosa de Oliveira, José Dari Krein
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T15:19:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cheng_Li_M.pdf: 3595185 bytes, checksum: eea0dacaa1c90e56db176a406edb0942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Três décadas de reforma econômica e abertura, a China tem vivido uma fase de desenvolvimento de transições econômicas de um sistema planejado para a de um mercado, juntamente com um padrão de desenvolvimento típico dualista. A mobilidade do trabalho de um controle restrito durante o período de pré-reforma a um afrouxamento gradual pós-reforma, juntamente com a melhoria de industrialização e expansão da urbanização, apresentou uma transferência de massa sem precedentes em termos de tempo, espaço, ocupação, indústria e escala. No entanto, a sustentabilidade de tal modelo de desenvolvimento do crescimento econômico altamente determinado pela escala da força de trabalho excedente rural restante. Com a fermentação persistente da generalizada falta de trabalho desde 2004, a diminuição gradual do dividendo demográfico atribuído principalmente à implementação da política de planejamento familiar desde 1980, bem como os atuais crescimentos contínuos dos custos de trabalho e a desaceleração do crescimento econômico, quanto tempo pode durar este modelo de desenvolvimento econômico baseado na transferência de força de trabalho, tornou-se um acalorado debate e agitação no campo acadêmico socioeconômico. Portanto, esta pesquisa adotou uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento econômico, através da análise profunda sobre as famosas teorias de transferência de trabalho rural excedente, estabelecendo o modelo de força de trabalho tripartite como a principal contribuição teórica desta pesquisa, e combinado 35 anos de base de dados da China, fornecer uma situação real da transferência de força de trabalho rural excedente chinês
Abstract: Three decades of the economic reform and opening up, China has experienced a development stage of economic transitions from a planned system to a market one, along with a typical dualistic developmental pattern. Labour mobility from a restrict control during the period of pre-reform to a gradual loosening after the reform, along with the improvement of industrialization and expansion of urbanization, presented an unprecedented mass transfer in terms of time, space, occupation, industry and scale. However, the sustainability of such development model of economic growth highly determined by the scale of the remaining rural surplus labour force. With the persistent fermentation of the wide-spread of labour shortage ever since 2004, the gradual diminishing of the demographic dividend mainly attributed to the implementation of the family planning policy since 1980s, as well as the current continuous growing labour costs and the slow down economic growth, how long can this economic development model based on the transfer of labour force last, became a heated debate and socio-economic hotspots in the academic field. Therefore, this research adopted a development economics perspective, through the profound analysis over the famous theories of rural surplus labour transfer, established a tripartite labour supply model, combined 35 years data base from China, provide an actual situation of Chinese rural surplus labour transfer
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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Nguyen, Trung Hung [Verfasser], Diez Javier [Gutachter] Revilla, and Üwe [Gutachter] Blien. "Rural Non-Farm Sector and Labor Market in Rural Vietnam: Trends and Determinants / Trung Hung Nguyen ; Gutachter: Javier Revilla Diez, Üwe Blien." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2016. http://d-nb.info/112226237X/34.

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Schlosser, Janet A. "An examination of county-level labor market responses to economic growth in Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1074.

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Johnson, Jodien M. Mencken Frederick Carson. "Federal employment concentration and regional process in nonmetropolitan America." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5238.

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Mathenge, Mary W. Kiiru. "Essays on off-farm labor market participation, farm production decisions and household economic wellbeing empirical evidence from rural Kenya /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Sifuentes, Ocegueda Emma Lorena. "Mercados de trabajo agrícola, redes sociales y segmentación. El caso de la producción de tomate de invernadero en el Sur de Nayarit, México." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400649.

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Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo central el estudio de las prácticas de reclutamiento de la fuerza de trabajo en los mercados agrícolas locales e identificar la función que en ellos ejercen las redes sociales como mecanismo de gestión de la fuerza de trabajo. Para ello se han seleccionado tres empresas diferentes de la Región Sur del Estado de Nayarit, México. Nayarit es una entidad que se caracteriza por el predominio de las actividades de servicios y la agricultura como las principales en su estructura productiva. La importancia de la actividad agrícola en Nayarit muestra un panorama diverso en cuanto a procesos sociales y a diversidad productiva, la que en las últimas dos décadas ha presentado notables cambios y diferencias entre las regiones del Estado. En ese contexto se analizan os mercados de trabajo agrícolas locales como un proceso social relevante. Ante ese panorama, la idea concreta de donde surge en la presente tesis consiste en explicar las inequidades que caracterizan a los mercados de trabajo agrícolas locales en el Sur de Nayarit, México y el papel que juegan las redes sociales en dichos mercados. Se supuso que las relaciones personales entre los actores sociales y el ambiente comunitario -entendidas en términos de redes sociales familiares o de amistad-, llegan a influir en el modo en que se organizan los mercados de trabajo locales rurales. El establecimiento de empresas ajenas a ese ambiente, en cuanto a su origen y a las formas de organización, debían suponer cambios importantes en el contexto local a nivel económico, cultural y social en general y en particular sobre el funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo, por lo que se pensó en la importancia de identificar y estudiar en detalle dichos procesos sociales. En ese sentido, el objeto de análisis de esta tesis lo constituyen las estrategias de reclutamiento y selección de fuerza de trabajo en los mercados de trabajo agrícolas locales con presencia de las redes locales. A nivel teórico, el problema detectado planteó la posibilidad de contribuir en el desarrollo de una línea de investigación detectada para análisis a nivel general -macro-, o bien abordando los aspectos de interés por separado pero poco desarrollada para los mercados de trabajo rurales. Esta se resume en la identificación de elementos para explicar, cómo se establecen y el alcance de los rasgos socioculturales del ambiente local, a través de las redes sociales, en el reclutamiento y las formas de gestión de la fuerza de trabajo y su impacto en la segmentación de los mercados de trabajo. En esa línea se ha pretendido avanzar en la explicación de la relación entre redes sociales-segmentación del mercado de trabajo-segregación social en los mercados de trabajo rurales locales, habiendo partido de la situación que ha caracterizado los mercados de trabajo agrícolas en Nayarit, de fuertes inequidades sociales. Además de otras conclusiones relevantes, se pudo constatar la relación existente entre las redes sociales la gestión de la fuerza de trabajo en los casos analizados. Tal relación se detectó tanto en el reclutamiento como en la organización del proceso de trabajo, presentándose de maneras específicas en cada caso, en función del tamaño de la empresa y su forma de organización. Mientras que en el proceso de reclutamiento, el motivo de la mediación es la búsqueda de empleo-contratación de la fuerza de trabajo, con el interés de ambas partes, durante el proceso de trabajo, el motivo principal del involucramiento de las redes sociales es con fines de mayor control por parte de la empresa sobre los grupos de trabajadores. Esto tiene repercusiones en términos de inequidades de oportunidades para acceder al trabajo y segregación social.
This thesis has as main objective the study of recruitment practices of the workforce in local agricultural markets and identify the role they exercise in social networks as a mechanism for managing the workforce. This has been selected three different companies in the Southern Region of the State of Nayarit, Mexico. Nayarit is an entity characterized by the predominance of service activities and agriculture as key in its production structure. The importance of agricultural activity in Nayarit shows a mixed picture in terms of social and productive diversity processes, which in the last two decades has made significant changes and differences between regions of the state. In that context local agricultural markets will work as a relevant social process are analyzed. Given this scenario, the concrete idea of where it arises in this thesis is to explain the inequities that characterize the local agricultural labor markets in southern Nayarit, Mexico and the role of social networks in these markets. It was assumed that personal relationships between social actors and community environment-understood in terms of family and social networks or friendship-, come to influence how local rural labor markets are organized. The establishment of companies outside that environment, in terms of their origin and forms of organization, should lead to significant changes in the local context for economic, cultural and social in general and in particular on the functioning of labor markets level, what it is thought about the importance of identifying and studying in detail these social processes. In that sense, the object of analysis of this thesis constitute, the recruitment strategies and selection of workers in local agricultural labor markets with the presence of local networks. At the theoretical level, the detected problem raised the possibility of contributing to the development of a line of research for analysis detected a general level -macro- or addressing issues of interest but little developed separately for rural labor markets. This is summarized in identifying elements to explain, how they are established and extent of socio-cultural features of the local environment, through social networks, recruitment and ways of managing the workforce and its impact on segmentation of labor markets. In this line we have tried to make progress in explaining the relationship between-segmentation social labor market desegregation social markets local rural labor networks, having started from the situation that has characterized the markets for agricultural work in Nayarit, of strong social inequities. In addition to other important conclusions, it was found the relationship between social networks management workforce in the cases analyzed. Such a relationship was detected in both the recruitment and the organization of the work process, presenting specific ways in each case, depending on the size of the company and its form of organization. While in the recruitment process, the reason for mediation is seeking employment-hiring the workforce, in the interest of both parties during the work process, the main reason for the involvement of social networks is to greater control purposes by the company on groups of workers. This has implications in terms of inequality opportunities to access at the work, and of social segregation.

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Karlsson, Emil. "It’s a match? : A comparison of the aggregated job-matching efficiency in urban and rural regions in Sweden." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44285.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine if there is a difference between Swedish urban and rural regions in terms of job-matching efficiency. The thesis employs the Beveridge curve with unemployment rate as the dependent variable as a framework and a longitudinal dataset covering 60 regions and the period 1998-2015. Two aspects of the job-matching efficiency are considered; the determinants of unemployment and the temporal changes in the job-matching efficiency. Considering the determinants of unemployment, some differences between urban and rural regions are detected. The results indicate that the mean age of a region’s population is negatively related to the unemployment rate while the share of women in the labor force is positively related in both types of regions. According to the Beveridge curve, this implies that the job-matching efficiency increases with a higher mean age while a higher share of women in the labor force decreases the matching efficiency. However, both variables are significantly stronger related to the unemployment rate in urban regions. Education is found to be positively associated with unemployment rate in urban regions while insignificant in rural ones. Lastly, no major difference between the two types of regions regarding the changes or position of the Beveridge curve are found. This implies that the job-matching efficiency is similar and change simultaneously in both urban and rural regions.

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Camos-Daurella, Daniel. "Essays on the electricity sector in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216767.

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This thesis focuses on the electricity sector in developing economies. This is an important sector given the well-documented contribution of high quality electricity services to economic growth and social welfare. Yet, today, 1.2 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity - half of them in sub-Saharan Africa. The sector is characterized by the high cost of electricity investments combined with the tight fiscal constraints often faced by developing countries' governments. In this context, many electricity utilities around the world either do not perform satisfactorily or operate under severe financial stress. In order to improve the performance of the electricity sector, policy makers need to prioritize among competing objectives and identify the most relevant tools. The first chapter is called "Procuring the right supervisors for infrastructure investments in developing countries". It fits into the set of challenges regarding access that regulatory choices available to policy makers can address. This chapter focuses on a possible way to increase the efficiency of infrastructure investments financed by international financial institutions (IFI) in poor governance countries that has been under studied in the past: the role of supervision consultants, who typically supervise the performance of a contractor firm building the actual infrastructure on behalf of a principal such as the Ministry of Works. I argue that the incentive remuneration of supervisors - understood as a combination of a threat of non-payment and reputation to obtain future contracts - is exogenous to the quality of governance of the country of work. I then apply this exogeneity to the classical Laffont-Tirole (1991) three-tier principal-agent with supervisor setting. I find that the induced contractor's power of incentives of their seminal model change: if the supervisor's incentive remuneration is high enough, effort is optimal; if it decreases, then the effort is sub-optimal but capture is avoided; and if the remuneration decreases even further, then the supervisor is always captured. I then suggest that IFIs could enhance efficiency of infrastructure invesmtents by (i) linking the resources allocated to monitor projects with the corruptibility of the country, and (ii) adding the corruptibility of the country in which the supervisor has successfully conducted previous assignments as a selection criteria when procuring new supervisors. The second chapter is called "Does size matter for performance? Evidence from Brazilian electricity distribution utilities". It fits into the set of challenges regarding affordability that market structure choices available to policy makers can address. In this chapter, I study the relationship between the size and the evolution of total factor productivity in 33 Brazilian electricity distribution utilities (both public and private) representing 97% of the market. This is of particular interest at this point in time given that the renewal of many concessions of utilities is set to start in 2015. I use an input distance function in a stochastic frontier analysis framework with 2 outputs (number of connections and electricity sold) and 3 inputs (operational expenses, length of the network, and capacity of transformers). I apply this methodology to a database spanning from 2003 to 2012 and then decompose the productivity into various components, paying a particular attention to the effect of firm size on productivity. I find that while large utilities are at the minimum efficient scale, the others are slowly moving towards that point. In addition, I find that, when grouping utilities according to size categories, the scale component of technical change explains an important part of the TFP changes. Brazilian policy makers and the regulator would lose an opportunity if they did not consider these findings in the imminent renewal of concessions. The third and last chapter is called "When and how does rural electrification increase labor supply?" and is co-authored with Christian Lehmann. It fits into the set of challenges regarding access and growth that technology choices available to policy makers can address. This chapter is motivated by the expanding empirical literature studying the effects of rural electrification in developing countries that has emerged in the last few years. It focuses on the effect of rural electrification on the labor markets. While the literature tends to agree that labor supply increases with electrification, the underlying mechanisms through which this happens are not well documented: while some authors argue that it is the external market labor supply that goes up, others claim that it is the in-house labor supply of marketable goods that increases. We develop a household model that provides a theoretical framework to integrate the results of most existing empirical studies and explain the theoretical mechanisms behind them. Our model has three types of goods to which the household can allocate its labor: a subsistence good, an informal good, and a formal good. We find that, depending on a number of parameters, electrification increases labor supply either through more labor provided to the market or through more labor devoted to home production of tradable goods. This result is in line with previous empirical work. We also find that the effect of electrification is heterogeneous across households and deduce a number of predictions that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been tested by the empirical literature yet.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Staduto, Jefferson Andronio Ramundo. "Determinação dos salários na agropecuária brasileira - período de 1971 a 1996." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-20082002-145225/.

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Este trabalho analisa o comportamento dos salários agrícolas e estima modelos de determinação de salário de equilíbrio para os trabalhadores temporários e permanentes no Brasil e nas regiões com o setor agropecuário menos e mais tecnificado. Para efeito de análise, tomou-se em consideração o período de 1971 a 1996. O mercado de trabalho agrícola foi segmentado em duas categorias de trabalhadores: temporários e permanentes. Para tanto, considerou-se que nesse mercado de trabalho há duas estruturas salariais distintas (para trabalhadores temporários e permanentes) e que os processos históricos de formação dessas duas categorias de trabalhadores têm características particulares. Para analisar a determinação dos salários agrícolas em termos de regiões, as unidades da Federação foram agrupadas segundo o grau de tecnificação: região menos tecnificada (Acre e os estados da região Nordeste, exceto Piauí) e a região mais tecnificada (estados das regiões Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul). Nos modelos econométricos desenvolvidos foram considerados aspectos inerentes ao mercado de trabalho agrícola e aspecto institucional, no caso o salário mínimo. As equações foram estimadas com os dados em pooling. As análises estatísticas indicaram que os termos de erro das equações estimadas têm estruturas de "componentes" (two way). Para tanto, aplicou-se o procedimento econométrico de Fuller & Battese. Os resultados indicaram que a equação estimada de determinação dos salários dos trabalhadores temporários no Brasil não apresentou bons resultados, sendo que os coeficientes do salário mínimo (WM) e a da relação de preços recebidos e pagos pelos produtores rurais (Pa) não foram estatisticamente significativos. No entanto, nas equações estimadas nas regiões menos e mais tecnificadas, o WM foi altamente significativo estatisticamente. Já o coeficiente estimado da variável Pa não foi significativo estatisticamente para as demais equações. O coeficiente do salário alternativo (WU) foi de sinal positivo e significativo estatisticamente em todas as equações estimadas para o segmento do mercado de trabalho temporário. O coeficiente da produtividade do trabalho (Pmo) também foi significativo estatisticamente e com sinal positivo, exceto para a equação da região mais tecnificada, na qual o sinal foi negativo, isto é, contrário ao esperado. Neste caso verificou-se um processo de transferência de renda do trabalho para o fator de produção capital. As estimativas das equações dos salários dos trabalhadores permanentes no Brasil e nas regiões menos e mais tecnificadas apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes. Das três variáveis explicativas (WM, Pa, Pmo) consideradas nos modelos, apenas o coeficiente de Pa não foi significativo estatisticamente. De modo geral, o coeficiente com maior valor e o mais significativo foi o salário mínimo. Ele tem funcionado como um indexador dos salários agrícolas, tal como evidencia a literatura sobre a mão-de-obra não-qualificada do setor urbano. No entanto, a institucionalização do salário mínimo no mercado de trabalho agrícola não foi suficiente para garantir que os salários dos trabalhadores temporários e permanentes na região menos tecnificada fossem igual ou superior ao mínimo. Apesar do grande crescimento da produtividade do trabalho (Pmo), esta afetou mais significativamente os salários da mão-de-obra permanente. Por outro lado, no caso dos trabalhadores temporários na região mais tecnificada, observe-se uma transferência de renda do fator trabalho ao capital (is to é, o coeficiente de Pmo foi negativo). Dos resultados econométricos obtidos no presente trabalho, pode-se afirmar que a determinação dos salários agrícolas, de modo geral, tem um forte componente institucional (salário mínimo) e os fatores de mercado têm papel menos relevante.
This paper analyzes the performance of rural wages and it also estimates wage equations for temporary and permanent workers. The analyzed time period is 1971 through 1996, and three aggregations of wages were considered: for the entire Brazil, for the region with more sophisticated agriculture and for the region with less sophisticated agriculture. Agricultural labor force was divided into two categories: temporary and permanent workers. It was considered that agricultural labor market has two different wage structures, for temporary and permanent workers, and the historic process of labor market formation created particular features for these workers. The analysis was conducted considering wages paid for entire Brazil and for two regions. The states were aggregated according to their agricultures technical level. The state of Acre and Northeast Brazil's states, except the state of Piaui, form the less sophisticated agricultural region. The states of Center-Western, Southeast and Southern Brazil form the more sophisticated agricultural region. In order to determine the econometric equations, both market-oriented variables and institutional variables were considered as independent variables. Minimum wage is the institutional variable considered. By using pooling techniques, rural wage equations were estimated. The error has a componentstructure. Due to that, the Fuller & Battese technique was used. The results for temporary workers' wage equation was not good when wages were aggregated for the entire Brazil. The coefficients for minimum wage (WM) and the ratio between received and paid prices (Pa) were not statistically significant. Better econometric results appeared for temporary workers wage equations when wages were aggregated in two regions. The coefficients of minimum wage (WM) were statistically significant. The coefficient of Pa, however, was not statistically significant. The coefficient of alternative wage (WU) was positive and statistically significant. The same results appeared for the labor productivity coefficient (Pmo), except for the temporary workers wage equation for the more sophisticated region. In the latter region, income transfer happened from the temporary workers to the capital owners. Similar results were found for permanent workers wage equations estimated for the entire Brazil and its two regions. All independents variables but Pa were statistically significant. Generally, the biggest and the most statistically significant coefficient appeared for the minimum wage variable. It has worked as an indexation for the rural wages, in the same way that the economic literature proved it for the unskilled, urban workers. However, the minimum wage law is not enough to prevent the rural workers in receiving a wage below the minimum wage. Despite the huge labor productivity increase, Pmo affected mo re the permanent workers' wages. In the more sophisticated region, there is an income transfer from temporary workers to the capital owners, because the estimated coefficient of Pmo is negative. From the above results, it is possible to state that rural wage is strongly determined by institutional forces, such as minimum wage, and market forces have a smaller influence on rural wages.

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Vaughan, Staci R. "Inequality in the Appalachian Region: Impact of Place, Education, and Gender on Income Disparity." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1430917323.

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Cuco, José Luiz. "Formas de inserção da pessoa com deficiência em sociedades rurais da Zona da Mata mineira." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4181.

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This research aimed to examine ways of sociability and the possibilities of integration into society of students from rural areaswith intellectual and multiple disabilities attending the Rural APAEs in the municipalities of Viçosa, Visconde do Rio Branco and Ubá, in the Zona da Mata region, in the state of Minas Gerais, in southeastern Brazil. This study started with the hypothesis that the insertion of the disabled person in rural society would happen beyond the domestic space as a result of the countryside to constitute a space of sociability in which productivity and competitiveness would be not as noticed as in the city. Thus, we sought in this dissertation examine how networks of sociability are establishedand the possibilities of integrating people with disabilities in rural societies. The interest in knowing and analyzing the range of possibilities with which disabled people counted for the establishment of their interaction in rural society arose due to the existence of a significant proportion of disabled people in rural areas, which have been poorly portrayed in academic studies, mostly conducted in the cities. We sought yet to examine the possibilities of autonomy and independence of the student with disabilities who attended Rural APAEs facing the challenges of life and work. The Rural APAEs were chosen because they offer training for work services for people with disabilities aiming -social inclusion. The field research was conducted through a semi-structured a survey questionnaire with open and closed questions, which was applied to the 159 students with intellectual disabilities enrolled in the three Rural APAEs surveyed. The main variables analyzed were the educational level of the student and his parents, occupation of parents, family income, type of disability; courses taken and productive activities, among others. The staff working in these institutions contributed to this study answered about the courses offered and whether they were compatible to qualify students to meet the demands of the labor market.
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as formas de sociabilidade e as possibilidades de inserção na sociedade rural dos educandos com deficiência intelectual e múltipla que frequentavam as APAEs Rurais de Viçosa, Visconde do Rio Branco e Ubá, três municípios da Zona da Mata, no estado de Mina Gerais, na região sudeste do Brasil. Partiu-se, neste estudo, da hipótese de que a inserção da pessoa com deficiência na sociedade rural se daria para além do espaço doméstico em decorrência do meio rural se constituir em um espaço de sociabilidade no qual a produtividade e a competitividade não se notariam como na cidade. Assim, buscou-se, nesta dissertação analisar como se estabeleciam as redes de sociabilidade e as possibilidades de inserção das pessoas com deficiência em sociedades rurais. O interesse por conhecer e analisar o campo de possibilidades com o qual as pessoas deficientes contavam para o estabelecimento de sua interação na sociedade rural surgiu em função da existência de uma expressiva porcentagem de deficientes no meio rural, os quais têm sido pouco retratados ao largo dos estudos realizados, quase sempre, nas cidades. Buscou-se analisar, ainda, as possibilidades de autonomia e independência do educando com deficiência formado nas APAEs Rurais para enfrentar os desafios da vida e do trabalho. As APAEs Rurais foram escolhidas por oferecerem serviço de formação para o trabalho junto às pessoas com deficiência visando a sua inclusão social. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada por meio de um survey aplicando questionário com perguntas semiestruturadas, com questões abertas e fechadas, aos 159 educandos com deficiência intelectual, matriculados nas três APAEs Rurais pesquisadas. As principais variáveis observadas foram a escolaridade do educando e de seus pais; profissão dos pais; renda familiar; tipo de deficiência; cursos realizados e atividades produtivas, entre outras. Os profissionais que atuavam nessas instituições contribuíram com este estudo respondendo sobre os cursos ofertados e se estavam compatíveis para qualificar os alunos para atender às exigências do mercado de trabalho. Nas empresas que empregavam os alunos das APAEs estudadas, o pesquisador fez entrevistas para saber das empresas a percepção que tinham sobre os deficientes que empregam, oportunidade em que entrevistou os trabalhadores que se qualificaram nos cursos oferecidos nas APAEs estudadas. Na pesquisa de campo, também foram entrevistadas as famílias dos educandos deficientes que residiam na zona rural. Em termos de conclusões gerais percebeu-se que o deficiente no meio rural tinha maior amplitude de participação social do que na cidade. Segundo os relatos dos pais dos deficientes, estes eram vistos na sociedade rural como diferentes, mas a diferença entre os rurais era vista como algo da vida, como normal, assim, os deficientes tinham uma vida mais participativa, integrada, sem restrições, mais solta. No entanto, a pesquisa de campo no meio rural foi importante, também, para se perceberem outros aspectos sociais em relação às pessoas com deficiência e ainda com relação às que cuidam da pessoa com deficiência, no que diz respeito à precariedade dos serviços básicos de saúde e de transporte prestados a essa população.

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Cruz, Claudia Ferreira. "Trabalho forçado e trabalho escravo no Brasil: diferença conceitual e busca da eficácia em seu combate." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6109.

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This thesis approached a relatively complex phenomenon that is still observed in the Brazilian society: the existence of slave labor and forced labor, both in rural and urban areas. The main objective was to bring elements trying to show the conceptual differences between both, as well as to propose subsidies to eradicate these conditions, despite of conceptual aspects, wrong treatment even in the public sphere -, ideological positions or even lack of clarity in the definition of each of these concepts. Seeking to achieve this goal, this thesis is structured as follows: it began with a historical review of slave labor in Brazil and worldwide; then, it described what has happened on the international scene in terms of slave labor and forced labor; after that, it included features of both, considering their differences nowadays and highlighting the importance of the fundamental rights in the understanding of this differentiation. In order to deep this discussion, this work brought up the case of Bolivian immigrants in São Paulo, where it seems difficult to say exactly what it is: forced labor or slave labor? Then became involved in the revision of Brazilian legislation about the subject, showed the position of the leading Brazilian institutions involved in the solution of the exploitation of human labor, after revealing the extent of this problem in the Brazilian case. Finally, based on this material, realized several of recommendations, suggestions and subsidies to expand and improve the fight against forced labor and slave labor in Brazil, whether in rural or urban areas. Among these, are stand out: the discipline of terminology and standard of sentences in the sphere of the labor court; the complement of the PEC in terms of clarity about what is slave labor, using the concept of Decent Work for easier differentiation of terms; setting up recommendations to make clear and consensual what is slave labor and forced labor. The final conclusions bring the key messages that emerged from the development of the thesis: persisting on the fight against the exploitation of human labor in all its forms; taking out the ideological character of the discussion; regulating the outsourcing; the need of clearly identify the phenomenon: criminal problem or circumventing the labor laws?; understand them as an economic phenomenon, indicating the need of prevention and not just combat, and the absolute necessity of a clear concept of what the slave labor is
sociedade brasileira: a ocorrência de trabalho escravo e de trabalho forçado, tanto nas áreas rurais como nas áreas urbanas. O objetivo central foi trazer elementos procurando mostrar a diferença conceitual entre ambos, assim como propor subsídios para que o mesmo venha a ser erradicado, independentemente de aspectos conceituais, tratamento equivocado, inclusive na esfera pública, posições ideológicas, ou até mesmo falta de clareza na definição de cada um desses conceitos. Buscando atingir este objetivo maior, esta tese estruturou-se da seguinte forma: iniciou-se com uma revisão histórica sobre o trabalho escravo no Brasil e no Mundo; em seguida, descreveu o que tem ocorrido no cenário internacional em termos de trabalho escravo e trabalho forçado; contemplou as características de ambos, tendo em vista sua diferenciação nos dias atuais, destacando a importância dos direitos fundamentais na compreensão desta diferenciação. Buscando aprofundar esta discussão, trouxe à baila o caso dos migrantes bolivianos em São Paulo, onde parece ser difícil dizer exatamente o que se trata: trabalho forçado ou análogo ao escravo? Em seguida, enveredou-se pela revisão da legislação brasileira sobre o tema; mostrou a posição das principais instituições brasileiras envolvidas com a solução da exploração do trabalho humano, após revelar a dimensão desse problema no caso brasileiro. Finalmente, como base nesse material, realizou uma serie de recomendações, sugestões e subsídios para ampliar e melhorar o combate ao trabalho forçado e trabalho escravo no Brasil, seja na área rural ou no meio urbano. Dentre estas, destacam-se: disciplinar a terminologia e padronizar as sentenças na esfera de Justiça do Trabalho; complementar a PEC em termos da clareza necessária sobre o que venha ser trabalho escravo; utilizar o conceito do Trabalho Decente para facilitar a diferenciação dos termos, um conjunto de recomendações visando tornar claro e consensual aquilo que se rotula de trabalho escravo e trabalho forçado. As conclusões finais trazem as principais mensagens extraídas do desenvolvimento da tese: persistir no combate à exploração do trabalho humano em todas as suas formas; tirar o caráter ideológico da discussão; regulamentar a terceirização; necessidade de se identificar claramente o fenômeno: problema criminal ou burla à legislação trabalhista?; entendê-los como um fenômeno econômico, indicando, assim, a necessidade de prevenção e não somente combate; e necessidade absoluta de um conceito claro do que seja o trabalho escravo

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SOUZA, Micheline Correia de. "O diferencial na distribuição de rendimentos salariais entre gênero: uma análise após o período de expansão econômica em Pernambuco na década de 2000." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4607.

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The present work aimed to analyze the evolution of the wage differentials among gender, after the change of the economic scenario with increasing structural investments in Pernambuco. As well as, to estimate the wage differentials by gender for different groups of work by means of a linear regression model and observe the socioeconomic profile of the workforce in Pernambuco, over the years 2000. The data used were those of PNAD, collected by IBGE, in the years 2001 and 2009. The sample matched 24,964 people in the year 2001 and 24,600 in the year 2009. To estimate the wage differentials by gender for different groups of occupation have been used the OLS and quantile regression. In General, there was a decrease in the wage differential between men and women for the estimates through the OLS, as well as for the quantile series. As well as, on an analysis by occupational groups the differential effect also decreases. Note that the categories of workers and entrepreneurs registered presented the biggest differential. It is therefore concluded that the effects of workers ' productive characteristics (education, experience, number of children) have enough correlation in the determination of wages. And to the variable of interest "genre" discrimination for women is still quite visible, but the reasons may be subjective to the local labour market in the face of the advance of structural investments and new requirements arising from the lack of skilled labor in the analysis period.
O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a evolução dos diferenciais de salários, entre gênero, após a mudança do cenário econômico com o aumento dos investimentos estruturais em Pernambuco. Assim como, estimar os diferenciais de salário por gênero para diferentes grupos de ocupação do trabalho, através de um modelo de regressão linear e observar o perfil socioeconômico da mão de obra em Pernambuco, ao longo dos anos 2000. Os dados utilizados foram os da PNAD, coletados pelo IBGE, nos anos de 2001 e 2009. A amostra correspondeu 24.964 pessoas no ano de 2001 e 24.600 no ano de 2009 em Pernambuco. Para estimar os diferenciais de salários por gênero para diferentes grupos de ocupação de trabalho foram utilizados o MQO e de regressão quantílica. De forma geral, houve uma diminuição do diferencial de salário entre o homem e a mulher para as estimações através do MQO, bem como para a série quantílica. Assim como, na análise por grupos ocupacionais o efeito do diferencial também diminui. Ressalte-se que as categorias de empresário e dos trabalhadores com carteira assinada apresentaram o maior diferencial. Conclui-se, portanto, que os efeitos das características produtivas dos trabalhadores (educação, experiência, número de filhos) apresentam bastante correlação na determinação dos salários. E para a variável de interesse “gênero” a discriminação para a mulher ainda é bastante observada, porém os motivos podem ser subjetivos ao mercado de trabalho local diante do avanço dos investimentos estruturais e das novas exigências surgidas pela falta de mão de obra especializada no período analisado.

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Richardson, Frances Ann. "Rural change in north Wales during the period of the Industrial Revolution : livelihoods, poverty and welfare in Nantconwy, 1750-1860." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a94a14ee-c647-4215-9795-a3e22ce6b919.

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This thesis explores how a typical area of rural Wales participated in and was shaped by social and economic change during the period of the Industrial Revolution. It investigates how increasing numbers of people made a livelihood in the Caernarvonshire hundred of Nantconwy over the period 1750-1860, including the role of women in the local economy. A wide range of record types are used to explore inter-relationships between population growth, agriculture, proto-industry, the organisation of farming households, and the livelihoods of the poor. The thesis covers a key gap in the historical literature, as most studies of agrarian change at this period concentrate on England, and there has been little investigation of the experience in rural Wales. Unlike many parts of England where economic modernization was accompanied by growing inequality involving a transition from a household economy to a capitalist tripartite society of landowners, tenant farmers and landless wage labourers, Nantconwy experienced a growth of subsistence smallholding, as more people faced with a shortage of waged employment sought to make a livelihood from the land. Family by-employment and proto-industry also played a crucial role in the local economy. Bringing the commons and wastes into private ownership had relatively little impact on the poor, but smallholders' livelihoods were adversely affected after 1815 by the mechanization of spinning and declining earnings from stocking knitting. Living standards began to improve after 1830 with the expansion of male employment in slate quarrying, while the role of women on family farms was enhanced. Parishes evolved a low-cost system of poor relief which supported mainly older residents who were no longer able to quite make ends meet from the traditional cottager economy, while encouraging the young to leave the land or migrate to local towns or quarrying areas with better employment prospects.

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Mai, Dan T. "Sustaining family life in rural China : reinterpreting filial piety in migrant Chinese families." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8e679650-a857-4f3c-a5c1-770a1bff848e.

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This study explores the changing nature of filial piety in contemporary society in rural China. With the economic, social and political upheavals that followed the Revolution, can 'great peace under heaven' still be found for the rural Chinese family as in the traditional Confucian proverb,"make yourself useful, look after your family, look after your country, and all is peaceful under heaven"? This study explores this question, in terms not so much of financial prosperity, but of non-tangible cultural values of filial piety, changing familial and gender roles, and economic migration. In particular, it examines how macro level changes in economic, social and demographic policies have affected family life in rural China. The primary policies examined were collectivisation, the hukou registration system, marketization, and the One-Child policy. Ethnographic interviews reveal how migration has affected rural family structures beyond the usual quantifiable economic measures. Using the village of Meijia, Sichuan province, as a paradigmatic sample of family, where members have moved to work in the cities, leaving their children behind with the grandparents, the study demonstrates how migration and modernization are reshaping familial roles, changing filial expectations, reshuffling notions of care-taking, and transforming traditional views on the value of daughters and daughters-in-law. The study concludes that the choices families make around migration, child-rearing and elder-care cannot be fully explained by either an income diversification model or a survival model, but rather through notions of filial piety. Yet the concept of filial piety itself is changing, particularly in relation to gender and perceptions about the worth of daughters and the mother/ daughter-in-law relationship. Understanding these new family dynamics will be important for both policy planners and economic analysts.

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Estanislau, Patricia. "Dinâmica salarial dos trabalhadores da agropecuária brasileira: uma análise de dados espaciais (1992-2009)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2011. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2280.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Estanislau.pdf: 3076640 bytes, checksum: 03dcf5c12fe6085555b8d2dab06a8b35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-08
Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional
The objective of this work is to examine the wages differences dynamics of the farming sector temporary and permanent workers, through the analysis of the wage behavior in the Brazilian states on the period from 1992 to 2009. For this it was used the Space Data Exploratory Analysis (AEDE), the space econometrical modeling and as source of data the National Research of Sample of Domiciles (PNAD). It was used convergence tests β absolute, conditional convergence β and convergence σ. To the conditions of the conditional convergence β process were used the variables: schooling average, experience (to catch the human capital effect) of each segment of workers and tractor power (to catch the fixture capital effect). The AEDE disclosed the wages distribution of the permanent and temporary workers to the Brazilian states. The states that better remunerate their permanent workers were placed in Center West region, South region and the state of São Paulo, the worse incomes were in the Northeast region. For the temporary workers the best wages were situated in the regions North and Center West, and the lowest incomes in the Northeast region. It was evidenced positive special autocorrelacion of the farming workers wages demonstrating that the space localization of these wages interfere in its values. The High-High clusters formations type for the farming workers (permanent and temporary) were placed in the North, Center West and South regions. Low-Low clusters formations type concentrate in states of the Northeast region of Brazil. In the bivaried space autocorrelação the farming workers wages follow the same behavior. The relation between wage and schooling have positive association, when the wages relate with experience they showed negative and when wages were compared to fixture capital the space association was positive. For the wage distribution of the wages growth tax of these workers, we notice that states with lower wages have higher growth taxes (Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Piauí and Paraíba) of those states that had higher wages than in parts had its growth taxes lower (Roraima, Amapá), showing evidences of the convergence existence. Applying the space imbalance model it was proved the absolute convergence existence, indicating that the permanent and temporary workers wages go through a common stationary state between the Brazilian states. In the conditional convergence we notice that the convergence speed is increased for the temporary permanent workers. The only significant variable was the farming worker schooling (permanent and temporary) disclosing that the wage inaqualities between the states tend to diminish. The significant space effect indicates the existence of two distinct works markets in the Brazilian farming. The fixed effect coefficient is significant and positive and shows the work market particularitity of each Brazilian state. The convergence σ of the temporary and permanent workers wages of the Brazilian farming shows the reduction of the wage inaquality by the fall in the dispersion of wage levels. However we suggest a reflection about the politics adopted in the farming, that could stimulate the inaquality wage reduction by politics that stimulate the instruction and qualification of this worker, and to be developed with locacional character, so that the Northeast region could increase its wage levels.
O objetivo do trabalho é examinar a dinâmica das diferenças dos salários dos trabalhadores temporários e permanentes do setor agropecuário através da análise do comportamento salarial nos estados brasileiros no o período de 1992 a 2009. Para isso foi utilizada a técnica da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) e da modelagem econométrica espacial, e, como fonte de dados, a Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). Foram usados testes de convergência β absoluta, convergência β condicional e convergência σ. Como condicionantes ao processo de convergência β condicional foram utilizadas as variáveis média de escolaridade, experiência (captar os efeitos do capital humano) de cada segmento de trabalhadores e potência dos tratores (captar os efeitos de capital fixo). A AEDE revelou a distribuição dos salários dos trabalhadores permanentes e temporários entre os estados brasileiros. Os estados que melhor remuneravam para os trabalhadores permanentes situavam-se nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e o estado de São Paulo, enquanto os piores rendimentos estavam na região Nordeste. Para os trabalhadores temporários, os melhores salários localizavam-se no Norte e no Centro-Oeste, e os rendimentos mais baixos na região Nordeste. Constatou-se autocorrelação espacial positiva dos salários dos trabalhadores agropecuários, demonstrando que a localização espacial desses salários interfere em seus valores. As formações de clusters do tipo Alto-Alto para os trabalhadores agropecuários (permanentes e temporários) situavam-se no Norte, Centro-Oeste e no Sul. Os clusters do tipo Baixo-Baixo concentram-se em estados do Nordeste do Brasil. Na autocorrelação espacial bivariada, os salários dos trabalhadores agropecuários seguem o mesmo comportamento. A relação entre salário e escolaridade tem associação positiva, mas, quando os salários se relacionam com a experiência, mostram-se negativos, e, quando os salários foram comparados ao capital fixo, então a associação espacial foi positiva. Para a distribuição salarial da taxa de crescimento dos salários desses trabalhadores, notamos que estados com salários mais baixos tinham taxas de crescimento mais elevadas (Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Piauí e Paraíba) do que aqueles que tinham salários mais elevados que, em parte, tinham suas taxas de crescimento menores (Roraima, Amapá), mostrando evidências da existência de convergência. Aplicando o modelo de defasagem espacial, comprovou-se a existência da convergência absoluta, indicando que os salários dos trabalhadores permanentes e temporários caminham rumo a um estado estacionário comum entre os estados brasileiros. Na convergência condicionada percebe-se que a velocidade da convergência é aumentada para os trabalhadores permanentes e temporários, revelando que as desigualdades salariais entre os estados tendem a diminuir. A única variável significante foi a escolaridade do trabalhador agropecuário (permanentes e temporários). O efeito espacial significante indica a existência de dois mercados de trabalhos distintos na agropecuária brasileira. O coeficiente de efeito fixo é significativo e positivo e mostra a particularidade do mercado de trabalho de cada estado brasileiro. A convergência σ dos salários dos trabalhadores temporários e permanentes da agropecuária brasileira mostra a diminuição da desigualdade salarial pela queda na dispersão dos níveis salariais. Sugere-se, todavia, uma reflexão sobre as políticas adotadas na agropecuária, que poderiam incentivar a redução da desigualdade salarial via políticas que estimulem a instrução e qualificação desse trabalhador, e serem desenvolvidas com caráter locacional, para que a região Nordeste pudesse aumentar seus níveis salariais.

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Lange, Jérôme. "Population growth, the settlement process and economic progress : Adam Smith's theory of demo-economic development." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E039/document.

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La population - en son sens originel de processus de peuplement - est un sujet étonnamment absent de l'énorme volume d’études sur Adam Smith. Ce thème était au centre de la philosophie morale et de l'économie politique du 18e siècle, les deux domaines auxquels les contributions de Smith sont les plus connues. Son importance dans l’œuvre de Smith a été obscurcie au 20e siècle par une focalisation étroite sur les questions économiques dans la littérature secondaire. Pour une analyse intégrale de son œuvre, il est essentiel que la place centrale du peuplement soit révélée. Trois thèmes aujourd'hui considérés comme essentiels au projet de Smith sont ainsi intimement liés à la population : le lien entre division du travail et étendue du marché ; la théorie des quatre stades du progrès de la société ; et le lien entre développement rural et urbain, lui-même au centre du plaidoyer de Smith pour la liberté du commerce. Le marché est un concept aujourd'hui assimilé au fonctionnement du système économique capitaliste ; pour Smith, il décrivait la faculté de commercer, aux vecteurs essentiellement démographiques et géographiques. Le progrès de la société est à la fois cause et effet de la croissance de la population. En son sein se trouve l'interrelation symbiotique entre le développement rural et urbain que Smith appelait le «progrès naturel de l'opulence». Adopter l’optique smithienne plutôt que néo-malthusienne dans l'examen des dynamiques de population et de développement - y compris l'analyse de la transition démographique - conduit alors à une reconsidération fondamentale des interactions causales entre mortalité, fécondité, richesse et variables institutionnelles
Population - in its original sense of the process of peopling - is a topic surprisingly absent from the huge volume of scholarship on Adam Smith. This topic was central to 18th century moral philosophy and political economy, the two fields Smith most famously contributed to. Its importance in Smith’s work was obscured in the 20th century by a narrow focus on economic matters in the secondary literature. For an undivided analysis of Smith’s oeuvre it is crucial that the central position of the peopling process be brought to light. Three topics that are today recognised as essential to Smith’s project are thus intimately connected to population: the relation between the division of labour and the extent of the market; the stadial theory of progress; and the link between the development of town and country, itself central to Smith’s advocacy of the freedom of trade. The market is a concept read today through an institutional lens linking it to the functioning of the capitalist economic system; Smith conceived of it as facility for trade, with essentially demographic and geographic vectors. The progress of society is both cause and effect of the growth of population. At its core is the symbiotic interrelationship between rural and urban development that Smith called the “natural progress of opulence”. In turn, looking at dynamics of population and development - including the analysis of the demographic transition - through a Smithian rather than a neo-Malthusian lens leads to a fundamental reconsideration of causal interactions between mortality, fertility, wealth and institutional variables

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Botting, Ingrid Marie. ""Getting a Grand Falls Job" : migration, labour markets, and paid domestic work in the pulp and paper mill town of Grand Falls, Newfoundland, 1905-1939 /." 2000.

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Martyn, Timothy. "The impact of customary inter-household transfers on labour-led cash crop intensification among the smallholder farmers of Malekula Island, Vanuatu." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/98678.

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Smallholder farming households in the Small Island Development State (SIDS) of Vanuatu have been observed to withhold family labour from cash crop production in order to contribute to participate in inter-household transfers of resources presided over by local elites, despite rising demand for income. Research throughout the Pacific suggests that inter-household transfers are principally motivated by differences in household social capital and the payment of tribute to high status households. Contributing labour to these transfers restricts the adoption of smallholder cash-crop intensification, complicating development program efforts to increase rural household incomes. This study investigates the benefits of cash-crop intensification (CCI) to cocoa growing smallholders on Malekula Island, in the north of the Vanuatu archipelago. The research presents an empirical investigation analyzing how the relationship between inter-household transfers and the adoption of labour intensive cocoa production methods, with the objective of informing the design of more effective rural development interventions in SIDS. The specific objectives of the study are to analyze: (1) the factors affecting the assignment of household labour to inter-household transfers; (2) the factors affecting the assignment of group or village labour to private households; (3) the impact of the assignment of group or village labour on household labour supply responses to on and off-farm production activities; and (4) the implications of the supply of household labour to village or group labour activities, for labour-led CCI among remote rural communities in SIDS. This study provides empirical evidence from a survey of 530 households. The analysis demonstrates that private households supply labour to village labour activities to both obtain public good benefits and as well as improve their access to shared land and labour resources in the future. The research identifies that households which are assigned village labour tend to possess higher levels of asset and social capital endowments. Households assigned village labour, tend to reallocate family labour to off-farm activities offering higher returns to their efforts. Rather than help address deficits in the supply of labour to support cash crop production at times of peak demand, smallholder households transfer labour to elite households in order to strengthen these strategic relationships and improve future access to farm inputs (land and labour). Elite households gain additional utility by using inputs of village labour to substitute on-farm family labour, releasing it to engage in off-farm employment and deliver higher income levels. This study determines that smallholder households in the study group are not sufficiently incentivised to increase their supply of labour inputs to cash crop intensification, preferring to shift surplus labour into off-farm employment and inter-household exchanges due to the higher returns to labour and potential long-run economic rewards offered by those activities. Subsequently, this study concludes that labour-led cash crop intensification programs are not the most effective method for increasing smallholder household incomes; and that national authorities and technical agencies should prioritise interventions which reduce cash crop marketing costs, facilitate improved access to income generating opportunities in off-farm employment and reduce demand for household labour from village authorities for public good production.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Global Food Studies, 2015.

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Acharya, Meena. "A study of rural labor markets in Nepal." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15704439.html.

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Wisana, Dewa Gede Karma. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration, labour market and economic development in Indonesia." Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155793.

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This thesis explores three topics on migration, labor market and development economics. Chapter 2 provide analysis on the impacts of rural-urban migration on expenditure patterns. Using two waves of data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2000 and 2007, this study applies household demand analysis to examine rural households' expenditure patterns. A system of expenditure equations is estimated jointly using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimation. Three key findings emerge. First, migration has a statistically significant effect on reshaping Indonesian rural households' expenditure on food and non-food goods, and particularly on utility and transportation, durable goods, and education. Second, households with migrants spend more at the margin on meat and vegetables compared with households without migrants. Third, households with migrants spend more at the margin on housing as compared with households without migrants. Chapter 3 attempts to investigate the effect on Indonesia men's health of having left school during the economic crisis 1997-2000. Two empirical patterns motivate this research. First, leaving school during an economic crisis appears to have persistent and negative career effects on workers. Second, labour market trends and health outcomes are correlated. A quasi-experiment using provincial unemployment rate at time of leaving school and the economic crisis period conducted to identify persistent health effects. Five health-risk criteria are examined: mental health, lung capacity, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and smoking. Using data from the IFLS 2000 and 2007, this study applies a standard health production function to model health as a function of leaving school during economic crisis. Three key findings emerge. First, labour market conditions and school-leavers' health are negatively correlated. Second, men who left school during the 1997-2000 economic crisis have had worse mental health outcomes than men who left school before the economic crisis. Third, men who left school during the economic crisis display higher-risk health-related behaviour than their pre-crisis school leaving counterparts. Additional analysis suggests that the health effects may partially operate through labour market outcomes. The results suggest that men who leave school during economic downturn may have experience persistent poor labour market experiences with poor health as a result. Finally, Chapter 4 attempt to answer the question on what types of households are vulnerable to consumption changes when they are hit by natural disasters? This question is investigated using two-period data obtained in rural Indonesia, in 2000 and 2007 in relation to floods and earthquakes. Empirical results show that the sensitivity of consumption changes to idiosyncratic or aggregate shocks differs across households, depending on the characteristics of the households. The estimation shows significant negative effects of these disasters on households' consumption. The results also found that several factors play a significant role in explaining rural households' response to disaster shocks in terms of consumption changes. These factors include the number of household members, the household head's education level, the number of dependent household members, participation in non-farm business and land size owned or cultivated.

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Clark, Rodriguez Diana Estefania. "Evaluating the effects of social programs." 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/58973651.html.

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Harvey, Mark H. "Local labor markets and welfare reform a case study of welfare reform in a persistently poor rural county /." 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/46474239.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86).

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Vakis, Renos Nicos. "The impact of market failures on household behavior : explaining labor market segmentation, technology adoption patterns and transaction costs in rural Peru /." 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/558333885.pdf.

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Zhang, Dandan. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and its consequences in urban China." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150212.

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Guang, Lei. "The state, market and the political economy of peasant migration in contemporary China." 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/46977057.html.

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Hui, Chuang Yun, and 莊韻慧. "Rural Women of Migration and Urban Labor Market in Thailand：A Case Studies of Taiwanese Enterprises（ECI）in Bangkok." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94237530713629858764.

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碩士
淡江大學
東南亞研究所
92
This thesis tries to analyze the phenomenon and influence Thai woman migration from rural area to Bangkok metropolis for employment. A respectable number of rural woman, especially those from Northeast areas migrate to Bangkok for employment. It is highly related to several structural factors: Regional development disparity, governmental policy on male labor export, and foreign invested factories’ preference on recruiting female labor. Despite the structural reasons, traditional cultural and social values on sex model bring pressure on individual woman, for example, the Buddhism idea of bun khun regulate a sex role and results in the rural woman’s motive of migration. The individual motive of migration as well as the structural factors thus transfer the rural unpaid housework woman into urban paid working woman. The thesis finding as below: First, the self image of rural migrant woman transform as receiving urban fashion and consuming culture. Second, via the economic contribution the migrant woman made, their roles and status in the family raise. The raise of status even enables them to challenge the parents’ traditional authority. Third, some woman with better performance would get opportunities of salaries and position promotion, which induces an upward social status mobility. In short, the process and act of rural woman’s flow to Bangkok for employment not only convert a traditional idea on woman’s value and status in families, but re-create their self image and self identity.

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Hutaserani, Suganya. "Rural labor markets and fertility in Thailand : an extension of the new household economics to integrate institutional and supply-side aspects." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9611.

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Bou, Dib Jonida. "Effects of oil palm expansion and other related land-use changes on the livelihoods of rural households in Indonesia." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E408-4.

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Nguyen, Giang. "Essays on Economic Development in Southeast Asia." Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154837.

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This thesis contains three essays on economic development in Southeast Asia. The broad objective of the thesis is to study different aspects of economic development in the region. The first essay examines the determinants of the consumption gap between migrant and urban households in Vietnam, paying particular attention to the role of the household registration (ho khau) system in shaping consumption of migrant households. Our findings indicate: (1) migrant households exhibit significantly lower consumption levels than comparable urban households and the observed gap is mainly driven by differences in non-food consumption; (2) the restrictions imposed by the ho khau system contribute significantly to the gap; (3) remittances of migrant households to family members in rural regions are responsible for a considerable part of the gap; and (4) the consumption gap declines with the duration of residence of migrant households in their destination cities. The second essay examines the effect of fertility on women's labor market outcomes in Indonesia using an instrumental variable approach. Parental preferences for a mixed sibling-sex composition are used to construct an instrumental variable to identify the causal effect of fertility on a range of outcome variables, including labor force participation, full-time employment, employment in the formal sector and occupational choices. Our findings indicate that childbearing of women whose fertility was affected by the sex composition of their offspring reduces labor force participation, formal employment and employment in occupations that are physically demanding and require a high level of commitment. The effect is stronger for women aged 21-35 years and ambiguous for women aged 36-49 years. The third essay investigates fertility differentials between rural and urban areas in Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines. A decomposition analysis based on both linear and count data models shows: (1) differences in individual and family characteristics between rural and urban areas have the largest contribution to the gap, although the contribution varies across countries; (2) differences in women's educational attainment have the strongest effect in Indonesia and Cambodia, while the wealth effect is largest in the Philippines; (3) husband's education differentials also contribute to a significant part of the gap; and (4) women's education appears to be more important for young women in reducing the gap than for older women, while the contribution of differences in the use of contraceptives is only significant for young women.

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Hurrle, Jakob. "Romové na českém venkově: determinanty vyloučení a potenciál pro inkluzi." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-406232.

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The dissertation project Roma on the Czech countryside: Determinants of exclusion, potentials for inclusion deals with the situation of Roma in Czech rural municipalities. The starting motivation for the author's exploration of this topic has been information about the growing number of segregated localities in rural areas. In the local public discourses within the peripheral areas, this phenomenon has often been explained as the consequence of poverty-driven urban-rural migration. However, as the migration of socially excluded populations into disadvantaged areas stirs a lot of fears and negative emotions that provide a fertile ground for the spread of rumours, the author's preparatory research soon revealed that it is necessary to carefully distinguish between myths and reality. The author's desire to understand the complex processes behind the emergence of new Roma localities in rural areas required a combination of working methods: The author analysed the national policy and regulatory framework and realized empirical research in five micro-regions in different parts of the Czech Republic. In addition to this, data were gained through the realization of a country-wide survey with two different sets of questionnaires, which targeted rural municipalities with socially excluded localities and urban social...

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural labour markets'

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