Journal articles on the topic 'Rural health Sudan'
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Taha, Attia Z., and Omer A. Merghani. "Community health in a rural area of Sudan." Journal of Community Health 15, no. 4 (August 1990): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01350292.
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Elmusharaf, K., A. Abbas, A. Ibrahim, S. Elsayed, and L. Badraldin. "Reproductive health in rural Sudan: a population based survey." Contraception 80, no. 2 (August 2009): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.05.118.
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Elamin, Obbey A. "Effect of Improving Housing Conditions on Early Childhood Health in Rural Sudan." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p96.
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Improving housing sector in rural areas is important to improve health status of under-five children. Propensity score matching using nonparametric kernel estimates is used to examine the effect of improving rural structure of houses in rural Sudan and provide them with services like access to clean piped water, sanitation on improving under-five children health. The prevalence of diarrhoea and cough in rural Sudan are used as measures of health outcome and data from the Sudan Household Health Survey in 2010 is used. Our results show that providing houses with piped water can reduce prevalence of diarrhoea and cough by 22 and 24 percentage points, respectively. Gas cooking fuel reduces the prevalence rates by 26 and 29 percentage points, respectively. Construction materials of walls have strong impact on reducing the prevalence of both illnesses. We recommend that the quality of piped water should be observed and maintained in good standard to ensure that clean water is supplies to the household sector. Developing the housing sector in the rural has many advantages in improving early childhood health in Sudan and it should be one of the priorities of the government.
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Khamis, Amar Hassan. "HIV and AIDS related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes among rural communities hard to reach in Sudan." Health 05, no. 09 (2013): 1494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.59203.
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Bashier Abbas, Haitham, and Jayant K. Routray. "Vulnerability to flood-induced public health risks in Sudan." Disaster Prevention and Management 23, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2013-0112.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze flood vulnerability vis-à-vis flood-induced health risks, and understand the relationship between them to suggest measures to reduce health risks in Sudan. Design/methodology/approach – This study compares the vulnerability to flood and health consequences in two communities in Aroma. This study compares the vulnerability of Aroma semi-urban vicinity and Tendellei rural village, in Sudan, to flood and health consequences. A set of socioeconomic and health indicators were studied in 251 households. Households were classified according to their calculated vulnerability composite index. The index was validated through comparing the vulnerability values with the level of impact in each household. Findings – About 30 percent of households are highly/very highly vulnerable to flood risk. On the other hand, 41 percent of the rural households and 25 percent of the semi-urban houses are highly/very highly vulnerable to health risks. The main determinants of flood vulnerability are; the number of earning family members, level of education and economic activity of the household's head. The rural households are found to be more vulnerable to health risks while semi-urban households are more vulnerable to flooding. Flood and health vulnerabilities are positively correlated. Factors like urbanization, poverty and education directly affect the vulnerability of communities. Research limitations/implications – The methodology could be strengthened through the running of multi-various regression to relate selected vulnerability indicators to incidence of malaria and diarrhea in each household. Practical implications – The method described in this paper is flexible; applicable and can be reproduced for other areas and risks. Social implications – Vulnerability determinants affect the two communities differently and this necessitates specific consideration when developing policy. The policy should tackle the root causes of vulnerability to cut the vicious circle of poverty, illiteracy and illness. Those root causes should be managed by integrating multi-hazard approaches for effective and efficient interventions. Originality/value – The method described in this paper is original, flexible; applicable and can be reproduced for other areas and risks.
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Owens, Janine, and Sawsan Mohammed Saeed. "Exploring the oral health experiences of a rural population in Sudan." International Dental Journal 58, no. 5 (October 2008): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2008.tb00197.x.
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Sorketti, E. A., N. Z. Zuraida, and M. H. Habil. "Collaboration between traditional healers and psychiatrists in Sudan." International Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (July 2010): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005907.
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The importance of traditional healing in low- and middle-income countries cannot be under estimated. It is generally perceived as part of the prevailing belief system and traditional healers are often seen as the primary agents for psychosocial problems in these countries; estimates of their service share range from 45% to 60% (World Health Organization, 1992). The World Health Organization (2000) estimated that 80% of people living in rural areas in low- and middle-income countries depend on traditional medicine for their health needs.
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Khalifa, Mona A. "Determinants of birth intervals in Sudan." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 3 (July 1989): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018009.
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SummaryUsing individual birth history data from the Sudan Fertility Survey, 1979, parity-related differences in fertility are demonstrated, as well as differences between socioeconomic groups. Rural women, women with no education and those married to uneducated husbands show rapid parity progression and its cumulative effects on fertility which are consistent over all birth intervals. Urban women, women with some education and those married to educated husbands, however, go rapidly through their second and third birth intervals and then more slowly at higher parities. A limitation of the study was the inability to control fully for the effects of breast-feeding and contraception.There is evidence for a reduction in high parity births,' starting in the 1970s.
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Abdalla, Safa, Suad Ahmed, Zeinab Swareldahab, and Kavi Bhalla. "Estimating the burden of injury in urban and rural Sudan in 2008." Injury Prevention 23, no. 3 (October 11, 2016): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042067.
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Ujjiga, Thomas Tako Akim. "Infant Feeding Practice and Maternal Factors Influencing Exclusive Breast Feeding: A Cross-sectional Study in Warrap State, South Sudan." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.10.03.art002.
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Infant and young child feeding is critical for children's health and survival in South Sudan. No association between maternal demographic information, feeding practice, and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) was hypothesized. A 3-month descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate into infant feeding practice, prevalence, and the effect of maternal demographic features on EBF in rural areas of Warrap State, South Sudan. 420 breastfeeding mothers were administered structured questionnaires. Odd Ratio (OR), Confidence Interval (CI) and P value < 0.005 were used. The results showed that the mean age of breastfeeding mothers was 26.6 years. They were unemployed housewives with little or no education, delivering at home with good antenatal care. Neonates were breastfed immediately after birth and provided with colostrum (OR = 0.48, CI = (0.11-1.45). Supplementary feeding was mainly cow milk and was introduced six months ago, with Malaria as common during EBF. Knowledge of breastfeeding practice was adequate, and most women lived as single families with shared compounds and were well supported by other family members with the best economic independence practice. The provision of colostrum and prior knowledge on EBF were significantly associated with breastfeeding practice (P< 0.005) which was reflected on the prevalence of 89.04%. In conclusion, this study shows that the infant feeding practice of breastfeeding women with family support has removed barriers to EBF. Further research is needed to improve EBF practice and identify other significant maternal factors influencing EBF in rural communities for the sustainable development of children's health in South Sudan. Keywords: Children Health, Exclusive Breastfeeding, Rural Communities, South Sudan.
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Ali, Monadil H., Alian A. Alrasheedy, Mohamed Azmi Hassali, Dan Kibuule, and Brian Godman. "Predictors of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Sudan." Antibiotics 8, no. 3 (July 9, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030090.
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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a global public health threat and burden on the health system. This is especially the case in high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence countries, such as Sudan. Consequently, this study aimed to ascertain the predictors of MDR-TB in Sudan to provide future guidance. An unmatched case-control study to assess the predictors of MDR-TB infections among the Sudanese population was conducted from August 2017 to January 2018 at Abu-Anga referral hospital. Patients’ data was gathered from patients’ cards and via interviews. A structured pre-validated questionnaire was used to gather pertinent information, which included sociodemographic characteristics and other relevant clinical data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the predictors of MDR-TB infection. 76 of the 183 patients interviewed (41.5%) had MDR-TB cases. The independent predictors for MDR-TB were living in rural areas [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–8.2)], treatment failure [aOR = 56.9 (10.2–319.2)], and smoking [(aOR = 4 (1.2–13.2)], whereas other sociodemographic factors did not predict MDR-TB. In conclusion, the study showed that a history of smoking, living in rural areas, and a previous treatment failure were the predictors of MDR-TB in Sudan. The latter factors are most likely due to issues that are related to access and adherence to treatment and lifestyle. The existence of any of these factors among newly diagnosed TB patients should alert clinicians for the screening of MDR-TB. The implementation of directly observed treatment (DOT) and health education are crucial in stopping the spread of MDR-TB in Sudan.
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Elduma, Adel Hussein. "Female Genital Mutilation in Sudan." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.099.
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BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation or female circumcision (FGM) is a serious health problem in Sudan. This procedure is harmful to women and causes many complications during pregnancy and childbirth.OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the female genital mutilation (FGM) and its associated factors in Sudan.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data from Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS - UNICEF) was used in this research. The survey was carried out in 2014 and included women aged between 14 – 49 years. A logistic regression model was used to find an association between dependent and independent variables.RESULT: Total numbers of 21947 women were included in the survey and out of the 6249 (28.5 %) from urban and 15698 (71.5%) from rural areas. The prevalence of female circumcision was 89%. Women who had circumcised daughters were 32.1 %. The highest prevalence of FGM was reported from South Kordofan state with 7.8%, and lowest was in Red Sea state (7.6%). A significant association was observed between circumcised women and their marital status, daughter circumcision, and the level of education.CONCLUSION: The practice of female genital mutilation is spread all over the country. Poor women with low level of education are at high risk for this phenomenon. More efforts have to be provided to end this dangerous practice.
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Gruenbaum, Ellen. "The Islamic movement, development, and health education: Recent changes in the health of rural women in Central Sudan." Social Science & Medicine 33, no. 6 (January 1991): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90017-7.
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House, William J. "The Status of Women in the Sudan." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 277–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010478.
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The Sudan is the largest country in Africa and ranks as one of the poorest, with an estimated income per capita of U.S.$400 in 1983.1 It is predominantly rural and sparsely inhabited, with an estimated total population in 1985 of 21.6 million, of whom as many as almost half are younger than 15 while only three per cent are aged 65 and over.2 The crude birth rate approaches 50 per thousand and the annual growth rate of the population is likely to be about three per cent.3 Harsh environmental and poor sanitation conditions contribute to a relatively high incidence of morbidity and infant mortality, with severe diarrhoeal diseases as a major cause of ill-health and child death. Life expectancy at birth is currently estimated to be only 48 years, while the infant mortality rate is put at 118 per thousand live births.4
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Musa, H. A., P. Shears, S. Kafi, and S. K. Elsabag. "Water quality and public health in northern Sudan: a study of rural and peri-urban communities." Journal of Applied Microbiology 87, no. 5 (October 1999): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00907.x.
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Ahmed, Mohammed. "Etiology and Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Paralysis among Children in Gadarif, Sudan." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 1, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/023.
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Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a rare but a serious neurological condition characterized by sudden weakness or paralysis of one or more extremities, the respiratory or bulbar muscles and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause. Death occurs in about 7.5% of AFP affected patients worldwide. AFP is the most common sign of acute polio. Therefore, AFP studies are important for surveillance during polio outbreaks to differentiate polio cases from AFP cases. There is a lack of information about the clinical features & causative factors of AFP among children in Gadarif, Sudan. The identification of AFP cases and its causative factors are important in the management & prevention of the disease. This study assessed the etiology and the clinical features of AFP among children in Gadarif, Sudan aiming at effective management & prevention of the disease. It was a prospective cross sectional study conducted at Gadarif Pediatrics Teaching Hospital during the period of January 2017-December 2019. It comprised 73 children with confirmed AFP, ages 6 months to < 15 years old. Our study revealed that Poliomyelitis was not the cause of AFP. AFP was significantly affected children with youngest ages 0-5 years old and from the rural areas. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was the leading cause of AFP followed by meningitis, traumatic neuritis and hypokalemia and we believed that infections were the main triggers of GBS. Gender did not affect the prevalence of the AFP. Fever and paraplegia were the most prevalent clinical signs at onset of the weakness. Over 50% of the AFP victims showed symmetric paralysis. It is obviously that AFP-based awareness, provision of high-quality health services and fighting of illiteracy and poverty in the rural areas of Sudan are urgently needed for effective management of AFP.
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Abusalih, Howeida, and Zeinab Abu Sabeib. "Update of the nutritional situation in the Republic of Sudan." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 9 (November 15, 2020): S17—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.9.s17-s24.
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Background: Sudan is situated in the northeastern part of Africa. The population of the country is approximately 43 million, spread over 1.88 million square kilometers. Although Sudan has great resources, most of the population suffers from poverty and food deficiency because of the conflicts in the different parts of the country .The suffering was augmented by climatic drought and floods which resulted in food insecurity. The population’s internal displacement is disadvantageous regarding access to health services and is consequently more vulnerable to diseases and malnutrition. In Sudan, thirty-three percent of the population suffered from food deprivation according to the national survey of 2010. The prevalence of undernourishment was 31% and 34 % percent for urban and rural populations respectively. Furthermore, based on WHO epidemiologic criteria, the prevalence of stunting and wasting are classified as profound, 38.2%, for stunting which is more than the average of the developing countries( 25%), wasting defined as low weight for height also has a higher prevalence in under-five in Sudan comparing it to the developing countries' average which is 16.8% and 8.9% respectively. Although recent national survey data are lacking, it is evident that micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health concern from the sporadic studies’ findings. Notwithstanding these challenges, the government and the Federal Ministry of Health, move along to make progress towards nutrition and food security, some supplementation campaigns have been conducted but coverage of the population is still low. Sudan is one of the 61 countries that leading a global movement to end up malnutrition in all its forms. Keywords: Sudan, deficiencies, food, micronutrient, mortality, insecurity.
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Abusalih, Howeida, and Zeinab Abu Sabeib. "Update of the nutritional situation in the Republic of Sudan." Special Issue July-December 2020 04, no. 09 (November 15, 2020): S17—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.09.s17-s24.
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Background: Sudan is situated in the northeastern part of Africa. The population of the country is approximately 43 million, spread over 1.88 million square kilometers. Although Sudan has great resources, most of the population suffers from poverty and food deficiency because of the conflicts in the different parts of the country .The suffering was augmented by climatic drought and floods which resulted in food insecurity. The population’s internal displacement is disadvantageous regarding access to health services and is consequently more vulnerable to diseases and malnutrition. In Sudan, thirty-three percent of the population suffered from food deprivation according to the national survey of 2010. The prevalence of undernourishment was 31% and 34 % percent for urban and rural populations respectively. Furthermore, based on WHO epidemiologic criteria, the prevalence of stunting and wasting are classified as profound, 38.2%, for stunting which is more than the average of the developing countries( 25%), wasting defined as low weight for height also has a higher prevalence in under-five in Sudan comparing it to the developing countries' average which is 16.8% and 8.9% respectively. Although recent national survey data are lacking, it is evident that micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health concern from the sporadic studies’ findings. Notwithstanding these challenges, the government and the Federal Ministry of Health, move along to make progress towards nutrition and food security, some supplementation campaigns have been conducted but coverage of the population is still low. Sudan is one of the 61 countries that leading a global movement to end up malnutrition in all its forms. Keywords: Sudan, deficiencies, food, micronutrient, mortality, insecurity.
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Ali, Gowaria. "Multidimensional Poverty in Sudan: An Empirical Analysis for the Case of Gezira State, 2021." European Journal of Economics 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/eje.v2i2.175.
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Poverty remains the most pressing socio-economic issue among all states in Sudan. Poverty is a multi–faceted phenomenon. This paper is set to investigate the persistence of multidimensional poverty among households of Gezira state, following the approach proposed by Alkire-Santos model made up of 10 components has been built and used as a means of analyzing the data, The education and health dimensions are based on two indicators while the standard of living dimension is based on six indicators. The research relies on primary data aided by structured questionnaire compiled by Central Bureau of Statistics staff, field work cover three localities, where around 57% of the households in the state live in these localities. A total of 756 households randomly selected make up for data source upon which the research rests, the analysis of poverty decomposed by urban and rural location. The results indicated that 15.89% of the population under the study area are experience a multidimensional poverty, with deprivation at least a third of the dimensions of health, education and standard of living, present analysis shows decompositions reveal considerable disparity in MPI, rural areas present high levels of MPI than urban one, and the deprivation seem to be concentrated in all dimensions. The standard of living dimension considered the main contributor to poverty in Janoob Al Gezira and El Hasaheisa localities, El Managil locality presents the highest incidence of the MPI due to poor health dimension. Janoob Al Gezira Locality faced severe deprivations in health of children as child mortality is widely spread among the poor population in urban area and low level of education was to be found. The paper concludes with policy implications based on the findings that will help government to identify the poor and where the poor people are live.
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Mugo, Ngatho Samuel, Kingsley E. Agho, Anthony B. Zwi, Eliaba Yona Damundu, and Michael J. Dibley. "Determinants of neonatal, infant and under-five mortality in a war-affected country: analysis of the 2010 Household Health Survey in South Sudan." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 1 (February 2018): e000510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000510.
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BackgroundUnder-five children born in a fragile and war-affected setting of South Sudan are faced with a high risk of death as reflecting in high under-five mortality. In South Sudan health inequities and inequitable condition of daily living play a significant role in childhood mortality. This study examines factors associated with under-five mortality in South Sudan.MethodsThe study population includes 8125 singleton, live birth, under-five children born in South Sudan within 5 years prior to the 2010 South Sudan Household Survey. Factors associated with neonatal, infant and under-five deaths were examined using generalised linear latent and mixed models with the logit link and binomial family that adjusted for cluster and survey weights.ResultsThe multivariate analysis showed that mothers who reported a previous death of a child reported significantly higher risk of neonatal (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI 2.88 to 4.87), P<0.001), infant (AOR=3.19, 95% CI (2.62 to 3.88), P<0.001) and under-five deaths (AOR=3.07, 95% CI (2.58 to 3.64), P<0.001). Other associated factors included urban dwellers (AOR=1.37, 95% CI (1.01 to 1.87), P=0.045) for neonatal, (AOR=1.35, 95% CI (1.08 to 1.69), P=0.009) for infants and (AOR=1.39, 95% CI (1.13 to 1.71), P=0.002) for under-five death. Unimproved sources of drinking water were significantly associated with neonatal mortality (AOR=1.91, 95% CI (1.11 to 3.31), P=0.02).ConclusionsThis study suggested that the condition and circumstances in which the child is born into, and lives with, play a role in under-five mortality, such as higher mortality among children born to teenage mothers. Ensuring equitable healthcare service delivery to all disadvantaged populations of children in both urban and rural areas is essential but remains a challenge, while violence continues in South Sudan.
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Okech, Onyango, and Diane Duclos. "Roles of local healthcare workers in the humanitarian response in South Sudan: a literature review." South Sudan Medical Journal 15, no. 4 (November 25, 2022): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v15i4.2.
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Introduction: Armed conflict is devastating to the health system, is a public health concern and recovery is an enormous challenge. The independence of South Sudan in 2011 brought much hope. However, eight years later, the country is still at conflict with itself. Although rich in resources, it is ranked among the poorest in the world and depends on donor funding for most service delivery, especially health. In an international context, promoting the localisation of humanitarian aid and the integration of health services, there is a lot to learn from the roles being played by healthcare workers (HCWs) throughout the conflict in South Sudan.
Method: A literature review was conducted to identify the roles of local HCWs in South Sudan since 2011. Four databases were searched, grey literature sourced, and snowballing done to capture additional documents for a comprehensive analysis. Questions were adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for qualitative and systematic reviews guided appraisals of the articles. Results were systematically coded, synthesised and summarised using a priori and emergent themes.
Results: The health system in South Sudan is very fragmented with heavy dependence on humanitarian aid. There is serious shortage in health workforce with heavy reliance on unskilled workers to fill in the gaps, mainly in rural settings. Although close collaboration exists among different stakeholders to deliver integrated services, poor infrastructure, insecurity, lack of capacity and donor dependency still poses a challenge towards localisation of aid and sustainability.
Conclusions: The literature reviewed for this study indicates that the road towards localisation of health care is possible but will depend highly on continued collaboration between the different contributors, integration of services, building capacity of the nationals, increased government funding and infrastructural development. Local involvement of HCWs by international agencies is paramount in ownership and sustainability of services.
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Hassan, Rowa, Jorge Cano, Claudio Fronterre, Sahar Bakhiet, Ahmed Fahal, Kebede Deribe, and Melanie Newport. "Estimating the burden of mycetoma in Sudan for the period 1991–2018 using a model-based geostatistical approach." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): e0010795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010795.
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Mycetoma is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions favouring arid areas with low humidity and a short rainy season. Sudan is one of the highly endemic countries for mycetoma. Estimating the population at risk and the number of cases is critical for delivering targeted and equitable prevention and treatment services. In this study, we have combined a large dataset of mycetoma cases recorded by the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC) in Sudan over 28 years (1991–2018) with a collection of environmental and water and hygiene-related datasets in a geostatistical framework to produce estimates of the disease burden across the country. We developed geostatistical models to predict the number of cases of actinomycetoma and eumycetoma in areas considered environmentally suitable for the two mycetoma forms. Then used the raster dataset (gridded map) with the population estimates for 2020 to compute the potentially affected population since 1991. The geostatistical models confirmed this heterogeneous and distinct distribution of the estimated cases of eumycetoma and actinomycetoma across Sudan. For eumycetoma, these higher-risk areas were smaller and scattered across Al Jazirah, Khartoum, White Nile and Sennar states, while for actinomycetoma a higher risk for infection is shown across the rural districts of North and West Kurdufan. Nationally, we estimated 63,825 people (95%CI: 13,693 to 197,369) to have been suffering from mycetoma since 1991 in Sudan,51,541 people (95%CI: 9,893–166,073) with eumycetoma and 12,284 people (95%CI: 3,800–31,296) with actinomycetoma. In conclusion, the risk of mycetoma in Sudan is particularly high in certain restricted areas, but cases are ubiquitous across all states. Both prevention and treatment services are required to address the burden. Such work provides a guide for future control and prevention programs for mycetoma, highly endemic areas are clearly targeted, and resources are directed to areas with high demand.
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Sanhori, Zeinat, Lars Lien, Edvard Hauff, Touraj Ayazi, Ibrahimu Mdala, and Arne H. Eide. "Change in Disability Associated with Psychological Distress among Internally Displaced Persons in Central Sudan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095347.
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Individuals with disabilities are particularly vulnerable in conflict settings, and a high rate of psychopathology is well documented among persons with disabilities. The objective of this study was to explore the change in disability prevalence among IDPs in two settlement areas in central Sudan and the association between disability and psychological distress. In this one-year follow-up study, 1549 IDPs were interviewed twice using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to investigate emotional distress. Disability was measured using the Washington Group Short Set. Households were randomly selected using the community health center as the starting point. All household members above eighteen years of age in the sampled households were interviewed. There is an increase in disability prevalence among internally displaced persons over time, associated with rural residency and poverty, low education, unemployment, IDP status, originating from western Sudan, young age, male gender, and being married. Disability was further found to be associated with psychological distress. Disability among displaced persons should be considered as a risk factor for increase in psychopathological disorders and is closely related to poverty. The study is limited to individual-level data and does not incorporate relevant environmental variables that may have influenced the changes in disability rates.
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Adam, I., S. Babiker, A. A. Mohmmed, M. M. Salih, M. H. Prins, and Z. M. Zaki. "Low Body Mass Index, Anaemia and Poor Perinatal Outcome in a Rural Hospital in Eastern Sudan." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 54, no. 3 (October 15, 2007): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmm110.
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A. Abdalla, Muna, Saad A. Suliema, Abdullahi H. El Tinay, and Abdul Gader H. Khattab. "Socio-Economic Aspects Influencing Food Consumption Patterns Among Children under Age of Five in Rural Area of Sudan." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8, no. 5 (April 15, 2009): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.653.659.
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Arabi, Ali M. E., Salah A. Ibrahim, Abdel-Rahman Manar, Mohamed S. Abdalla, Sami E. Ahmed, Eugene P. Dempsey, and C. Anthony Ryan. "Perinatal outcomes following Helping Babies Breathe training and regular peer–peer skills practice among village midwives in Sudan." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-312809.
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BackgroundOver 80% of deliveries in Sudan occur in rural areas, attended by village midwives (VMWs).ObjectiveTo determine the impact of Helping Babies Breathe training and regular peer–peer skills practice (HBBT+RPPSP) on VMW resuscitation practices and outcomes.MethodsIn a prospective community-based intervention study, 71/82 VMWs, reporting to six East Nile rural medical centres, with previous experience in community health research, consented to HBBT+RPPSP. Outcomes included changes in the resuscitation practices, fresh stillbirths (FSB) and early neonatal deaths <1 week (ENND).ResultsThere were 1350 and 3040 deliveries before and after HBBT+RPPSP, respectively, with no significant differences between the two cohorts regarding maternal age, education or area of birth. Drying of the newborn increased almost tenfold (8.4%, n=113 to 74.9%, n=1011) while suctioning of the mouth/nose decreased fivefold (80.3%, n=2442 to 14.4%, n=437) following HBBT+RPPSP. Pre-HBBT+RPPSP9/18 (50%) newborns who had mouth-to-mouth ventilation died, compared with 13/119 (11%) who received bag-mask ventilation post-HBBT+RPPSP. Excluding 11 macerated fetuses, there were 55 perinatal deaths: 14 FSB/18 ENND (6 months pre-HBBT+RPPSP) and 10 FSB/13 ENND (18 months post-HBBT+RPPSP). FSB rates decreased from 10.5 to 3.3 per 1000 births ((χ2)=8.6209, p=0.003), while ENND rates decreased from 13.5 to 4.3 per 1000 live births ((χ2)=10.9369, p=0.001) pre-HBBT+RPPSP and post-HBBT+RPPSP, respectively.ConclusionIn a selected group of VMWs, HBBT+RPPSP was associated with improvements in newborn resuscitation and perinatal outcomes. HBBT+RPPSP could have immense benefits if propagated nationally to all 17 000 VMWs in Sudan.
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Abdalla, Safa, Muna Abdel Aziz, and Igbal Basheir. "Seeking care from a traditional healer after injury in Sudan: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis." International Health 12, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz063.
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Abstract Background Seeking care from traditional healers for injury is a common practice in low- and middle-income countries, including Sudan. As little is known about specific patterns of the practice in the country, we aimed to investigate associated factors and the role of professional injury care availability. Methods We used Sudan Household Health Survey 2010 data from a national stratified multistage cluster sample of 15 000 households. A multivariable Poisson regression (PR) model with robust variance was used to test potential associations of receiving care from a traditional healer in the first week after injury with age, gender, urban/rural residence, wealth index, educational attainment, cause of injury, time of injury occurrence and state-level injury-care bed density. Results Of 1432 injured participants who sought some form of healthcare, 38% received care from a traditional healer. A significant negative association was found with educational attainment, age and wealth. The association between injury-care bed density and receiving care from a traditional healer was consistently evident only when the injury was caused by a road traffic accident (PR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96). Conclusions Merely increasing the affordability or availability of injury care facilities may not impact reliance on traditional healers for all causes of injury. Therefore, injury care policies need to consider the role of traditional healers as part of the healthcare system.
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Kawooya, Michael G. "Training for Rural Radiology and Imaging in Sub-Saharan Africa: Addressing the Mismatch Between Services and Population." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 2 (June 29, 2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.97747.
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The objectives of this review are to outline the needs, challenges, and training interventions for rural radiology (RR) training in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Rural radiology may be defined as imaging requirements of the rural communities. In SSA, over 80% of the population is rural. The literature was reviewed to determine the need for imaging in rural Africa, the challenges, and training interventions. Up to 50% of the patients in the rural health facilities in Uganda may require imaging, largely ultrasound and plain radiography. In Uganda, imaging is performed, on an average, in 50% of the deserving patients in the urban areas, compared to 10–13 % in the rural areas. Imaging has been shown to increase the utilization of facility-based rural health services and to impact management decisions. The challenges in the rural areas are different from those in the urban areas. These are related to disease spectrum, human resource, and socio-economic, socio-cultural, infrastructural, and academic disparities. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, for which information on training intervention was available, included: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Zambia, Ghana, Malawi, and Sudan. Favorable national policies had been instrumental in implementing these interventions. The interventions had been made by public, private-for-profit (PFP), private-not-for profit (PNFP), local, and international academic institutions, personal initiatives, and professional societies. Ultrasound and plain radiography were the main focus. Despite these efforts, there were still gross disparities in the RR services for SSA. In conclusion, there have been training interventions targeted toward RR in Africa. However, gross disparities in RR provision persist, requiring an effective policy, plus a more organized, focused, and sustainable approach, by the stakeholders.
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Fatih, Chellai. "Determinants of Under-Five Child Mortality in Arab Countries. Are the Effects Homogeneous Across Birth Order and Among Countries?" European Review Of Applied Sociology 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eras-2021-0009.
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Abstract Under-five-child mortality remains a major challenge for governments in the Arab world to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Thus, further studies are needed to analyze the determinants of child mortality. The Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS) datasets of six Arab countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Mauritania, Sudan, and Tunisia) have been used, which are consisting of 249.000 children nested within 54.644 mothers. The study was designed in a women-parity-covered one to six birth order. Binary multivariable logistic models were used to estimate the risk ratios of death by adjusting for child sex, birth outcome (twin vs. singleton), mother’s education level, maternal age, previous birth interval, place of residence (rural vs. urban), and the family wealth index. The findings revealed that the under-five child mortality rates were 87, 70,66,35,36, and 21 per 1000 live births in Sudan, Mauritania, Egypt, Iraq, Algeria, and Tunisia, respectively). First-born infants in these six countries have a higher risk of mortality during their five years of life. Second, third-and fourth-born infants were at a decreased risk of death compared to first-born infants in all countries; in contrast, fifth-and-sixth-born infants were at an increased risk in all countries except Sudan and Mauritania. Twin children have a higher risk of death than singletons in all countries and across all birth orders. Children of mothers with higher educational levels living in urban areas are at lower risk of death than their peers across all birth orders. Regarding policy implications, decision-makers can target three main axes: first, enhancing women’s educational levels; second, increasing birth intervals (birth spacing policies); and third, improving living standards and healthcare strategies, especially in rural areas to improve child and mother health.
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Dawria, Adam, Ali Mohieldin, Fatima Alshehk, and Zamzam Omer Tutu. "MISSED OPPORTUNITIES OF IMMUNISATION AMONG CHILDREN BELOW 24 MONTHS VISITED ELMAK NIMIR TEACHING HOSPITAL, SUDAN 2016." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 10 (October 31, 2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i10.2017.2267.
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Immunization has often been cited as one of the greatest medical success stories in human history. A cross-sectional hospital based study conducted from the period started from March 2016 to December 2016 .the study aimed to assess the missed opportunity of vaccine amongst under 24 months in Shendi locality, Total of 220 children under 2 years were been selected using convenience universal coverage for all children attending to the hospital seeking medical care, structured Questionnaire filed by their care givers. Our results revealed that, the prevalence of missed opportunity among the study population were 35% as aver all children examined, 20 % for BCG, 23% (Penta, Rota and polio vaccines), 40% for Measles 1st dose and 60% for Measles 2nd dose. These results show high percentage of dropout due to the missed opportunity from the main hospital in the Shendi locality. The main recommendations of our study are, institute primary health care unit to provide immunisation services in the teaching hospital and this is will minimize the gab of vaccine missed opportunity ,implement intensive health education programme to the local community especially rural community.
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Aaby, Peter, Salah A. Ibrahim, Michael D. Libman, and Henrik Jensen. "The sequence of vaccinations and increased female mortality after high-titre measles vaccine: Trials from rural Sudan and Kinshasa." Vaccine 24, no. 15 (April 5, 2006): 2764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.004.
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Maki, Adel A., Khalid Hajissa, and Gafar A. Ali. "Prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among selected people in Tulus area, South Darfur State, Sudan." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 4221. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213522.
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Background: Urinary schistosomiasis is a major public health issue in Sudan. The disease is endemic in many rural communities across the country.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among selected individual in the city of Tulus, South Darfur state, Sudan. One hundred terminal urine samples were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using standard filtration technique.Results: A total of 100 individual were enrolled in the study with a mean (±SD) age of 17.7±0.73 years. Out of them, 62 (62%) were found to be infected with Schistosoma haematobium. The statistical analysis showed significant association with gender (p=0.043) with higher prevalence 70.9 % (39/55) in female than males 51.1 % (23/45). Majority of the S. haematobium infections were classified as intense infection (82%, 51/62) with egg count ≥50 eggs/10 ml urine, while gross haematuria was observed in 10% of urine samples.Conclusions: In conclusion, the prevalence of S. haematobium infection in the study participants was remarkably high. However, further studies, including large sample size will be essential to assess the burden of the disease in the study area.
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Ahmed, Mohammed Ahmed A., Karimeldin M. Salih, Abdullah Al-Nafeesah, Ishag Adam, and Bahaeldin A. Hassan. "Misconceptions and traditional practices toward infant teething symptoms among mothers in eastern Sudan." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 20 (February 8, 2021): e210967. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v20i00.8660967.
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There is no much published data on the mothers’ false beliefs about signs and symptoms associated with teething in Sudan. Aim: This cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted to assess mothers` knowledge about infant teething process and to evaluate mothers’ practices used to alleviate teething disturbances in Gadarif city, eastern Sudan. Methods: Questionnaires were used to collect data. Multivariate logistics regression models were performed and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results/Conclusion: Of a total of 384 participating mothers, 126 (32.8%) had good knowledge about infant teething. The mothers’ knowledge was associated with a higher number of children in the family (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.14) and with having a job (AOR = 2.22). Mothers residing in rural areas (AOR = 0.40) and mothers with lower than secondary education (AOR = 0.43) were less likely to have good knowledge about teething. Diarrhea (88.5%), fever (86.5%), an urge to bite (76.6%), and poor appetite (71.9%) were the signs and symptoms most attributed to teething by mothers. Only the mother’s knowledge about teething was associated with reporting fever as a sign. A considerable number (317; 82.6%) of mothers reported performing “Dokhan” (acacia wood smoke), 313 (81.5%) preferred to administer paracetamol or other systemic analgesics, 262 (68.2%) agreed that a child with tooth eruption should be taken to a hospital or health center, and 216 (56.3%) believed that antibiotics relieved symptoms related to teething.
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Elkamali, M., and M. M. Yagoub. "TRANSFORMATION OF A VILLAGE: CASE OF WAD AL ABBAS, SENNAR STATE, SUDAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 22, 2020): 1527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1527-2020.
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Abstract. Understanding socioeconomic changes associated with the conversion of rural areas to urban and the factors behind them are essential for future prospects. Theoretical debates on the topic have flourished. However, empirical case studies, particularly from developing nations, are limited. This study attempts to fill the gap through a case study of a village in Sudan. The development of Wad al Abbas village is investigated using remote sensing techniques employing free Landsat satellite images. The study used the Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach to detect the village sprawl between 1987 and 2018. Results showed significant built-up growth (84.5% increase) between 1987 and 1998 and this is linked to the natural increase in population, diversification of income as a result of a change in jobs from farming to trade, migration of a large number of its residents in and outside the country, and attraction of administrative and governmental institutions. Although Wad al Abbas starts to have a town feature in terms of population size and other metrics, still there are many challenges facing this transformation. These include water, education, health, sewage system, solid waste, drainage system, landslide, water channel for the agricultural scheme (canal), the meandering of the Blue Nile, and inner road network. High-resolution satellite images could be used to help in the investigation of these challenges. Recommendations are made on how to deal with these challenges. The lesson learned from this study is the value of the use of the space (free satellite images) to document changes that couldn’t be monitored especially in developing countries where historical maps or aerial photographs are not available.
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Ahmed, Ayman, Mustafa Abubakr, Hamza Sami, Isam Mahdi, Nouh S. Mohamed, and Jakob Zinsstag. "The First Molecular Detection of Aedes albopictus in Sudan Associates with Increased Outbreaks of Chikungunya and Dengue." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 11802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911802.
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As part of our surveys of the invasive malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in four Sudanese states, including North and South Kordofan, Sennar, and White Nile, we collected 166 larvae. Our morphological identification confirmed that 30% of the collected mosquito samples were Anopheles species, namely An. gambiae s.l. and An. stephensi, while the 117 Aedes specimens were Ae. luteocephalus (39%), Ae. aegypti (32%), Ae. vexans (9%), Ae. vittatus (9%), Ae. africanus (6%), Ae. metalicus (3%), and Ae. albopictus (3%). Considering the serious threat of Ae. albopictus emergence for the public health in the area and our limited resources, we prioritized Ae. albopictus samples for further genomic analysis. We extracted the DNA from the three specimens and subsequently sequenced the cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene and confirmed their identity as Aedes albopictus and their potential origin by phylogenetic and haplotype analyses. Aedes albopictus, originating from Southeast Asia, is an invasive key vector of chikungunya and dengue. This is the first report and molecular characterization of Ae. albopictus from Sudan. Our sequences cluster with populations from the Central African Republic and La Réunion. Worryingly, this finding associates with a major increase in chikungunya and dengue outbreaks in rural areas of the study region and might be linked to the mosquito’s spread across the region. The emergence of Ae. albopictus in Sudan is of serious public health concern and urges for the improvement of the vector surveillance and control system through the implementation of an integrated molecular xenosurveillance. The threat of major arboviral diseases in the region underlines the need for the institutionalization of the One Health strategy for the prevention and control of future pandemics.
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Dafallah, Mumen Abdalazim, Esraa Ahmed Ragab, and Omer Ali Mohamed Ahmed Elawad. "Experience with Tetanus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sudan: A Retrospective Review." Emergency Medicine International 2021 (December 21, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4818312.
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Introduction. Tetanus is still a major health issue, especially in rural areas, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rate. This study was conducted to describe the pattern of presentation and treatment outcome among adult patients infected with tetanus in our environment. Materials and Methods. This is a descriptive retrospective hospital-based study conducted in Wad Medani teaching hospital, central Sudan. A total of thirty-one patients were enrolled in this study in the period between January 2018 and December 2020. Results. Thirty-one patients were infected with tetanus during the study period. They were 23 (74.2%) males and 8 (25.8%) females with a male-to-female ratio of 2.875 : 1. Their ages ranged from 20 to 70 years, and most of them (48.4%) were free workers. Acute injuries were the most common portal of entry (64.51%), and commonly involved the lower limbs (48.38%). Lock jaw (54.8%), muscle spasm (51.6%), and neck pain and stiffness (45.2%) were the most common presentation. Supportive measures along with surgical toilet and debridement, human tetanus immunoglobulin, antibiotics, and muscle relaxants were initiated in all patients. The most common antibiotics used were Penicillin V and Ceftriaxone. A muscle relaxant was administered to aid in relieving the spasms. Complication rate was 61.29% and included pulmonary and cardiovascular complications. Fifteen patients died accounting for an overall mortality rate of 48.4%. Conclusions. Tetanus remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality. The unknown/incomplete vaccination status among study participants, inadequate management, and lack of equipped resources lead to a devastating outcome as in Sudan.
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Majok, Samuel Ajiek, and Eliphas Gitonga Makunyi. "Uptake of modern family planning methods among women receiving spontaneous post abortion care at Kuajok hospital, South Sudan: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 3090. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20222005.
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Background: Improving women’s health through modern family planning to spontaneous post abortion care is a key to prevent unwanted pregnancy immediately after miscarriage, world health organization indicates that spacing for six months period following miscarriage prevent earlier pregnancy. South Sudan ranks the lowest country with the prevalence rate of 5.5% nationwide. This study helped to uncover the factors contribute to the low uptake of modern family planning options among spontaneous post abortion patients in Kuajok hospital, provide evidence to ministry of health, policy makers and health care providers to improve modern family planning services.Methods: study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional designed and data was collected from spontaneous post abortion patients to determine the prevalence in the study area.Results: Urban and rural have difference choice of modern family planning a total of 38.4% (481) of post abortion women had sort care at the hospital in the past one year revealed that they preferred modern family planning over the other methods. With a total of 17.9% (224) women utilized pills to manage their family sizes, while injectable accounted for 8.6% (108) used of modern family planning among spontaneous post abortion women in that year. The study also noted that male condom was equally popular as a preferred among population at 11.9% (149). Female condoms and cervical diaphragm were unpopular and none patients used them.Conclusions: Ministry of health, policy makers to increase awareness on modern family planning to spontaneous post abortions patients.
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Ibrahim, S. A., Abdel G. Babiker, I. K. Amin, M. I. A. Omer, and H. Rushwan. "Factors associated with high risk of perinatal and neonatal mortality: an interim report on a prospective community-based study in rural Sudan." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 8, no. 2 (April 1994): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.1994.tb00450.x.
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A-Elbasit, Ishraga E., Mustafa I. Elbashir, Insaf F. Khalil, Michael Alifrangis, and Hayder A. Giha. "The efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone and in combination with chloroquine for malaria treatment in rural Eastern Sudan: the interrelation between resistance, age and gametocytogenesis." Tropical Medicine and International Health 11, no. 5 (May 2006): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01616.x.
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Smith, Laura, Ha Hoang, Tamara Reynish, Kim McLeod, Chona Hannah, Stuart Auckland, Shameran Slewa-Younan, and Jonathan Mond. "Factors Shaping the Lived Experience of Resettlement for Former Refugees in Regional Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020501.
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Refugees experience traumatic life events with impacts amplified in regional and rural areas due to barriers accessing services. This study examined the factors influencing the lived experience of resettlement for former refugees in regional Launceston, Australia, including environmental, social, and health-related factors. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with adult and youth community members from Burma, Bhutan, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, Iran, and Sudan, and essential service providers (n = 31). Thematic analysis revealed four factors as primarily influencing resettlement: English language proficiency; employment, education and housing environments and opportunities; health status and service access; and broader social factors and experiences. Participants suggested strategies to overcome barriers associated with these factors and improve overall quality of life throughout resettlement. These included flexible English language program delivery and employment support, including industry-specific language courses; the provision of interpreters; community events fostering cultural sharing, inclusivity and promoting well-being; and routine inclusion of nondiscriminatory, culturally sensitive, trauma-informed practices throughout a former refugee’s environment, including within education, employment, housing and service settings.
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Abdulmageed, Samia S., and Mustafa Khidir Elnimeri. "Cultural, social and demographic determinants of seeking family planning knowledge, and practice among a Sudanese community." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 8 (July 23, 2018): 3248. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183053.
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Background: About 214 million women in the reproductive age in the developing countries who need to prevent and plan for their pregnancy are not using methods of modern contraceptives. The aim of this study was to investigate the socio-demographic and cultural elements that inform the health-seeking behavior towards family planning among Sudanese women in Sharq-Alneel locality in the Sudan-Africa. Furthermore, the study aimed to identify individuals within Sudanese families, who predominantly interfered with the decision of the women in using of contraceptives for family planning.Methods: A cross-sectional community based study was conducted in September-2017 to February-2018 using structured questionnaire to 576 Sudanese women age of 15-49 years from 4 administrative units. A multistage cluster sampling technique was adopted. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyze the results using SPSS version 22.Results: Women respondents were (57.1%), and (42.9%) from rural and urban areas respectively. Women (89.3%) of respondents were married for more than five years. A 381 (66%) women respondents were not using contraception at the time of the study. Women in rural areas were 0.9 less likely to obtain information from other sources than from PHC. There was significant association (p<0.001) between women’s educational level and awareness about contraception.Conclusions: Women use of contraception in Sharq-Alneel was low. Barrier to contraception use for majority of women was that they believe their healths are at risk for using modern contraceptives. There was also high prevalence of respondents’ husbands refused the use of contraceptives.
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Alzain, Mohamed A., Mohamed O. Abdelaziz, Areej E. Mustafa, and Mohamed Elsheikh. "Prevalence and determinants of underweight, overweight, and obesity among adolescent secondary school students in Dongola City, Northern Sudan in 2019." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 3106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20222008.
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Background: Adolescents comprise 1.2 billion of the world population. There is a worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among adolescents. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among secondary school adolescents in Dongola city, North Sudan.Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based study was conducted among adolescents from 7 out of 11 schools in Dongola city in November 2019. Multistage sampling method was used besides ethical approval and informed consent were taken. Data was collected through questionnaire, weight and height of each participant were measured, body mass index was calculated and the World Health Organization (WHO) (5-19 years) reference chart was used to determine underweight, overweight, and obesity. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were performed to determine factors associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity.Results: The study included 695 students with 397 (57.1%) males. The prevalence rates of underweight, overweight, and obesity were 12.2%, 15.7% and 5.2% respectively. Male students had more than twice times (OR=2.37; 95%CI=1.29-4.37) likely to be underweight. Students with family history of obesity had almost twice and two and half times (OR=1.78; 95% CI: 1.15-2.76) and (OR=2.46; 95% CI: 1.21-4.98) more likely to have overweight and obesity respectively. Students living in urban areas had thirteen times (OR=13.0; 95% CI: 1.76-0.96.7) more likely to be obese.Conclusions: The prevalence rates of underweight, overweight, and obesity are high compared to primary school children in Northern State. There is a need to strengthen the school health program and further studies involving rural and urban schools are recommended.
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Bayo, Pontius, Imose Itua, Suzie Paul Francis, Kofi Boateng, Elijo Omoro Tahir, and Abdulmumini Usman. "Estimating the met need for emergency obstetric care (EmOC) services in three payams of Torit County, South Sudan: a facility-based, retrospective cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e018739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018739.
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ObjectiveTo determine the met need for emergency obstetric care (EmOC) services in three Payams of Torit County, South Sudan in 2015 and to determine the frequency of each major obstetric complication.DesignThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study.SettingFour primary healthcare centres (PHCCs) and one state hospital in three payams (administrative areas that form a county) in Torit County, South Sudan.ParticipantsAll admissions in the obstetrics and gynaecology wards (a total of 2466 patient admission files) in 2015 in all the facilities designated to conduct deliveries in the study area were reviewed to identify obstetric complications.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was met need for EmOC, which was defined as the proportion of all women with direct major obstetric complications in 2015 treated in health facilities providing EmOC services. The frequency of each complication and the interventions for treatment were the secondary outcomes.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty four major obstetric complications were admitted in 2015 out of 390 expected from 2602 pregnancies, representing 65.13% met need. The met need was highest (88%) for Nyong Payam, an urban area, compared with the other two rural payams, and 98.8% of the complications were treated from the hospital, while no complications were treated from three PHCCs. The most common obstetric complications were abortions (45.7%), prolonged obstructed labour (23.2%) and haemorrhage (16.5%). Evacuation of the uterus for retained products (42.5%), caesarean sections (32.7%) and administration of oxytocin for treatment of postpartum haemorrhage (13.3%) were the most common interventions.ConclusionThe met need for EmOC in Torit County is low, with 35% of women with major obstetric complications not accessing care, and there is disparity with Nyong Payam having a higher met need. We suggest more support supervision to the PHCCs to increase access for the rural population.
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Ibrahim, Mawahib Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Sayed Ahmed ElSayed, and Fatima Fadul Ali Osman. "Assessment of Water Handling Practices and Prevalence of Water Borne Diseases, East Nile Locality, Khartoum State." EAS Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjnm.2022.v04i01.005.
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Water is one of the important requirements for human health and life. However, it is also the most effective carrier of pathogens causing a number of infectious diseases. Water borne diseases are the most common prevalent infectious diseases in developing countries especially in rural areas, and is still a major public health and environmental concern. The living conditions in rural areas are poor, which makes rural populations more vulnerable to inaccessibility to safe drinking water and high risk of water borne diseases .Water safety in a community depends on a range of factors, from the quality of source water to storage and handling in the domestic setting. This is a descriptive cross sectional community based study conducted in East Nile locality in the capital state of Khartoum in Sudan among 384 households from April to June 2019, to assess water handling practices on a household level and the factors associated with the prevalence of water borne diseases. A questionnaire was used to collect data and the data was analysed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The result revealed that artesian wells were the commonest source of drinking water used by 81% of participants. The majority of the respondents (80.2%) didn’t treat their water at household level and only 3% used boiling. 2.9% of the respondents washed their hands before collecting water, 3.4% of the respondents cleaned their water container regularly and 91.7% covered their water collection container. The prevalence of water borne diseases was 79% and diarrhoeal disease were the most prevalent water borne diseases among households in all the selected villages accounting for 52.1% of the total followed by typhoid fever at 38%. The study concluded that the practice of hygienic water handling practices among participants was poor. Source of drinking water, socioeconomic status as well as the adoption of measures to treat water were the major factors responsible for the occurrence ....
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Elmadina, Abdelaziz M., Atif Babiker Ali, Saif H. Alrasheed, Sulaiman Aldakhil, Mohammed Alluwimi, and Roghia Abdarshead Derar. "Demographic Characteristics and Causes of Visual Impairment in the White Nile State of Sudan: A Hospital-based Study." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (June 30, 2022): 1492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9028.
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BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) states that visual impairment (VI) is a reduction of vision functions due to eye diseases, trauma, and congenital eye conditions. Current estimates indicate that more than 90% of people with vision impairment live in rural and developing countries.
AIM: This study aimed to determine demographic characteristics and causes of visual impairment in the White Nile State of Sudan
METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective hospital-based study, including all patients attending Kosti and Rabak eye hospitals from January to December 2017, was conducted. A total of 1000 records were reviewed, 300 of them met the required criteria and then included in this study, with a mean age of 59.8 ± 18.5 (ranging from 10 to 95) years old. Visual impairment was classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision, 2018 (ICD-11).
RESULTS: The prevalence of VI was found at 28.5 %. Based on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), 6 participants (2.0%) were mild VI, 32 (10.7%) had moderate VI, 152 (50.7%) had severe VI, and 110 (36.7%) were blind. VI was associated with patients' age in children (3.6%) and reached (48.3) in older age (P=0.001). VI was more common among males 158 (52.7%) than females but was statistically not significant (P=0.35). The main causes of VI were cataract (52%), refractive errors (20.7%), glaucoma (16.3%), corneal disorders (5.3%), diabetic retinopathy (1.7 %), and other causes (4%).
Conclusion Visual impairment was high in the community and more prevalent among older age. Cataract was the leading cause of VI, then refractive errors and glaucoma. Among children, uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts were the common leading causes of VI. In adults, the main causes were cataracts, uncorrected refractive errors, and glaucoma.
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Oladele, Rita Okeoghene, Fatimata Ly, Douduo Sow, Ayesha O. Akinkugbe, Bright K. Ocansey, Ahmed H. Fahal, and Wendy W. J. van de Sande. "Mycetoma in West Africa." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 4 (March 16, 2021): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab032.
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AbstractBackgroundMycetoma is a neglected disease, which is socioeconomically important, and with the possibility of permanent disability in infected persons if not treated early. This is especially true in resource-limited settings such as West Africa, where there is a lack of facilities and skilled personnel to make a definitive laboratory diagnosis. Countries in West Africa have similar climatic conditions to Sudan. The majority of patients seek medical care very late, when there is already bone involvement, resulting in amputations. This results in poor capture of the true burden of the problem in the literature.MethodsA review of the literature revealed about 2685 documented cases in West Africa from 1929 to 2020; from 15 out of 16 countries, Senegal accounted for 74.1% (1943) of cases in the subregion.ResultsThe majority of lesions were found on the foot; however, other body parts were also reported. Rural dwellers accounted for most cases. Only 547 (20.4%) cases had identified isolates reported. Actinomycetoma accounted for 47.9% of cases, eumycetoma 39.7% and unidentified pathogens 12.4%. Actinomadura pelletieri was the predominant pathogen isolated (21.4%; 117 isolates).ConclusionThere is a dire need for capacity building, provision of facility and health education to raise awareness of this debilitating disease in West Africa.
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Abdalla, H. A., M. A. Abdalla, and M. A. Abdalmajed. "Assessment of Community Services Coverage at Primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020." ABC Research Alert 10, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcra.v10i2.612.
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Background: Sudan health system is based on the district health system approach, which emphasizes the principles of primary health care (PHC). Nevertheless, the decentralization of the public sector resulted in more deterioration of the PHC system particularly in rural and peripheral areas due to lack of financial resources and managerial capacities.
Objectives: The study aimed to assess the community services coverage at primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020.
Materials and methods: A number of (37) Health facilities was selected in addition to (333) households. All selected mothers/care takers of children aged 12–23 months; all working Primary Healthcare sites and all health worker who are the first responsible of Health sites in the study area were included in the study. The study was conducted by using questionnaires, checklists, observation and Interview with structure close ended questionnaire. Data was computed and analyzed using SPSS program version 25.0. Descriptive and inferential statistic was used.
Results: The study showed that 55.6% of the participants stated that their areas distance less than 2 km. The majority of the participants 72.4% were obtained their health services by going to the hospital or rural health center. More than two thirds of the participants 66.7% stated that there was transportation mean for health center. The majority of participants 69.7% stated that their families or household having ability to pay the cost of transportation. Only 46.2% of the participants stated that there was health insurance for families. Approximately 96% of the participants had vaccination card explained the vaccination that taken the children less than 2 years. Also 98.5% their child completes the routine vaccination until the date of visit. The majority 93.4% of the participants their child under five obtained any vaccines including that taken in vaccination campaigns or national days for vaccination or during child health days. The majority of the participants 69.1% indicate that their children under 5 previously taken BCG vaccines. More than half of the participants 50.8% stated that their children under 5 infected with diarrhea disease the last 2 weeks. Also 58.3% had children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks. Less than 50% (45.6%) of the participants their family having bed nets for mosquito control. Only 26.1% of the participants had one sleep under nets last night. The majority of the participants 88% had periodic follow-up during the pregnancy. The most reasons for not follow-up during pregnancy were because the health center is faraway 23.7%, economic barriers 6.3% and family barriers 3%. The participants stated that the tetanus doses coverage was 94%. The most doses of tetanus taken by the participants were five doses 36.3%. Also 56.5% of the participants sated that they were gave any medical care during the first last 6 weeks after last delivery (postnatal). More than 63% of the participants were used contraceptive. The most reasons of not used contraceptive were fear from side effects 24.3%, due to refuse of husband 2.7%, due to culture believes 3.3%, not able to by 2.4% and because of not aware 2.4%. There was association education level of father and periodic follow-up during the pregnancy, p=.000. There was association education level of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. There was association between occupation of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. there was highly association between children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks and having any bed nets for mosquito control, p=.002.
Conclusion: The results show that coverage of the services provided were moderate which need to be strengthening and provision of resources for rural communities.
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Putoto, Giovanni, Antonella Cortese, Ilaria Pecorari, Roberto Musi, and Enrico Nunziata. "Harmonization of clinical laboratories in Africa: a multidisciplinary approach to identify innovative and sustainable technical solutions." Diagnosis 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dx-2014-0071.
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AbstractIn an effective and efficient health system, laboratory medicine should play a critical role. This is not the case in Africa, where there is a lack of demand for diagnostic exams due to mistrust of health laboratory performance. Doctors with Africa CUAMM (Collegio Universitario Aspiranti Medici Missionari) is a non-profit organization, working mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) to help and sustain local health systems. Doctors with Africa CUAMM has advocated the need for a harmonized model for health laboratories to assess and evaluate the performance of the facilities in which they operate.In order to develop a harmonized model for African health laboratories, previous attempts at strengthening them through standardization were taken into consideration and reviewed. A survey with four Italian clinicians experienced in the field was then performed to try and understand the actual needs of health facilities. Finally a market survey was conducted to find new technologies able to update the resulting model.Comparison of actual laboratories with the developed standard – which represents the best setting any African health laboratory could aim for – allowed shortcomings in expected services to be identified and interventions subsequently prioritized. The most appropriate equipment was proposed to perform the envisaged techniques. The suitability of appliances was evaluated in consideration of recognized international recommendations, reported experiences in the field, and the availability of innovative solutions that can be performed on site in rural areas, but require minimal sample preparation and little technical expertise.: The present work has developed a new, up-to-date, harmonized model for African health laboratories. The authors suggest lists of procedures to challenge the major African health problems – HIV/AIDS, malaria, tubercolosis (TB) – at each level of pyramidal health system. This model will hopefully support the non-governmental organization (NGO) Doctors with Africa CUAMM in its activities in sub-Saharan hospitals, providing them with a guideline to programme future interventions.
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Gore, R., C. Bloem, K. Elbashir, P. Roblin, G. Ostrovskiy, J. Daphnis, and B. Arquilla. "(P2-29) Educational Model for Pre-Hospital Disaster Management in Haiti and Beyond." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004730.
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IntroductionThere has been increased international awareness and a need to provide accessible and essential emergency preparedness training in developing countries that has resulted in the recognition of new teaching needs and number of new initiatives to meet these needs.MethodsThese teaching methods have been applied in Haiti before and after the 2010 earthquake. They include: - Established a “Train the trainer” model - Established civilian first responder training - Basic Life Support (BLS) and First Aid - Implemented medical training using the Meti Simulator models - Conducted post-training Disaster drill - Conduction of post training assessment - Succession model of training.ResultsA total of 54 people completed a BLS course and 67 completed a First Aid course. 12 participants completed the First Aid and BLS Instructors course. 95 program participants completed an end of course survey. 41 participants had no prior BLS/First Aid training or exposure. The course participants included 2 physicians, 22 students, 8 nursing students, 7 nurses, 20 teachers, 12 health workers, 5 drivers, and 14 laborers. 92 of those surveyed stated they would recommend this course to a friend. 88 participants stated that hands on learning helped them better learn the course material.ConclusionThis training model has been well received in rural Haiti and can be applied in other developing countries. We would like to standardize training protocols that will serve as a foundation for self-sustaining higher-level emergency, pre-hospital, disaster training and management. This will improve the general quality of health care delivery. Our next pilot of this program will be in other parts of Haiti and in Khartoum, Sudan.
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Nourelhuda Ali, Yousif Mohamed, and Ismail Mohammed Yaqoob. "Designing a Tele-pediatric System based on the internet." Open Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 7, no. 1 (October 4, 2022): 009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ojpch.000040.
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The outgrowth and quick development in telecommunication technologies have opened new opportunities for diagnosing many diseases, which are life-threatening, for patients who are in rural areas and districts far away from the city, and where there are no specialists. Critical and life-threatening diseases, in which the patient cannot wait until going to a central hospital, or specialist, need to benefit from the advantages of telecommunication technologies to save the patient’s life. The segment of pediatric patients represents a significant number of patients and children represent the country’s present and bright future, so we must focus on the importance of diagnosing and treating their diseases early and on a time using the ways and means available to protect their lives from risks. Designing a tele-pediatric system for monitoring such cases can be vital and efficient in saving those babies’ lives and protecting them from significant risks of disability and even death that happen if their defects are not diagnosed and treated soon after birth. This project aimed to design a tele-pediatric system, using webpages at both transmitting and receiving sites and connected to a united database and then linked with the Sudan University of Science and Technology’s Network for testing its efficiency and effectiveness. If this project is applied; it will contribute to saving the baby’s life and raise the overall health care.