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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural health services Thailand'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Vichathai, Charay, and Simon Barraclough. "Equity Issues in Dental Health Care Services in Thailand." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 2 (1998): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98018.

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Thailand's dental health care system and provisions for public services are described. The Thai Ministry of Public Health has sought to pursue the goal of oral health for all by creating greater equity in opportunities for dental care. Severely disadvantaged Thais are able to seek free treatment, and a subsidized health card system offers medical and dental care to those able to purchase it. Despite these efforts, inequities related to socio-economic status and geography remain. The growth of the private sector has contributed to inequities by drawing dentists away from the public sector. Most dentists wish to work in the more lucrative private sector and to offer curative treatment. The organisational structure of the dental health system in Thailand and certain attitudes of the dental profession have also worked against equity, despite statements of support for equity in the country's Constitution and on the part of policy makers. More research is needed on equity in dental care in Thailand, and ways to reduce shortages of dentists in the public sector and in rural areas need to be explored. The most effective way of promoting equity in dental health care in Thailand is through reinforcing primary dental care with its emphasis upon education and prevention.

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Bartlet, L. B. "Child psychiatry in Thailand." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 3 (March 1990): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.3.158.

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Thailand, unlike many Asian countries, never experienced colonial or imperial subjection and thus lacked the portal through which psychiatric services usually gained entry. As a result, progress in this field was initially slow. The first mental hospital was established in 1889, a century later than in India. The country has been fortunate inasmuch as it has been spared involvement in the wars, revolutions, and other social upheavals that have plagued Asia in the 20th century. Recent national stability and impressive economic growth have provided a sound base for the development of health services, and progress has been rapid in comparison with many neighbouring countries. Due attention has been paid to family planning, maternity and child welfare services. The provision of comprehensive primary health care in urban and rural areas is improving all the time. The education of children is universally regarded as important. Schooling is compulsory and attendance satisfactory.

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3

Whittaker, Andrea. "Primary health services in rural Thailand: problems of translating policy into practice." Asian Studies Review 20, no. 1 (July 1996): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147539608713094.

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Thanapop, Chamnong, Sasithorn Thanapop, and Sukanya Keam-Kan. "Health Status and Occupational Health and Safety Access among Informal Workers in the Rural Community, Southern Thailand." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211015884.

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Purpose Thailands’ informal workers are faced with job insecurity and poor working conditions. Good health status can promote lifelong working and increase quality of life. This study analyzed factors associated with the health status of the community informal workers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 390 informal workers aged 15 to 59 years in Thasala district, Nakhon Si Thammarat, southern Thailand. A multi-stage sampling method using proportional to size selection was employed in various types of informal workers. The interviews on self-reported health status, health behaviors, occupational hazards, healthcare utilization, occupational health and safety (OHS) access are reported as descriptive. The multivariate association was explored using the simple logistic regression. Findings The results revealed that 80.77% of the participants had good health, 57.44% had healthy behavior, 76.41% had safe work practices, 22.05% had moderate to high exposed of occupational hazards, and 56.41% had the low OHS access. Safe work practices, moderate to high OHS access, low exposed to occupational hazards, and low income were more likely to produce good health status, which yielded the adj. OR 2.57, 1.86, 0.39, and 0.48, respectively. Conclusions The community informal workers health status was associated by income, work practices, occupational hazards, and OHS access. To strengthening the informal workers’ health, the OHS program should be managed intensively by the primary care services, especially the OHS risk management.

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Prempree, Preecha, Roger Detels, Mongkol Ungkasrithongkul, Sittichai Meksawasdichai, Samreng Panthong, and Varaporn Ungpanich. "The sources of treatment of sexually transmissible infections in a rural community in central Thailand." Sexual Health 4, no. 1 (2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06035.

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Background: Sexually transmissible infection (STI) rates in Thailand declined from 1986 to 1994, but levelled off until 2002. This study documents the distribution of STI cases attending major treatment venues and the quality of treatment in a rural area. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in January and June 2001 in all 42 health-care facilities in the study district, including the hospital STI and outpatient clinics, private clinics, local health centres and pharmacies. Quality of care was assessed by documenting appropriate syndromic treatment according to the World Health Organization Syndromic Case Management Guidelines. Results: Over half of STI patients (60%) sought treatment from pharmacies (35%) and health centres (25%), the facilities least capable of accurately diagnosing and treating STI. Only 0–59% were adequately treated. Conclusions: The quality of services needs to be improved and innovative strategies developed and implemented to address the problems of acceptability, stigmatisation, access and quality of STI services in Thailand.

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Wongkongdech, A., and W. Laohasiriwong. "Movement Disability: Situations and Factors Influencing Access to Health Services in the Northeast of Thailand." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 12, no. 3 (October 19, 2015): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v12i3.13709.

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Background Persons with movement disability (PWMDs) are the biggest group of persons with disabilities (PWDs) with needs helps especially on health. There has been no evident to show health services accessibility situation of PWMDs in the Northeast of Thailand, the biggest region.Objective This study aimed to explore the current situation of accessibility to health services among PWMDs, and factors influencing such access.Method This cross-sectional study used a multistage stratified random sampling to select 462 subjects from the national registered PWMDs poll to response to a structured questionnaire. This study complies with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee for Human Research prior to the data collection.Result We found that most of PWMDs (66%) had overall health service accessibility at medium level. Factors influencing the access to health services were living in rural area (adj. mean diff.= -24.01; 95 % CI: -45.88 to-2.31; p-value=0.032), high income (adj. mean diff.=0.002; 95 % CI: 0.001 to 0.005; p-value = 0.044), and having offspring or spouse as care givers (adj. mean diff.=40.44; 95% CI: 7.69 to 73.19; p-value=0.044; and adj. mean diff.=48.99; 95%CI: 15.01-82.98; p-value=0.016, respectively). PWMDs who lived in rural areas had better access to health services especially to the sub-district health promoting hospital than those in the urban area.Conclusion Accessibly to health services of PWMDs still limited. Income, care givers and residential areas had influences on their access.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 168-174

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Yoddumnern-Attig, Bencha, George A. Attig, and Uraiwan Kanungsukkasem. "Incorporating Explanatory Models in Planning Nutrition Education Programmes in Thailand." Nutrition and Health 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609200800102.

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An intersectoral child development services project is being undertaken in Thailand to develp a model process for providing age appropriate care and education to rural children through an integrated programme of nutrition, health and educational services designed to meet community needs and perceptions. Using behavioral analysis and explanatory models, project results show that the effectiveness of nutrition education can be facilitated by (1) recognizing the family as the unit of service, (2) focusing on solutions rather than problems, (3) using a two-stage promotional message strategy to encourage better child caretaking, and (4) viewing potential new practices as behavioral processes, rather than single entities aimed at a specific outcome. Program planning should also include the successive construction and analysis of community-based explanatory models which justify people's nutrition and health behaviors. The ultimate aim is to identify differences between explanatory models held by community members and health/nutrition educators, negotiate this conflict, and thereafter develop more practical and realistic methods for modifying behavior.

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Sukmak, Vatinee, and Sirirat Sipola. "An Ethnographic Study of Mental Healthcare Services for People with Mental Illness in Rural Thailand." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 40, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1440449.

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Kawichai, Surinda, David D. Celentano, Suwat Chariyalertsak, Surasing Visrutaratna, Onsri Short, Cholticha Ruangyuttikarn, Chonlisa Chariyalertsak, Becky Genberg, and Chris Beyrer. "Community-based Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services in Rural Communities of Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand." AIDS and Behavior 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2007): 770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9242-7.

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Chuakhamfoo, Nalinee N., Pudtan Phanthunane, Sirintorn Chansirikarn, and Supasit Pannarunothai. "Health and long-term care of the elderly with dementia in rural Thailand: a cross-sectional survey through their caregivers." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e032637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032637.

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ObjectiveTo describe the circumstances of the elderly with dementia and their caregivers’ characteristics in order to examine factors related to activities of daily living (ADL) and household income to propose a long-term care policy for rural areas of Thailand.SettingA cross-sectional study at the household level in three rural regions of Thailand where there were initiatives relating to community care for people with dementia.ParticipantsCaregivers of 140 people with dementia were recruited for the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSocioeconomic characteristics including data from assessment of ADL and instrumental ADL and the Thai version of Resource Utilisation in Dementia were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the characteristics of the elderly with dementia and the caregivers while inferential statistics were used to examine the associations between different factors of elderly patients with dementia with their dependency level and household socioeconomic status.ResultsEighty-six per cent of the dementia caregivers were household informal caregivers as half of them also had to work outside the home. Half of the primary caregivers had no support and no minor caregivers. The elderly with dementia with high dependency levels were found to have a significant association with age, dementia severity, chance of hospitalisation and number of hospitalisations. Though most of these rural samples had low household incomes, the patients in the lower-income households had significantly lower dementia severity, but, with the health benefit coverage had significantly higher chances of hospitalisation.ConclusionAs the informal caregivers are the principal human resources for dementia care and services in rural area, policymakers should consider informal care for the Thai elderly with dementia and promote it as the dominant pattern of dementia care in Thailand.

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Yiengprugsawan, Vasoontara, Gordon A. Carmichael, Lynette L.-Y. Lim, Sam-ang Seubsman, and Adrian C. Sleigh. "Has universal health insurance reduced socioeconomic inequalities in urban and rural health service use in Thailand?" Health & Place 16, no. 5 (September 2010): 1030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.010.

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Turnbull, Niruwan, Pichayasuda Cherdsakul, Sutin Chanaboon, David Hughes, and Kukiat Tudpor. "Tooth Loss, Cognitive Impairment and Fall Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study of Older Adults in Rural Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 16015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316015.

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Tooth loss is associated with both cognitive impairment and fall risk. However, the relationships between these variables are complex and bidirectional. Observed associations have been reported in separate studies but data on rural-dwelling older adults remain sparse. This cross-sectional study investigated socioeconomic and dental factors affecting cognitive functions, and the association between tooth loss, cognitive functioning, and fall risk. Two hundred and thirty-one rural-dwelling older adults (60–74 years old) were recruited from a single Dental Service Unit. Cognitive function and fall risk were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Morse Fall Scale, respectively. Oral examinations were performed by a dentist using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs form. 38.1%, had >16 tooth loss. Socioeconomic data and health status were obtained from a questionnaire and interviews. Age, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score, and the number of teeth lost was significantly associated with impaired cognitive function. Chi-square analysis showed that cognitive function was also associated with fall risk. Past research suggests that much cognitive impairment and fall risk is induced by tooth loss. Service planners need to be aware of the complex bidirectional relationships between these variables and give higher priority to dental services that can improve the general health status and social functioning of older rural adults.

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Pattanarattanamolee, Ratrawee, Rujeewan Yomstreeken Sanglun, and Shinji Nakahara. "Community-Based First Responder Network in Rural Thailand: A Case Study of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20001545.

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AbstractRecently, the Thai government introduced a novel program to train health volunteers as first responders to deal with increasing acute illness and injuries. This case study demonstrates the potential of this program to improve public access to emergency care through the integration of emergency care with a community-based health care system, specifically in a rural setting. A 39-year-old man collapsed with cardiac arrest in his village. Lay first responders from his neighborhood attended him immediately, administered chest compressions, and contacted Emergency Medical Services (EMS). They continued chest compressions until the EMS unit arrived. While the EMS transported him to the hospital, the patient attained return of spontaneous circulation and consciousness. He returned to his normal life without obvious neurological problems. The Thai strategy to develop a community-based first responder network through health volunteer training would address the issue of inequitable access to emergency care and improve patients’ chances of survival and prognoses.

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Khunthason, Siriyaporn, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Wirichada Pan-Ngum, Chusak Okascharoen, Tawatchai Apidechkul, and Saranath Lawpoolsri. "The Factors associated with the unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment of hill tribe patients in Thailand." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 01 (January 31, 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12029.

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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public-health problem worldwide. The successful tuberculosis treatment was in low rate among the hill tribes in Thailand. This study aimed to determine factors associated with the unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment among the hill tribe TB patients in northern Thailand. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using secondary data from the national TB reporting system. Data of newly registered hill tribe patients with TB receiving treatment were obtained from 18 government hospitals in Chiang Rai province, during 2014–2017. TB treatment outcomes and factors associated with unsuccessful were determined. Results: A total of 770 hill tribe patients with TB registered during the study period. The majority were males aged 25–64 years. About 80% of the patients lived in rural areas and 53.9% worked in agriculture. The overall TB treatment success rate was 80.4%. Two factors were associated with unsuccessful TB treatment: ages 25–44 and ages 45–64 (aOR 3.14 (1.03–9.55) and 3.02 (1.01–9.03), respectively) and receiving antiretroviral drugs (proxy of HIV infection) (aOR 2.30 (1.02–5.15)). Conclusion: Although the TB treatment success rate among hill tribe patients did not reach the national goal, it was still higher than that of other Thai TB patients in the area. In Thailand, hill tribe people can access health services free-of-charge under the national health insurance. This could influence the successful treatment. However, some barriers need to be considered, such as the high default rate and high death rate among those with HIV coinfection.

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Chandna, Arjun, Rusheng Chew, Nan Shwe Nwe Htun, Thomas J. Peto, Meiwen Zhang, Marco Liverani, Tobias Brummaier, et al. "Defining the burden of febrile illness in rural South and Southeast Asia: an open letter to announce the launch of the Rural Febrile Illness project." Wellcome Open Research 6 (March 10, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16393.2.

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In rural areas of South and Southeast Asia malaria is declining but febrile illnesses still account for substantial morbidity and mortality. Village health workers (VHWs) are often the first point of contact with the formal health system, and for patients with febrile illnesses they can provide early diagnosis and treatment of malaria. However, for the majority of febrile patients, VHWs lack the training, support and resources to provide further care. Consequently, treatable bacterial illnesses are missed, antibiotics are overused and poorly targeted, and patient attendance wanes along with declining malaria. This Open Letter announces the start of a new initiative, the Rural Febrile Illness (RFI) project, the first in a series of projects to be implemented as part of the South and Southeast Asian Community-based Trials Network (SEACTN) research programme. This multi-country, multi-site project will run in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, and Myanmar. It will define the epidemiological baseline of febrile illness in nine remote and underserved areas of Asia where malaria endemicity is declining and access to health services is limited. The RFI project aims to determine the incidence, causes and outcomes of febrile illness; understand the opportunities, barriers and appetite for adjustment of the role of VHWs to include management of non-malarial febrile illnesses; and establish a network of community healthcare providers and facilities capable of implementing interventions designed to triage, diagnose and treat patients presenting with febrile illnesses within these communities in the future.

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Roopsawang, Inthira, Suparb Aree-Ue, Surinrat Baurangthienthong, Jansudaphan Boontham, and Yuwadee Phiboonleetrakun. "Path Model Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Older Thais Living in Rural Areas." Geriatrics 7, no. 3 (June 16, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics7030069.

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Depressive symptoms are complex and are often more severe in older people. However, there is limited research exploring the causal relationships between depression and its associated factors in the geriatric population, particularly in Thailand. We aimed to evaluate the direction of these complex relationships in the Thai population. A cross-sectional design was conducted on 312 Thai community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or above who registered for primary care services. The participants were recruited from July 2019 to January 2020, and they responded to standard assessments. The relationships between pain, the number of medications, frailty, locomotive syndrome, and depressive symptoms were investigated using path analysis. The results showed that most participants were women and had multiple diseases, mild pain, frailty, and grade I–II locomotive syndrome. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 16%. The model showed significant positive direct and indirect paths from locomotive syndrome to depressive symptoms (β = 0.296, p < 0.01; β = 0.099, p < 0.01, respectively). There was a significant positive direct path from frailty to depressive symptoms (β = 0.219, p < 0.01) and a significant positive indirect path from pain to depressive symptoms (β = 0.096, p < 0.01).

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Bootsri, Siripun, Kasam Nakornkate, and Suchitra Sukonthasab. "A Contribution of PAR for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension and Diabetes among the Elderly in Thailand." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 6 (November 10, 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n6p76.

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BACKGROUND: A rise in the number of elderly people in society increases the need for disease prevention and health promotion services as the growing figure entails more patients suffering from chronic illnesses, such as hypertension and diabetes. In order to prevent and control these non-communicable diseases, Participation Action Research (PAR) can be a powerful mechanism for engaging the elderly in PAR, and has the potential to provide a way to enhance the health of the elderly, consequently; it is necessary to design an appropriate health promotion model involving community participation.OBJECTIVE: This participation action research aims to develop a health promotion model integrating community participation for the prevention and control of hypertension and diabetes in the elderly and to implement a local intervention.METHODS: Mixed methodologies of mainly a qualitative approach and a supported quantitative approach with a questionnaire were employed. This was community-based participatory action research in which the researchers and community partners were the main participants. The PAR model was developed interactively in collaboration with the setting of local administration, the public sector, and the private sector. The process involved assessing the situation, taking action to promote community participation based on the analysis, implementing the solution, and testing the model and evaluating the model applying the After Action Review (AAR) approach.RESULTS: A health promotion model was developed and then piloted by the community team. The model is designed to improve the health behavior of the elderly; preventing and controlling hypertension and diabetes; providing continuous health education, especially regarding the importance of nutrition; physical activity; stress management; and facilitating the access of the vulnerable elderly to health services. The results showed that all the sectors, namely, families, schools, and temples, were involved in every stage of the research. The research results indicate that the model can build community health-promotion capacity, partnership development, community health plans, and community innovation and build a supportive environment.CONCLUSION: The paper illustrates that PAR has the potential to provide a way to make the significant role of community participation in a project for the prevention and control of hypertension and diabetes and for the promotion of healthy aging in a rural setting. Moreover, PAR can enhance program design and implementation based on the sharing of best practices and the active engagement of community members. In this way, the elderly can perceive benefits of group participation in enhancing their self-care ability, their sense of empowerment, and their ability to learn to prevent, control and sustain changes in their health behavior.

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Sinuraibhan, Soranart, Saithiwa Ramasoot, Supreeya Wungpatcharapon, and Kuanchai Kakaew. "Prototype for a Mobile Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, Case Study of Lamsonthi Model, Lopburi Province." Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) 17, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/jars.v17i1.225328.

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Chronic kidney disease has been a major health problem in Thailand as confirmed by the growing number of patients every year in every region. Reports pointed out that poverty and difficult access to public hospitals are among factors that prevent underprivileged kidney disease patients in rural areas from receiving proper medical treatments. Frequent visits, at least twice-a-week, to the nearest haemodialysis center are not always affordable, while many dwellings do not meet hygienic standard for home treatments. A mobile peritoneal dialysis unit invention was then initiated by Lamsonthi Hospital, Lopburi, as a part of alternative services known as “Lamsonthi Model” in attempt to fill in service gaps and transform healthcare provisions to fit specific conditions in rural villages. Researched and designed by the Built Environment for Health research unit of Kasetsart University, the prototype was developed through participatory design process between designers, patients and multidisciplinary staffs from Lamsonthi Hospital to create an integrative design outcome responsive to sensitive conditions. With emphasis on affordability and movability, the final design proposed a budget foldable prototype that can be transported in a truck and installed at any location, and later movable to another place to service another patient in need. The unit accommodates wheelchair access and is equipped with sanitary and lighting systems. The post-occupancy assessment of the prototype installed for a 25-year-old male patient at his village home since September 2016 suggested that the unit is able to support required peritoneal dialysis procedures and deal with limitations of rural home environment for the medical treatments. While the prototype still needs further development on material weight and interior environmental comfort, the invention represents a convergence through multidisciplinary approaches to transform healthcare services and encourages awareness of the necessary collaborations between medical discipline and built environment. At the same time, it demonstrates an alternative community-based approach toward specific problems in healthcare that cannot be solved by the traditional system alone.

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Meemon, Natthani, and Seung Chun Paek. "Analysis of Composition Change of Public Facility Care Users After the Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402094742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020947423.

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This study conducted a preliminary analysis to examine the impact of Thailand’s Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) on health care use. In contrast with our expectation, no significant increase was found in the use of public facility care (i.e., use of the UCS services) after the UCS because the UCS increased the use of public facility care for the previously uninsured, but at the same time, it similarly decreased the previously insured who were previous public facility care users. Based on a view of this situation as a composition change of public facility care users, this study investigated where and discussed why the composition change occurred. By classifying health care use into four types (no care, informal care, public facility care, and private facility care), descriptive analysis and pooled logistic regression analysis were performed with data from the Health and Welfare Survey 2001 and 2003 to 2005. The study results showed that the UCS largely increased the use of public facility care for the previous uninsured people. In addition, the degree of the increase was relatively larger in lower income, older, younger, female, and rural people. Meanwhile, the UCS decreased the use of public facility care for previous public facility care users, especially those in higher income, middle-aged (mostly age 20–39 years), male, and urban people. This was probably due to an imbalance between the scaled-up UCS implementation and the resources allocated for improving the capacity of public facilities. This may have created circumstances that did not serve the needs of users (e.g., long waiting time) and pushed those previous users to the private sector.

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YIAMJANYA, Siripen, Kannapat KANKAEW, Bussaba SITIKARN, Palaunnapat SIRIWONGS, and Cecile GERWEL PROCHES. "INDIGENOUS TOURISM: THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ON LOCAL RESIDENTS, PHA MI VILLAGE, CHIANG RAI, THAILAND." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 45, no. 4 supplement (December 30, 2022): 1594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.454spl08-979.

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Besides the leisure purposes, tourism is one of the key elements supporting a better quality of people life. However, striving for success in tourism development and management is challenging. This study aims to assess the success factors of Pha Mi indigenous tourism (PMIT) development for sustainability in the light of the sustainable development challenges faced, as well as opportunities available to local residents. A mixed method approach was applied, which employed in-depth interviews, focus groups and participatory rural appraisal for the qualitative. In The quantitative, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using structural equation modelling (SEM). To highlight the challenges, cultivating the sense of indigenous pride and preservation, as well as providing knowledge on health safety, security, ecological systems and local product development are crucial. On the other hand, cooperation with tourism stakeholders, the marketing issues related to the promotion of tourism and transportation are opportunities. However, negative aspects were also revealed in terms of the local residents’ behaviour changes in daily life consumption i.e. food and dressing. Of great significance is that the tourism stakeholders’ cooperation has a great impact on PMIT sustainable development. That is the engagement of stakeholders in providing innovative knowledge, in assisting local residents to design and develop products and services, as well as in dealing with PMIT funding and promotional issues.

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Nawamawat, Juntima, Wipa Prasittichok, Thansinee Prompradit, Suwapich Chatchawanteerapong, and Vipaporn Sittisart. "Prevalence and characteristics of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in semi-urban communities." Journal of Health Research 34, no. 4 (March 10, 2020): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-03-2019-0058.

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PurposeThe purpose of this research aimed to identify the risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and determine their prevalence and characteristics in a semi-urban community in Thailand.Design/methodology/approachThe survey was designed to determine the type and prevalence of risk factors for NCDs among populations in semi-urban areas in the Takianleurn subdistrict of Nakhonsawan, Thailand. A stratified random sampling design was used to select 352 subjects, aged over 15 years and living in this region. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed to show frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-squared, prevalence rate and prevalence rate ratio with significance indicated by p-value < 0.05 and confidence interval 95 percent.Research limitations/implicationsThe implications for the future study are as follows: (1) a comparative study between rural and urban or rural and semi-urban or urban and semi-urban should be studied to understand how risk factors cause NCDs and (2) Participatory action research should be introduced to assess the effectiveness of the decrease in NCDs risk factors management in the community.Practical implications(1) To scale up public health interventions measures to promote and prevent NCDs should be focused on behavioral risk factors of NCDs such as eating habits, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption. (2) Health promotion and disease prevention for decrease in NCDs should consist of reducing alcohol consumption and enhancing healthy eating habits and (3) To manage unmodified risk factors such as age, gender, educational level, etc. should be focused on surveillance and physical health examination yearly.FindingsThe results revealed a prevalence of NCDs of 14.8 percent. The main unmodifiable risk factors affecting NCD prevalence were gender, age, low level of education and poverty; behavioral risk factors included not eating enough fruit and vegetables, high alcohol consumption, a high-fat fast-food diet and smoking.Originality/valueThe prevention of NCDs requires more focus on changing the eating behavior of high-risk groups and providing easily accessible health care information and services. The entire family should be involved in the process of maintaining good health and disease prevention for all family members.

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Timilsina, Kailash, Yothin Sawangdee, Aung Tin Kyaw, Sirjana Tiwari, and Ashmita Adhikari. "An Analysis of Contraceptive Method Choice among Married Women of Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance site in Thailand." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 11, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.268.

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Introduction: The Fertility of Thailand declined to 1.6 in 2014 compared to 6.5 in the early sixties. This fertility revolution was accompanied by a concurrent revolution of contraceptive behavior among Thai people. This study examined the role of individual and geospatial factors to explain the variation in contraceptive method choice among married in two selected districts of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Methods: The sample size in this study was 1468. The study population was currently married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who were residing in two selected districts of Kanchanaburi province, Sai Yok and Muang districts, collected under the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance Site (KDSS) project from 2004 to 2006. The study performed multinomial logistic regression for statistical analysis and Arc view GIS for spatial analysis to identify the factors associated with contraceptive method choice. Results: The women in the middle age group and urban women were more likely to use permanent methods over non use and temporary methods compared to young and rural women respectively. Women having higher than secondary education used both temporary and permanent contraceptive methods 2.5 times more than uneducated women (AOR 2.43; 95% CI 1.33– 4.46 for temporary versus none and AOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.29 – 5.01 for permanent versus none respectively). If women has no children, they were significantly less likely to use permanent method over non-use as well as over temporary methods. Geo-spatial analysis results showed transportation facilities determine the contraceptive choice. Conclusion: The better transportation network facilitated women to use a permanent contraceptive method rather than the temporary method. It is necessary to establish a better transportation system and education system in the areas, especially in the mountainous regions to improve accessibility and to realize reproductive health services. Further, investments in increasing women's access to various contraceptive options are urgently needed.

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Percy, Alisa, and Jo-Anne Kelder. "Editorial: JUTLP Issue 16.5." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 16, no. 5 (December 1, 2019): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.16.5.1.

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Welcome to the final issue of the Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice for 2019. In this issue we have papers from Finland, the US, Ecuador, Thailand and Australia covering a range of topics and approaches exploring university teaching and learning practice. Evaluating an intervention into students’ wellbeing and organising strategies in Finland, Asikanen, Kaipainen and Katajavouri provides evidence that pharmacy students undertaking a 7 week online course designed to promote psychological flexibility had a positive impact on their study behaviors during the intervention. Addressing issues of engagement in first year, Kearney makes the case for his Authentic Self and Peer Assessment for Learning (ASPAL) Model as a particular kind of transition pedagogy that engages students in the development of a deep understanding of assessment expectations and standards of performance. Also focused on student transition, Pattanaphanchai reports on students’ learning achievement and their positive perceptions of the flipped classroom in an introductory computing class in Thailand. Dealing with contentious content in first year, Ford, Bennett and Kilmister report on a study they conducted into pedagogical models in a large first year history subject that services teacher education students and had its own history of heated debate and conflict when exploring the ANZAC mythologies. Considering how content transforms perceptions and values, Njoku reports on a longitudinal evaluation of the use of learner-centred teaching and its impact on learning outcomes in an undergraduate rural public health course in the US. And finally, Freyn introduces the pedagogical strategies used in a LGBTQ literature course in Ecuador, and reports on the results of a phenomenological study of its impact on the participants’ agency in terms of advocacy and support for the LGBTQ community.

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Jirawon, Tanwattanakul, Sriprachote Suthiporn, Tangpukdee Juraporn, Chanthapreeda Nilawan, and Santiboon Toansakul Tony. "Effects of food programme for enhancing obesity children healthy of their abilities and expectations to self-efficacy for preventing early childhood." Journal of Advanced Pediatrics and Child Health 4, no. 1 (September 13, 2021): 093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.japch.1001040.

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This study aims to assess parents’ perceptions of their responses to the perceived awareness programme competency abilities and expectations for enhancing parents on weight control of their pre-school children in preventing with Obesity. It has defined self-efficacy as one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations and accomplish a task with the theoretical framework of Bandura’s Model by quasi-experimental research in 16 weeks. To promote the self-efficacy and expectations, the 10-item Questionnaire on Self-Efficacy Program, the 22-item Questionnaire on Parents’ Efficacy Interaction, and the 46-item Questionnaire on Parental Expectations assessed parents’ perceptions. A sample size consisted of 14-pre-school children whose age ranged 2-5 years old at the Child Development Demonstration Centre, Khon Kaen University was selected. Providing knowledge, teaching, demonstration, experimentation, and organized activities were organized. Parents’ perceptions of their abilities for controlling children’s weight and height with pre- and post-experimental programmes differentiated, significantly. Parents’ responses to the post performances are over than pre-experiment for the QSEP, the QPEA, and the QPE, differently. They answered and followed up on child management with parents online for 16 weeks, continuously. The obese early childhood at the CDC Demonstration Centre, Faculty of Nursing used the food programme to self-efficacy with their parents taking part and cooperating well in specifying research objectives. There are 2,958,441 children in rural areas are lacking attention, because of food and health problems in the 19,171-Child Development Centres none yet have food programmes to prevent health and hygiene problems. Although Thailand took the next leap forward for its investment in Early Childhood Development through legislation, improved quality services, and social transfer grants for families with young children since 2018.

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Mukherjee, Suneeta. "Rural health services." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 58, no. 4 (July 1991): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02750919.

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Nkunu, Victoria, Natasha Wiebe, Aminu Bello, Sandra Campbell, Elliot Tannor, Cherian Varghese, John Stanifer, and Marcello Tonelli. "Update on Existing Care Models for Chronic Kidney Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review." Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 9 (January 2022): 205435812210775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20543581221077505.

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Background: Approximately 78% of chronic kidney disease (CKD) cases reside in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, little is known about the care models for CKD in LMICs. Objective: Our objective was to update a prior systematic review on CKD care models in LMICs and summarize information on multidisciplinary care and management of CKD complications. Design: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Global Health databases in September 2020, for papers published between January 1, 2017, and September 14, 2020. We used a combination of search terms, which were different iterations of CKD, care models, and LMICs. The World Bank definition (2019) was used to identify LMICs. Setting: Our review included studies published in LMICs across 4 continents: Africa, Asia, North America (Mexico), and Europe (Ukraine). The study settings included tertiary hospitals (n = 6), multidisciplinary clinics (n = 1), primary health centers (n = 2), referral centers (n = 2), district hospitals (n = 1), teaching hospitals (n = 1), regional hospital (n = 1), and an urban medical center (n = 1). Patients: Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria, and encompassed 4679 patients, of which 4665 were adults. Only 9 studies reported mean eGFR which ranged from 7 to 45.90 ml/min/1.73 m2. Measurements: We retrieved the following details about CKD care: funding, urban or rural location, types of health care staff, and type of care provided, as defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines for CKD care. Methods: We included studies which met the following criteria: (1) population was largely adults, defined as age 18 years and older; (2) most of the study population had CKD, and not end-stage kidney disease (ESKD); (3) population resided in an LMIC as defined by the World Bank; (4) manuscript described in some detail a clinical care model for CKD; (5) manuscript was in either English or French. Animal studies, case reports, comments, and editorials were excluded. Results: Eighteen studies (24 care models with 4665 patients) met inclusion criteria. Out of 24 care models, 20 involved interdisciplinary health care teams. Twenty models incorporated international guidelines for CKD management. However, conservative kidney management (management of kidney failure without dialysis or renal transplant) was in a minority of models (11 of 24). Although there were similarities between all the clinical care models, there was variation in services provided and in funding arrangement; the latter ranged from comprehensive government funding (eg, Sri Lanka, Thailand), to out-of-pocket payments (eg, Benin, Togo). Limitations: These include (1) lack of detail on CKD care in many of the studies, (2) small number of included studies, (3) using a different definition of care model from the original Stanifer et al paper, and (4) using the KDIGO Guidelines as the standard for defining a CKD care model. Conclusions: Most of the CKD models of care include the key elements of CKD care. However, access to such care depends on the funding mechanism available. In addition, few models included conservative kidney management, which should be a priority for future investment. Trial registration: Not applicable.

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Perkins, David. "Integrating rural health services." Australian Journal of Rural Health 21, no. 6 (December 2013): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12083.

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Chandeying, Verapol. "Sexual health promotion in Thailand." Sexual Health 2, no. 3 (2005): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04050.

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Sexuality and power are at the root of most sexual and reproductive health problems in Thailand, including reproductive tract infections, fertility and population control, unwanted pregnancy and abortion, unsafe abortion, unsafe motherhood and violence against women, as well as issues emerging from the mobile and migrant population, including the spreading of HIV/AIDS. In the past three decades, reproductive health services in Thailand have been established and strengthened. Since 1995, reproductive health has become a priority of the Ministry of Public Health. Health system reform in 2000 led to strategies and actions of health performance improvement. Ongoing multisectoral programmes include: (1) political and social involvement; (2) training for professionals; (3) multidimensional services; and (4) research.

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Lillicrap, Andy. "Keeping Families Together in a Rural Border District of Thailand." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 2 (September 2020): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300320934654.

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Throughout Thailand, hundreds of private children’s homes have become established largely under the radar of the government ( Sawatzky, 2018 , A hidden crisis: The proliferation of private children’s homes in Thailand). This report will look at One Sky Foundation’s experience over six years to establish holistic child and family support services as a viable alternative to the long-established reliance on private children’s homes in the rural border district of Sangkhlaburi. The report will look at the challenges, successes and learnings in the journey to keep families together.

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Tobin, Margaret J. "Rural Psychiatric Services." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 1 (February 1996): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609076079.

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Objective: The objective was to describe and evaluate a community mental health service developed during 1991–1992 in an attempt to meet the mental illness needs of an isolated rural community. The setting was the Grampians health region in Western Victoria: this region has an area of 45,000 square kilo-metres and a population of 182,000. Method: The method involved firstly describing the evolution of the service delivery model. This comprised a team of travelling psychiatrists and community psychiatric nurses which succeeded in providing a combined inpatient and outpatient service which was integrated with general practitioners. Secondly, diagnostic and case load descriptions of patients receiving service were compared for both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Results: The results were that reduced reliance on inpatient beds and increased consumer satisfaction were achieved. Conclusion: It was concluded that on initial evaluation of the service it was seen to be meeting its objective of treating the seriously mentally ill in an isolated rural community based setting.

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Roeder, Kevin R. "Rural HIV/AIDS Services." Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 1, no. 2 (March 2002): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j187v01n02_03.

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Udomratn, Pichet. "Mental health and psychiatry in Thailand." International Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (January 2007): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005105.

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Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and covers an area of 513 115 km2. In 2006 its population was approximately 64 million. The major nationality is Thai. About 80% of the total population live in rural areas. The country is composed of 76 provinces, divided into a total of 94 districts and 7159 sub-districts.

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Cabal-Escandón, Victoria-Eugenia. "Developments and Challenges in Advanced Practice Nursing." Revista Colombiana de Enfermería 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): e007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/rce.v18i2.2663.

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Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) emerged as a response to the need for professionals capable of giving care to patients, thereby improving the quality of healthcare; the results obtained by implementing APNs in healthcare teams confirm that APNs can be implemented in the healthcare of patients of all ages and with varied health situations (1). Levels of development in APN are very diverse in distinct countries, in the legal aspect as well as in the roles that a nurse with this level of training can fulfill. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) counts around seventy countries as being preoccupied with introducing clear function for APNs (20); nonetheless, literature describes the main progress in this sense occurring in Canada, Australia, Ireland, Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although in the last ten years significant advances have been identifies in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Africa (3, 4). In Latin-American, progress in this initiative is embryonic: the role that a APN can fulfill has not been sufficiently disseminated and the implementation of this strategy has been limited by healthcare policies in many countries or by the opposition to APNs by professionals in other areas who are reacting to misinformation or to fear of usurpation of certain functions by APNs. However, in primary care, APNs have been incorporated into healthcare teams, and research shows positive results for the expansion of coverage and reduction of healthcare costs, in both rural areas and urban centers (1, 5). Thanks to these advances, in 2000 the ICN supported the creation of the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) with the objective of favoring dialogue, advancing the installation of APNs in the countries, facilitating the interchange of knowledge, determining the limits in the expansion of the role of nurses, and defining the guidelines for the formation of human resources at this level. Likewise, the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) have worked with universities and nursing associations in Latin America and the Caribbean to, through context analyses, propose implementation of APNs (5). During August 2018, the 10th Conference of the International Nursing Council convened in Rotterdam with the goal of exploring the role of APNs in the transformation of healthcare (6). With the participation of more than fifty countries, the council established a global panorama of the situation and of the challenges nursing faces as an active participant and agent for achieving universal health coverage. An important conclusion drawn from the event is the recognition given by all participating countries to APNs for allowing significant advancement of strategies for primary healthcare and the achievement of goals related with universal health coverage and sustainable development: the guarantee of a healthy life and the promotion of wellness for everyone at every age (4, 5). These propositions imply a process and the need for countries to work towards the expansion of nursing roles, which requires the promotion of a collective project that unites different sectors involved in the formation of human talent, on one hand, that the offering of health services on the other. Likewise, administrators of education and health policy along with associations involved in the nursing discipline need to contribute to the analyses of strategies for implementing a sustainable and efficient health system that allows universal access to health (1, 4, 7). In this context, APNs are understood to have undergone master or doctorate level training that develops scientific knowledge, clinical expertise, leadership, political formation, communicational capacity, and education for the patient, family, and community groups. Therefore, the professional is enabled to take ethical decisions, work autonomously, interact in intra- and interdisciplinary groups, and understand that ANP’s work will be determined by the unique environment, healthcare structure, and legislation of different countries. In accord with Morán-Peña (8), the International Nursing Council states that APNs are characterized by an autonomous practice that allows the implementation of tools like: valuation, diagnostic reasoning, decision making for the handling of cases, plan development, implementation and evaluation of programs as part of consultation services, and being the first point of contact in the healthcare system. This implies that an ANP will have competencies to participate in the elaboration of public policy as well as on teams dedicated to care for individuals, families, groups, and communities in disease prevention, health promotion, treatment, recuperation, and palliative care (7, 9, 10). Consequently, working on the implementation of the EPA can possibly lead to transformation of healthcare systems in the clinical area, improvement in the access to primary healthcare, and in the design and development of investigation projects whose results can be applied in practice; in short, it would affect the quality and effectiveness of healthcare at different levels and allow the urgent and much needed evolution of healthcare systems (11). With this perspective, the fundamental question is whether sufficient political interest exist for the development of APN’s roles, the definition of APN’s limits, the adaption of the existing structure, the establishment of guidelines for educational programs, and the application of expert knowledge, among other aspects, in benefit of health coverage, healthcare quality, and the establishment of a sustainable healthcare system.

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Rohrer, James E., Joyce E. Beaulieu, and David E. Berry. "Rural Health Services: A Management Perspective." Journal of Public Health Policy 16, no. 3 (1995): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342870.

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Berry, David E., and John W. Seavey. "Assuring access to rural health services." Health Care Management Review 19, no. 2 (1994): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-199421000-00004.

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Mueller, Keith J. "Rural Health Services: A Management Perspective." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 20, no. 4 (1995): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-20-4-1081.

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Colon-Rivera, Hector, and Lisa B. Dixon. "Mental Health Services in Rural Areas." Psychiatric Services 71, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 984–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.71903.

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Straub, LaVonne A. "Financing Rural Health and Medical Services." Journal of Rural Health 6, no. 4 (October 1990): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1990.tb00683.x.

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Duncan, R. Paul. "Education for Rural Health Services Administration." Journal of Rural Health 6, no. 4 (October 1990): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1990.tb00688.x.

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Farmer, Jane, and Dorothy Williams. "Research. Effective rural health information services." Health Libraries Review 17, no. 1 (March 2000): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2532.2000.00265.x.

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Gross, Allison. "Innovative health services in rural America." Pharmacy Today 19, no. 6 (June 2013): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-0991(15)31304-9.

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Costello, A. M. DeL, and G. Tudor-Williams. "Nepal IMPROVEMENT OF RURAL HEALTH SERVICES." Lancet 327, no. 8495 (June 1986): 1433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91567-9.

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Alto, William A. "Emergency health services in rural vietnam." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 16, no. 4 (July 1998): 422–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(98)90147-4.

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OSAKA, RYOKO, and SOMSONG NANAKORN. "Health Diary Study on Illness in Rural Northeast Thailand." Kurume Medical Journal 42, no. 4 (1995): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2739/kurumemedj.42.269.

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Mudaly, Bala. "From Condom to Cabbages: Reflections on Primary Health Care." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 2 (2002): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02034.

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In November 2002, I undertook an extended visit to Thailand. I toured the urban centres and rural areas of north and north eastern Thailand. From reading the local newspapers, talking to local people, and from personal observations, I gained a sense of the more urgent social issues troubling this country: rural poverty, HIV/AIDS, the low status ofwomen, and corruption.

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Banerjee, Abhijit, Angus Deaton, and Esther Duflo. "Wealth, Health, and Health Services in Rural Rajasthan." American Economic Review 94, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301902.

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Wataneeyawech, Thitima, and Patcharuch Onto. "The Sustainable Aging Health Network in Thailand." E3S Web of Conferences 277 (2021): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127706007.

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The objectives of this research were to explore factors related to aging health network and to identify the sustainable aging health network in a community of Thailand. The research design was mixed method that included both qualitative and quantitative research design. The samples were aging people and aging health networks in community. The instruments were the health services network interview form and aging health factors related questionnaire. The data were collected include demographic data, health status, health service for aging. The finding shown that the factors related of aging health were aging age, aging health assessment, aging health security, health examination, aging health care, aging health information,aging health service,aging health activities, and health services barriers. The sustainable aging health network in Thailand depended on community organization related aging health network as follow: District and subdistrict administrative organization 2) Health organzation: Health Promoting Hospital 3)Academic organization :University and educational institute in community. The data from interview from found that the ways to develop sustainable aging health network should have participation of every sectors from all health services network in community of Thailand.

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RENDE TAYLOR, LISA. "PATTERNS OF CHILD FOSTERAGE IN RURAL NORTHERN THAILAND." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 3 (June 18, 2004): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006790.

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Evolutionary theory guides an investigation of foster parent selection in two northern Thai villages with different biosocial environments: one village has high levels of labour migration and divorce, and growing numbers of parental death due to HIV/AIDS, while the other village has lower migration, divorce and parental mortality levels. Focus groups examine mothers’ and fathers’ motivations and ideals regarding foster caretaker selection, and quantitative family surveys examine real fostering outcomes: specifically, the laterality (matrilateral versus patrilateral) and genetic distance of the foster caretakers of all ever-fostered children in these two villages. As predicted, in environments of high marital stability and paternity certainty, parents seem to prefer close genetic kin from either side as foster parents for their children. In low marital stability and paternity certainty environments, parents trust their own lateral kin, regardless of genetic distance, over close genetic kin from the other side. The striking exception to this pattern, however, occurs in the case of parental death, in which case children are fostered to the deceased parent’s kin, regardless of the child’s sex or other factors. In general, the foster parents for girls are selected with more care, reflecting the daughter/female preference expected in traditionally matrilineal, matrilocal societies. An ordered decision-making pathway for foster parent selection is proposed, taking into consideration the key factors of (a) the circumstances driving the fostering decision, (b) the gender of the child, (c) the gender of the key decision-making parent, and (d) the degree of marital and population fluidity (and subsequent paternity certainty) in the village.

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Woratanarat, Thira, Patarawan Woratanarat, Narin Hiransuthikul, Thanapoom Ratananupong, and Pornchai Sithisarankul. "Health Services Responsiveness during Political Unrest in Bangkok, Thailand." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 7, no. 3 (2016): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2016.00166.2.

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Yiengprugsawan, Vasoontara, Bruce K. Caldwell, Lynette L. Y. Lim, Sam-ang Seubsman, and Adrian C. Sleigh. "Lifecourse Urbanization, Social Demography, and Health Outcomes among a National Cohort of 71,516 Adults in Thailand." International Journal of Population Research 2011 (October 2, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/464275.

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We examine the influence of urbanization on household structure, social networks, and health in Thailand. We compare lifetime urban or rural dwellers and those who were rural as children and urban as adults. Data derived from a large national cohort of 71,516 Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University adult students participating in an on-going longitudinal study of the health-risk transition in Thailand. The rural-urban group, one-third of cohort households, was significantly different from other groups (e.g., smaller households). The rural-rural and the urban-urban groups often were the two extremes. Urbanization, after adjusting for covariates, was a risk factor for poor overall health and depression. Urbanization is a mediator of the health-risk transition underway in Thailand. Health programs and policies directed at transitional health outcomes should focus on the health risks of the urbanizing population, in particular smoking, drinking, low social trust, and poor psychological health.

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