Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rural health services Thailand

Academic literature on the topic 'Rural health services Thailand'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rural health services Thailand"

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Vichathai, Charay, and Simon Barraclough. "Equity Issues in Dental Health Care Services in Thailand." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 2 (1998): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98018.

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Thailand's dental health care system and provisions for public services are described. The Thai Ministry of Public Health has sought to pursue the goal of oral health for all by creating greater equity in opportunities for dental care. Severely disadvantaged Thais are able to seek free treatment, and a subsidized health card system offers medical and dental care to those able to purchase it. Despite these efforts, inequities related to socio-economic status and geography remain. The growth of the private sector has contributed to inequities by drawing dentists away from the public sector. Most dentists wish to work in the more lucrative private sector and to offer curative treatment. The organisational structure of the dental health system in Thailand and certain attitudes of the dental profession have also worked against equity, despite statements of support for equity in the country's Constitution and on the part of policy makers. More research is needed on equity in dental care in Thailand, and ways to reduce shortages of dentists in the public sector and in rural areas need to be explored. The most effective way of promoting equity in dental health care in Thailand is through reinforcing primary dental care with its emphasis upon education and prevention.
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Bartlet, L. B. "Child psychiatry in Thailand." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 3 (March 1990): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.3.158.

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Thailand, unlike many Asian countries, never experienced colonial or imperial subjection and thus lacked the portal through which psychiatric services usually gained entry. As a result, progress in this field was initially slow. The first mental hospital was established in 1889, a century later than in India. The country has been fortunate inasmuch as it has been spared involvement in the wars, revolutions, and other social upheavals that have plagued Asia in the 20th century. Recent national stability and impressive economic growth have provided a sound base for the development of health services, and progress has been rapid in comparison with many neighbouring countries. Due attention has been paid to family planning, maternity and child welfare services. The provision of comprehensive primary health care in urban and rural areas is improving all the time. The education of children is universally regarded as important. Schooling is compulsory and attendance satisfactory.
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Whittaker, Andrea. "Primary health services in rural Thailand: problems of translating policy into practice." Asian Studies Review 20, no. 1 (July 1996): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147539608713094.

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Thanapop, Chamnong, Sasithorn Thanapop, and Sukanya Keam-Kan. "Health Status and Occupational Health and Safety Access among Informal Workers in the Rural Community, Southern Thailand." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211015884.

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Purpose Thailands’ informal workers are faced with job insecurity and poor working conditions. Good health status can promote lifelong working and increase quality of life. This study analyzed factors associated with the health status of the community informal workers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 390 informal workers aged 15 to 59 years in Thasala district, Nakhon Si Thammarat, southern Thailand. A multi-stage sampling method using proportional to size selection was employed in various types of informal workers. The interviews on self-reported health status, health behaviors, occupational hazards, healthcare utilization, occupational health and safety (OHS) access are reported as descriptive. The multivariate association was explored using the simple logistic regression. Findings The results revealed that 80.77% of the participants had good health, 57.44% had healthy behavior, 76.41% had safe work practices, 22.05% had moderate to high exposed of occupational hazards, and 56.41% had the low OHS access. Safe work practices, moderate to high OHS access, low exposed to occupational hazards, and low income were more likely to produce good health status, which yielded the adj. OR 2.57, 1.86, 0.39, and 0.48, respectively. Conclusions The community informal workers health status was associated by income, work practices, occupational hazards, and OHS access. To strengthening the informal workers’ health, the OHS program should be managed intensively by the primary care services, especially the OHS risk management.
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Prempree, Preecha, Roger Detels, Mongkol Ungkasrithongkul, Sittichai Meksawasdichai, Samreng Panthong, and Varaporn Ungpanich. "The sources of treatment of sexually transmissible infections in a rural community in central Thailand." Sexual Health 4, no. 1 (2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06035.

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Background: Sexually transmissible infection (STI) rates in Thailand declined from 1986 to 1994, but levelled off until 2002. This study documents the distribution of STI cases attending major treatment venues and the quality of treatment in a rural area. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in January and June 2001 in all 42 health-care facilities in the study district, including the hospital STI and outpatient clinics, private clinics, local health centres and pharmacies. Quality of care was assessed by documenting appropriate syndromic treatment according to the World Health Organization Syndromic Case Management Guidelines. Results: Over half of STI patients (60%) sought treatment from pharmacies (35%) and health centres (25%), the facilities least capable of accurately diagnosing and treating STI. Only 0–59% were adequately treated. Conclusions: The quality of services needs to be improved and innovative strategies developed and implemented to address the problems of acceptability, stigmatisation, access and quality of STI services in Thailand.
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Wongkongdech, A., and W. Laohasiriwong. "Movement Disability: Situations and Factors Influencing Access to Health Services in the Northeast of Thailand." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 12, no. 3 (October 19, 2015): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v12i3.13709.

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Background Persons with movement disability (PWMDs) are the biggest group of persons with disabilities (PWDs) with needs helps especially on health. There has been no evident to show health services accessibility situation of PWMDs in the Northeast of Thailand, the biggest region.Objective This study aimed to explore the current situation of accessibility to health services among PWMDs, and factors influencing such access.Method This cross-sectional study used a multistage stratified random sampling to select 462 subjects from the national registered PWMDs poll to response to a structured questionnaire. This study complies with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee for Human Research prior to the data collection.Result We found that most of PWMDs (66%) had overall health service accessibility at medium level. Factors influencing the access to health services were living in rural area (adj. mean diff.= -24.01; 95 % CI: -45.88 to-2.31; p-value=0.032), high income (adj. mean diff.=0.002; 95 % CI: 0.001 to 0.005; p-value = 0.044), and having offspring or spouse as care givers (adj. mean diff.=40.44; 95% CI: 7.69 to 73.19; p-value=0.044; and adj. mean diff.=48.99; 95%CI: 15.01-82.98; p-value=0.016, respectively). PWMDs who lived in rural areas had better access to health services especially to the sub-district health promoting hospital than those in the urban area.Conclusion Accessibly to health services of PWMDs still limited. Income, care givers and residential areas had influences on their access.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 168-174
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Yoddumnern-Attig, Bencha, George A. Attig, and Uraiwan Kanungsukkasem. "Incorporating Explanatory Models in Planning Nutrition Education Programmes in Thailand." Nutrition and Health 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609200800102.

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An intersectoral child development services project is being undertaken in Thailand to develp a model process for providing age appropriate care and education to rural children through an integrated programme of nutrition, health and educational services designed to meet community needs and perceptions. Using behavioral analysis and explanatory models, project results show that the effectiveness of nutrition education can be facilitated by (1) recognizing the family as the unit of service, (2) focusing on solutions rather than problems, (3) using a two-stage promotional message strategy to encourage better child caretaking, and (4) viewing potential new practices as behavioral processes, rather than single entities aimed at a specific outcome. Program planning should also include the successive construction and analysis of community-based explanatory models which justify people's nutrition and health behaviors. The ultimate aim is to identify differences between explanatory models held by community members and health/nutrition educators, negotiate this conflict, and thereafter develop more practical and realistic methods for modifying behavior.
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Sukmak, Vatinee, and Sirirat Sipola. "An Ethnographic Study of Mental Healthcare Services for People with Mental Illness in Rural Thailand." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 40, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1440449.

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Kawichai, Surinda, David D. Celentano, Suwat Chariyalertsak, Surasing Visrutaratna, Onsri Short, Cholticha Ruangyuttikarn, Chonlisa Chariyalertsak, Becky Genberg, and Chris Beyrer. "Community-based Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services in Rural Communities of Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand." AIDS and Behavior 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2007): 770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9242-7.

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Chuakhamfoo, Nalinee N., Pudtan Phanthunane, Sirintorn Chansirikarn, and Supasit Pannarunothai. "Health and long-term care of the elderly with dementia in rural Thailand: a cross-sectional survey through their caregivers." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e032637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032637.

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ObjectiveTo describe the circumstances of the elderly with dementia and their caregivers’ characteristics in order to examine factors related to activities of daily living (ADL) and household income to propose a long-term care policy for rural areas of Thailand.SettingA cross-sectional study at the household level in three rural regions of Thailand where there were initiatives relating to community care for people with dementia.ParticipantsCaregivers of 140 people with dementia were recruited for the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSocioeconomic characteristics including data from assessment of ADL and instrumental ADL and the Thai version of Resource Utilisation in Dementia were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the characteristics of the elderly with dementia and the caregivers while inferential statistics were used to examine the associations between different factors of elderly patients with dementia with their dependency level and household socioeconomic status.ResultsEighty-six per cent of the dementia caregivers were household informal caregivers as half of them also had to work outside the home. Half of the primary caregivers had no support and no minor caregivers. The elderly with dementia with high dependency levels were found to have a significant association with age, dementia severity, chance of hospitalisation and number of hospitalisations. Though most of these rural samples had low household incomes, the patients in the lower-income households had significantly lower dementia severity, but, with the health benefit coverage had significantly higher chances of hospitalisation.ConclusionAs the informal caregivers are the principal human resources for dementia care and services in rural area, policymakers should consider informal care for the Thai elderly with dementia and promote it as the dominant pattern of dementia care in Thailand.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural health services Thailand"

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Sermsri, Daovilay Banchongphanithpha hpani Santhat. "Utilization of health center service among the villagers in rural areas of Khonkaen Province, Thailand /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd375/4737954.pdf.

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Chaiyakae, Sonngan, Nobuyuki Hamajima, Pajjuban Hemhongsa, Yoshitoku Yoshida, and Tawatchai Yingtaweesak. "ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICE IN THASONGYANG, TAK PROVINCE, THAILAND." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18473.

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Kwanhatai, Chaiyasuk Boonyong Keiwkarnka. "Dental health service utilization among the elderly people in Chiang Dao district, Chiang Mai province, Thailand /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd415/5038001.pdf.

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Singkaew, Songphan. "Policy options for health insurance in Thailand." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1112/.

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This study explores the policy options for health insurance in Thailand, considering the present structure of the country and taking account of international experiences. The development of health insurance in Thailand is analysed from the supply side i.e. health services. The problem of inefficiency and inequity in the health care system has led to the search for better alternatives for organizing and financing. This coincides with the overall growth in the country's socio-economic situation and the policy of health insurance laid down in the Sixth Five Year Health Development Plan (1987-1991). These factors provide positive conditions for establishing health insurance in Thailand. The demand for health insurance from employers who are likely to join the scheme is investigated. A survey of 200 private establishments in Thailand was conducted. This investigation provides essential national baseline data for the organization of health insurance, particularly on the health care fringe benefits provided by employers, and the methods of paying health care providers. Methods of organizing health insurance are formulated from international experience. The historical development of voluntary health insurance and its modified forms, as well as that of compulsory health insurance, are examined. The arguments for and against each form of health insurance are analysed. The study also highlights salient issues of health care reforms which attract the world's attention. International experience has shown that methods of paying providers is a major issue in providing viable health insurance. The study comprehensively analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each method of paying the doctor and the hospital under health insurance systems. Finally, it explores the policy options for the future development of national health insurance in Thailand.
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Sun, Xiao Ming. "Health access and health financing in rural China." Thesis, Keele University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263121.

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Sandbulte, Natalie J. "Rural communities and mental health care." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p088-0180.

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Beatty, Kate, Michael Meit, Emily Phillips, and Megan Heffernan. "Rural Health Departments: Capacity to Improve Communities' Health." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6838.

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Local health departments (LHD) serve a critical role in leveraging internal and community assets to improve health and equity in their communities; however, geography is an important factor when understanding LHD capacity and perspective. LHDs serve a critical role in leveraging internal and community assets to improve health and equity in their communities; however, geography is an important factor when understanding LHD capacity and perspective. Data were obtained from the NACCHO 2013 National Profile of Local Health Departments Study. LHDs were coded as “urban”, “micropolitan”, or “rural” based on Rural/Urban Commuting Area codes. Results demonstrate that rural LHDs differed from their urban counterparts. Specifically, rural LHDs relied more heavily on state and federal resources and have less access to local resources making them more sensitive to budget cuts. Rural LHDs also rely more heavily on clinical services as a revenue source. Larger rural LHDs provide more clinical services while urban health departments work more closely with community partners to provide important safety net services. Small rural LHDs have less partners and are unable to provide as many direct services due to their lack of human and financial resources. LHDs residing in urban communities were 16.6 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3-52.3) and micropolitan LHDs were 3.4 times (95% CI, 1.1-11.3) more likely to seek PHAB accreditation than rural LHDs.
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Morrisey, Karyn Marie. "Access to health care services in rural ireland." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502767.

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Eastman, Martha Anne. ""All for Health for All": The Local Dynamics of Rural Public Health in Maine, 1885-1950." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/EastmanMA2006.pdf.

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Yan, Nicole, and 甄錦樺. "Exploring health in China's rural villages: apublic health field exercise." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46943821.

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Books on the topic "Rural health services Thailand"

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Sunthō̜nthādā, ʻAmarā. Research report on the effects of informal communication on vasectomy practice in rural areas of Thailand. [Bangkok]: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1987.

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T, Coward Raymond, ed. Health services for rural elders. New York: Springer, 1994.

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E, Beaulieu Joyce, and Berry David E, eds. Rural health services: A management perspective. Ann Arbor, Mich: AUPHA Press/Health Administration Press, 1994.

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Myers, Charles Nash. Financing health services and medical care in Thailand. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Institute for International Development, 1985.

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Myers, Charles Nash. Financing health services and medical care in Thailand. [Bangkok, Thailand: U.S. Agency for International Development], 1988.

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Rural populations and health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, a Wiley imprint, 2012.

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Papua New Guinea. National Parliament. Permanent Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts. Parliamentary report on rural health services. Papua New Guinea]: Permanent Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts, 2011.

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Jennissen, Therese. Health issues in rural Canada. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1993.

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Ali, Osman. Rural health: The way forward. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 2010.

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Goel, S. L. Rural health education. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rural health services Thailand"

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Mulder, Pamela L., Robert Jackson, and Sarah Jarvis. "Services in Rural Areas." In A Public Health Perspective of Women’s Mental Health, 313–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1526-9_16.

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Levin, Bruce Lubotsky, and Ardis Hanson. "Rural Behavioral Health Services." In Foundations of Behavioral Health, 301–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18435-3_14.

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Levin, Bruce Lubotsky, and Ardis Hanson. "Rural Mental Health Services." In Handbook of Rural Health, 241–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3310-5_14.

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Hu, Yi. "Mobile Medical Services." In Rural Health Care Delivery, 151–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_14.

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Hu, Yi. "Guidelines for Health Care Services." In Rural Health Care Delivery, 83–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_9.

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Hu, Yi. "Cooperative Medical Services in Rural Areas." In Rural Health Care Delivery, 157–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_15.

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Montgomery, Phyllis, Cheryl Forchuk, Carolyne Gorlick, and Rick Csiernik. "12. Rural Women’s Strategies for Seeking Mental Health and Housing Services." In Rural Women's Health, 233–50. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442662513-014.

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Morrissey, Karyn, Dimitris Ballas, Graham Clarke, Stephen Hynes, and Cathal O’Donoghue. "Spatial Access to Health Services." In Spatial Microsimulation for Rural Policy Analysis, 213–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30026-4_12.

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Roberts, James E., Meredith E. Thomley, Manoj Sharma, and Vinayak K. Nahar. "Worldwide Rural Dermatology Health Services Research." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 161–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75984-1_16.

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Hu, Yi. "“China’s Road”: The Cooperative Medical Services as a “Paradigm”." In Rural Health Care Delivery, 169–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rural health services Thailand"

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Shuliang, Zhao. "Health Services Workforce in Rural China: Baseline Description." In 2014 International Conference on Public Management (ICPM-2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpm-14.2014.56.

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Po-Hsun Cheng, Jer-Junn Luh, Ming-Fong Shyu, Heng-Shuen Chen, Sao-Jie Chen, Jin-Shin Lai, and Feipei Lai. "A Healthcare Pattern Collection for Rural Telemedicine Services." In HEALTHCOM 2006 8th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/health.2006.246424.

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MERKYS, Gediminas, Daiva BUBELIENE, and Nijolė ČIUČIULKIENĖ. "SATISFACTION OF RURAL POPULATION WITH PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE REGIONS: ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.154.

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The key idea of the well-being concept strives to answer the question about how well the needs of people in a society are met in different spheres of social life - the physical, economic, social, educational, environmental, emotional, and spiritual – as well as individuals’ evaluations of their own lives and the way that their society operates (Gilbert, Colley, Roberts, 2016). One of the possible suggestions for answering the question: “How well are the needs of people in a society met?” could be the monitoring of citizen’s satisfaction with public services while applying a standardized questionnaire for population covering 193 primary indicators (health, social security, culture, public transport, utilities, environment, recreation and sport, public communication, education, etc). Even 23 indicators are about education that makes educational services a considerable part of all social service system. As the researchers aimed to analyze satisfaction of rural population with public services stressing the education issue, indicators about education dominated in the survey. The data were collected in 2016 - 2017 in 2 regional municipalities: municipalities: Jonava and Radviliskis (N=2368). The results of the analysis demonstrate that rural residents' satisfaction with formal general education services is relatively high. The only negative exception is the "the placement of a child in a pre-school institution based on the place of residence". Furthermore, rural residents poorly evaluated educational services that are related to non-formal education, adult education, the education of children with disabilities, child safety, meaningful xtracurricular activities of children and young people during all day, preventive programs. These major conclusions let the researchers state that local self-governmental institutions are not capable to cope with the quality challenges of some educational services without special intervention policy of the central government and the EU responsible structural units. A negative impact is also reinforced by a rapidly deteriorating demographic situation in Lithuanian rural areas.
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Essien, Eyo E., and Edem E. Williams. "E-health services in rural communities in the developing countries." In Technology (ICAST). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icastech.2009.5409722.

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Clellend, Doug, Justin Henriques, Andrew Knopp, and Zach Wilson. "Using distributed energy infrastructure for rural health care services: Design of a mobile health vaccine refrigeration technology in rural kenya." In 2010 IEEE Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sieds.2010.5469683.

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Halim, Binarwan, Ermi Girsang, Sri Lestari R. Nasution, and Chrismis Novalinda Ginting. "Access Barriers of Infertility Services for Urban and Rural Patients." In International Conference on Health Informatics, Medical, Biological Engineering, and Pharmaceutical. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010291901490157.

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Venkateswarlu, D. S., K. S. Verma, and K. S. R. A. Murthy. "e Health networking to cater to Rural Health Care and Health Care for the Aged." In 2007 9th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Application and Services. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/health.2007.381649.

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Dasgupta, Arindam, Soumya K. Ghosh, and Pabitra Mitra. "A mobile volunteered geographic information management platform for rural health informatics." In 2015 17th International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (HealthCom). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/healthcom.2015.7454530.

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Montalban, Joselito M., and Alvin B. Marcelo. "Information and communications technology needs assessment of Philippine rural health physicians." In 2008 10th International Conference on e-health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/health.2008.4600123.

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Nedelcheva, Nataliya. "HEALTH AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.238.

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Maintaining a level of health services and creating conditions for sustainable development is a mandatory societal and ethical imperative, given the multifaceted and multi-layered influence. The thesis of the study is that the quality of health services and the resource potential of the regions can be used as an opportunity to bring the economy of the regions to life and improve the quality of life in them. The aim of the report is to reflect the link between the level of health and the development of the economy of the regions. To this end, the report draws attention to how improving the quality of health services and the high-tech health process can affect the region's economy and use health tourism as a tool for regional economic development and quality of life improvement.
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Reports on the topic "Rural health services Thailand"

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Mendoza, Irma, and Ricardo Vernon. Promoting reproductive health services in rural communities in Honduras. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1160.

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Totten, Annette, Dana M. Womack, Marian S. McDonagh, Cynthia Davis-O’Reilly, Jessica C. Griffin, Ian Blazina, Sara Grusing, and Nancy Elder. Improving Rural Health Through Telehealth-Guided Provider-to-Provider Communication. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer254.

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Objectives. To assess the use, effectiveness, and implementation of telehealth-supported provider-to-provider communication and collaboration for the provision of healthcare services to rural populations and to inform a scientific workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health Office of Disease Prevention on October 12–14, 2021. Data sources. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of Ovid MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We searched for articles published from January 1, 2015, to October 12, 2021, to identify data on use of rural provider-to-provider telehealth (Key Question 1) and the same databases for articles published January 1, 2010, to October 12, 2021, for studies of effectiveness and implementation (Key Questions 2 and 3) and to identify methodological weaknesses in the research (Key Question 4). Additional sources were identified through reference lists, stakeholder suggestions, and responses to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Our methods followed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide (available at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/cer-methods-guide/overview) and the PRISMA reporting guidelines. We used predefined criteria and dual review of abstracts and full-text articles to identify research results on (1) regional or national use, (2) effectiveness, (3) barriers and facilitators to implementation, and (4) methodological weakness in studies of provider-to-provider telehealth for rural populations. We assessed the risk of bias of the effectiveness studies using criteria specific to the different study designs and evaluated strength of evidence (SOE) for studies of similar telehealth interventions with similar outcomes. We categorized barriers and facilitators to implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and summarized methodological weaknesses of studies. Results. We included 166 studies reported in 179 publications. Studies on the degree of uptake of provider-to-provider telehealth were limited to specific clinical uses (pharmacy, psychiatry, emergency care, and stroke management) in seven studies using national or regional surveys and claims data. They reported variability across States and regions, but increasing uptake over time. Ninety-seven studies (20 trials and 77 observational studies) evaluated the effectiveness of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural settings, finding that there may be similar rates of transfers and lengths of stay with telehealth for inpatient consultations; similar mortality rates for remote intensive care unit care; similar clinical outcomes and transfer rates for neonates; improvements in medication adherence and treatment response in outpatient care for depression; improvements in some clinical monitoring measures for diabetes with endocrinology or pharmacy outpatient consultations; similar mortality or time to treatment when used to support emergency assessment and management of stroke, heart attack, or chest pain at rural hospitals; and similar rates of appropriate versus inappropriate transfers of critical care and trauma patients with specialist telehealth consultations for rural emergency departments (SOE: low). Studies of telehealth for education and mentoring of rural healthcare providers may result in intended changes in provider behavior and increases in provider knowledge, confidence, and self-efficacy (SOE: low). Patient outcomes were not frequently reported for telehealth provider education, but two studies reported improvement (SOE: low). Evidence for telehealth interventions for other clinical uses and outcomes was insufficient. We identified 67 program evaluations and qualitative studies that identified barriers and facilitators to rural provider-to-provider telehealth. Success was linked to well-functioning technology; sufficient resources, including time, staff, leadership, and equipment; and adequate payment or reimbursement. Some considerations may be unique to implementation of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural areas. These include the need for consultants to better understand the rural context; regional initiatives that pool resources among rural organizations that may not be able to support telehealth individually; and programs that can support care for infrequent as well as frequent clinical situations in rural practices. An assessment of methodological weaknesses found that studies were limited by less rigorous study designs, small sample sizes, and lack of analyses that address risks for bias. A key weakness was that studies did not assess or attempt to adjust for the risk that temporal changes may impact the results in studies that compared outcomes before and after telehealth implementation. Conclusions. While the evidence base is limited, what is available suggests that telehealth supporting provider-to-provider communications and collaboration may be beneficial. Telehealth studies report better patient outcomes in some clinical scenarios (e.g., outpatient care for depression or diabetes, education/mentoring) where telehealth interventions increase access to expertise and high-quality care. In other applications (e.g., inpatient care, emergency care), telehealth results in patient outcomes that are similar to usual care, which may be interpreted as a benefit when the purpose of telehealth is to make equivalent services available locally to rural residents. Most barriers to implementation are common to practice change efforts. Methodological weaknesses stem from weaker study designs, such as before-after studies, and small numbers of participants. The rapid increase in the use of telehealth in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to produce more data and offer opportunities for more rigorous studies.
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Reddy, P. H. A qualitative study of quality of care in rural Karnataka. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1018.

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The Third Five-Year Plan (1961–66) aimed at reducing the crude birth rate in India to 25 per 1,000 population by 1973, however this goal has not been achieved. Several other demographic goals were set later, to be achieved by specified years, but they were deferred or revised. One major reason for the failure to achieve these goals was thought to be the lack of adequate infrastructural facilities for the family welfare program, thus it was decided to improve the institution–population ratio. The primary objective of this study is to assess the quality of interaction between clients and providers, and the quality of family welfare services. More specifically, the study examines how family welfare program personnel interact with clients in a given setting, the quality of interaction, how frequently such interaction takes place, the provider's view of, and satisfaction with, the information and quality of family welfare services provided, and the client's view of, and satisfaction with, the information and quality of family welfare services received. The focus of the investigation is on the family welfare program—the maternal and child health and family planning programs.
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Shey Wiysonge, Charles. Which outreach strategies increase health insurance coverage for vulnerable populations? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608142.

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Health insurance refers to a health financing mechanism that involves the pooling of eligible, individual contributions in order to cover all or part of the cost of certain health services for all those who are insured. Health insurance scheme coverage in low-income countries is low, especially among vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, women, low-income individuals, rural population, racial or ethnic minorities, immigrants, informal sector workers, and people with disability or chronic diseases. Consequently, thousands of vulnerable people suffer and die from preventable and treatable diseases in these settings.
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Sychareun, Vanphanom, Phonethipsavanh Nouanthong, Souksamone Thongmyxay, Chandavieng Phimmavong, Phouthong Phommavongsa, Vathsana Somphet, Jo Durham, and Pauline Oosterhoff. Access to Covid-19 Vaccines and Concerns of Returnee Migrant Workers in Lao PDR During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.048.

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In Lao PDR (Lao People’s Democratic Republic), out-migration, often to neighbouring Thailand, is an important livelihood pathway for workers. The Covid-19 pandemic, however, had a significant impact on these international migrant workers. As the pandemic evolved, and lockdowns and travel restrictions were implemented, thousands of the estimated 1.3 million Lao nationals living abroad, mostly in Thailand, found themselves unemployed and started returning to Lao PDR. Many of these returning migrants were infected or had been exposed to the Covid-19 virus, raising concerns of the potential for community transmission, especially with migrants returning to rural areas where health facilities are not always easily accessible and access to vaccines severely constrained. This research examined the access Lao international migrants returning to Lao PDR had to Covid-19 vaccination and the practical and ideological barriers returnee migrants faced in obtaining the vaccination.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.027.

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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.025.

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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Matenga, Chrispin, and Munguzwe Hichaambwa. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Zambia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.039.

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COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The speed with which the pandemic spread geographically, and the high rate of mortality of its victims prompted many countries around the world to institute ‘lockdowns’ of various sorts to contain it. While the global concern in the early months following the emergence of COVID-19 was with health impacts, the ‘lockdown’ measures put in place by governments triggered global socioeconomic shocks as economies entered recessions due to disruption of economic activity that the ‘lockdown’ measures entailed. Data suggests that the socioeconomic shocks arising from ‘lockdowns’ have been more severe in sub-Saharan Africa countries, generating dire livelihood consequences for most citizens who depend on the informal economy for survival. In Zambia, the effects of COVID-19 combined with a severe drought, and a decline in mining activity to contribute to a downward spiral in Zambia’s economy. This report aims to gain real-time insights into how the COVID-19 crisis was unfolding in Zambia and how rural people and food and livelihood systems were responding. The study focused on documenting and understanding the differential impacts of the pandemic at the household level in terms of changes in participation in farming activities, availability of services for agricultural production, labour and employment, marketing and transport services, food and nutrition security and poverty and wellbeing.
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Oeur, Il, Sochanny Hak, Soeun Cham, Damnang Nil, and Marina Apgar. Exploring the Nexus of Covid-19, Precarious Migration and Child Labour on the Cambodian-Thai Border. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.035.

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This report shares findings from qualitative research on the impacts of Covid-19 on Cambodian migrant workers in four sites along the Cambodia-Thai border. Government restrictions in Thailand and the border closure in February 2020 led to job losses and reduced working hours, and ultimately to an increase in the rate of return migration. Return migrants were forced to use informal points of entry with the facilitation of informal brokers, facing increased costs and risks and, in the process, becoming undocumented. This report shows an unequal access to health services between documented and undocumented migrants. Even in the context of Covid-19, some migrants continue to travel with young children who support the family, mostly through light agricultural work. URI
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Dudley, Lilian D. Do maternity waiting homes improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in low-resource settings? SUPPORT, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/110509.

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The poor utilisation of maternal health services and antenatal care by women living in rural areas has been associated with high maternal and neonatal mortality. Maternity waiting homes have been advocated as a way of overcoming geographical barriers in such settings and improving access to care and maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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