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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural health services Sudan'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Elamin, Obbey A. "Effect of Improving Housing Conditions on Early Childhood Health in Rural Sudan." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p96.

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Improving housing sector in rural areas is important to improve health status of under-five children. Propensity score matching using nonparametric kernel estimates is used to examine the effect of improving rural structure of houses in rural Sudan and provide them with services like access to clean piped water, sanitation on improving under-five children health. The prevalence of diarrhoea and cough in rural Sudan are used as measures of health outcome and data from the Sudan Household Health Survey in 2010 is used. Our results show that providing houses with piped water can reduce prevalence of diarrhoea and cough by 22 and 24 percentage points, respectively. Gas cooking fuel reduces the prevalence rates by 26 and 29 percentage points, respectively. Construction materials of walls have strong impact on reducing the prevalence of both illnesses. We recommend that the quality of piped water should be observed and maintained in good standard to ensure that clean water is supplies to the household sector. Developing the housing sector in the rural has many advantages in improving early childhood health in Sudan and it should be one of the priorities of the government.

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2

Okech, Onyango, and Diane Duclos. "Roles of local healthcare workers in the humanitarian response in South Sudan: a literature review." South Sudan Medical Journal 15, no. 4 (November 25, 2022): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v15i4.2.

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Introduction: Armed conflict is devastating to the health system, is a public health concern and recovery is an enormous challenge. The independence of South Sudan in 2011 brought much hope. However, eight years later, the country is still at conflict with itself. Although rich in resources, it is ranked among the poorest in the world and depends on donor funding for most service delivery, especially health. In an international context, promoting the localisation of humanitarian aid and the integration of health services, there is a lot to learn from the roles being played by healthcare workers (HCWs) throughout the conflict in South Sudan. Method: A literature review was conducted to identify the roles of local HCWs in South Sudan since 2011. Four databases were searched, grey literature sourced, and snowballing done to capture additional documents for a comprehensive analysis. Questions were adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for qualitative and systematic reviews guided appraisals of the articles. Results were systematically coded, synthesised and summarised using a priori and emergent themes. Results: The health system in South Sudan is very fragmented with heavy dependence on humanitarian aid. There is serious shortage in health workforce with heavy reliance on unskilled workers to fill in the gaps, mainly in rural settings. Although close collaboration exists among different stakeholders to deliver integrated services, poor infrastructure, insecurity, lack of capacity and donor dependency still poses a challenge towards localisation of aid and sustainability. Conclusions: The literature reviewed for this study indicates that the road towards localisation of health care is possible but will depend highly on continued collaboration between the different contributors, integration of services, building capacity of the nationals, increased government funding and infrastructural development. Local involvement of HCWs by international agencies is paramount in ownership and sustainability of services.

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Kawooya, Michael G. "Training for Rural Radiology and Imaging in Sub-Saharan Africa: Addressing the Mismatch Between Services and Population." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 2 (June 29, 2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.97747.

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The objectives of this review are to outline the needs, challenges, and training interventions for rural radiology (RR) training in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Rural radiology may be defined as imaging requirements of the rural communities. In SSA, over 80% of the population is rural. The literature was reviewed to determine the need for imaging in rural Africa, the challenges, and training interventions. Up to 50% of the patients in the rural health facilities in Uganda may require imaging, largely ultrasound and plain radiography. In Uganda, imaging is performed, on an average, in 50% of the deserving patients in the urban areas, compared to 10–13 % in the rural areas. Imaging has been shown to increase the utilization of facility-based rural health services and to impact management decisions. The challenges in the rural areas are different from those in the urban areas. These are related to disease spectrum, human resource, and socio-economic, socio-cultural, infrastructural, and academic disparities. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, for which information on training intervention was available, included: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Zambia, Ghana, Malawi, and Sudan. Favorable national policies had been instrumental in implementing these interventions. The interventions had been made by public, private-for-profit (PFP), private-not-for profit (PNFP), local, and international academic institutions, personal initiatives, and professional societies. Ultrasound and plain radiography were the main focus. Despite these efforts, there were still gross disparities in the RR services for SSA. In conclusion, there have been training interventions targeted toward RR in Africa. However, gross disparities in RR provision persist, requiring an effective policy, plus a more organized, focused, and sustainable approach, by the stakeholders.

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Hassan, Rowa, Jorge Cano, Claudio Fronterre, Sahar Bakhiet, Ahmed Fahal, Kebede Deribe, and Melanie Newport. "Estimating the burden of mycetoma in Sudan for the period 1991–2018 using a model-based geostatistical approach." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): e0010795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010795.

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Mycetoma is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions favouring arid areas with low humidity and a short rainy season. Sudan is one of the highly endemic countries for mycetoma. Estimating the population at risk and the number of cases is critical for delivering targeted and equitable prevention and treatment services. In this study, we have combined a large dataset of mycetoma cases recorded by the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC) in Sudan over 28 years (1991–2018) with a collection of environmental and water and hygiene-related datasets in a geostatistical framework to produce estimates of the disease burden across the country. We developed geostatistical models to predict the number of cases of actinomycetoma and eumycetoma in areas considered environmentally suitable for the two mycetoma forms. Then used the raster dataset (gridded map) with the population estimates for 2020 to compute the potentially affected population since 1991. The geostatistical models confirmed this heterogeneous and distinct distribution of the estimated cases of eumycetoma and actinomycetoma across Sudan. For eumycetoma, these higher-risk areas were smaller and scattered across Al Jazirah, Khartoum, White Nile and Sennar states, while for actinomycetoma a higher risk for infection is shown across the rural districts of North and West Kurdufan. Nationally, we estimated 63,825 people (95%CI: 13,693 to 197,369) to have been suffering from mycetoma since 1991 in Sudan,51,541 people (95%CI: 9,893–166,073) with eumycetoma and 12,284 people (95%CI: 3,800–31,296) with actinomycetoma. In conclusion, the risk of mycetoma in Sudan is particularly high in certain restricted areas, but cases are ubiquitous across all states. Both prevention and treatment services are required to address the burden. Such work provides a guide for future control and prevention programs for mycetoma, highly endemic areas are clearly targeted, and resources are directed to areas with high demand.

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Abusalih, Howeida, and Zeinab Abu Sabeib. "Update of the nutritional situation in the Republic of Sudan." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 9 (November 15, 2020): S17—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.9.s17-s24.

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Background: Sudan is situated in the northeastern part of Africa. The population of the country is approximately 43 million, spread over 1.88 million square kilometers. Although Sudan has great resources, most of the population suffers from poverty and food deficiency because of the conflicts in the different parts of the country .The suffering was augmented by climatic drought and floods which resulted in food insecurity. The population’s internal displacement is disadvantageous regarding access to health services and is consequently more vulnerable to diseases and malnutrition. In Sudan, thirty-three percent of the population suffered from food deprivation according to the national survey of 2010. The prevalence of undernourishment was 31% and 34 % percent for urban and rural populations respectively. Furthermore, based on WHO epidemiologic criteria, the prevalence of stunting and wasting are classified as profound, 38.2%, for stunting which is more than the average of the developing countries( 25%), wasting defined as low weight for height also has a higher prevalence in under-five in Sudan comparing it to the developing countries' average which is 16.8% and 8.9% respectively. Although recent national survey data are lacking, it is evident that micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health concern from the sporadic studies’ findings. Notwithstanding these challenges, the government and the Federal Ministry of Health, move along to make progress towards nutrition and food security, some supplementation campaigns have been conducted but coverage of the population is still low. Sudan is one of the 61 countries that leading a global movement to end up malnutrition in all its forms. Keywords: Sudan, deficiencies, food, micronutrient, mortality, insecurity.

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Abusalih, Howeida, and Zeinab Abu Sabeib. "Update of the nutritional situation in the Republic of Sudan." Special Issue July-December 2020 04, no. 09 (November 15, 2020): S17—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.09.s17-s24.

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Background: Sudan is situated in the northeastern part of Africa. The population of the country is approximately 43 million, spread over 1.88 million square kilometers. Although Sudan has great resources, most of the population suffers from poverty and food deficiency because of the conflicts in the different parts of the country .The suffering was augmented by climatic drought and floods which resulted in food insecurity. The population’s internal displacement is disadvantageous regarding access to health services and is consequently more vulnerable to diseases and malnutrition. In Sudan, thirty-three percent of the population suffered from food deprivation according to the national survey of 2010. The prevalence of undernourishment was 31% and 34 % percent for urban and rural populations respectively. Furthermore, based on WHO epidemiologic criteria, the prevalence of stunting and wasting are classified as profound, 38.2%, for stunting which is more than the average of the developing countries( 25%), wasting defined as low weight for height also has a higher prevalence in under-five in Sudan comparing it to the developing countries' average which is 16.8% and 8.9% respectively. Although recent national survey data are lacking, it is evident that micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health concern from the sporadic studies’ findings. Notwithstanding these challenges, the government and the Federal Ministry of Health, move along to make progress towards nutrition and food security, some supplementation campaigns have been conducted but coverage of the population is still low. Sudan is one of the 61 countries that leading a global movement to end up malnutrition in all its forms. Keywords: Sudan, deficiencies, food, micronutrient, mortality, insecurity.

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Ahmed, Mohammed. "Etiology and Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Paralysis among Children in Gadarif, Sudan." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 1, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/023.

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Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a rare but a serious neurological condition characterized by sudden weakness or paralysis of one or more extremities, the respiratory or bulbar muscles and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause. Death occurs in about 7.5% of AFP affected patients worldwide. AFP is the most common sign of acute polio. Therefore, AFP studies are important for surveillance during polio outbreaks to differentiate polio cases from AFP cases. There is a lack of information about the clinical features & causative factors of AFP among children in Gadarif, Sudan. The identification of AFP cases and its causative factors are important in the management & prevention of the disease. This study assessed the etiology and the clinical features of AFP among children in Gadarif, Sudan aiming at effective management & prevention of the disease. It was a prospective cross sectional study conducted at Gadarif Pediatrics Teaching Hospital during the period of January 2017-December 2019. It comprised 73 children with confirmed AFP, ages 6 months to < 15 years old. Our study revealed that Poliomyelitis was not the cause of AFP. AFP was significantly affected children with youngest ages 0-5 years old and from the rural areas. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was the leading cause of AFP followed by meningitis, traumatic neuritis and hypokalemia and we believed that infections were the main triggers of GBS. Gender did not affect the prevalence of the AFP. Fever and paraplegia were the most prevalent clinical signs at onset of the weakness. Over 50% of the AFP victims showed symmetric paralysis. It is obviously that AFP-based awareness, provision of high-quality health services and fighting of illiteracy and poverty in the rural areas of Sudan are urgently needed for effective management of AFP.

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Dawria, Adam, Ali Mohieldin, Fatima Alshehk, and Zamzam Omer Tutu. "MISSED OPPORTUNITIES OF IMMUNISATION AMONG CHILDREN BELOW 24 MONTHS VISITED ELMAK NIMIR TEACHING HOSPITAL, SUDAN 2016." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 10 (October 31, 2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i10.2017.2267.

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Immunization has often been cited as one of the greatest medical success stories in human history. A cross-sectional hospital based study conducted from the period started from March 2016 to December 2016 .the study aimed to assess the missed opportunity of vaccine amongst under 24 months in Shendi locality, Total of 220 children under 2 years were been selected using convenience universal coverage for all children attending to the hospital seeking medical care, structured Questionnaire filed by their care givers. Our results revealed that, the prevalence of missed opportunity among the study population were 35% as aver all children examined, 20 % for BCG, 23% (Penta, Rota and polio vaccines), 40% for Measles 1st dose and 60% for Measles 2nd dose. These results show high percentage of dropout due to the missed opportunity from the main hospital in the Shendi locality. The main recommendations of our study are, institute primary health care unit to provide immunisation services in the teaching hospital and this is will minimize the gab of vaccine missed opportunity ,implement intensive health education programme to the local community especially rural community.

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Bayo, Pontius, Imose Itua, Suzie Paul Francis, Kofi Boateng, Elijo Omoro Tahir, and Abdulmumini Usman. "Estimating the met need for emergency obstetric care (EmOC) services in three payams of Torit County, South Sudan: a facility-based, retrospective cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e018739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018739.

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ObjectiveTo determine the met need for emergency obstetric care (EmOC) services in three Payams of Torit County, South Sudan in 2015 and to determine the frequency of each major obstetric complication.DesignThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study.SettingFour primary healthcare centres (PHCCs) and one state hospital in three payams (administrative areas that form a county) in Torit County, South Sudan.ParticipantsAll admissions in the obstetrics and gynaecology wards (a total of 2466 patient admission files) in 2015 in all the facilities designated to conduct deliveries in the study area were reviewed to identify obstetric complications.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was met need for EmOC, which was defined as the proportion of all women with direct major obstetric complications in 2015 treated in health facilities providing EmOC services. The frequency of each complication and the interventions for treatment were the secondary outcomes.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty four major obstetric complications were admitted in 2015 out of 390 expected from 2602 pregnancies, representing 65.13% met need. The met need was highest (88%) for Nyong Payam, an urban area, compared with the other two rural payams, and 98.8% of the complications were treated from the hospital, while no complications were treated from three PHCCs. The most common obstetric complications were abortions (45.7%), prolonged obstructed labour (23.2%) and haemorrhage (16.5%). Evacuation of the uterus for retained products (42.5%), caesarean sections (32.7%) and administration of oxytocin for treatment of postpartum haemorrhage (13.3%) were the most common interventions.ConclusionThe met need for EmOC in Torit County is low, with 35% of women with major obstetric complications not accessing care, and there is disparity with Nyong Payam having a higher met need. We suggest more support supervision to the PHCCs to increase access for the rural population.

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Smith, Laura, Ha Hoang, Tamara Reynish, Kim McLeod, Chona Hannah, Stuart Auckland, Shameran Slewa-Younan, and Jonathan Mond. "Factors Shaping the Lived Experience of Resettlement for Former Refugees in Regional Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020501.

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Refugees experience traumatic life events with impacts amplified in regional and rural areas due to barriers accessing services. This study examined the factors influencing the lived experience of resettlement for former refugees in regional Launceston, Australia, including environmental, social, and health-related factors. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with adult and youth community members from Burma, Bhutan, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, Iran, and Sudan, and essential service providers (n = 31). Thematic analysis revealed four factors as primarily influencing resettlement: English language proficiency; employment, education and housing environments and opportunities; health status and service access; and broader social factors and experiences. Participants suggested strategies to overcome barriers associated with these factors and improve overall quality of life throughout resettlement. These included flexible English language program delivery and employment support, including industry-specific language courses; the provision of interpreters; community events fostering cultural sharing, inclusivity and promoting well-being; and routine inclusion of nondiscriminatory, culturally sensitive, trauma-informed practices throughout a former refugee’s environment, including within education, employment, housing and service settings.

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Abdalla, H. A., M. A. Abdalla, and M. A. Abdalmajed. "Assessment of Community Services Coverage at Primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020." ABC Research Alert 10, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcra.v10i2.612.

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Background: Sudan health system is based on the district health system approach, which emphasizes the principles of primary health care (PHC). Nevertheless, the decentralization of the public sector resulted in more deterioration of the PHC system particularly in rural and peripheral areas due to lack of financial resources and managerial capacities. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the community services coverage at primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020. Materials and methods: A number of (37) Health facilities was selected in addition to (333) households. All selected mothers/care takers of children aged 12–23 months; all working Primary Healthcare sites and all health worker who are the first responsible of Health sites in the study area were included in the study. The study was conducted by using questionnaires, checklists, observation and Interview with structure close ended questionnaire. Data was computed and analyzed using SPSS program version 25.0. Descriptive and inferential statistic was used. Results: The study showed that 55.6% of the participants stated that their areas distance less than 2 km. The majority of the participants 72.4% were obtained their health services by going to the hospital or rural health center. More than two thirds of the participants 66.7% stated that there was transportation mean for health center. The majority of participants 69.7% stated that their families or household having ability to pay the cost of transportation. Only 46.2% of the participants stated that there was health insurance for families. Approximately 96% of the participants had vaccination card explained the vaccination that taken the children less than 2 years. Also 98.5% their child completes the routine vaccination until the date of visit. The majority 93.4% of the participants their child under five obtained any vaccines including that taken in vaccination campaigns or national days for vaccination or during child health days. The majority of the participants 69.1% indicate that their children under 5 previously taken BCG vaccines. More than half of the participants 50.8% stated that their children under 5 infected with diarrhea disease the last 2 weeks. Also 58.3% had children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks. Less than 50% (45.6%) of the participants their family having bed nets for mosquito control. Only 26.1% of the participants had one sleep under nets last night. The majority of the participants 88% had periodic follow-up during the pregnancy. The most reasons for not follow-up during pregnancy were because the health center is faraway 23.7%, economic barriers 6.3% and family barriers 3%. The participants stated that the tetanus doses coverage was 94%. The most doses of tetanus taken by the participants were five doses 36.3%. Also 56.5% of the participants sated that they were gave any medical care during the first last 6 weeks after last delivery (postnatal). More than 63% of the participants were used contraceptive. The most reasons of not used contraceptive were fear from side effects 24.3%, due to refuse of husband 2.7%, due to culture believes 3.3%, not able to by 2.4% and because of not aware 2.4%. There was association education level of father and periodic follow-up during the pregnancy, p=.000. There was association education level of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. There was association between occupation of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. there was highly association between children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks and having any bed nets for mosquito control, p=.002. Conclusion: The results show that coverage of the services provided were moderate which need to be strengthening and provision of resources for rural communities.

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Putoto, Giovanni, Antonella Cortese, Ilaria Pecorari, Roberto Musi, and Enrico Nunziata. "Harmonization of clinical laboratories in Africa: a multidisciplinary approach to identify innovative and sustainable technical solutions." Diagnosis 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dx-2014-0071.

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AbstractIn an effective and efficient health system, laboratory medicine should play a critical role. This is not the case in Africa, where there is a lack of demand for diagnostic exams due to mistrust of health laboratory performance. Doctors with Africa CUAMM (Collegio Universitario Aspiranti Medici Missionari) is a non-profit organization, working mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) to help and sustain local health systems. Doctors with Africa CUAMM has advocated the need for a harmonized model for health laboratories to assess and evaluate the performance of the facilities in which they operate.In order to develop a harmonized model for African health laboratories, previous attempts at strengthening them through standardization were taken into consideration and reviewed. A survey with four Italian clinicians experienced in the field was then performed to try and understand the actual needs of health facilities. Finally a market survey was conducted to find new technologies able to update the resulting model.Comparison of actual laboratories with the developed standard – which represents the best setting any African health laboratory could aim for – allowed shortcomings in expected services to be identified and interventions subsequently prioritized. The most appropriate equipment was proposed to perform the envisaged techniques. The suitability of appliances was evaluated in consideration of recognized international recommendations, reported experiences in the field, and the availability of innovative solutions that can be performed on site in rural areas, but require minimal sample preparation and little technical expertise.: The present work has developed a new, up-to-date, harmonized model for African health laboratories. The authors suggest lists of procedures to challenge the major African health problems – HIV/AIDS, malaria, tubercolosis (TB) – at each level of pyramidal health system. This model will hopefully support the non-governmental organization (NGO) Doctors with Africa CUAMM in its activities in sub-Saharan hospitals, providing them with a guideline to programme future interventions.

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Acharya, Dilaram, Jitendra Singh, Rajendra Kadel, Seok-Ju Yoo, Ji-Hyuk Park, and Kwan Lee. "Maternal Factors and Utilization of the Antenatal Care Services during Pregnancy Associated with Low Birth Weight in Rural Nepal: Analyses of the Antenatal Care and Birth Weight Records of the MATRI-SUMAN Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112450.

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Low birth weight (LBW) remains a major public health problem in developing countries, including Nepal. This study was undertaken to examine the association between LBW and maternal factors and antenatal care service utilization, in rural Nepal, using data obtained for a capacity-building and text-messaging intervention, designed to enhance maternal and child health service utilization among pregnant women, in rural Nepal (“MATRI-SUMAN”). The study used a clustered randomized controlled design and was conducted during 2015–2016. We investigated maternal and antenatal care service utilization determinants of LBW, using a logistic regression model. Of the four hundred and two singleton babies, included in the present study, seventy-eight (19.4%) had an LBW (mean (SD), 2210.64 (212.47)) grams. It was found that Dalit caste/ethnicity, illiteracy, manual labor, a female baby, and having more than four family members were significantly positively associated with LBW. In addition, mothers who did not visit an antenatal care (ANC) unit, visited an ANC < 4 times, did not take iron and folic acid (IFA), de-worming tablets, and mothers that did not consume additional food, during pregnancy, were more likely to have an LBW baby, than their counterparts. The MATRI-SUMAN intervention and availability of a kitchen garden at home, were found to reduce the risk of LBW. Nepalese child survival policies and programs should pay attention to these maternal and antenatal care service utilization factors, while designating preventive strategies to improve child health outcomes.

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Singh, Ashok N., and Shobha Singh. "Mental health services in South Sudan." Lancet 383, no. 9925 (April 2014): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60636-x.

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Mukherjee, Suneeta. "Rural health services." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 58, no. 4 (July 1991): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02750919.

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Perkins, David. "Integrating rural health services." Australian Journal of Rural Health 21, no. 6 (December 2013): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12083.

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Osman, Abdelgadir Hussein M., Aisha Bakhiet, Samia Elmusharaf, Abdelaziz Omer, and Abdalla Abdelrahman. "Scaling up mental health services in Sudan: Sudanese psychiatrists’ opinions." BJPsych International 17, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2020.17.

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We invited 108 psychiatrists of Sudanese origin, working in and outside Sudan, to take part in a study looking at the most appropriate method for scaling up mental health services in Sudan. Of those psychiatrists who were approached, 81 (75%) responded. Among the respondents, 30 (37%) resided and worked in Sudan, and 51 (63%) worked outside Sudan (mostly in the UK and Arab Gulf States). Most respondents preferred the lay counsellor model (43, 53.2%) to address the current shortage of human resources for scaling up mental health services.

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Taha, Attia Z., and Omer A. Merghani. "Community health in a rural area of Sudan." Journal of Community Health 15, no. 4 (August 1990): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01350292.

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Elmusharaf, K., A. Abbas, A. Ibrahim, S. Elsayed, and L. Badraldin. "Reproductive health in rural Sudan: a population based survey." Contraception 80, no. 2 (August 2009): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.05.118.

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Moszynski, Peter. "Cholera outbreak highlights poor health services in southern Sudan." BMJ 332, no. 7541 (March 9, 2006): 570.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7541.570-c.

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Salim, Anas Mustafa Ahmed, and Fatima Hashim Mahmoud Hamed. "Exploring health insurance services in Sudan from the perspectives of insurers." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 1, 2018): 205031211775229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312117752298.

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Background: It has been 20 years since the introduction of health insurance in Sudan. This study was the first one that explored health insurance services in Sudan from the perspectives of the insurers. Methods: This was a qualitative, exploratory, interview study. The sampling frame was the list of Social Health Insurance and Private Health Insurance institutions in Sudan. Participants were selected from the four Social Health Insurance institutions and from five Private Health Insurance companies. The study was conducted in January and February 2017. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with a convenient sample of key executives from the different health insurers. Ideas and themes were identified and analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The result showed that universal coverage was not achieved despite long time presence of Social Health Insurance and Private Health Insurance in Sudan. All participants described their services as comprehensive. All participants have good perception of the quality of the services they provide, although none of them investigated customer satisfaction. The main challenges facing Social Health Insurance are achieving universal coverage, ensuring sustainability and recruitment of the informal sector and self-employed population. Consumers’ affordability of the premiums is the main obstacle for Private Health Insurance, while rising healthcare cost due to economic inflation is a challenge facing both Social Health Insurance and Private Health Insurance. Conclusion: In spite of the presence of Social Health Insurance and Private Health Insurance in Sudan, the country is still far from achieving universal coverage. Moreover, the sustainability of health insurance is questionable. The main reasons include low governmental financial resources and lack of affordability by beneficiaries especially for Private Health Insurance. This necessitates finding solutions to improve them or trying other types of health insurance. The quality of services provided by Social Health Insurance and Private Health Insurance was described as good, but no insurance in Sudan measured customer satisfaction as yet.

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Tobin, Margaret J. "Rural Psychiatric Services." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 1 (February 1996): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609076079.

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Objective: The objective was to describe and evaluate a community mental health service developed during 1991–1992 in an attempt to meet the mental illness needs of an isolated rural community. The setting was the Grampians health region in Western Victoria: this region has an area of 45,000 square kilo-metres and a population of 182,000. Method: The method involved firstly describing the evolution of the service delivery model. This comprised a team of travelling psychiatrists and community psychiatric nurses which succeeded in providing a combined inpatient and outpatient service which was integrated with general practitioners. Secondly, diagnostic and case load descriptions of patients receiving service were compared for both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Results: The results were that reduced reliance on inpatient beds and increased consumer satisfaction were achieved. Conclusion: It was concluded that on initial evaluation of the service it was seen to be meeting its objective of treating the seriously mentally ill in an isolated rural community based setting.

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Roeder, Kevin R. "Rural HIV/AIDS Services." Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 1, no. 2 (March 2002): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j187v01n02_03.

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Rohrer, James E., Joyce E. Beaulieu, and David E. Berry. "Rural Health Services: A Management Perspective." Journal of Public Health Policy 16, no. 3 (1995): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342870.

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25

Berry, David E., and John W. Seavey. "Assuring access to rural health services." Health Care Management Review 19, no. 2 (1994): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-199421000-00004.

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26

Mueller, Keith J. "Rural Health Services: A Management Perspective." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 20, no. 4 (1995): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-20-4-1081.

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27

Colon-Rivera, Hector, and Lisa B. Dixon. "Mental Health Services in Rural Areas." Psychiatric Services 71, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 984–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.71903.

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28

Straub, LaVonne A. "Financing Rural Health and Medical Services." Journal of Rural Health 6, no. 4 (October 1990): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1990.tb00683.x.

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29

Duncan, R. Paul. "Education for Rural Health Services Administration." Journal of Rural Health 6, no. 4 (October 1990): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1990.tb00688.x.

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30

Farmer, Jane, and Dorothy Williams. "Research. Effective rural health information services." Health Libraries Review 17, no. 1 (March 2000): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2532.2000.00265.x.

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31

Gross, Allison. "Innovative health services in rural America." Pharmacy Today 19, no. 6 (June 2013): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-0991(15)31304-9.

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32

Costello, A. M. DeL, and G. Tudor-Williams. "Nepal IMPROVEMENT OF RURAL HEALTH SERVICES." Lancet 327, no. 8495 (June 1986): 1433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91567-9.

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33

Alto, William A. "Emergency health services in rural vietnam." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 16, no. 4 (July 1998): 422–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(98)90147-4.

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34

Banerjee, Abhijit, Angus Deaton, and Esther Duflo. "Wealth, Health, and Health Services in Rural Rajasthan." American Economic Review 94, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301902.

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35

Mustafa Omer, Abdeen. "Sustainable Energy: Challenges of Implementing New Technologies." Sumerianz Journal of Scientific Research, no. 41 (February 18, 2021): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjsr.41.8.24.

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Abstract:

Sudan is an agricultural country with fertile land, plenty of water resources, livestock, forestry resources, and agricultural residues. Energy is one of the key factors for the development of national economies in Sudan. An overview of the energy situation in Sudan is introduced with reference to the end uses and regional distribution. Energy sources are divided into two main types; conventional energy (biomass, petroleum products, and electricity); and non-conventional energy (solar, wind, hydro, etc.). Sudan possesses a relatively high abundance of sunshine, solar radiation, and moderate wind speeds, hydro, and biomass energy resources. Application of new and renewable sources of energy available in Sudan is now a major issue in the future energy strategic planning for the alternative to the fossil conventional energy to provide part of the local energy demand. Sudan is an important case study in the context of renewable energy. It has a long history of meeting its energy needs through renewables. Sudan’s renewables portfolio is broad and diverse, due in part to the country’s wide range of climates and landscapes. Like many of the African leaders in renewable energy utilisation, Sudan has a well-defined commitment to continue research, development, and implementation of new technologies. Sustainable low-carbon energy scenarios for the new century emphasise the untapped potential of renewable resources. Rural areas of Sudan can benefit from this transition. The increased availability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates new development alternatives. It is concluded that renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented, and demonstrated by full-scale plant especially for use in remote rural areas.

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Owens, Janine, and Sawsan Mohammed Saeed. "Exploring the oral health experiences of a rural population in Sudan." International Dental Journal 58, no. 5 (October 2008): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2008.tb00197.x.

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37

Morrisey, Michael A., Robert L. Ohsfeldt, Victoria Johnson, and Richard Treat. "Rural Emergency Medical Services: Patients, Destinations, Times, and Services." Journal of Rural Health 11, no. 4 (September 1995): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1995.tb00426.x.

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38

Bashier Abbas, Haitham, and Jayant K. Routray. "Vulnerability to flood-induced public health risks in Sudan." Disaster Prevention and Management 23, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2013-0112.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze flood vulnerability vis-à-vis flood-induced health risks, and understand the relationship between them to suggest measures to reduce health risks in Sudan. Design/methodology/approach – This study compares the vulnerability to flood and health consequences in two communities in Aroma. This study compares the vulnerability of Aroma semi-urban vicinity and Tendellei rural village, in Sudan, to flood and health consequences. A set of socioeconomic and health indicators were studied in 251 households. Households were classified according to their calculated vulnerability composite index. The index was validated through comparing the vulnerability values with the level of impact in each household. Findings – About 30 percent of households are highly/very highly vulnerable to flood risk. On the other hand, 41 percent of the rural households and 25 percent of the semi-urban houses are highly/very highly vulnerable to health risks. The main determinants of flood vulnerability are; the number of earning family members, level of education and economic activity of the household's head. The rural households are found to be more vulnerable to health risks while semi-urban households are more vulnerable to flooding. Flood and health vulnerabilities are positively correlated. Factors like urbanization, poverty and education directly affect the vulnerability of communities. Research limitations/implications – The methodology could be strengthened through the running of multi-various regression to relate selected vulnerability indicators to incidence of malaria and diarrhea in each household. Practical implications – The method described in this paper is flexible; applicable and can be reproduced for other areas and risks. Social implications – Vulnerability determinants affect the two communities differently and this necessitates specific consideration when developing policy. The policy should tackle the root causes of vulnerability to cut the vicious circle of poverty, illiteracy and illness. Those root causes should be managed by integrating multi-hazard approaches for effective and efficient interventions. Originality/value – The method described in this paper is original, flexible; applicable and can be reproduced for other areas and risks.

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Qadeer, Imrana. "The challenge of building rural health services." Indian Journal of Medical Research 134, no. 5 (2011): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.90982.

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40

Dhungel, Basundhara, and Hiran D. Dias. "Planning for Rural Health Services in Nepal." Third World Planning Review 10, no. 3 (August 1988): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.10.3.jm47x35846504672.

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41

Hicks, Lanis L., and Kenneth D. Bopp. "Integrated pathways for managing rural health services." Health Care Management Review 21, no. 1 (1996): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-199602110-00007.

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42

Hicks, Lanis L., and Kenneth D. Bopp. "Integrated pathways for managing rural health services." Health Care Management Review 21, no. 1 (1996): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-199624000-00007.

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43

Docherty, Alison. "Accessing sexual health services in rural Scotland." British Journal of School Nursing 5, no. 2 (March 12, 2010): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2010.5.2.47143.

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44

Mueller, Keith J. "Rural Health Services Research: Past, Present, Future." Journal of Rural Health 18, no. 5 (January 2002): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2002.tb00925.x.

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45

Nelson, Julie A., and Barbara Stover Gingerich. "Rural Health: Access to Care and Services." Home Health Care Management & Practice 22, no. 5 (February 26, 2010): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822309353552.

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46

Hoffmaster, Joan E. "Rural Maternity Services: Community Health Nurse Providers." Journal of Community Health Nursing 3, no. 1 (March 1986): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327655jchn0301_4.

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47

Pomeranz, William, and Steven Rosenberg. "Developing Home Health Services in Rural Communities—." Home Health Care Services Quarterly 6, no. 4 (May 15, 1986): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j027v06n04_02.

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48

Purcell, Rachael, and Joe McGirr. "Rural health service managers' perspectives on preparing rural health services for climate change." Australian Journal of Rural Health 26, no. 1 (August 17, 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12374.

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49

Ahmed, Mohamednour Eltahir, and Ahmed Osman Ibrahim. "The Availability of Quality Health Service Dimensions in Government Hospitals in Sudan (A Case Study of Teaching Hospitals in Sudan)." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 6 (May 18, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n6p62.

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This study aimed to identify the levels of quality of health services in government hospitals in Sudan. It also aimed to examine the availability of the dimensions of health services quality, which included tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, confidence and empathy. It has been conducted in the grand didactic hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan; namely Khartoum, Bahri and Omdurman. The sample of this study included patients and customers who are supposed to benefit from the service under study. The respondents are exposed to a questionnaire of (22) statements to measure the dimensions of the availability of quality in the health service. The findings of the study showed that the patients and customers demonstrated a high level of awareness towards the presence and quality of dimensions of health services provided by government hospitals. It is also revealed that the five health dimensions of quality are not available in government hospitals and their applications are not the concern of the hospital managements.

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50

Windle, Charles. "Social values and services research: The case of rural services." Administration and Policy in Mental Health 22, no. 2 (November 1994): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02106552.

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