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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural health services Papua New Guinea'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Thomason, Jane, Navy Mulou, and Caroline Bass. "User charges for rural health services in Papua New Guinea." Social Science & Medicine 39, no. 8 (October 1994): 1105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90382-4.

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2

Beracochea, Elvira, Rumona Dickson, Paul Freeman, and Jane Thomason. "Case Management Quality Assessment in Rural Areas of Papua New Guinea." Tropical Doctor 25, no. 2 (April 1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559502500207.

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A study was carried out to assess the quality of case management of malaria, malnutrition, diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infections in children in rural primary health services in Papua New Guinea. In particular, the study focused on the knowledge and skills of different categories of rural health workers (HW) in history taking, examination, diagnosis, treatment and patient education. Quality criteria were defined and health centre (HCW) and aidpost workers' (APWs) knowledge and practices were assessed. Primary health workers' (PHW) knowledge of case management was weak, but in all cases better than their actual practice. History taking and examination practices were rudimentary. HWs tended not to make or record diagnoses. Treatment knowledge was often incorrect, with inappropriate or insufficient drugs prescribed, being worst at aidpost level. These findings raise serious questions about the effectiveness of providing health services through small, isolated health units. Far greater attention must now be directed to focus on the institutionalization of problem-based training, continuous supportive supervision and maintenance of clinical skills and provision of essential drugs, supplies and equipment to ensure that rural health workers (RHW) can provide sound care.

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Thomason, Jane A. "Disbursement, decentralization and development: Lessons from the first rural health services project in Papua New Guinea." Public Administration and Development 8, no. 4 (October 1988): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230080403.

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4

Karel, Harumi Sasaki. "Knowledge and Use of Maternal and Child Health Services by Mothers in Papua New Guinea." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959400700308.

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A survey was conducted in the coastal area of Morobe Province in Papua New Guinea between March to April 1992 in order to obtain and examine the current health knowledge and practices of mothers with children under two years of age. The purpose of the survey was to gather data for the detailed planning and implementation of a Child Survival Intervention Project funded by USAID. A total of 30 villages in the area were selected utilizing the WHO 30-cluster sampling technique. The results indicated that breastfeeding was a very common practice. However, because nutritional intake was not increased during pregnancy and lactation for many of the women, it is likely that their nutritional intake was insufficient. Although many mothers knew the importance of immunization, they were unclear about the importance of completing immunization series. The utilization of contraceptive methods was very low among women who did not want to have another child within the subsequent two years. The most common methods were injections and pills. The dissemination of health education to isolated rural villages is one of the most important interventions in reducing maternal and infant mortality. As there currently is no health education unit at the Morobe Provincial Department of Health. It is crucial to establish the unit and to emphasize the importance of health education as the tool for disease prevention and health promotion. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(3):191-3.

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Jusi, Petri, Roy Mumu, Sirpa H. Jarvenpaa, Barnabas Neausemale, and Eduardo Sangrador. "Road Asset Management System Implementation in Pacific Region: Papua New Guinea." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-41.

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The road network of Papua New Guinea includes 8,258 km of national classified roads and another 19,937 km of lesser-trafficked but equally important provincial roads. The value of the national road network is more than 5 billion Kina (US$1 billion). Maintaining this significant asset places a great responsibility on the government and the Department of Works (DOW). Sadly, insufficient attention has been given to maintaining the road network. There is no doubt that poorly maintained roads have a significant adverse effect on national economic growth, with an adverse effect on gross domestic product. In a developing country such as Papua New Guinea, there is always a need to provide a basic level of access to all areas of the country to be able to provide basic services for all the population (access to markets, administrative, health, education). A poorly maintained road network limits access and deprives rural populations of basic services. Therefore, DOW, with funds and guidance provided by the Asian Development Bank, has, with the assistance of a Finnroad consultant, developed a road asset management system (RAMS). RAMS is a tool for storing and presenting road data information, planning short-and long-term road maintenance, creating budgets, and maximizing economic returns of investments made for the road network. The government of Papua New Guinea has also established requirements for institutional reform and strengthening under its public sector reform program. Furthermore, responding to community and other stakeholder pressure, the government has committed itself to launching a road sector reform program.

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Heywood, Peter F., and Robin L. Hide. "Nutritional Effects of Export-Crop Production in Papua New Guinea: A Review of the Evidence." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 15, no. 3 (September 1994): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659401500305.

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The effects of cash cropping on nutrition in Papua New Guinea are reviewed. The interpretation of the available evidence is complicated by the introduction of cash cropping simultaneously with services such as health and education of the rural population. However, there is indication that the growth of children improved over the period in which cash cropping increased, particularly in the highlands, where, as a result of the later introduction of cash crops, more baseline data are available. There is no reason to believe that the same effect did not occur in the lowlands, where the infant mortality rate fell progressively over the same period. There is also evidence of an increase in the height and weight of adults, as well as an increase in the prevalence of degenerative diseases. Programmes need to be developed that retain the important benefits of child health and at the same time arrest the increasing prevalence of degenerative diseases in adults.

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7

Hou, Xiaohui, M. Mahmud Khan, Justin Pulford, and Olga P. M. Saweri. "Readiness of health facilities to provide emergency obstetric care in Papua New Guinea: evidence from a cross-sectional survey." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e050150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050150.

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ObjectiveTo measure the readiness of health facilities in Papua New Guinea (PNG) to provide obstetric care and other maternal health services.DesignCross-sectional study involving random sample of health centres, district/rural hospitals (levels 3 and 4 facilities) and all upper-level hospitals operational at the time of survey. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from health facilities.SettingHealth facilities in PNG. Facility administrators and other facility personnel were interviewed. Number of facility personnel interviewed was usually one for health centres and two or more for hospitals.Participants19 upper-level facilities (levels 5–7, provincial, regional and national hospitals) and 60 lower-level facilities (levels 3 and 4, health centres and district/rural hospitals).Outcome measuresFour service-types were used to understand readiness of surveyed health facilities in the provision of maternity care including obstetric care services: (1) facility readiness to provide clinical services; (2) availability of family planning items; (3) availability of maternal and neonatal equipment and materials; and (4) ability to provide emergency obstetric care (EmOC).Results56% of lower-level facilities were not able to provide basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC). Even among higher-level facilities, 16% were not able to perform one or more of the functions required to be considered a BEmOC provider. 11% of level 3 and 4 health facilities were able to provide comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) as compared with 83% of higher-level facilities.ConclusionGiven the high fertility rate and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in PNG, lack of BEmOC at the first level inpatient service providers is a major concern. To improve access to EmOC, level 3 and 4 facilities should be upgraded to at least BEmOC providers. Significant reduction in MMR will require improved access to CEmOC and optimal geographic location approach can identify facilities to be upgraded.

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Schuele, Elisabeth, and Colin MacDougall. "The missing bit in the middle: Implementation of the Nationals Health Services Standards for Papua New Guinea." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): e0266931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266931.

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Objective This case study examined implementation of the National Health Services Standards (NHSSs) as a continuous quality improvement (CQI) process at three church-based health facilities in Papua New Guinea. This process was designed to improve quality of care and accredit the level three health centers to level four as district hospitals to provide a higher level of care. The aims of the paper are to critically examine driving and restraining forces in CQI implementation and analyses how power influences agenda setting for change. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine managers and eight health workers as well as three focus group discussions with health workers from three rural church-based health facilities in Morobe and Madang provinces. They included senior, mid-level and frontline managers and medical doctors, health extension officers, nursing officers and community health workers. Thematic analysis was used as an inductive and deductive process in which applied force field analysis, leadership-member exchange (LMX) theory and agenda setting was applied. Results Qualitative analysis showed how internal and external factors created urgency for change. The CQI process was designed as a collective process. Power relations operated at and between various levels: the facilities, which supported or undermined the change process; between management whereby the national management supported the quality improvement agenda, but the regional management exercised positional power in form of inaction. Theoretical analysis identified the ‘missing bit in the middle’ shaped by policy actors who exercise power over policy formulation and constrained financial and technical resources. Analysis revealed how to reduce restraining forces and build on driving forces to establish a new equilibrium. Conclusion Multiple theories contributed to the analysis showing how to resolve problematic power relations by building high-quality, effective communication of senior leadership with mid-level management and reactivated broad collaborative processes at the health facilities. Addressing the ‘missing bit in the middle’ by agenda setting can improve implementation of the NHSSs as a quality improvement process. The paper concludes with learning for policy makers, managers and health workers by highlighting to pay close attention to institutional power dynamics and practices.

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McKenzie, Maviso. "Experiences of men’s involvement in antenatal education services in the rural Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea: a descriptive qualitative study." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 7 (August 20, 2018): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2018.901.

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Background: Appropriate antenatal education services that increase men’s involvement in pregnancy and childbirth is crucial for improving maternal and child health outcomes. However, in Papua New Guinea (PNG), men’s involvement in antenatal education services remains inadequate. This study aimed to describe experiences of men’s involvement in antenatal education services and identify factors that facilitate or restrict their involvement. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted among 17 men who have attended antenatal care (ANC) and involved in antenatal education sessions with their wives. Semi-structured and face-to-face interviews were employed to obtain detailed descriptions of men’s experiences and their perception of antenatal health education services, including factors that influenced their involvement. Data is generated from interviews. The findings are informed by the thematic analysis. Results: Three key themes that emerged were: (1) perception of ANC as women’s domain, (2) knowledge of antenatal education services, and (3) accessing of antenatal education services. Factors influencing men’s involvement were: strict gender roles, being responsible for pregnancy and spousal communication. Lack of knowledge, dissatisfaction with antenatal services, and lack of capacity to involve men were other reasons further observed. Conclusion: This study found negative perceptions; poor maternal knowledge and socio-cultural norms, inadequate information dissemination and poor men-friendly services influenced men’s involvement. Suggestions to strengthen men’s involvement require gender-inclusive and culturally appropriate antenatal education programs.

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Warner, Jeffrey, and Catherine Rush. "Tropical fever in remote tropics: tuberculosis or melioidosis, it depends on the lab." Microbiology Australia 42, no. 4 (2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma21049.

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Diagnostics tests used to identify the cause of infection using proteomics and genomics have revolutionised microbiology laboratories in recent times. However, approaches to build the capacity of clinical microbiology services in the rural tropics by simply transplanting these approaches have proven difficult to sustain. Tropical fever in the remote tropics is, by definition, a clinical diagnosis where the aetiology of fever is not known, treatment is empirical, guided by clinical suspicion with treatment failure often attributed to incorrect diagnosis or antimicrobial resistance. Tuberculosis (TB) in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG) is mostly diagnosed clinically, perhaps supported by microscopy. In fact, a ‘tuberculosis patient’ in rural PNG is included in the TB register upon commencement of TB treatment with or without any laboratory-based evidence of infection. The roll-out of GeneXpert is continuing to transform TB diagnostic certainty in TB endemic communities. Melioidosis is endemic in tropical regions and is increasingly reported to mimic TB. Isolation and identification of the causative agent Burkholderia pseudomallei remains the gold standard. Here, we discuss the increasing divide between rural and urban approaches to laboratory-based infection diagnosis using these two enigmatic tropical infectious diseases, in rural PNG, as examples.

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Fitzpatrick, Jane. "An Exploration of the Experiences of Migrant Women." International Journal of User-Driven Healthcare 2, no. 3 (July 2012): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijudh.2012070102.

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Women across the world migrate for a wide range of reasons. Some gravitate to urban centres in their own countries seeking safety, education, health care, and employment opportunities. Others travel across national boundaries seeking reprieve from the atrocities of war and extreme poverty. Migration within countries is on the rise, as people move in response to adverse conditions such as lack of resources, services and education, and employment opportunities. In addition they may want to escape from violence or natural disasters. This movement of people from rural to urban areas has resulted in an explosive growth of cities around the globe. This paper draws on a research case study undertaken with the Kewapi language group in Port Moresby and the Batri Villages of the Southern Highlands in Papua New Guinea. It seeks to highlight the perspectives of women traveling vast distances from their home communities in order to seek education and health care. It explores the implications for developing effective service user focused health care systems designed to meet the needs of mobile and vulnerable women. The study suggests that if women and their families from remote rural communities are encouraged and facilitated in participating in health promoting initiatives they can dramatically improve their life and health experiences and that of their community.

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Dyer, R., M. Tafuna'i, I. Meredith, and D. Sarfati. "Cancer Care in Small Pacific Island States." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 214s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.86400.

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Background: Like other LMICs, many Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) have fragile and overburdened health systems with which to combat an increasing burden of cancer. Additionally, a combination of small geographically dispersed populations, limited resources, isolation and frequent natural disasters make cancer control in Pacific Islands also significantly different to elsewhere in the world. No prior work has provided a stocktake of current capacity for diagnosis and treatment of cancer across the region to date. Aim: To describe the specialized health services available for cancer control in the Pacific region, and show the complexity associated with accessing cancer care for Pacific Islanders. Methods: A cross-sectional review of medical services and human resources available for cancer control was undertaken for 21 Pacific Community (SPC) member countries and territories in April-May 2018 , specifically diagnosis (pathology and radiology) and treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical modalities and overseas referrals for services not available on-island) by contacting individual countries and territories. Common travel routes were mapped individually for 4 PICTs; Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Kiribati and Tokelau; as examples of the unique challenges faced by rural dwelling Pacific Islanders when accessing the highest level of care available in-country. Results: Capacity for cancer diagnosis and care is extremely limited in the Pacific region. The exceptions are the 2 French territories (French Polynesia and New Caledonia) and Guam where a near full complement of services for diagnosis and treatment are operational. Some pathology services are generally available in the larger PICTs, while specimens are sent to affiliated off island laboratories for the rest. Plain x-ray and ultrasound are available at 1 or more locations in all PICTs. General and gynecologic surgery is the most widespread treatment modality available. Some to full chemotherapy administered in 7 and radiotherapy in 3 (formerly 4) PICTs. Overseas referrals for medical services not available in-country are a common feature to all PICTs health systems. A need to travel long distances to access health care is a challenged faced by Pacific Islanders on outer islands and rural villages. Examples will be presented. Conclusion: Cancer control services are few and far between in the Pacific region, and PICTs will always likely rely on overseas referrals for care not available. Access barriers exist for those on outer islands and in villages, and an unknown number seek treatment late or not at all for these reasons. Governments need to invest into strengthening primary and secondary care services, making them an option that is more easily accessible to remote populations. Collaboration between transport and health sectors to look at ways to improve frequency, regulation and safety of modes of transportation to outer islands to improve current systems.

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Campos-Outcalt, Doug. "Health services in Papua New Guinea." Public Health 103, no. 3 (May 1989): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(89)80070-8.

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Campos-Outcalt, Doug, and William Newbrander. "Decentralization of health services in Papua New Guinea." Health Policy and Planning 4, no. 4 (1989): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/4.4.347.

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Duke, Trevor. "Decline in child health in rural Papua New Guinea." Lancet 354, no. 9186 (October 1999): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)00335-9.

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NEWBRANDER, WILLIAM C., and JANE A. THOMASON. "Alternatives for financing health services in Papua New Guinea." Health Policy and Planning 4, no. 2 (1989): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/4.2.131.

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GARNER, PAUL, JANE THOMASON, and DAYL DONALDSON. "Quality assessment of health facilities in rural Papua New Guinea." Health Policy and Planning 5, no. 1 (1990): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/5.1.49.

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Williams, Ged, Rose Jaspers, Veronica Wohuinangu, Svatka Micik, and Adrian De Luca. "Critical Care Nursing in Papua New Guinea." Connect: The World of Critical Care Nursing 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/wfccn-d-20-00011.

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ObjectiveTo explore and understand the current context of critical care nursing in Papua New Guinea (PNG).MethodA three day fact finding mission and consulation process with leaders of critical care and health services in PNG.ResultsAlthough challenged by limited resources and healthcare infrastructure there is a determination among local health care providers to growth and improve the provision of critical care services from the major hospitals of PNG. The PNG Critical Care Nurses Society (PNG CCNS) was officially formed in March 2020, providing hope and optimism for a renewed emphasis on this important speciality in PNG.ConclusionThe authors and the PNG CCNS recommend the establishment of active and supportive partnerships with other critical care leaders of the world to help guide future developments in PNG.

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Thomason, Jane A., and Riitta-Liisa Kolehmainen-Aitken. "Distribution and performance of rural health workers in Papua New Guinea." Social Science & Medicine 32, no. 2 (January 1991): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90056-i.

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Sebastian, Miguel San, and Isabel Goicolea. "Case Management Quality Assessment in Rural Areas of Papua New Guinea." Tropical Doctor 26, no. 4 (October 1996): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559602600440.

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Warner, J. M., D. B. Pelowa, B. J. Currie, and R. G. Hirst. "Melioidosis in a rural community of Western Province, Papua New Guinea." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, no. 8 (August 2007): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.024.

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Agyei, William K. A. "Estimates of fertility and infant and child mortality for Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea: a comparative analysis." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 2 (April 1987): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016734.

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SummaryData collected on fertility, mortality and family planning in two surveys in Papua New Guinea are presented. The first survey was conducted in rural and urban areas between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea, and the second between late June and early July 1981 in the Lae urban area. The unadjusted total fertility rates suggest that fertility is lower in the Lae urban area than in the rural and provincial urban areas. However, the adjusted rates indicate that fertility is higher in the provincial urban areas than in the rural and Lae urban areas. The results also confirm a trend towards lower infant and child mortality over the past 15 years, as well as the existence of moderate differentials between rural, provincial urban and the Lae urban areas.

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van Beekhuizen, Heleen J. "Tuberculosis Score Chart in Children in Aitape, Papua New Guinea." Tropical Doctor 28, no. 3 (July 1998): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559802800310.

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The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children is difficult, especially in developing countries with limited resources. In this retrospective review, we analyse the tuberculosis score chart (TSC) developed by Dr Keith Edwards. At the Raihu Health Centre, a rural hospital in Papua New Guinea, we analysed the diagnostic pathways to establish the diagnosis of TB and the use of the TSC during 1994 and 1995 and give a description of this TSC, as well as the data of 301 children in which the diagnosis of TB was likely.

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Thomason, Jane, and Keith Edwards. "Using indicators to assess quality of hospital services in Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 6, no. 4 (October 1991): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740060406.

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Kelly-Hanku, Angela, Jamee Newland, Peter Aggleton, Sophie Ase, Voletta Fiya, Herick Aeno, Lisa M. Vallely, Glen DL Mola, John M. Kaldor, and Andrew J. Vallely. "Health communication messaging about HPV vaccine in Papua New Guinea." Health Education Journal 78, no. 8 (June 24, 2019): 946–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896919856657.

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Objective:The type of health education messages that communities and individuals seek to have communicated about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is important if vaccine programmes are to succeed, especially in settings such as Papua New Guinea (PNG), which have a high burden of cervical cancer, low health literacy and negative experiences of earlier vaccination programmes. This study sought to identify the health education messages that are viewed as most appropriate in such a context.Methodology:A qualitative study using gender-specific focus group discussions ( N = 21) and semi-structured interviews ( N = 82) was undertaken in three sites in PNG. Sites included both rural and urban locations in Milne Bay, Eastern Highlands and Western Highlands Provinces.Results:Two divergent discourses emerged. One group of participants, largely young people, felt communication messages should stress that HPV is a preventable sexually transmitted infection, which can cause cervical cancer. The other group, mainly members of the older population, believed that messaging should focus on the vaccine as a prevention strategy for cervical cancer. A small minority wanted both aspects of the vaccine discussed.Conclusion:Sensitivity needs to be taken when engaging with communities which have negative experiences of earlier infant immunisation programmes. Ensuring that the health communication needs and priorities of different sections of the populations are taken into account is key to the successful introduction and roll-out of HPV vaccination in this setting.

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UMEZAKI, MASAHIRO, TARO YAMAUCHI, and RYUTARO OHTSUKA. "TIME ALLOCATION TO SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES AMONG THE HULI IN RURAL AND URBAN PAPUA NEW GUINEA." Journal of Biosocial Science 34, no. 1 (January 2002): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932002001335.

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Time spent on subsistence activities was compared between rural sedentes and urban migrants of the Huli population in Papua New Guinea. Person-day observation data were collected for rural sedentes (441) in the Tari basin and for urban migrants in Port Moresby (175). The time spent on subsistence activities by males was longer in the urban area than in rural areas, while that by females was similar in both areas. Conspicuous gender inequality with respect to labour hours in rural areas seems to diminish when people move to urban areas, reflecting the different subsistence regime between rural and urban environments.

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Garner, P., and J. Thomason. "Setting Standards for Primary Health Services." Tropical Doctor 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559302300403.

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Primary health service coverage has increased in many developing countries over the last 10 years. The number of components included in the basic package has also expanded. This has led in some countries to primary health workers becoming overloaded with responsibilities. To maintain high quality care, primary health workers not only need appropriate training, but clear performance guidelines, as well as essential resources and supportive supervision. We report on the establishment of standards for primary health services by the Ministry of Health in Papua New Guinea (PNG).

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Welsch, Robert. "Primary Health Care and Local Self Determination: Policy Implications from Rural Papua New Guinea." Human Organization 45, no. 2 (June 1986): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.45.2.8361813002m74156.

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Polume-Kiele, Hitelai. "The governance of natural resources: Issues affecting better management of revenues and distribution of benefits within Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2014.3850.

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Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources, including minerals, oil, gas, timber and fish, and cash crops such as coffee, palm oil, cocoa, copra, rubber, tea and spices which contribute significantly to Papua New Guinea’s overall development. Several mining, oil and gas companies are currently operating in Porgera, Ok Tedi, Lihir, Hidden Valley, Sinivit, Simberi, Tolukuma, Kutubu and Gobe. The operations of these companies have generated an estimated K13.42 billion to Papua New Guinea’s economy. Landowners affected by these developments also receive royalties from those operations. However this wealth has not been translated into tangible human development across the country, as shown in persistently poorly performing social indicators. Instead income from the exploitation of natural resources is being used in unplanned projects and not focused on the delivery of core social functions, such as the provision of a stable and non-distorting policy aimed at building and sustaining the development of a modern market, and legislative and regulatory frameworks, social services, social security and social infrastructure which would lead to the improvement in the delivery of essential services to all Papua New Guineans. There is widespread evidence of benefits not being distributed to all landowners. Landowners are yet to fulfil their aspirations regarding these developments and to see improvements in their living standards. This paper discusses two case studies: the Porgera and Lihir mines, outlining the landowners associations’ experiences, which illustrate issues of governance and management of the distribution of benefit flows from the exploitation of Papua New Guinea’s natural resource wealth.The focus of the article’s discussion is on governance and management issues that affect the distribution of benefits, delivery of essential services to rural areas of PNG, stability within government, and the expectations of landowners.

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Wandi, F. "Long-term Outcome for Children with Bacterial Meningitis in Rural Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmh075.

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Hinton, Rachael, and Jaya Earnest. "Assessing women's understandings of health in rural Papua New Guinea: Implications for health policy and practice." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 52, no. 2 (August 2011): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2011.01449.x.

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Abdad, Mohammad Yazid, Kevin Soli, Bang Pham, Grace Bande, Tobias Maure, Marinjo Jonduo, Debbie Kisa, et al. "Diarrhoeal disease surveillance in Papua New Guinea: findings and challenges." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2018.9.2.006.

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Diarrhoeal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western Pacific Region. However, data on the major causes of infectious diarrhoea are limited in many countries within the Region, including Papua New Guinea. In 2013–2014, we conducted surveillance for acute diarrhoeal illness in four provinces in Papua New Guinea. One rural health clinic from each province participated in the surveillance activity. Samples were sent to central laboratories and batch analysed for bacterial and viral gastrointestinal pathogens that are commonly associated with diarrhoea. Across the four sites, the most commonly detected pathogens were Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and rotavirus. In this paper, we report the results of the surveillance activity and the challenges that we faced. The lessons learnt may be applicable to other parts of the Region with a similar socioeconomic status.

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Umo, I., M. Kulai, and R. J. Commons. "Factors associated with loss to follow-up among TB patients in rural Papua New Guinea." Public Health Action 11, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.21.0054.

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BACKGROUND: Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a lower middle-income country that has struggled to contain TB. The loss of patients to follow-up is a major contributing factor towards the high disease burden.OBJECTIVE: To describe persons with drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) registered for treatment at the Gaubin Rural Hospital (GRH) on Karkar Island, Madang Province, PNG, and to investigate factors associated with patient loss to follow-up (LTFU).DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from GRH DS-TB registers. Factors associated with LTFU were investigated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression.RESULTS: A total of 722 patients were registered for DS-TB treatment and eligible for inclusion between 1 January 2014 and 30 June 2018, of whom 97 (13.4%) were lost to follow-up. Male sex was associated with an increased odds of LTFU (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.0; P = 0.005), as was travel time to GRH >3 h (aOR 3.7, 95%, CI 2.2–6.3; P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: A high LTFU rate has been identified in patients with TB in PNG. This study found male sex and increased travel time from treatment location to be associated with unsuccessful treatment adherence, highlighting the need for further interventions to improve adherence.

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Smith, Helen, Jessica R. Botfield, Marce Soares, Robert Hagoma, Yan Cheng, and Kevin McGeechan. "Working towards gender equality in rural Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea: community health survey." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2019.914.

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The centrality of gender equality for sustainable human development is well recognised and reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), however in many countries in the Pacific region gender inequality is widespread. Working with men and boys presents an important opportunity to address gender inequality. A ‘Men’s Health Project’ was implemented in rural districts in Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 2014-17, which aimed to promote gender equality and improve sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health outcomes by actively engaging men. Community surveys were undertaken in each community before and after project implementation to enable a greater understanding of men’s knowledge and attitudes at these different time points. This paper reports findings from the more recent surveys with 400 men in Timor-Leste in 2016 and 243 men in PNG in 2017, in order to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the situation in these rural communities at this time. In both countries, the vast majority of men reported that the husband makes the major decisions in the household (80% in Timor-Leste and 84% in PNG). In Timor-Leste, 5% of respondents felt it was okay for a husband to beat his wife, with 13% reporting this in PNG. Findings suggest that meeting SDGs 3 and 5 will require ongoing and concerted efforts in Timor-Leste and PNG.

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Biddulph, John. "The Role and Training of Hospital Paediatric Nurses in Papua New Guinea." Paediatrica Indonesiana 16, no. 1-2 (September 12, 2019): 21–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi16.1-2.1976.21-6.

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Demands for health services are increasing in all countries of the world. Both affluent and less affluent countries are starting to realise to the importance of nurse practitioners to enable comprehensive health services to be made available to more people at cheaper cost. The training programme for hospital paediatric nurses in Papua New Guinea has been designed to allow them to carry out effectively their future role of taking responsibility for the screening, diagnosis and initial treatment of sick children pending the availability of a doctor. The nurses receive practical on the job training by rotating through specific areas during the one year post basic course in paediatric nursing. The areas are acute paediatric ward, gastroenteritis ward, special care nursery, paediatric outpatients, nutrition rehabilitation unit and MCH clinics. The nurses learn to diagnose the common acute paediatric illnesses. They learn standardised management regimens for each of these common childhood illnesses. They also learn how to carry out the practical procedures required to allow them to diagnose and treat these illnesses, and become skilled in doing such procedures as lumbar punctures and intravenous rehydration.

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Chae, Young Moon, William C. Newbrander, and Jane A. Thomason. "Application of goal programming to improve resource allocation for health services in Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 4, no. 2 (April 1989): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740040203.

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Elia, Clerah R., and Sue Devine. "Barriers and enablers for cervical cancer screening in the Pacific: A systematic review of the literature." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 7 (August 20, 2018): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2018.905.

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Background: Globally cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women and in some low-income countries is the most common cancer in women. Papua New Guinea has a particularly concerning incidence of cervical cancer where it ranks first as the leading cause of cancer in females. Screening is a reliable strategy to detect cervical cancer but implementation of screening in Papua New Guinea is poor. The aim of this review is to identify the enablers and barriers for cervical cancer screening in Papua New Guinea. Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using electronic databases; PubMed, Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2007 and 2017 that focused on the enablers and barriers to cervical cancer screening were included. Only one study from Papua New Guinea was identified so the search was extended to include other Pacific Island Countries and Low-Income Countries more broadly. Findings: Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. The main barriers for cervical cancer screening included a lack of women’s knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, a lack of health facilities for screening, diagnosis and treatment, lack of health care worker knowledge and training, cultural beliefs and financial burdens. The main enablers included women having access to education programs, availability of cervical cancer screening services, female friendly environments and health care workers being trained to undertake screening. Conclusions: While the literature highlighted the importance of cervical cancer screening, a range of barriers limits the delivery of this service in low-income country settings. In particular, there is a gap in the knowledge of barriers and enablers within Papua New Guinea and further research in this country is required. Applying the knowledge learned from other low-income countries and gaining a clearer understanding of both the barriers and enablers for cervical cancer screening in the Papua New Guinea context may lead to clear recommendations to improve implementation and uptake of cervical cancer screening.

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Norgan, N. G. "Changes in patterns of growth and nutritional anthropometry in two rural modernizing Papua New Guinea communities." Annals of Human Biology 22, no. 6 (January 1995): 491–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014469500004162.

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Marme, Gigil, Peta-Anne Zimmerman, Neil Harris, and Shannon Rutherford. "122. Implementation of national tuberculosis infection prevention and control guidelines in rural hospitals, Papua New Guinea." Infection, Disease & Health 27 (November 2022): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2022.09.049.

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Au, Nicole, Bruce Hollingsworth, and Jean Spinks. "Measuring the Efficiency of Health Services in Lower-income Countries: The Case of Papua New Guinea." Development Policy Review 32, no. 2 (February 3, 2014): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12054.

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Spear, Sherilynn F., Ellen Vor Der Bruegge, Charles B. Hamilton, and Stewart N. Blumenfeld. "Strategies to plan and assess alternative programs to train rural-based health workers in Papua New Guinea." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 1988): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0121(88)90031-6.

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Korada, Nicholas, Tingneyuc Sekac, Sujoy Kumar Jana, and Dilip Kumar Pal. "Delineating Drought Risk Areas Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems– A Case Study of Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 10 (October 28, 2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.10.937.

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In the highlands of Papua New Guinea, rain-fed subsistence farming has been the main source of food and small cash earnings for the majority of the rural population. Consequently, as a result of elongated period of drought, reduction in food and water supply bring forth starvation / malnutrition led sickness and death, especially when authorities fail to intervene because inaccessibility and remoteness of the highly dissected terrain, as a result relief and basic services don’t reach the hungry mouth on time. Such conditions were reported recently in many parts of Papua New Guinea especially prevalent in coastal regions and uplands of the highlands region. In this study, GIS and Remote Sensing (RS) technology were employed in highlighting and demarcating potential drought risk zones in Western Highlands Province. Basically, several environmental factors like; soil types, NDVI, rainfall, terrain, population demography and surface temperature were prepared and integrated in GIS environment through multi-criteria evaluation techniques where risk areas were identified. The final output generated from factors integration were then assessed and reclassified to indicate levels of drought risk zones from Low, Medium and High. Hence, several built-up areas where then marked on each risk zones in an attempt to highlight the location, distribution and accessibility in respect to the risk areas identified.

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Korada, Nicholas, Tingneyuc Sekac, Sujoy Kumar Jana, and Dilip Kumar Pal. "Delineating Drought Risk Areas Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems– A Case Study of Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 10 (October 28, 2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.10.937.

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In the highlands of Papua New Guinea, rain-fed subsistence farming has been the main source of food and small cash earnings for the majority of the rural population. Consequently, as a result of elongated period of drought, reduction in food and water supply bring forth starvation / malnutrition led sickness and death, especially when authorities fail to intervene because inaccessibility and remoteness of the highly dissected terrain, as a result relief and basic services don’t reach the hungry mouth on time. Such conditions were reported recently in many parts of Papua New Guinea especially prevalent in coastal regions and uplands of the highlands region. In this study, GIS and Remote Sensing (RS) technology were employed in highlighting and demarcating potential drought risk zones in Western Highlands Province. Basically, several environmental factors like; soil types, NDVI, rainfall, terrain, population demography and surface temperature were prepared and integrated in GIS environment through multi-criteria evaluation techniques where risk areas were identified. The final output generated from factors integration were then assessed and reclassified to indicate levels of drought risk zones from Low, Medium and High. Hence, several built-up areas where then marked on each risk zones in an attempt to highlight the location, distribution and accessibility in respect to the risk areas identified.

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Hocking, Jane S., Cathy Vaughan, Andrew Lau, Dorothy A. Machalek, and Simon Graham. "Reducing the burden of sexually transmissible infections in Papua New Guinea requires strengthening of clinical services and engaging men." Sexual Health 13, no. 5 (2016): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16058.

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In this edition of Sexual Health, Vallely et al. report the results of a cross-sectional prevalence survey of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) among women attending their first antenatal visit in three provinces of Papua New Guinea (PNG). This Editorial examines potential reasons for these high prevalence estimates and discusses strategies for addressing high STIs rates in PNG.

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Tracer, David. "Reproductive and socio-economic correlates of maternal haemoglobin levels in a rural area of Papua New Guinea." Tropical Medicine & International Health 2, no. 6 (June 1997): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-327.x.

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Kelly-Hanku, A., H. Aeno, L. Wilson, R. Eves, A. Mek, R. Nake Trumb, M. Whittaker, L. Fitzgerald, J. M. Kaldor, and A. Vallely. "Transgressive women don’t deserve protection: young men’s narratives of sexual violence against women in rural Papua New Guinea." Culture, Health & Sexuality 18, no. 11 (June 2, 2016): 1207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1182216.

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Trevett, A. J., D. G. Lalloo, N. Nwokolo, I. H. Kevau, and D. A. Warrell. "Analysis of referral letters to assess the management of poisonous snake bite in rural Papua New Guinea." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, no. 5 (September 1994): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90168-6.

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Burnett, Anthea, Mitasha Yu, Prakash Paudel, Thomas Naduvilath, Tim R. Fricke, Yvonne Hani, and Jambi Garap. "Perceptions of Eye Health and Eye Health Services among Adults Attending Outreach Eye Care Clinics in Papua New Guinea." Ophthalmic Epidemiology 22, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09286586.2015.1057604.

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Hill, Genia, Rachel Friedman, and Paul Dargusch. "Food Systems Development: The Necessary Paradigm Shift for a Healthy and Sustainable Agrarian Transition, a Case Study from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084651.

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Classical agricultural development paradigms prioritise basic requirements such as agronomic, caloric and economic needs for the target environment and for beneficiaries. As challenges associated with climate change, globalisation, and population growth compound and amplify one another, project scope must be broadened to take a holistic food systems approach that includes sociocultural and historical contexts, as well as climate impacts as underpinning project design. In this paper, we illustrate the importance of adopting a food systems development paradigm rather than a classical agricultural development paradigm through a case study in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The case uses Rich Picturing, targeted and focus-group interviews, and garden visits in remote Bougainville; it provides a poignant illustration of the importance of this more holistic perspective given the historical inefficacy of food systems development, as well as Papua New Guinea’s exposure to a plethora of compounding environmental, social, economic, and political stresses and shocks that demonstrate the important linkages between ecosystem services and health. The study aims to demonstrate how including localised gender dynamics, climate vulnerability, rapidly morphing social norms, and climate analogue environments is critical in building food systems resilience and is key to designing policies, programs, and development projects that more effectively address environmental, sociocultural, and health considerations. Building on the inadequacies in agricultural development efforts previously documented for Papua New Guinea, we propose an improved framing for food systems development and identify areas for future research.

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Owusu-Afriyie, Bismark, Isabelle Baimur, Theresa Gende, and Thomas Baia. "Prevalence of Risk Factors of Retinal Diseases among Patients in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6120908.

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Purpose. To explore the prevalence of risk factors of retinal diseases among patients seeking services from Madang Provincial Hospital Eye Clinic in Papua New Guinea. Materials and Methods. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at the only eye clinic serving the entire Madang province of Papua New Guinea. Purposive sampling was used to obtain data from patients’ record cards at the eye clinic from January to June 2021. The data collected included gender, age, presenting visual acuity, blood pressure, blood sugar level, body mass index, smoking habits, and history of cataract surgery. The data was analyzed using the International Business Machines Corporation’s Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. A p -value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) patients went through diabetes and hypertension screening during the period of the study (January to June 2021). The mean age of the patients was 53.14 ± 11.20 years and there were more males (56.86%) than females. Nearly half of the patients (43.6%) were either visually impaired or blind. More than half (52.6%) had diabetes mellitus. Majority of the patients (73.3%) were hypertensive and more than half (57.0%) of the patients had unhealthy body mass index (BMI <18.525 kg/m2 or > 25 kg/m2). Overweight was significantly associated with hypertension ( p < 0.001 ) and diabetes mellitus ( p < 0.001 ). A few of them were smokers or had a history of cataract surgery (13.7% and 2.0%, respectively). Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight among ophthalmic patients in Madang. It is important that measures are put in place to eliminate barriers to health care and to strengthen eye care services in Papua New Guinea.

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