Academic literature on the topic 'Rural health Hungary'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rural health Hungary"
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Paulik, E., F. Boka, A. Kertesz, S. Balogh, and L. Nagymajtenyi. "Determinants of health-promoting lifestyle behaviour in the rural areas of Hungary." Health Promotion International 25, no. 3 (April 22, 2010): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daq025.
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Nagy, Zsuzsanna. "The strengthen of the second pillar in the European Union and Hungary." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 20 (May 23, 2006): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/20/3160.
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The Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) took shape in the early 1960s. At that time the first action was to stop food shortages. Among the objectives of the Treaties of Rome appeared the subvention of rural development had not yet.Rural development appeared, in 1992, in connection with accompanying measures, and by end of decade, the European Agricultural Model had taken shape. Agenda 2000 pointed out the direction of rural development and introduced the first and second pillars in the CAP. The regulations of rural development were simplified by 1257/1999/EC, which stressed the importance of rural development to and it has to continue the principle of subsidiarity and has to be decentralized.The last enlargement raised new problems, the mid-term review of Agenda 2000 occurred and resulted in a new CAP-reform in 2003. The 1783/2003/EC rural development regulation modified the previous regulation. According to the new regulation it is necessary to strengthen the new rural development policy, enlarge the circles of accompanying measures, place greater emphasis on requirements of environment, human resource, animal welfare and plant health. Digression and modulation take part in the new CAP-reform in order to increase the role of rural development in the common budget.In the next budget from 2007-2013, the European Union wants to create a single rural development fund and simplify programming, financing, monitoring. The EU wants to enlarge the instruments of rural development with a four axis model.
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Benmazouz, Isma, László Kövér, and Gábor Kardos. "Does the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) harbour vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Hungary?" Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/11523.
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Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are high priority nosocomial bacteria with a potential for zoonotic transmission. Thus, its emergence outside health establishments is a major concern. In order to study the prevalence of VRE in wildlife, we collected 221 faecal samples from free-ranging Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) from urban and rural habitats in Hungary, from March to August 2020. The screening for resistant enterococci was done using bile esculin azide (BEA) agar supplemented with Vancomycin, specific to the screening of VRE. None of the samples from either habitat types yielded VRE. It seems that Hooded Crows from Hungary do not necessarily constitute a reservoir of VREs at present. Nonetheless, a continuous surveillance of VRE in wildlife would be judicious.
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Madai, Hajnalka, András Nábrádi, and Miklós Lapis. "Sheep production in Hungary – is it a sustainable sector?" Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 3, no. 5-6 (December 30, 2009): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2009/5-6/18.
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The question of sustainability of agricultural production especially animal production and events leading to its development can be dated back to the second part of the last century. Sustainability is a priority subject matter as it is a core element in our existence and in the survival of the forthcoming generations. The notion of sustainability comprises three aspects: ecological, social and political and economic target systems, which by now have been supplemented with cultural and regional elements including the protection of environment, local traditions, scale of values, cultural and historical heritage. The principles of sustainable development also include the improvement of human and animal health and the maintenance of vital rural communities. The priority notion of sustainability of agricultural production refers also to animal husbandry and especially sheep production. Sheep have contributed substantially to the grassland-based agricultural production in Hungary for centuries. Sheep sector is important in rural areas as the tool of sustainability of animal production. It should also be highlighted that contrary to numerous efforts, the globally difficult process of sustainable development poses almost unsolvable problems for implementers even on local and regional levels. This paper will review briefly the levels of sustainability in the Hungarian animal production with a special regard to sheep production and their content and then points out the most significant economic issues by the application of “SWOT” – analysis, “problem tree’and “structure of objectives” methods, on the grounds of the received findings.
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Csák, Róbert, Judit Szécsi, Sziliva Kassai, Ferenc Márványkövi, and József Rácz. "New psychoactive substance use as a survival strategy in rural marginalised communities in Hungary." International Journal of Drug Policy 85 (November 2020): 102639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102639.
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Vári, Vince. "Crimes related to new psychoactive substances in rural segregates of Miskolc in Hungary." Belügyi Szemle 70, no. 2. ksz. (August 24, 2022): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz.spec.2022.2.3.
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Aim: The article examines the relationship between new psychoactive drugs and segregation in one city (Miskolc), showing the mechanism of its effects. The study indicates that deprived social milieu, poverty, and hopelessness are excellent breeding grounds for this new form of drug crime by structuring drug crime into a crime involving new psychoactive substances (NPS), affordable for the poorer classes, and classic drugs.Methodology: Given the purpose of the research, the study was based primarily on literature and historical data, a review of legal sources, and an analysis of police headquarters case statistics and CSO data. The regulatory efforts of urban decision-makers to address the problem have also been analyzed. With regard to the purpose of the research, the study was based primarily on literature and historical data, a review of legal sources, and analysis of police headquarters case statistics and CSO data. The regulatory efforts made by city policymakers to address the problem were also analyzed.Findings: New psychoactive drugs target slums, thus structuring the drug market. The poor have easy access to NPS, while the wealthier classes turn to classic drugs (cocaine, MDMA, etc.). The presence of NPS in a given area alters the crime trend and perpetuates underdevelopment. In the long term, it slows down improvement. Law enforcement and judicial instruments are not sufficient to address and reduce it. In addition, the law threatens to lower penalties for dealing in NPS so that even the risk premium is not built into the price of such substances, ensuring easy access for the impoverished. Meanwhile, such chemicals' health and social dangers are at least if not higher than those of traditional drugs.Value: The results may be helpful for city policymakers, crime prevention professionals, and police management. The study has the potential to inform the broader scientific community about the complex dangers of NPS. The study can be an essential starting point for further research into new phenomena of drug crime and the extent of health and social harm associated with new psychoactive substances. As well as to develop new methods and criminological recommendations for law enforcement.
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Vitt, Ronja, Ágnes Gulyás, and Andreas Matzarakis. "Temporal Differences of Urban-Rural Human Biometeorological Factors for Planning and Tourism in Szeged, Hungary." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/987576.
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Heat load and cold stress can provoke annoyance and even health issues. These climatic situations should be avoided by tourists and locals to prevent negative experiences. Thermal comfort indices are required, as they combine meteorological and thermophysiological parameters. The Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) is easy to understand and interpret also for nonexperts like tourists or decision-makers. The Hungarian Meteorological Service and the University of Szeged run an urban and a rural weather station close to Szeged, which build the basis for the human biometeorological analysis for a twelve-year period between 2000 and 2011. The maximum, mean, and minimum air temperature of both stations were compared to detect the differences of thermal dynamics. Heat and cold stress are quantified by analyzing the PET frequencies at 14 CET. The air temperature of urban areas is on average 1.0°C warmer than rural areas (11.4°C). Heat stress is more frequent in urbanized areas (6.3%) during summer months at 14 CET, while thermal acceptance is more frequent for surrounding rural areas (5.9%) in the same period. The Climate-Tourism/Transfer-Information-Scheme is a possibility to present the meteorological and human biometeorological data which is interesting for decision-making and tourism in a well-arranged way.
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Lazányi, János. "Adaptations to potential impacts of climate change in the “New Hungary” Rural Development Programme." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 3, no. 5-6 (December 30, 2009): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2009/5-6/25.
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There are evidences that the climate is changing and the effects on agriculture and wildlife are discernible. Spring is occurring earlier and autumn later, all of which have impacts on agriculture and forestry. Climate change is also predicted to result in more frequent droughts, increased flooding in Hungary, but the relationship between agriculture and climate change is more complex. Climate change has physical effects on farming and farm based wildlife. Agriculture needs to adapt to climate change by exploring, which crops and farming systems are best adapted to the changed conditions. Land management also needs to adapt to preserve biodiversity by protecting valuable habitats and species and helping them in the changing environment. With better management, agriculture and forestry can also mitigate climate change by reducing direct greenhouse gas emissions from land use, land use change and forestry, by producing crops as a source of renewable energy and by protecting carbon stored in soils and in manure. The HRDP comprises of a series of funding based on the following overarching priorities: (i) enhance the environment and countryside, (ii) making agriculture and forestry more competitive and sustainable, (iii) enhancing opportunity in rural areas, whether in the farming sector or the broader rural economy. Actions discussed in this paper are based on the New Hungary Rural Development Programme (2007–2013) and focused on reducing the effects of climate change in rural area. Establishment of agro-forestry systems and integrated pest management help mitigation goals and increase climate change adaptation potential. Minimizing unwanted side effects of agriculture by reducing the use of fertilizer and increasing the safety for environment (soil, water, and air) and human health have positive effects on adaptation potential. Restoration of agricultural production though diversification of agriculture and pastures management, improvement in drain age and irrigation equipment are good examples of adaptation for climate change. Integrated production, which is oriented to controlled cultivation of crops, vine, fruits and vegetables, and improvement of animal rearing conditions to increase production standards and overall welfare are preferred and ecologically sound methods of adaptation.
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Lurie, S. G. "Global Health Equity and Advocacy: The roles of international Non-Governmental Organizations." Health, Culture and Society 2, no. 1 (April 18, 2012): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2012.41.
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International health equity and community empowerment are promoted through local and global collaborations with non-governmental organizations (NGO’s). Civil society organizations and inter-agency partnerships assume central roles in addressing global health inequity, within the context of national health and social systems, local realities and priorities. Community health promotion through public-private collaboration by NGO’s on health needs assessments and fund-raising is designed to increase support for local programs in the United States. This paper compares health promotion and advocacy roles of an international non-governmental organization in global and local arenas, based on community case studies by the author in rural Hungary and North Texas from 2009 to 2011, using ethnographic and qualitative research methods. Findings confirm the need for systematic evaluation of the effects of complex socioeconomic, political and multi-ethnic contexts, and the impacts of prevention programs and healthcare on health equity.
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Molnár, Vanda Éva, Dávid Tőzsér, Szilárd Szabó, Béla Tóthmérész, and Edina Simon. "Use of Leaves as Bioindicator to Assess Air Pollution Based on Composite Proxy Measure (APTI), Dust Amount and Elemental Concentration of Metals." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121743.
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Monitoring air pollution and environmental health are crucial to ensure viable cities. We assessed the usefulness of the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) as a composite index of environmental health. Fine and coarse dust amount and elemental concentrations of Celtis occidentalis and Tilia × europaea leaves were measured in June and September at three sampling sites (urban, industrial, and rural) in Debrecen city (Hungary) to assess the usefulness of APTI. The correlation between APTI values and dust amount and elemental concentrations was also studied. Fine dust, total chlorophyll, and elemental concentrations were the most sensitive indicators of pollution. Based on the high chlorophyll and low elemental concentration of tree leaves, the rural site was the least disturbed by anthropogenic activities, as expected. We demonstrated that fine and coarse dust amount and elemental concentrations of urban tree leaves are especially useful for urban air quality monitoring. Correlations between APTI and other measured parameters were also found. Both C. occidentalis and T. europaea were sensitive to air pollution based on their APTI values. Thus, the APTI of tree leaves is an especially useful proxy measure of air pollution, as well as environmental health.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural health Hungary"
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Cooper, Elizabeth Elliott. "Hunger of the Body, Hunger of the Mind: The Experience of Food Insecurity in Rural, Non-Peninsular Malaysia." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003260.
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Southerland, Jodi L., Taylor M. Dula, W. T. Dalton, Karen E. Schetzina, and Deborah L. Slawson. "The National School Lunch Program in Rural Appalachian Tennessee – or Why Implementation of the Healthy, Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010 was Met with Challenges: A Brief Report." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5115.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate challenges faced by high schools in rural Appalachia in implementing the Healthy, Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010 (HHFKA). Methodology: We used qualitative, secondary analysis to analyze a collection of thirteen focus groups and 22 interviews conducted in 2013-14 among parents, teachers, and high school students in six counties in rural Appalachian Tennessee (n=98). Results: Five basic themes were identified during the thematic analysis: poor food quality prior to implementation of the HHFKA school nutrition reforms; students’ preference for low-nutrient energy-dense foods; low acceptance of healthier options after implementation of the HHFKA school nutrition reforms; HHFKA school nutrition reforms not tailored to unique needs of under-resourced communities; and students opting out of the National School Lunch Program after implementation of the HHFKA school nutrition reforms. Rural communities face multiple and intersecting challenges in implementing the HHFKA school nutrition reforms. Conclusion: As a result, schools in rural Appalachia may be less likely to derive benefits from these reforms. The ability of rural schools to take advantage of school nutrition reforms to improve student health may depend largely on factors unique to each community or school.
Books on the topic "Rural health Hungary"
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations, and Nutrition. Hunger in rural America: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations, and Nutrition of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, May 17, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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Steel, Carolyn. Hungry city: How Food Shapes Our Lives. London: Chatto & Windus, 2008.
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Healthy food, farms & families: Hunger 2007, 17th annual report on the state of world hunger. Washington, DC: Bread for the World Institute, 2007.
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Narang, Harpreet Kaur. Food Insecurity in India's Agricultural Heartland. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866479.001.0001.
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Abstract Through its goal of ‘Zero Hunger’, the SDG 2 is committed to end hunger and malnutrition for all by 2030. India is a signatory to this commitment, and all the earlier international declarations on eradication of hunger and poverty. Yet, India is home to the world’s largest food insecure population and is rated as a country with ‘serious’ hunger levels Not even a single state in India is, in the ‘low hunger’ or ‘moderate hunger’ categories. The food abundant state of Punjab, which has been largely responsible for India’s self-sufficiency in food grains production also lies in the ‘serious’ category. Punjab not only makes an ideal case study for exploring the paradoxical issue of ‘Hunger amidst Plenty’, but also ideally represents the Indian economy. Being a primarily rural and agrarian economy, Punjab exhibits an exclusive and unsustainable growth process that has failed to trickle down and generate livelihood security to its masses leading to an agrarian and ecological crisis marked by soaring farmer’s indebtedness and suicides. By exploring the multidimensionality of the concept of food security, in Punjab, this book brings to fore a multiplicity of issues that affect food security, including education, health, employment, gender and caste-based discrimination, and environmental conditions such as health care, availability of safe drinking water and sanitation as well as nutrition practices and knowledge that promote absorption and improve health status.
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Cox, Mary Elisabeth. Hunger in War and Peace. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820116.001.0001.
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What is the impact of war on non-combatants, particularly women and children? In this innovative analysis of nutritional deprivation among ordinary German citizens during the First World War, Mary Elisabeth Cox finds that the effects of the war and the Allied interdiction of food supplies—which became known in Germany as the ‘Hungerblockade’—resulted in diminished heights and weights of children far from the battlefield. During the war, Germany defiantly proclaimed that their country could not be starved out. In a military sense, this was likely to be the case, and many modern historians argue persuasively that Germany lost on the battlefield. Yet modern analyses of height and weight records for hundreds of thousands of school children reveal a grim truth: even if Germany did not lose the war because of food insecurity, the war blockade resulted in hunger for millions of German infants. Desperately struggling to feed their families under the growing spectre of starvation, many mothers chose to sacrifice their own well-being for the benefit of their families. National and local policies within Germany often exasperated food insecurity. Modern analysis of anthropometric data now brings into question both long-held assumptions about the divide between rural and urban health, and legal and moral arguments in support of the blockade. Combined with contemporary letters, diaries, and news reports, these data provide an expanded picture of the levels of health and nutritional deprivation across society. This story of one of the most vicious wars in history is not devoid of compassion. Following the eventual lifting of the British blockade, the victorious powers and nations throughout the world sent millions of tons of food into Germany, relief which is mirrored in drawings and letters of gratitude from hundreds of German school children, and which can be seen as a surge of growth in height and weight measurements.
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Steel, Carolyn. Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives. Penguin Random House, 2013.
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Robins, Jonathan E. Oil Palm. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469662893.001.0001.
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Oil palms are ubiquitous-grown in nearly every tropical country, they supply the world with more edible fat than any other plant and play a role in scores of packaged products, from lipstick and soap to margarine and cookies. And as Jonathan E. Robins shows, sweeping social transformations carried the plant around the planet. First brought to the global stage in the holds of slave ships, palm oil became a quintessential commodity in the Industrial Revolution. Imperialists hungry for cheap fat subjugated Africa’s oil palm landscapes and the people who worked them. In the twentieth century, the World Bank promulgated oil palm agriculture as a panacea to rural development in Southeast Asia and across the tropics. As plantation companies tore into rainforests, evicting farmers in the name of progress, the oil palm continued its rise to dominance, sparking new controversies over trade, land and labor rights, human health, and the environment. By telling the story of the oil palm across multiple centuries and continents, Robins demonstrates how the fruits of an African palm tree became a key commodity in the story of global capitalism, beginning in the eras of slavery and imperialism, persisting through decolonization, and stretching to the present day.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. The End of Outrage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.001.0001.
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In 1856 Patrick McGlynn, a young schoolmaster in west Donegal, Ireland, turned informer on the Molly Maguires, a secret combination that, from the Great Famine of the late 1840s, had been responsible for a wave of violence and intimidation—offences that the state termed ‘outrage’. Here, a history of McGlynn’s informing, backlit by episodes over the previous two decades, sheds light on that wave of outrage, its origins and outcomes, the meaning and the memory of it. More specifically, it illuminates the end of outrage—the shifting objectives of those who engaged in it, and also how, after hunger faded and disease abated, tensions emerged in the Molly Maguires, when one element sought to curtail such activity, while another sought, unsuccessfully, to expand it. And in that contention, when the opportunities of post-Famine society were coming into view, one glimpses the end, or at least an ebbing, of outrage—in the everyday sense of moral indignation—at the fate of the rural poor. But, at heart, The End of Outrage is about contention among neighbours—a family that rose from the ashes of a mode of living, those consumed in the conflagration, and those who lost much but not all. Ultimately, the concern is how the poor themselves came to terms with their loss: how their own outrage at what had been done unto them and their forebears lost malignancy, and ended.
Book chapters on the topic "Rural health Hungary"
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Smith, Melanie, and Gabriela Corina Slusariuc. "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Generation Y Attitudes to Nature, Wellbeing and Rural Tourism." In Strategic Tools and Methods for Promoting Hospitality and Tourism Services, 159–78. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9761-4.ch009.
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This study focuses on questionnaire research which explores the attitudes and perceptions of Generation Y to nature-based activities. Case studies are given of Hungary and Romania, which are largely rural countries, but which have relatively low levels of health, wellbeing and happiness compared to the EU and OECD average. It is argued that new ways need to be found of developing a healthier, happier society, especially amongst the younger generations, such as increasing time spent in nature. More than 350 questionnaires were collected in a number of countries but the majority were from Hungary and Romania from students aged approximately 21-30. There were asked about their reasons for going to the countryside regularly (or not); their preferred activities and types of landscape, their perceptions of the health benefits of nature; and their intentions to spend more time in nature in the future, either as a resident or a tourist.
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Behera, Basanta Kumara, Ram Prasad, and Shyambhavee Behera. "Rural women’s health disparities, hunger, and poverty." In Healthcare Strategies and Planning for Social Inclusion and Development, 43–76. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90447-6.00006-0.
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Mukhala, Elijah. "Food and Agriculture Organization and Agricultural Droughts." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0044.
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The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations was founded in 1945 with a mandate to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to improve agricultural productivity, and to improve the condition of rural populations in the world. Today, FAO is the largest specialized agency in the United Nations system and is the lead agency for agriculture and rural development. FAO is composed of eight departments: Agriculture, Economic and Social, Fisheries, Forestry, Sustainable Development, Technical Cooperation, General Affairs, and Information and Administration and Finance. As an intergovernmental organization, FAO has 183 member countries plus one member organization, the European Union. Since its inception, FAO has worked to alleviate poverty and hunger by promoting agricultural development, improved nutrition, and the pursuit of food security—defined as the access of all people at all times to the food they need for an active and healthy life. Food production in the world has increased at an unprecedented rate since FAO was founded, outpacing the doubling of the world’s population over the same period. Since the early 1960s, the proportion of hungry people in the developing world has been reduced from more than 50% to less than 20%. Despite these progressive developments, more than 790 million people in the developing world— more than the total population of North America and Western Europe combined—still go hungry (FAO, 2004). FAO strives to reduce food insecurity in the world, especially in developing countries. In 1996, the World Food Summit convened by FAO in Rome adopted a plan of action aimed to reduce the number of the world’s hungry people in half by 2015. While the proper foundation of this goal lies, among others, in the increase of food production and ensuring access to food, there is also a need to monitor the current food supply and demand situation, so that timely interventions can be planned whenever the possibility of drought, famine, starvation, or malnutrition exists. With an imminent food crisis, actions need to be taken as early as possible because it takes time to mobilize resources, and logistic operations are often hampered by adverse natural or societal conditions, including war and civil strife.
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Conway, Gordon, Ousmane Badiane, and Katrin Glatzel. "Hunger and Malnutrition." In Food for All in Africa, 32–60. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501743887.003.0003.
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This chapter looks at the challenges presented by hunger and malnutrition. After all, despite significant advances, severe hunger and malnutrition are all too common. Hence, the chapter explains that detailed nutrition and food security surveys can provide valuable information on how to reduce vulnerability and food insecurity. Undoubtedly the most shocking statistic of all is the incidence of child malnutrition, often referred to as “hidden hunger,” which measures the lack of essential micronutrients. This complex challenge involves distinct disciplines and agencies, but in recent years there have been successes by experts in health, nutrition, and agriculture working together over the life of the child to intervene in various ways and at different stages in the child's life. At the same time, Africa is urbanizing rapidly. A steep surge in the growth of the African middle class has taken place, especially in the 2000s. The effect of such an increase is rising urban demand for more and better food, which provides opportunities to increase and diversify food production in rural areas, resulting in greater value capture and rising incomes for smallholder farmers.
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Imran, Muhammad, Shamsheer Ul Haq, and Orhan Ozcatalbas. "Role of Microcredit in Sustainable Rural Development." In Sustainable Rural Development [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102588.
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Around 1.7 billion adults have no access to transaction accounts in the world. The majority of those are poor and women in rural areas of two developing regions of the world (South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa). Rural areas of these regions are home to the poor and poverty, hunger, unemployment/underemployment is widespread phenomenon. Access to financial services is crucial for economic development. However, poor and smallholder have been neglected by traditional banks for a long time. Microcredit a development model to provide loans to the poor who have no, or little collateral emerged in Bangladesh and has been adopted in many countries of the world. In this chapter, microcredit as a solution to much of the problems of the rural areas has been discussed. Over time there has been a shift in objectives of rural development. Rural development nowadays is about an overall improvement of the human quality of life in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental, issues. Access to microcredit has a positive impact on three dimensions of sustainable rural development; social, economic, and environmental. Microcredit helps in the alleviation of poverty, employment, entrepreneurship, higher productivity from agriculture, women empowerment, gender equality, reduced rural outmigration, better health and education, green entrepreneurship, and adoption of modern technology/inputs in agriculture.
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Rankoana, Agnes Sejabaledi. "The Indigenous Roles of Women in Household Food Security in Limpopo Province." In Handbook of Research on Protecting and Managing Global Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 89–98. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7492-8.ch005.
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The chapter describes women's roles in home-gardening to ensure household food security in a rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Focus group discussions confirmed the women continue to produce indigenous crops as part of their cultural obligations to provide for household food security. This implies that the women are capable of maintaining the health and welfare of their households by ensuring food availability, accessibility, and utilization, which are important elements of food security. The study has implications for ending hunger and malnutrition as food is produced and preserved for future consumption. The food and preservation practices adopted by the women in the study could be incorporated into climate change mitigation and adaptation policies to address the challenge of poverty and malnutrition as per the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 2.
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McMichael, Anthony. "Climatic Choreography of Health and Disease." In Climate Change and the Health of Nations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190262952.003.0008.
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Ever Since Humans First looked to the skies for relief, the changing mood of the climate has been assumed to be beyond human control, other than through supplication, ceremony, and ritual sacrifice. In secular modern times, there has been little interest in studying climatic influences on patterns of disease and survival. After all, we can curb cigarette smoking, but we cannot change the climate. Or so we thought. Now, though, there is new interest in understanding how human- driven climate change affects human health, in the present and into the future. The risks to human health extend far beyond the well- known dangers from heat extremes, fires, floods, and mosquito proliferation, as signaled in Chapter 1. Changes in regional climates influence crop yields and livestock productivity and hence the occurrence of hunger, undernutrition, and stunted child development; they affect the ranges, seasonality, and rates of many infectious diseases. Heightened extremes of weather precipitate cholera outbreaks in impoverished crowded communities and, given the often destructive impacts of many events, can result in post- traumatic stress, long- term depression, and survivor guilt. The list goes on. There are both physical and mental health consequences of rural droughts and climate- exacerbated population displacement, migration, and resource conflicts. In the Canadian and Alaskan Arctic region, where 2°C warming has already occurred since 1950, the loss of coastal sea ice and permafrost is disrupting traditional Inuit hunting routines. Without access to prey species such as seals and caribou, physical activity levels have decreased and the population’s reliance on imported energy- dense processed foods has increased. Rising levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type II diabetes have been the result. As climate change tightens its grip in coming decades, an increasing portion of all adverse health impacts is likely to result from indirect effects such as reduced food yields, depleted freshwater supplies, and loss of the physical protection provided by reefs, mangroves, and forests. In the past, moderately warmer periods in particular regions, spanning several centuries, often enhanced crop yields and population growth.
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Kheirinejad, Shima, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, and Vijay P. Singh. "Food security from a water perspective." In Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities, 235–58. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0235.
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Abstract Access to enough food to eliminate hunger is a fundamental right of society. Lack of food is an obstacle to social, political, economic, and cultural development of society. Investment in agriculture, support of education, and health development in the community can lead to food security. Water is fundamental to agriculture and hence to food and nutritional security. Water is also vital for plants and livestock. Agriculture has the largest share of water consumption, accounting for about 70% of all freshwater earmarked for human use, and good quality water is needed for production of a wide variety of non-food products, such as cotton, rubber, and industrial oils. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirmed everyone's right to adequate food. However, accessing adequate food in rural areas in many developing countries depends on access to natural resources, including water. On 28 July 2010, the UN General Assembly declared access to clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right. Significant changes in policy and management across the entire agricultural production chain are necessary to ensure the best use of available water resources to meet the growing need for food and other agricultural products. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) works with countries around the world to improve food security. It has been assisting member states in cooperation with public and private financial institutions since 1964, and has implemented numerous programs to invest in agriculture and rural development. In recent years, emergency aid to meet the urgent needs of people in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) member states has been provided through these programs in times of crises, such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, and avian influenza.
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Dumas, J. Ann. "Gender ICT and Millennium Development Goals." In Information Communication Technologies, 504–11. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-949-6.ch035.
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Gender equality and information and communication technology are important in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in policy, planning, and practice. The 2000 Millennium Declaration of the United Nations (UN) formed an international agreement among member states to work toward the reduction of poverty and its effects by 2015 through eight Millennium Development Goals: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and the empowerment of women 4. Reduce child and maternal mortality 5. Improve maternal health care 6. Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria, and other major diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop global partnership for development Progress toward gender equality and the empowerment of women is one goal that is important to achieving the others. Poverty, hunger, illiteracy, environmental threats, HIV and AIDS, and other health threats disproportionately affect the lives of women and their dependent children. Gender-sensitive ICT applications to education, health care, and local economies have helped communities progress toward the MDGs. ICT applications facilitate rural health-care workers’ access to medical expertise through phones and the Internet. Teachers expand learning resources through the Internet and satellite services, providing a greater knowledge base for learners. Small entrepreneurs with ICT access and training move their local business into world markets. ICT diffusion into world communication systems has been pervasive. Even some of the poorest economies in Africa show the fastest cell-phone growth, though Internet access and landline numbers are still low (International Telecommunications Union [ITU], 2003b). ICT access or a lack of it impacts participation, voice, and decision making in local, regional, and international communities. ICTs impact the systems that move or inhibit MDG progress. UN secretary general Kofi Annan explained the role of the MDGs in global affairs: Millennium Development Goals are too important to fail. For the international political system, they are the fulcrum on which development policy is based. For the billion-plus people living in extreme poverty, they represent the means to a productive life. For everyone on Earth, they are a linchpin to the quest for a more secure and peaceful world. (UN, 2005, p. 28) Annan also stressed the critical need for partnerships to facilitate technology training to enable information exchange and analysis (UN, 2005). ICT facilitates sharing lessons of success and failure, and progress evaluation of work in all the MDG target areas. Targets and indicators measuring progress were selected for all the MDGs. Gender equality and women’s empowerment are critical to the achievement of each other goal. Inadequate access to the basic human needs of clean water, food, education, health services, and environmental sustainability and the support of global partnership impacts great numbers of women. Therefore, the targets and indicators for Goal 3 address females in education, employment, and political participation. Progress toward the Goal 3 target to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015, will be measured by the following indicators. • Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education • Ratio of literate females to males who are 15- to 24-year-olds • Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector • Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (World Bank, 2003) Education is positively related to improved maternal and infant health, economic empowerment, and political participation (United Nations Development Program [UNDP], 2004; World Bank, 2003). Education systems in developing countries are beginning to offer or seek ways to provide ICT training as a basic skill and knowledge base. Proactive policy for gender equality in ICT access has not always accompanied the unprecedented ICT growth trend. Many civil-society representatives to the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) argue for ICT access to be considered a basic human right (Girard & Ó Soichrú, 2004; UN, 1948). ICT capability is considered a basic skill for education curriculum at tertiary, secondary, and even primary levels in developed regions. In developing regions, ICT access and capability are more limited but are still tightly woven into economic communication systems. ICTs minimize time and geography barriers. Two thirds of the world’s poor and illiterate are women (World Bank, 2003). Infant and maternal health are in chronic crisis for poor women. Where poverty is highest, HIV and AIDS are the largest and fastest growing health threat. Ninety-five percent of people living with HIV and AIDS are in developing countries, partly because of poor dissemination of information and medical treatment. Women are more vulnerable to infection than men. Culturally reinforced sexual practices have led to higher rates of HIV infection for women. Gender equality and the empowerment of women, starting with education, can help fight the spread of HIV, AIDS, and other major diseases. ICT can enhance health education through schools (World Bank). Some ICT developers, practitioners, and distributors have identified ways to incorporate gender inclusiveness into their policies and practice for problem-solving ICT applications toward each MDG target area. Yet ICT research, development, education, training, applications, and businesses remain male-dominated fields, with only the lesser skilled and salaried ICT labor force approaching gender equality. Successful integration of gender equality and ICT development policy has contributed to MDG progress through several projects in the developing regions. Notable examples are the South-African-based SchoolNet Africa and Bangladesh-based Grameen Bank Village Pay Phone. Both projects benefit from international public-private partnerships. These and similar models suggest the value and importance of linking gender equality and empowerment with global partnership for development, particularly in ICT. This article reports on developing efforts to coordinate the achievement of the MDGs with policy, plans, and practice for gender equality beyond the universal educational target, and with the expansion of ICT access and participation for women and men. The article examines the background and trends of MDG 3, to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women, with particular consideration of MDG 8, to develop global partnership for development, in ICT access and participation.
Conference papers on the topic "Rural health Hungary"
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MAGYARI-SÁSKA, Zsolt, and Ștefan DOMBAY. ""Experimental Method to Assess the Looseness or Compactness in Climate Changing for Several Major Cities of Hungary."." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2022 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2022_12.
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In this paper we tried to study the values of radiant temperatures (Land Surface Temperature) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for areas occupied by buildings and green spaces. The area affected by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) was also determined. Study Area, Iasi, the largest city in eastern Romania, is geographically situated on latitude 47°12'N to 47°06'N and longitude 27°32'E to 27°40'E. LST is an estimate of ground temperature and is important to identify change in environment. An important parameter in global climate change is rapid urbanization which leads to an increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST). The urban heat island (UHI) represents the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban area or metropolitan area than in the surrounding rural zones due to urbanization. It also been found that night UHI is more powerful than day. At night the LST values for SUHI varies between 24.5°C-25.9°C, and during the day between 35°C-38.7°C. With the development of remote sensing technology, it has become an important approach to urban heat island research. MODIS and Landsat data were used to estimate the LST and NDVI. From the analysis of the images it can be seen that the temperatures in SUHI are lower where there are green spaces around the buildings, and temperatures are higher in the non-UHI area, where inside or around the green spaces there are surfaces built or covered with concrete. Statistical data show very average temperatures for areas affected by UHI, 37.8°C for daytime and 24.6°C for night.
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Varini, Claudio. "MARGINALIDAD Y RESILIENCIA DE COMUNIDADES EN RIESGO. Visibilidad y desobediencia como supuestos de una vivienda digna para los desplazados en Colombia." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10104.
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In Colombia, the phenomenon of forced displacement from the territory of origin by ethnic minorities and inhabitants of rural areas is macroscopic; pressure by armed and economic actors, abandonment by institutional entities induces them to find refuge in no man's land. In the anonymity and informality of the extreme margins of large cities, this vulnerable population builds a primary refuge and seeks life opportunities on land without infrastructure or public services (DANE, 2015; UN_Habitat, 2016; UNHCR, 2019).
In these slums there are precarious health conditions, low temperatures associated with cold winds, which generate different pathologies in their occupants. The settlement typology, based on terraces and vertical slopes, constitutes a further factor of seismic vulnerability and due to mass removal.
The Tocaimita Oriental settlement (2900 m.a.s.l.) shows a complex reality of lucid awareness and determination, of community cohesion where the aims of having a “decent” home underlie the legalization of the settlements and their individual and group recognition.
Forced displacement is necessary and always painful (Hannigan, O'Donnell, & O'Keeffe, 2016). In the last three decades, 36.2% of the Colombian population has left their identity territory for the largest cities in the country; in Bogotá alone there are approximately 1,393,140 people who live in the extreme urban periphery, in full illegality (UNHCR, 2017). The sad dream of this form of freedom implies leaving threats behind and satisfying needs that the very fact of staying alive demands (Shedlin, Decena, & Noboa H. & Betancourt, 2014). This is an extreme exercise of self-determination that entails abandonment, escape from conditions of hunger, pain, fear, need (Türk, 2017) in the face of death threats and extreme poverty (Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2015); the need to exist, the possibility of being able to decide in a constrained framework implies the loss of the social support base (Bobada, 2010), social, physical and economic vulnerability.
Resettlement represents a new beginning with the expectation of finding housing, employment, health, education, public services (Braubach, 2011) however, the displaced, left to themselves, in turn abandon institutional rules; count on their own means and found extremely precarious illegal settlements waiting for institutional responses. Bogotá is chosen as a destination because it presents multidimensional poverty levels that are clearly lower than the rest of the country (DANE, 2017) and provides greater opportunities even in informality. En Colombia es macroscópico el fenómeno del desplazamiento forzoso del territorio de origen por parte de minorías étnicas y habitantes de áreas rurales; presiones por actores armados y económicos, abandono por las entidades institucionales los induce a encontrar refugio en tierras de nadie. En el anonimato y la informalidad de los márgenes extremos de grandes ciudades, esta población vulnerada construye un refugio primario y busca oportunidades de vida en terrenos sin infraestructuras ni servicios públicos (DANE, 2015; UN_Habitat, 2016; UNHCR, 2019).
En estos tugurios se viven precarias condiciones de salud, bajas temperaturas asociadas a vientos fríos, lo que genera diferentes patologías en sus ocupantes. La tipología de asentamiento, a partir de terrazas y taludes verticales, constituye un ulterior factor de vulnerabilidad sísmica y por remoción de masa.
El asentamiento de Tocaimita Oriental (2900 m.s.n.m.) muestra una realidad compleja de lúcida consciencia y determinación, de cohesión comunitaria donde los fines de tener una vivienda “digna” subyacen a la legalización de los asentamientos y su reconocimiento individual y grupal.
El desplazamiento forzoso es necesario y siempre doloroso (Hannigan, O’Donnell, & O’Keeffe, 2016). En las tres últimas décadas el 36.2% de la población colombiana ha abandonado su territorio identitario hacia las mayores ciudades del país; en la sola Bogotá son aproximadamente 1.393.140 las personas que viven en la extrema periferia urbana, en plena ilegalidad (UNHCR, 2017). El sueño triste de esta forma de libertad implica dejar a sus espaldas amenazas y satisfacer necesidades que demanda el mismo hecho de mantenerse vivos (Shedlin, Decena, & Noboa H. y Betancourt, 2014). Es este un ejercicio extremo de libre determinación que conlleva el abandono, el escape de condiciones de hambre, dolor, miedo, necesidad (Türk, 2017) frente a amenazas de muerte y pobreza extrema (Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2015); la necesidad de existir, la posibilidad de poder decidir en un marco de constricción implica la pérdida de la base social de apoyo (Bobada, 2010), vulnerabilidad social, física y económica.
El reasentamiento representa un nuevo inicio con la expectativa de encontrar vivienda, empleo, salud, educación, servicios públicos (Braubach, 2011) sin embargo, los desplazados, abandonados a sí mismos, abandonan a su vez las reglas institucionales; contar en sus propios medios y fundan asentamientos ilegales extremadamente precarios esperando respuestas institucionales. Bogotá es elegida como destino por presentar niveles de pobreza multidimensional netamente inferiores al resto del país (DANE, 2017) y proporciona mayores oportunidades aun en la informalidad.
Reports on the topic "Rural health Hungary"
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Hungary. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrhu.2020.12.
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In Hungary, NEET Youth are faced with many problems: social exclusion; lack of opportunities (e.g., education, health, infrastructure, public transport, labour market conditions); low so-cio-economic status; and, a lack of relationships outside the enclosed settlements. In Hungary, the most frequent risk factors are: a socio-economically disadvantageous envi-ronment; low levels of education and schooling problems; lack of proper housing; financial problems; learning difficulties; dissatisfaction with the school; socio-emotional disorders; delinquency; health problems; homelessness; and, drug or alcohol abuse. NEET Youth are fa-cing with this multi-dimensional difficulties, regional disparities and a lack of proper services.The general employment statistics have been improving in Hungary since 2010. The emplo-yment rate of the 15-39-year-old population has increased from 53.0% to 62.5% between 2009 - 2019. The employment rate improved in every type of settlement/area. The improve-ment can be attributed to the community work in the marginalised regions micro-regions and settlements. The NEET rate shows a considerable improvement of nearly 40% between 2009 and 2019 in the urban environment for all age groups. A slight improvement can be detected in the towns and urban environment, which amounts to 25% for all age groups between 2009 and 2019. However special services and targeted programmes are required to make a diffe-rence for NEET Youth.