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1
Liu, Zhen Hua. "Status and Prospects of Rural Drinking Water in China." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.263.
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Safe drinking water in rural areas in china was worried about, and was very urgent.Table 2 shows that more than 320 million people living in rural areas drank unhealthy water in 2004, there were 90.84 million rural residents in 2004 drinking contaminated water in china. Contaminated water became the main reason of unsafe drinking water in rural areas,coming from industrial pollution and agricultural pollution. At the same time, emergency exacerbating crisis of rural drinking water, especially rising incidents of industrial pollution. china plans to provide safe drinking water for rural residents in rural areas, through financial investment and policy support, and improves rural safe drinking water system.
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Liu, Zhen Hua. "Discussion on Legislation of Rural Safe Drinking Water in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.556.
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There is a serious problem of rural unsafe drinking water in china,but only it is essential for legislation to solve comprehensively.Through the analysis of the legislative background, legislative basis and legislative framework system of rural safe drinking water,the paper explores some legislative issues.Water source contaminated by industrial pollutants, agricultural pollutants, domestic pollutants, is the biggest obstacle to rural drinking water safety.Rural safe drinking water legislation have sufficiently the constitutional basis and the basic law basis. Legislative framework system is composed of drinking water source protection,rural water supply planning,project financing,operation and management mechanisms,emergency warning system, pricing system, supervision system etc. Rural safe drinking water legislation will play a significant role in solving fundamentally the problem of rural safe drinking water.
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Liu, Zhen Hua. "Analysis of Problems of Unsafe Drinking Water in Rural Areas in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.706.
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In the process of solving rural drinking water safety,there are some problems need to attach great importance. Evaluation index system of rural drinking water safety includes water quality, quantity, convenience, and dependability. Figure 1 shows that Polluted water is the main reason of unsafe drinking water quality, 40.9% of unsafe drinking water quality, 28.8% of unsafe drinking water. Figure 2 shows that basically the discharge of waste water each year from 1998 to 2009 is increasing, the total discharge of waste water across China from 1997 to 2009 reached to 621.945 billion t. Table 2 shows that national industrial solid waste generation and utilization is increasing,but discharge decreasing, industrial solid waste, directly or indirectly polluted water environment, especially rural drinking water sources. The paper draws a conclusion that there are some problems of rural drinking water such as rural unsafe drinking water quality, lack of laws and regulations and effective management, serious rural water pollution.
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Liu, Zhen Hua. "Analysis of Legal System and Public Policy on Rural Water Source in China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4126.
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Source of water is the beginning of rural drinking water projects, safe water source is the key to rural drinking water safety. Status of rural drinking water source in china and laws and regulations on rural water conservation were analyzed. The population of centralized water supply accounts for 51% of the total population in rural areas in 2008, centralized water supply 49%. Groundwater source accounts for 57% of the population of centralized water supply projects in rural areas in 2008, surface water sources 43%. China has a relatively sound legal system of drinking water source, including basic law, general law, administrative regulations, local regulations.The paper draws a conclusion that sources of drinking water in rural areas is mainly groundwater, water conservation is short of specific laws and regulations and not suitable for rural area,it is necessary to improve laws and regulations on rural water conservation, government must assume responsibility for rural water conservation, especially financial investment and public policy support.
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Li, Wei. "Study of Rural Drinking Water Safety Engineering Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.558.
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In recent years, all levels of government take solving the problem of safe drinking water in rural areas as a major initiative to ensure peoples livelihood. In the process of construction and management of rural safe drinking water project, government, enterprises and users are playing their own roles. The article proposes solutions to the problems that exist in the rural drinking water safety projects, by analyzing the roles of government, enterprises and users, in the management of rural safe drinking water project. It has certain referential significance to the construction and management of rural safe drinking water project.
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Peterson, H., and M. Torchia. "Safe drinking water for rural Canadians." Canadian Medical Association Journal 179, no. 1 (June 12, 2008): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1080061.
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Li, Hongxing, Alasdair Cohen, Zheng Li, and Mengjie Zhang. "The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development on Rural Drinking Water Safety in China: A Provincial-Level Comparative Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010085.
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In China, achieving rural drinking water safety—meaning access to a safe, affordable, sufficient, and sustainable drinking water supply—remains a key challenge for government agencies and researchers. Using cross-sectional data at the provincial level, in this paper we examine the impacts of socioeconomic development on drinking water safety in rural China. Using a theoretical framework called Pressure-State-Response (PSR), existing data were organized into state and pressure indicators. Canonical Correlation Analysis was then used to analyze provincial-level relationships between the indicators. Significant drinking-water-safety-related differences were found across provinces. Our analyses suggest that, overall, China’s recent and rapid socioeconomic development yielded substantial benefits for China’s rural drinking water safety. However, this same development also negatively impacted rural drinking water safety via increased groundwater over-abstraction, reductions in water supply, and environmental contamination. The paper closes with a discussion of implications and options for improving drinking water policy, management, and regulation in rural China.
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Duarte-Vera, Alejandra Ester, Julien Vanhulst, and Eduardo Antonio Letelier-Araya. "Tensiones de la Gobernanza comunitaria de servicios sanitarios rurales en territorios periurbanos (Chile)." Revista Urbano 24, no. 44 (November 30, 2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07183607.2021.24.44.09.
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Unlike the private concession model applied in urban zones, rural water sanitation services in Chile are managed by rural drinking water (RDW) committees or cooperatives, under a community governance model. This article seeks to understand the tensions and conflicts faced by RDW community governance in the peri-urban territories of regional capitals, which are at the frontier of the private drinking water management model. Based on a political ecology and hybrid governance approach, this research proposes the hypothesis that, on facing urban expansion and water scarcity, the neoliberal institutional framework tends to favour drinking water market governance in peri-urban territories. With this aim, and through semi-structured interviews and participatory observation, focusing on three RDW cases located in the peri-urban zone of Talca, this study develops a critical discourse analysis of community managers and government regulators, identifying their perceptions and positions on current socio-ecological transformations, and community governance tensions. Consistent with the proposed hypothesis, from discourse analysis, it is possible to infer the potential risks of privatization, derived from the implementation of Law No. 20,998, which regulates rural water sanitation services.
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Nakamura, Ryota, and Takumi Kondo. "Assessing the Effects of Access to Safe Drinking Water on Children’s Nutritional Status in Indonesia." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 2 (December 2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2021.18.2.4.
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This study analyzed the effects of access to safe drinking water on the nutritional status of children under the age of 59 months in urban and rural areas in Indonesia using the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5. Both piped water and packaged water were considered safe to drink. The descriptive statistics show that children in rural areas typically had insufficient access to safe drinking water and children who consumed safe drinking water had higher short- and long-term nutrition levels. To mitigate selection bias due to the non-random distribution of access to safe drinking water, a matching estimation was used to quantitatively determine the effects of access to safe drinking water on child nutrition. The provision of safe drinking water improved the short- and long-term nutritional status of children in rural areas but had no significant effect to that of children in urban areas. A simulation of this effect on child nutrition shows that in rural areas, improved access to safe drinking water decreases the stunting ratio by 13 percentage points and the wasting ratio by 6.1 percentage points. Additionally, both household income levels and community drinking water prices are important determinants of access to safe drinking water. Therefore, access to safe drinking water is necessary to improve the nutritional status of children in rural Indonesia, and community characteristics contribute to access.
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Li, Fang Hong, and Xu Li Liang. "Evaluation of Water Quality of Rural Drinking Water and Countermeasure Research in Luquan City." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.815.
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The rural drinking water safety is an important issue for people's livelihood. For Luquan city, of Hebei province in China, drinking water was sampled through site investigation, and the water quality was analyzed used comprehensive index method. The results show that: the water type is IV in the investigation area, which is not suitable for drinking in a long time. The corresponding measures were proposed combined with the real conditions, which could provide theoretical guidance and policy reference for improvement of rural drinking water management mechanism.
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Das, Suchismita, and Parag Shil. "Panchayati Raj: A Way Out of Drinking Water Crisis in Rural India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2013/127.
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Zhenhua Liu. "Research on Rural Drinking Water Project Management." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 4, no. 15 (September 30, 2012): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol4.issue15.45.
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Yue, Ai, Yaojiang Shi, Renfu Luo, Linxiu Zhang, Natalie Johnson, Scott Rozelle, and Qiran Zhao. "The impact of investment on drinking water quality in rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-05-2015-0062.
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Purpose Although access to safe drinking water is one of the most important health-related infrastructure programs in the world, drinking water remains a large problem in China today, especially in rural areas. Despite increased government investment in water resource protection and management, there is still an absence of academic studies that are able to document what path the investment has taken and whether it has had any tangible impact. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of drinking water investment on drinking water in China. Design/methodology/approach The authors make use of nationally representative data from 2005 and 2012 to measure the impact of drinking water investment among 2,028 rural households in 101 villages across five provinces. Both ordinary least squares regression and probit regression are used to analyze the correlates and the impact of drinking water investment. Findings The authors demonstrate that water quality was likely a significant problem in 2004 but that China’s investment into drinking water appears to have resulted in initial improvements during the study period. The authors show that the most significant change came about in terms of hardware: villages that received more drinking water investment now have more piped tap water and more access to water treatment infrastructure (disinfecting and filtering facilities). High rates of rural resident satisfaction with drinking water suggest the effects of drinking water investment are being felt at the village level. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study on drinking water investment over time in rural China using nationally representative data.
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An, Ran, Ming Da Liu, Jun Xing Li, Xiao Wei Liu, and Dan Yang. "Rural Drinking Water Disinfection Technology and Research Progress of Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.672.
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With the living standards improvement of rural residents, people pay more attention to the safety of drinking water in China. As the final step in drinking water treatment, disinfection technology has received much attention. At present, drinking water disinfection process is mainly involved in chlorine disinfection, chlorine dioxide disinfection, chloramine disinfection, disinfection of potassium permanganate, ozone disinfection and ultraviolet disinfection. However, due to limitations in rural economic conditions and management level, only ozone disinfection and ultraviolet disinfection are suitable for rural areas in China. This paper described some of the application problems and limitations in drinking water disinfection process, as well as the select principle in rural areas. The principle, research status, trends and issues in application of ozone and ultraviolet disinfection technology were emphatically introduced. Finally, the development of drinking water disinfection technologies was discussed.
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Lalitha, N. Divya, Sunayana Manipal, and Prabu D. "An Analysis Unveiling the Habitation Coverage of Different States and Union Territories under the National Rural Drinking Water Program in India." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211224.
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Background: National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP) attempts to provide each and every individual a sufficient amount of safe water for drinking, cooking and other essential household needs on a maintainable premise, with a base water quality standard, which ought to be helpfully open consistently and in all circumstances. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze and unveil the habitations covered by the National Rural Drinking Water Program in different states and union territories of India. Materials and method: Secondary data regarding the total households in each states/ union territory and the households covered by the National Rural Drinking Water Program, Households Having Safe Drinking Water supply in India as per Census 2011 and availability of safe drinking water in households and the source of drinking waters was extracted from the 2018 National Health Profile’s annual publication by the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI). Results: In India,43% of the households use tap water and 11% use well water.46.6% of the households have water within the premises, 35.8% of the households have water near the premises and 17.6% have it far away. 81.08% are fully covered habitations under the program and only 3.34% of the habitations in India are quality affected habitations. Conclusion: Although the targets have not been achieved, this program has attempted to provide safe drinking water to many people in different states and union territories in India. Keywords: Rural areas, Habitations, Drinking water, India..
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Li, Hongxing, Qi Zhang, Weiwei Li, Qing Luo, Kaitai Liu, and Yong Tao. "Spatial analysis of rural drinking water supply in China." Water Policy 17, no. 3 (September 29, 2014): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.193.
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A spatial autocorrelation analysis method was employed to process the spatial change of rural water supply over the past 19 years in the People's Republic of China. Statistical analyses indicate great achievements in rural water supply construction. Two main indices describing rural drinking water supply status, the Rural Popularization Rate of Tap Water and the Rural Popularization Rate of Water Improvement Beneficiaries, were found to be spatially auto-correlated. The Global Moran's I of the latter decreased generally, and local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the regional gap of rural water supply infrastructure is declining. The main factors affecting the spatial pattern of rural water supply were analyzed through the mean centre method. Our research shows that the spatial pattern of economic development and government investment has had a decisive role in the formation and evolution of rural water supply.
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Hasan, T. J., A. Hicking, and J. David. "Empowering rural communities: simple Water Safety Plans." Water Supply 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.051.
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Every year 2800 deaths in Pacific island countries result from diarrhoea, and most are children under five years of age. These tragic diarrheal deaths are preventable as they are often linked to unsafe water, lack of proper sanitation facilities and poor hygienic practices. Effective preventive management through the framework of a drinking Water Safety Plan (WSP) is an efficient mechanism for ensuring the safe quality of drinking water thereby reducing the burden of water related diseases. The large proportion (81%) of people in Pacific island countries living in rural or outer island communities mostly have their own water supply (for example rainwater tanks or hand-dug wells), and often the water is consumed untreated. The remoteness and isolation of these rural communities prevent national surveillance authorities to regularly visit and provide advice on drinking water safety issues. In such circumstances empowering rural communities to ensure the safety of their drinking water, through trained local facilitators, could be promoted and utilised effectively. However, WSPs for rural communities have to be relatively simple hence tools such as modified sanitary inspections and the presence/absence hydrogen sulfide test could be used. The approach of empowering communities through trained local facilitators to promote the WSP framework has been implemented in the Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI). Positive feedback has been received by trained facilitators in RMI on the use of modified sanitary inspections (translated into Marshallese) and the hydrogen sulfide test. It is believed that the approach of empowering communities on WSPs through training local facilitators and equipping them with the above mentioned simple tools is effective and has potential for further replication in rural Pacific communities to improve drinking water quality and reduce the burden of water related diseases.
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Deng, Chu Zhou, Jian Qiang Zhu, and Song Liu. "Coping Strategy for Jingzhou City in Rural Drinking Water Security." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.636.
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In recent years, due to water pollution water quality in Jingzhou City has been deteriorating and does not come up to the national standard of drinking water. Incompetent water over the district leads to scarcity of potable water, especially in the rural area more than 60% of the total population has a low reliability in drinking water security. For solving this problem some useful strategies should be taken, including: a) environmental supervision at Jingzhou section of Yangtze River; b) prevention and control of water pollution where has been or will take place in rivers and lakes within the district; c) financial and technological support on rural drinking water project and rural environmental protection; and d) establishment of central water supply construction in the rural area.
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Falk, Joern, Björn Globisch, Martin Angelmahr, Wolfgang Schade, and Heike Schenk-Mathes. "Drinking Water Supply in Rural Africa Based on a Mini-Grid Energy System—A Socio-Economic Case Study for Rural Development." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159458.
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Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, growing food, and personal hygiene. As a key infrastructure of public services, access to clean and safe drinking water is an essential factor for local socio-economic development. Despite various national and international efforts, water supply is often not guaranteed, especially in rural areas of Africa. Although many water resources are theoretically available in these areas, bodies of water are often contaminated with dangerous pathogens and pollutants. As a result, people, often women and children, have to travel long distances to collect water from taps and are exposed to dangers such as physical violence and accidents on their way. In this article, we present a socio-economic case study for rural development. We describe a drinking water treatment plant with an annual capacity of 10,950 m3 on Kibumba Island in Lake Victoria (Tanzania). The plant is operated by a photovoltaic mini-grid system with second-life lithium-ion battery storage. We describe the planning, the installation, and the start of operation of the water treatment system. In addition, we estimate the water prices achievable with the proposed system and compare it to existing sources of drinking water on Kibumba Island. Assuming a useful life of 15 years, the installed drinking water system is cost-neutral for the community at a cost price of 0.70 EUR/m3, 22% less than any other source of clean water on Kibumba Island. Access to safe and clean drinking water is a major step forward for the local population. We investigate the socio-economic added value using social and economic key indicators like health, education, and income. Hence, this approach may serve as a role model for community-owned drinking water systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Poonia, Anamika, and Milap Punia. "A question on sustainability of drinking water supply: a district level analysis of India using analytic hierarchy process." Water Policy 20, no. 4 (April 13, 2018): 712–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.104.
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Abstract The subject of drinking water supply falls under the legislative jurisdiction of the State governments in India. States have their own mechanism of drinking water supply through urban and rural local bodies. Drinking water supply itself is a multidimensional phenomenon of sources, quality, accessibility, sufficiency, etc. This study combines various aspects of drinking water supply at the district level, by assigning weights through analytic hierarchy process, to result in a drinking water supply index. The spatial pattern of drinking water supply index is not in favor of the areas having abundant natural water endowment. Areas which are low in the natural endowment of water are better in drinking water supply, while areas which have abundant natural water are not able to manage the available water and are low on the drinking water supply index. Among various socio-economic-political factors, water governance is most important in the wake of water supply being the function of urban and rural local bodies.
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Holman, Emily J., and Joe Brown. "Safety of packaged water distribution limited by household recontamination in rural Cambodia." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.118.
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Packaged water treatment schemes represent a growing model for providing safer water in low-income settings, yet post-distribution recontamination of treated water may limit this approach. This study evaluates drinking water quality and household water handling practices in a floating village in Tonlé Sap Lake, Cambodia, through a pilot cross-sectional study of 108 households, approximately half of which used packaged water as the main household drinking water source. We hypothesized that households purchasing drinking water from local packaged water treatment plants would have microbiologically improved drinking water at the point of consumption. We found no meaningful difference in microbiological drinking water quality between households using packaged, treated water and those collecting water from other sources, including untreated surface water, however. Households' water storage and handling practices and home hygiene may have contributed to recontamination of drinking water. Further measures to protect water quality at the point-of-use may be required even if water is treated and packaged in narrow-mouthed containers.
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Yermolenko, Volodymyr, Olena Hafurova, Maryna Deineha, Tamara Novak, Alena Temnikova, and Erdene Naidansuren. "Quality of drinking water in rural areas: problems of legal environment." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 09022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128009022.
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The article is devoted to the scientific and theoretical analysis of the current state of legal provision of drinking water quality in rural areas. It was stated that in recent years there has been a steady trend of deteriorating quality of water used for drinking in rural areas, including due to increasing levels of nitrate pollution. Proposals have been made for: further implementation of Council Directive 98/83 / EU on the quality of water intended for human consumption and Council Directive 91/676/ EEC on the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources in national legislation; elimination of substantive inconsistencies between State sanitary norms and rules 2.2.4-171-10 “Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption” and National Standards of Ukraine 7525: 2014 “Drinking water. Requirements and methods of quality control “in terms of drinking water quality indicators; inclusion in the subjects of state water monitoring of the central executive body that implements the state policy in the field of health care (regarding the monitoring of drinking water); development of the Procedure for state monitoring of nitrate content in surface and groundwater as a component of state water monitoring; forecasting at the level of the National Target Program “Drinking Water of Ukraine” for 2021-2025 “development and operation of a single state information resource - Interactive map of drinking water quality in Ukraine.
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Wyn-Jones, A. P., J. Watkins, C. Francis, M. Laverick, and J. Sellwood. "Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0080.
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Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.
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Khodarahimi, Siamak, and Heidar Deghani. "HOPEFULNESS, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EMOTIONS IN RURAL RESIDENTS WITH DRINK WATER SHORTAGE: AN IRANIAN CASE STUDY." Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2012): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/12.03.32.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of drinking water shortage on emotions and hope in an Iranian sample, and to investigate the roles of gender, location of residence, marital status, job and the level of education on these constructs. Participants were included 1198 rural residents from two regions with and without drinking water shortage from Darab and Eghlid cities, Iran. A demographic questionnaire, the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS), the Adult State Hope Scale (ASHS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were used in this study. The rural residents with drinking water shortage had higher levels of negative emotions than rural residents without drinking water shortage. However, rural residents without drink water shortage had the higher performance on positive emotions, dispositional hope and state hope than the rural residents with drink water shortage. The effects location of residence, gender, the level of education and occupation on positive and negative emotions, dispositional hope and state hope are confirmed in this sample. Key words: demographics, dispositional and state hope, drink water shortage, positive and negative emotions.
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Sandiford, P., A. C. Gorter, G. Davey Smith, and J. P. C. Pauw. "Determinants of drinking water quality in rural Nicaragua." Epidemiology and Infection 102, no. 3 (June 1989): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030144.
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SUMMARYOne hundred and fifty-three water samples from rural Nicaragua were examined for the presence of faecal coliforms during both wet and dry periods. A linear model as fitted by analysis of covariance with the logarithm of the faecal coliform count as the dependant variable. As expected, traditional water sources were grossly contaminated at all times whereas piped water sources were much cleaner. Hand-dug protected wells had significantly higher levels of faecal contamination than unprotected riverside wells and springs during the dry season. The possible reasons for this unexpected finding are discussed. A close association between rainfall and faecal contamination was demonstrated but the effect of rainfall depended on the type of water source. An association between water quality and the size of the community served by the source was also detected. The finding that stored water was usually more contaminated than fresh water samples is consistent with the results from other studies. Since it is unusual for water quality to be inversely correlated wth accessibility, this study site would be suitable for investigating the relative importance of water-borne versus waterwashed transmission mechanisms in childhood diarrhoea.
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Valerko, R. A., and L. O. Herasymchuk. "Assessment of peroral intake of nitrates with drinking water for different sections of the population of Zhytomyr region." Environment & Health, no. 4 (101) (November 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2021.04.068.
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Objective: We assessed the degree of risk to the health of the rural population of different ages with constant peroral intake of nitrates with drinking water. Materials and methods: The study was conducted within the rural residential areas of Zhytomyr region and it is a part of the research "Ecological and social assessment of the state of rural residential areas in the context of sustainable development." Drinking water samples were taken from public and private sources of decentralized water supply: wells, bore-wells and natural sources. A total 549 water samples were taken. In the study, we used general scientific methods: analytical, field, laboratory and statistical ones. Results: Among the studied areas, the largest excess of the average content of nitrates was recorded in drinking water of rural settlements of Berdychiv district. The risk assessment showed that the children aged 0-10 years were the most sensitive population to nitrates, and the women were more vulnerable to nitrates than the men among the adult population. The significant correlations between an excess of nitrate content in drinking water and cancer among adults and children in Berdychiv district have been proven. Conclusions: It has been proven that with a constant oral intake of nitrates with drinking water, harmful effects on the health of the rural population are observed, which, according to their sensitivity to their action, were distributed as follows: children 0-10 years old> adult women> adult men> adolescents.Taking into account the results obtained, it is necessary to monitor constantly the quality of drinking water sources of decentralized water supply in rural areas and to inform the rural population about water quality and the impact of its impurities on human health.
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Wescoat, James L., Riddhi Pankaj Shah, Ranu Singh, and J. V. R. Murty. "Habitations, villages, and gram panchayats: local drinking water planning in rural India with a Pune district case study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.196.
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Abstract Improving rural drinking water services at the village level is a high priority in India. The National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP) calls for village drinking water plans on an annual basis. However, planning data analysis and mapping are complicated by the different levels of local settlement that are involved. The aims of this paper are: first, to review how the term ‘village’ has come to refer to three different types of settlement for planning purposes in India; second, to show how each settlement type has different water data and Geographic Information System (GIS) map coverage; and third, to identify practical strategies for using these different data and mapping resources to develop rural drinking water plans. We address the first objective through a brief historical review of local government administration and drinking water database development in India. Challenges of data analysis and mapping are demonstrated through a case study of Pune district in Maharashtra. This challenge led to the identification of six practical strategies for coordinating the analysis of drinking water data and GIS mapping for planning purposes.
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Cai, Yan Bing, and Peng Liu. "The Research on the Provision of the Safety Drinking Water in the Rural Area — The Case of Zhejiang Province." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3748.
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Abstract: As the living standarda are improving constantly, people are paying more attention to the supplying of safety drinking water. In the rural areas, people are worried about the problem of drinking water supplying. This thesis is taking the rural areas in Zhejiang province as an example to discuss the existing problems of the supplying of drinking water and the options to deal with these problems.
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Meng, Chong, Hua Yin, Fan Li Kong, and Yu Li. "Roles of Rural Contiguous Improvement Measures on the Non-Point Source Pollution Control in Rural Area in China." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.687.
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Nowadays, agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main pollution source of water environment, especially for drinking water. Water sources protection has become a major problem in national economy and people's livelihood. Rural contiguous improvement project, including rural drinking water source protection, rural domestic sewage treatment, rural living garbage and livestock industry pollution treatment, can not only improve rural living environment, but also effectively reduce the non-point source pollution source of the water sources. A case study in north China showed that, after rural contiguous improvement, the amount of pollution source reduced significantly, so as to protect and improve the environmental quality of water source reserve effectively.
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Patel, Amrit. "DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL INDIA: NEED FOR STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i2.2017.1717.
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Water scenario in India has been now fast changing because of increasing population, rising demand for irrigation to raise high-yielding varieties of crops, rapid urbanization and industrialization, electricity generation, impact of global warming, erratic rainfall, among others. Water for Life Decade [2005-15] and the annual World Water Day being celebrated on March 22 every year has significance to create awareness among all stakeholders that water is finite, scarce, costly, precious and has competing demand. Water should, therefore, be efficiently managed for country’s sustainable socio-economic development. Drinking water in India has been significantly dependent upon the monsoon rains and increased climate variability is expected to impact it. Despite Government’s several initiatives the current drinking water scenario needs strategic action plan to ensure that safe and quality drinking water is delivered in rural India by 2022. It is in this context this article highlights the Government’s initiatives, current scenario and performance under the rural drinking water supply system and suggests strategic action plan for efficient management of rural drinking water supply system.
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Mekuriaw, Abate, and Birki Gurmessa. "User satisfaction with rural water drinking points in Woliso District, Central Ethiopia." Water Supply 20, no. 8 (September 23, 2020): 3330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.234.
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Abstract Access to safe drinking water is essential to healthy living. Thus, investment in rural drinking water points is increasing in Ethiopia. However, little is known about user satisfaction with rural drinking water points. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate determinants of the user's satisfaction with rural drinking water points in Ethiopia by considering Woliso District (Woreda) as a case study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered with 211 randomly selected households from six rural Kebeles (administrative areas), which were selected using a stratified sampling technique. Focus group discussions (FGD) and key interviews (KI) were also held along with observation. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The qualitative data were used to augment the results from the regression analysis. The results revealed that location of the water point, availability of guards, queueing time, service reliability, and distance significantly influence the satisfaction of users. Therefore, these significant factors should be addressed when planning water supply projects.
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Younker, Jessica, Lydia Zamlynny, Claire Spearns, and Jennie Rand. "Nitrate management in a rural drinking water supply." Journal of Water Process Engineering 43 (October 2021): 102301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102301.
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Cowie, Christine, and Stephen Corbett. "Surveillance of rural drinking water quality in NSW." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 5, no. 4 (1994): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb94016.
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Nedelkova, Marta, Angela Delova, Tanja Petreska Ivanovska, Zoran Zhivikj, and Lidija Petrushevska-Tozi. "Assessment of microbial contamination of drinking water with total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in the Bitola region." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 65, no. 2 (2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2019.65.02.003.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliform bacteria (CB) in the drinking water of urban and rural areas of the Bitola region, as indicators for water quality and safety. All water in urban area is chlorinated, while at the same time the water in rural areas is non-chlorinated. The samples were analyzed according to the international standard method of membrane filtration MKC EN ISO 9308-1:2015. In all examined samples of drinking water in urban area, presence of E. coli and CB was not detected as a result of the disinfection of the water. On contrary, in all tested samples of the water from the rural water supply, presence of E. coli and CB was confirmed. Significant increase in coliform bacterial counts probably weather-related was found in the period from April to September. In addition, in the third quarter including July, August, and September, in many measurements, E. coli as an indicator of faecal contamination was identified in drinking water. In accordance with these findings and in order to provide safe drinking water, it is necessary to modernize the water supply for the population in rural areas, to disinfect permanently the drinking water and to apply regular laboratory controls which are a basic pre-condition. Otherwise, inappropriate management of the water systems can cause serious decrease in the quality and safety of the drinking water associated with an increased risk of appearance of the infectious diseases in people and hydric epidemic. Key words: drinking water, Escherichia coli, coliform bacteria, membrane filtration
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Rahut, Dil Bahadur, Akhter Ali, Nar Bahadur Chhetri, Bhagirath Behera, and Pradyot Ranjan Jena. "Access to safe drinking water and human health: empirical evidence from rural Bhutan." Water Supply 16, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 1349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.063.
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Provision of safe drinking water is essential for the promotion of human well-being. This paper makes an attempt to examine the patterns of access to drinking water, identify and analyze the factors that influence households access to safe drinking water sources, and analyze factors determining the extent of households travel to fetch drinking water, and assess the effects of access to safe drinking water on human health in Bhutan, using the data from the Bhutan Living Standard Survey 2012 (BLSS 2012). For this, various methodological tools have been adopted such as logistic regression model, censored least absolute deviation model, and the propensity score matching (PSM) approach. The logistic regression results show that households with educated, younger, and male members are more likely to have access to safe drinking water. Wealthier households also prefer safe drinking water than their poorer counterparts. The PSM results suggest that households having access to safe drinking water have fewer stomach disorders and skin diseases, and are likely to incur less expenditure on medicine. Keeping these findings in mind, the paper suggests that the Bhutanese government should invest in water infrastructure, which may lead to a significant reduction in water-borne diseases and health expenditure.
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Crampton, Andrea, and Angela T. Ragusa. "Perceived agricultural runoff impact on drinking water." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 3 (March 25, 2014): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.212.
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Agricultural runoff into surface water is a problem in Australia, as it is in arguably all agriculturally active countries. While farm practices and resource management measures are employed to reduce downstream effects, they are often either technically insufficient or practically unsustainable. Therefore, consumers may still be exposed to agrichemicals whenever they turn on the tap. For rural residents surrounded by agriculture, the link between agriculture and water quality is easy to make and thus informed decisions about water consumption are possible. Urban residents, however, are removed from agricultural activity and indeed drinking water sources. Urban and rural residents were interviewed to identify perceptions of agriculture's impact on drinking water. Rural residents thought agriculture could impact their water quality and, in many cases, actively avoided it, often preferring tank to surface water sources. Urban residents generally did not perceive agriculture to pose health risks to their drinking water. Although there are more agricultural contaminants recognised in the latest Australian Drinking Water Guidelines than previously, we argue this is insufficient to enhance consumer protection. Health authorities may better serve the public by improving their proactivity and providing communities and water utilities with the capacity to effectively monitor and address agricultural runoff.
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Khabo-Mmekoa, C. M. N., and M. N. B. Momba. "The Impact of Social Disparities on Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Supply in Ugu District Municipality of Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 18, 2019): 2972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162972.
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This study was undertaken to highlight the social disparity between rural and urban areas in terms of housing patterns, provision of safe drinking water, access to sanitation facilities, education, employment rate and health-related to diarrhoeal episodes in Ugu District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. To achieve this aim, a survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Drinking water samples were collected from the point of supply and the storage containers to assess the microbiological quality of drinking water in both rural and urban areas. Results of this study revealed prominent residential segregation between rural and urban communities, whereby the houses in the rural areas were generally constructed with corrugated iron sheets, or mud brick and mortar whereas conventional brick-and-mortar construction was used to build those in the urban areas. All of the urban households had flush toilets in their houses (100%), while 98.2% of the rural households were relying on pit latrines and 1.8% were reported to defecate in an open field. The District unemployment rate was at 58.1% in rural areas and none among the urban community. Results also showed that only 13.6% of the rural dwellers completed their secondary education compared to 70.4% of the urban areas. The diarrhoeal episodes were high in rural areas (34.1%) while none of these episodes was reported in urban areas. Great disparity in the water supply persists between rural and urban communities. For the former, the standpipes located outside their homes (90.9%) remain the sole mode of access to drinking water, while in the urban area, all households had pipes/taps inside their houses. Assessment of the drinking water quality revealed only the stored drinking water used by the rural community of Ugu District was contaminated. High prevalence of E. coli ranging from 63.3 % to 66.7% was recorded only in stored water after the sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Species-specific PCR primers exposed the presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli at a rate ranging between 1.4% and 3.7% in this water Overall, this study has been able to highlight the disparity left by the legacy of racial segregation in the Ugu Municipality District. Therefore, the local government must intervene in educating homeowners on safe water storage practices.
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Hryhorenko, Luibov V., Serhii V. Abramov, Volodymyr M. Baibakov, Valerii A. Digtiar, and Dmytro M. Lukianenko. "Influence of sanitary – domestic conditions in the rural settlements of dnepropetrovsk region on the peasants’ healh." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 2 (2020): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202002113.
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The aim: Implementation results of sociological survey to the practice of hygienic researches at the subjective estimation of the drinking water quality and sanitary conditions of people’s life. Materials and methods: At our study was used standardized “Questionnaire survey about quality of piped drinking water, which enters to the building (apartment)”, which contained 25 questions. In the sociological survey were participated 150 respondents. Results: Peasants of Dnepropetrovsk region considered that the following indicators of drinking water quality impact on their health: deterioration quality of piped drinking water, smell – 22.6%, color – 14.6 %, rust – 13.3 %, precipitate – 8.0 %, turbidity and suspended solids – 10.6 %, taste and aftertaste – 13.3 %, foam and impurities – 10.6 % (p<0.05). Some of peasants (14.6 %) have unsatisfactory sanitary conditions, living on 5 – 6 persons in 1 rooms flat (p<0.05). Conclusions: Results of sociological survey shown that among rural residents increased the demand for a consumption of pre-treated drinking water, due to the deterioration quality of tap water in the rural area. It was determined, that increased frequency of use the bottled drinking water – daily it was used by 13 rural respondents (17.3%), once a week – 21 respondents (28%), 2-3 times a week – 8 respondents (10.6%).
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Fouda-Mbanga, Bienvenu Gael, Thulethu Seyisi, Yvonne Boitumelo Nthwane, Bothwell Nyoni, and Zikhona Tywabi-Ngeva. "A Review on Pollutants Found in Drinking Water in Sub-Sahara African Rural Communities: Detection and Potential Low-cost Remediation Methods." Industrial and Domestic Waste Management 3, no. 2 (August 3, 2023): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v3i2.264.
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Water is the most essential substance that supports various life mechanisms. It is a fundamental and necessary requirement for mankind and all other living creatures on the planet. Therefore, daily drinking water should be clean, readily available, sufficient, and free from harmful substances. However, in many rural areas, most sources of drinking water are assumed to be safe for human consumption, but this is not always the case. This work aims to provide a review of pollutants found in the drinking water of Sub-Saharan rural communities and explore potential low-cost remediation methods. The assessment of water pollutants and their remediation methods has been the primary focus of research for several years. Additionally, the World Health Organisation has established various minimum standards regarding the concentration of common pollutants in water. This review presents the major sources of water, the origin of contaminants, the different types of pollutants, and remediation methods to enhance the current knowledge in the field of rural drinking water contaminants.
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Aneesh M.R. "Quality of Drinking Water and Sanitation in India." Indian Journal of Human Development 15, no. 1 (April 2021): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09737030211003658.
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Wide disparity exists in access to drinking water across social groups in rural and urban India. This article shows that the economically weaker sections or the lower quintile class does not have access to water within the premises both in rural and urban areas. This indicates that low income or wealth would mean poor access to basic amenities for households. Similarly, access to toilets and incidence of open defaecation reflect social disparities. The regression results show that an increase in the household income increases the predicted probability of maintaining an exclusive latrine. Further, compared to the ‘General Category’, the ‘Scheduled Castes’ and ‘Other Backward Classes’ have a lower probability of constructing an exclusive latrine facility, in the rural and urban areas.
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Simelane, Maswati S., Mduduzi Colani Shongwe, Kerry Vermaak, and Eugene Zwane. "Determinants of Households’ Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: A Secondary Analysis of Eswatini 2010 and 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys." Advances in Public Health 2020 (March 24, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6758513.
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Worldwide, millions of people still die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene, despite the fact that the United Nations recognized access to clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right nearly a decade ago. The objective of this study was to describe the determinants of access to improved drinking water sources in Eswatini in 2010 and 2014. Using the Eswatini Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (EMICSs), data for 4,819 households in 2010 and 4,843 in 2014 were analyzed. Bivariate and multivariate complementary log-log regression analyses were conducted to identify the determinants of households’ access to improved drinking water sources. The study found that households’ access to improved drinking water sources significantly improved from 73.1% in 2010 to 77.7% in 2014 (p<0.0001). In 2010, households whose heads were aged 35–54 and 55 years had lower odds of having access to improved drinking water sources than those with younger ones. In 2014, female-headed households had lower odds, while, in 2010, sex of the household head was not associated with access to improved drinking water sources. In both years, an increase in the number of household members was negatively associated with access to improved drinking water sources compared to those with fewer members. In both years, the odds of access to improved drinking water sources increased with an increase in the wealth index of the household, and households located in urban areas had higher odds of access to improved drinking water sources compared to those in rural settings. In both years, households from the Shiselweni and Lubombo regions had lower odds of access to improved drinking water sources. The government and its partners should continue to upscale efforts aimed at increasing access to improved drinking water, especially in rural areas, to reduce the disparity that exists between urban and rural households.
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Nelson-Nuñez, Jami, Jeffrey P. Walters, and Denisse Charpentier. "Exploring the challenges to sustainable rural drinking water services in Chile." Water Policy 21, no. 6 (October 25, 2019): 1251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.120.
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Abstract Many countries around the world now face the dual challenges of closing the remaining gaps in access to drinking water in rural areas while further addressing the issues of equity, quality, and sustainability outlined in the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Our research explores the key factors for sustainability in rural drinking water services in Chile, an important example not only due to its success in rural water access but also because of the new directions the country is taking to achieve the SDGs. Drawing on results from a Delphi study of Chilean rural water experts, we discuss the most important issues identified, including water availability and investment in community water organizations, as well as disagreement among experts, particularly around roles of private service providers and the national government. We leverage these results to assess Law No. 20.998 passed in 2017, which aims to address problematic variation in rural water services by introducing a stronger role for central government and conferring more responsibility on rural water organizations. The work presents insights for challenges countries closer to universal coverage will face as they work towards the SDGs and provides an analysis of the new rural drinking water governance landscape in Chile.
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Mekhantiev, Igor Ivanovich, Larisa Alekseevna Masaylova, Oleg Vladimirovich Klepikov, and Semen Aleksandrovich Kurolap. "Algorithm of the system approach to ensure the hygienic safety of drinking and recreational water use of the population and assessment of the efficiency of its implementation in the territory of the Voronezh region." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2106-03.
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The aim of the study was to scientifically substantiate a system of measures to ensure the hygienic safety of drinking and recreational water use of the rural population of an agrarian-developed region (on the example of the Voronezh region) on the basis of previously conducted studies that made it possible to assess: sanitary and hygienic problems in the recreational water use of the population; health risks associated with water factors; the degree of sanitary and epidemiological problems of centralized drinking water supply systems in rural areas; health hazards associated with drinking bottled drinking water. The following are proposed: 1) an algorithm for the implementation of a systematic approach to ensuring the hygienic safety of recreational and drinking water use of the population, which provides for the assessment of individual and complex indicators for the blocks “Recreational water use”, “Household drinking water use”, “Packaged drinking water”, “Public health”; simultaneous solution of analytical tasks to substantiate priority regional indicators of water quality, identify areas of “risk” and links that determine the inadequate quality of drinking water, clarify population risks due to an increase in the share of consumption of packaged drinking water; 2) operational management of the regional situation in order to ensure hygienic safety in the field of drinking and recreational water use of the population through improving the legal framework, implementing targeted programs and informing the population.
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Shrivastava, Brajesh K. "Mitigation of naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water sources in rural areas in India: an overview." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (April 27, 2013): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.107.
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This paper provides updated status of fluoride affected rural habitations in all the States in India and explains the initiatives of Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India, in tackling fluoride affected habitations since year 2000. It also analyses the impact of these initiatives and identifies challenges in tackling excess fluoride in drinking water in India. The paper is intended primarily for policy formulators and programme managers working in drinking water sector to tackle fluoride and fluorosis problem in rural areas.
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Goel, Varun, Griffin J. Bell, Sumati Sridhar, Md Sirajul Islam, Md Yunus, Md Taslim Ali, Md Alfazal Khan, et al. "Considering Alternate Pathways of Drinking-Water Contamination: Evidence of Risk Substitution from Arsenic Mitigation Programs in Rural Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 26, 2020): 5372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155372.
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Deep tubewells are a key component of arsenic mitigation programs in rural Bangladesh. Compared to widely prevalent shallow tubewells, deep tubewells reduce ground-water arsenic exposure and provide better microbial water quality at source. However, the benefits of clean drinking-water at these more distant sources may be abated by higher levels of microbial contamination at point-of-use. One such potential pathway is the use of contaminated surface water for washing drinking-water storage containers. The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of surface water use for washing drinking-water storage containers among deep and shallow tubewell users in a cohort of 499 rural residents in Matlab, Bangladesh. We employ a multi-level logistic regression model to measure the effect of tubewell type and ownership status on the odds of washing storage containers with surface water. Results show that deep tubewell users who do not own their drinking-water tubewell, have 6.53 times the odds [95% CI: 3.56, 12.00] of using surface water for cleaning storage containers compared to shallow tubewell users, who own their drinking-water source. Even deep tubewell users who own a private well within walking distance have 2.53 [95% CI: 1.36, 4.71] times the odds of using surface water compared to their shallow tubewell counterparts. These results highlight the need for interventions to limit risk substitution, particularly the increased use of contaminated surface water when access to drinking water is reduced. Increasing ownership of and proximity to deep tubewells, although crucial, is insufficient to achieve equity in safe drinking-water access across rural Bangladesh.
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Ko, Shane Htet, and Hiroshi Sakai. "Water sanitation, hygiene and the prevalence of diarrhea in the rural areas of the delta region of Myanmar." Journal of Water and Health 20, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.192.
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Abstract Myanmar is an agriculture-based country with 70% of the total population residing in rural areas. Around half of the total population in Myanmar has to consume water from unimproved sources. The prevalence of diarrhea due to contaminated drinking water is high even in urban areas. The urban community may expect the provision of municipal water supply in the near future if the current revolution against military dictatorship succeeds. However, the rural areas have less or no chance to get quality water because of a lot of other prioritized tasks. Household water treatment is encouraged to be implemented as one of the national water safety plans for rural water supply in Myanmar. This study explored the diarrhea prevention awareness of the rural community using a questionnaire survey. The microbial quality parameters of drinking water sources were also examined. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in all examined drinking water sources. A significant association was found between drinking untreated water and the occurrence of diarrhea. The percentage of people who applied the diarrhea preventive measures was low. Even if they knew how to prevent the disease, very few people applied the measures in reality. Therefore, measures to cause behavioral change should be initiated, together with awareness raising, to promote diarrhea prevention in the community.
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Sargsyan, A. M., N. A. Ilyin, and M. S. Drondin. "Commissioning of Water Treatment Facilities in Rural Areas." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 5 (February 1, 2022): 052024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/5/052024.
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Abstract This article raises the problem of providing rural residents with drinking quality water and routing the water supply network. It is advisable to install a centralized water supply system. In view of the existing structure of the territories of rural settlements, cramped conditions and numerous structures, the network will be laid in trays. There will be two pipelines in the trays. One pipeline will be used for household and drinking needs, the other for irrigation of green spaces. The article discusses the technological scheme of the existing treatment facilities, and the technological scheme of the projected treatment facilities, and also presents the layout of the treatment facilities.
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Chhabra, Shakuntala, Nilesh Solanki, and Vilayatkar. "Safe drinking water in remote rural communities in present era." International Journal of Scientific Reports 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2023): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20232188.
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Background: Groundwater is important source of drinking water particularly in rural communities though river, dam water too is also used globally. Many sicknesses, deaths are due to water, major media for carrying causes of illnesses. Community based study was carried out to know about drinking water sources, action before consumption by rural communities.
Methods: Community based qualitative study using predesigned tool was carried out in tribal communities of 140 villages of forestry hilly region over one year with 25 women of 15 to 60 years randomly included from each village, total 4500.
Results: Reported sources of drinking water at home were public taps in 1671 (37.1%), public borewells 1195 (26.6%), wells in outskirts of villages 929 (20.6%), rivers 381 (8.5%), other sources 324 (7.2%) (harvested rainwater, dams). Of 4500 study subjects, total 1522 (33.8%) women reported no road for going to collect water. Only 1936 (43.0%) women had drinking water at work places, (310 (16.0%) borewell, 313 (16.2%) matka (mud pot), 999 (51.6%) well, 314 (16.2%) other sources. Those who did not have water at work places, 393 (15.3%) took water from home, 767 (29.9%) went to river. Before use at home, 3510 (78.0%) women did filtration, usually with cloth torn from old saree, 690 (15.3%) boiled, 300 (7.3%) used other methods (bleaching powder or alum).
Conclusions: In present era in well doing province untreated river water for drinking at home, work places are real dangerous practices, much more dangerous at work places as water is consumed directly from river without any action.
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Khatri, Nam Raj, and Han Heijnen. "Keeping drinking water safe: Adopting water safety plans in rural Nepal." Waterlines 30, no. 3 (July 2011): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2011.024.
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Posorski, R. "Photovoltaic water pumps, an attractive tool for rural drinking water supply." Solar Energy 58, no. 4-6 (October 1996): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(96)00060-6.
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