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Conboy, Mary Jane. "Bacterial contamination of rural drinking water wells." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ35790.pdf.
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Chisenga, B. "Project maintenance : the case of rural drinking-water in Malawi." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/32859/.
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There is an investment of hand-pump technology to improve provision of safe drinking-water for the stakeholder end-users in rural sub-Saharan regions of Africa, yet there are challenges to maintain the assets. In rural drinking-water projects, end-users also assume the responsibility of hand-pump maintenance after projects are handed over to them by project sponsors. This study uses a realist philosophy to analyse the issues that hinder or facilitate effective end-user participation in a successful maintenance of drinking-water projects in Nkhoma and Bvumbwe, Lilongwe and Thyolo Districts of Malawi respectively. Data collection was done by employing secondary data (literature review) and primary data collection using documents, observation, and interviews to establish factors facilitating or inhibiting hand-pump maintenance. Interviews which were the main data collection instrument, recruited 12 Convergence Interviews (CI), followed by 39 Individual Case Interviews (ICIs) and two sets of Focus Groups (FGs) in operational and non-functional hand-pumps. CI processes developed categories related to hand-pump maintenance factors and associated challenges. The CI developed maintenance categories were further cross checked in ICIs that used semi-structured interviews and finally confirmed in FGs, documentary and observational analysis. Convergence Interviews data was analysed using a matrix while ICIs were analysed using likert-type ranking scales to identify the most occurring hand-pump maintenance factors. Focus Groups, observations and documents used content analysis to analyse the hand-pump maintenance factors. Results show that end-users maintain small- medium hand-pumps faults effectively if they pay a contribution towards maintenance costs and if local political structures are trained to repair the hand-pumps. Moreover, the study identifies lack of sponsor supports as the main factor leading to failure in the management of major faults and hand-pump rehabilitation, as this is beyond local capacity technically as well as economically. Hence, the study introduces a business approach to improving hand-pump maintenance by recommending some minimum standards on the demand-side (end-user level) as well as the supply-side (project sponsor and policy levels).
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Bartram, Jamie. "Optimising the monitoring and assessment of rural water supplies." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320994.
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Pumphrey, Sarah Irene. "Implementation of Appropriate Technology to Treat Drinking Water in Rural Tanzania." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1218749376.
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Cory, Dennis C., and Molly V. Moy. "Reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Variability of Rural Public Water Systems." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296470.
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From the Proceedings of the 1995 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 22, 1995, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Rammelt, Crelis Ferdinand Institute of Environmental Studies UNSW. "Development and infrastructure in marginalised communities: safe drinking water in rural Bangladesh." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Institute of Environmental Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44524.
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The poor in most developing countries are persistently marginalised in their living conditions, including their access to safe drinking water. The research objectives have been (1) to better understand why this state of affairs has endured despite decades of efforts and interventions, and (2) to propose more adequate alternatives. The central case study was concerned with drinking water in rural Bangladesh ?? a matter of grave urgency since the discovery of arsenic in the groundwater more than a decade ago. Millions of users are exposed to dangerous levels of contamination, and the implementation of solutions has been slow and inadequate. Little has been done so far to integrate the research on this complex humanitarian crisis. Many have argued that conventional views on development are ill-equipped to address the ??growing gap?? between rich and poor; the models often fail to interpret inequity beyond mere financial indicators. This thesis therefore puts forward a different analytical framework (based on the theoretical concepts of core-periphery and capital stock). This was designed to increase our understanding of marginalisation by taking into account unequal ownership of, entitlement to, and control over, ecological, technological, organisational and human assets. Through an action research methodology, this analytical framework was informed by a participatory programme that established safe drinking water supplies in several poor and arsenic-affected villages. The learning experience was then fed back into the programme. This pragmatic approach was also systemic, i.e., it emphasised the community level, which was framed within the context of external influences, various other programmes and national policies. This resulted in a clarification of the problem in terms of (1) lack of ownership of community land, resources, drinking water institutions and technical knowledge; (2) restricted access to (non-) governmental services and benefits from public or collective assets; and (3) exclusion from decision-making in new water sector developments. It was concluded that alternative strategies need to focus on vesting ownership, entitlement and control in marginalised communities. The steps to achieve this will have far-reaching ramifications for how organisations, policymakers and funding agencies perceive and plan development projects. The analytical and methodological approach of this thesis is relevant to other cases of marginalisation in different socio-economic contexts.
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Rai, Amrit Kumar. "Service delivery and accountability : the case of rural drinking water in Nepal." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6827/.
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Successful delivery of public service depends on how the relationships are forged by the actors (organizations) involved in service provision in a given socioeconomic and political context. By applying Agency Theory to the accountability features of service transaction and Activity Theory as a tool to define relationships, I have demonstrated that the public sector (District Governments) exhibits a more liberal attitude towards relationships with community based organizations (Water Users' Committees) in the provision of rural drinking water, while being more formal in relationships with the technical service providers (NGOs). The resolution of the dilemma regarding whether to choose trust-based or more formal contractual relationships with community and service providers in service provision, depends on how effectively the public sector builds their capacity to monitor, supervise and enforce the terms of the service provision relationship. The study of the application of accountability features in the service delivery transaction helps us to understand how a government organization structures its relationships with community organizations and with others, by using either a social or a market approach. The research also reveals that it is difficult to assign accountability in the collaborative network type of service provision, particularly for the provision of public goods and services, which demands a greater level of formal accountability to legitimize the functioning of the government.
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Ewart, Sande. "Mutual aid as community development : accessing potable water in rural El Salvador /." Halifax, N.S. : Saint Mary's University, 2008.
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Tellez, Sanchez Sarita Lucia. "Household Water Filter Use Characterization in Rural Rwanda: Signal Interpretation, Development and Validation." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3026.
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Access to safe drinking water is an important health factor in many developing countries. Studies have shown that unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation practices leads to diarrheal disease, which is one of the leading causes of death of children under five in developing countries. Provision and proper use of household water filters have been shown to effectively improve health.
This thesis is focused on the refinement and validation of algorithms for data collected from pressure transducer sensors that are used in household water filters (the Vestergaard Frandsen LifeStraw Family 2.0) deployed in Rwanda by the social enterprise DelAgua Health. Statistical and signal processing techniques were used to detect the use of the LifeStraw water filters and to estimate the amount of water filtered at the time of usage. An algorithm developed by Dr. Carson Wick at Georgia Institute of Technology was the baseline for the analysis of the data. The algorithm was then refined based on data collected in the SweetLab at Portland State University, which was then applied to field data.
Laboratory results indicated that the mean error of the improved algorithm is 11.5% as compared with the baseline algorithm mean error of 39%. The validation of the algorithm with field data yielded a mean error of 5%. Errors may be attributed to real-world behavior of the water filter, electronic noise, ambient temperature, and variations in the approximation made to the field data. This work also presents some consideration of the algorithm applied to soft-sided water backpacks.
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Ariga, Kenichi 1972. "Political institutions in rural drinking water provision : the case of Baybay, the Philippines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/63214.
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Panjwani, S. (Suresh). "Drinking water quality and environmental monitoring in rural areas of district Malir Karachi." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805312006.
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Water plays an essential and critical role in human life. Fresh water is one of the most important resources, crucial for the survival of all the living beings. Human and ecological use of water depends upon ambient water quality. The Karachi division in the southern Sindh Province of Pakistan includes a number of industries and is responsible for major contamination of freshwater resources. Contaminants like microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, industrial effluents, fertilizers, pesticides and municipal wastewater can make water unsafe for drinking and other domestic uses. The present work is focused on the rural areas of district Malir, Karachi where water supply schemes/systems are not available and human population use mainly groundwater directly without any treatment. Water pollution is one of the major concerns nowadays. Typically, nullahs (drainage lines), collect and carry untreated sewage which then flows into streams and rivers, resulting in widespread bacteriological and other contamination. This leads to damage to the environment and risks for human health e.g. Chronic health effects, skin lesion, circulatory problems, nervous system disorders and risk of cancer. Rural areas in Pakistan are based on scattered villages which, more often than not, lack any organized sewerage system. Therefore, the resulting sewage infiltrates into the soil and causes groundwater pollution. Keeping the focus on above mentioned problems, this masters’ thesis is designed for water sampling and drinking water quality testing in the rural areas of district Malir, Karachi(DMK). The sampling was carried out with the field team of Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Karachi Pakistan. The drinking water samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and bacteriological parameters including, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, chloride (Cl⁻), carbonate(CO₃) and bicarbonate(HCO₃), total hardness, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), nitrate (NO₃), fluoride (F⁻), sulfate (SO₄), potassium (K), sodium (Na), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), total coliform and E.coli. Altogether, 35 drinking water samples were collected and analyzed. The results were then compared with WHO/NEQS limits and guidelines pertaining to quality of water for human consumption. It was revealed that out of 35 drinking water samples 14% were beyond the safe limits for physical parameters. The 60% of water samples were observed to be unfit for human consumption due to the presence of inorganic constituents beyond the safe limits prescribed by WHO/NEQS. Whereas all the drinking water samples were observed to be unfit due to existence of coliform bacteria. However, 46% of these were fecal contaminated due to presence of E.coli. Overall results indicate a critical need for better sanitation infrastructure in the area including water and wastewater treatment.
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Casao, Marah. "Study of quality of drinking water : In rural areas of Souss Massa region." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27548.
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The scarcity of water affects many developing nations. Today, Morocco,characterized by an arid and semi-arid climate, is approaching absolute scarcityof freshwater availability of 730 m3/capita/year. The effect of the scarcity ofwater is highly evident in rural localities, which are driven to rely on wellwater and rainwater harvesting. Potability of alternative water sources isuncertain as it is not monitored by municipal treatment plants.The objective of this investigation was to study the quality and quantity ofdrinking water in rural areas of Souss Massa region. Water samples collectedfrom seven study sites were sent to private laboratories for microbiologicaland physicochemical analysis.The results of the tests revealed that the drinking water in Agadir Ouguejgal,Ben Anfar and Ait Said was unsafe for human consumption due to fecalcontamination. Concerning physicochemical examination, nitrate levels inTouamal as well as iron levels in Agadir Ouguejgal exceeded the maximumallowable concentration provided by the WHO and the Moroccan regulations.This constitutes serious health risk to its population. To prevent diseaseoutbreaks and long-term illness in these areas, anomalies to MoroccanStandards, should be addressed.The scarcity of water is highly evident in Agadir Ouguejgal, where waterconsumption is approximately 8 l/capita/day. With this amount of waterconsumption, proper sanitation cannot be assured.Statistically, a strong correlation was found between E. coli and totalcoliform. Trend analysis demonstrated a downward trend on water balance inthe Souss Massa region.To mitigate water quality issues in the Souss Massa region, a morecomprehensive investigation is mandatory which focuses on the exact sourceof the pollution and measures that is applicable to rural villages.Brist på vatten påverkar många utvecklingsländer. I nuläget, Marocko, där vattentillgången är begränsad, närmar sig absolut vattenbrist med färskvattentillgången på 730/person/år. Effekten av brist på vatten är mycket tydlig bland rurala områden, där invånarna behöver förlita sig på alternativa vattenresurser exempelvis brunnsvatten och regnvatten.Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete är att studera dricksvattenkvalitén i rurala områden inom Souss Massa regionen. Målet är att utifrån kunskap bedöma om huruvida dricksvattnet från studieområdena är tjäntligt. Vattenprover från sju olika studieområde har legat till grund för samtliga analyser, mikrobiologiska, fysiska-kemiska och statistiska analyser.Resultatet av mikrobiologiska analyserna visade att dricksvattnet från Agadir Ouguejgal, Ben Anfar och Ait Said var otjänligt på grund av indikation av fekala kontaminering. När det gäller kemiska testerna överskred vattnet från Touamal högsta tillåtna nitrathalten och Agadir Ouguejgal högsta tillåtna järnhalten som fastställdes av Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) och den marockanska myndigheten. Dessa avvikelser innebär en hälsorisk hos invånarnaNär det gäller vattenkvantitét var vattenbristen högst tydligt i Agadir Ouguejgal med vattenkonsumptionen på 8 l/person/dag. Med denna mängd vatten kan hygieniska aspekterna inte säkerställas.Den framtida prognosen för vattenbalansen i Souss massa regionen tydde på en nedåtgående trend. Detta förväntas påverka framtida vattentillgänligheten i regionen. Korrelationsanalyserna visade på en stark samband mellan E. koli och totala koliforma bakterier.För att ta itu med vattenproblematiken i regionen krävs en grundligare undersökning där fokus ligger på de exakta föroreningskällorna och de möjliga åtgärderna som går att implementera i rurala områden.
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Aziz, Sonia N. "Valuation of Avoiding Arsenic in Drinking Water in Rural Bangladesh: An Averting Behavior Analysis." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/AzizSN2007.pdf.
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Onabolu, Boluwaji. "Evaluating the post-implementation effectiveness of selected household water treatment technologies in rural Kenya." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013145.
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Water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases are responsible for 7% of all deaths and 8% of all disability adjusted live years (DALYs), as well as the loss of 320 million days of productivity in developing countries. Though laboratory and field trials have shown that household water treatment (HWT) technologies can quickly improve the microbiological quality of drinking water, questions remain about the effectiveness of these technologies under real-world conditions. Furthermore, the value that rural communities attach to HWT is unknown, and it is not clear why, in spite of the fact that rural African households need household water treatment (HWT) most, they are the least likely to use them. The primary objective of this multi-level study was to assess the post-implementation effectiveness of selected HWT technologies in the Nyanza and Western Provinces of Kenya. The study was carried out in the rainy season between March and May, 2011 using a mixed method approach. Evidence was collected in order to build a case of evidence of HWT effectiveness or ineffectiveness in a post-implementation context. A quasi-experimental design was used first to conduct a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey in 474 households in ten intervention and five control villages (Chapter 3). The survey assessed the context in which household water treatment was being used in the study villages to provide real-world information for assessing the effectiveness of the technologies. An interviewer-administered questionnaire elicited information about the water, sanitation and hygiene-related KAP of the study communities. A household water treatment (HWT) survey (Chapter 4) was carried out in the same study households and villages as the KAP study, using a semi-structured questionnaire to gather HWT adoption, compliance and sustained use-related information to provide insight into the perceived value the study households attach to HWT technologies, and their likelihood of adoption of and compliance with these technologies. The drinking water quality of 171 (one quarter of those surveyed during KAP) randomly selected households was determined and tracked from source to the point of use (Chapter 5). This provided insights into HWT effectiveness by highlighting the need for HWT (as indicated by source water quality) and the effect of the study households’ KAP on drinking water quality (as indicated by the stored water quality). Physico-chemical and microbiological water quality of the nineteen improved and unimproved sources used by the study households was determined, according to the World Health Organisation guidelines. The microbiological quality of 291 water samples in six intervention and five control villages was determined from source to the point-of-use (POU) using the WHO and Sphere Drinking Water Quality Guidelines. An observational study design was then used to assess the post-implementation effectiveness of the technologies used in 37 households in five intervention villages (Chapter 6). Three assessments were carried out to determine the changes in the microbiological quality of 107 drinking water samples before treatment (from collection container) and after treatment (from storage container) by the households. The criteria used to assess the performance of the technologies were microbial efficacy, robustness and performance in relation to sector standards. A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was then carried out in the HWT effectiveness study households to assess the technologies’ ability to reduce the users’ exposure to and probability of infection with water-borne pathogens (Chapter 7). The KAP survey showed that the intervention and control communities did not differ significantly in 18 out of 20 socio-economic variables that could potentially be influenced by the structured manner of introducing HWT into the intervention villages. The majority of the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG) were poor or very poor on the basis of household assets they owned. The predominant level of education for almost two-thirds of the IG and CG respondents was primary school (completed and non-completed). Though very few were unemployed in IG (8.07%) and CG (14.29%), the two groups of respondents were predominantly engaged in subsistence farming — a low income occupation. With regard to practices, both groups had inadequate access to water and sanitation with only one in two of the households in both IG and CG using improved water sources as their main drinking water source in the non-rainy season. One in ten households in both study groups possessed an improved sanitation facility, though the CG was significantly more likely to practice open defecation than the IG. The self-reported use of soap in both study groups was mainly for bathing and not for handwashing after faecal contact with adult or child faeces. Despite the study groups' knowledge about diarrhoea, both groups showed a disconnection between their knowledge about routes of contamination and barriers to contamination. The most frequent reason for not treating water was the perceived safety of rain water in both the IG and CG.The HWT adoption survey revealed poor storage and water-handling practices in both IG and CG, and that very few respondents knew how to use the HWT technologies correctly: The IG and CG were similar in perceived value attached to household water treatment. All HWT technologies had a lower likelihood of adoption compared to the likelihood of compliance indicators in both IG and CG. The users’ perceptions about efficacy, time taken and ease of use of the HWT technologies lowered the perceived value attached to the technologies. The assessment of the drinking water quality used by the study communities indicated that the improved sources had a lower geometric mean E. coli and total coliform count than the unimproved sources. Both categories of sources were of poor microbiological quality and both exceeded the Sphere Project (2004) and the WHO (2008) guidelines for total coliforms and E. Coli respectively The study communities’ predominant drinking water sources, surface water and rainwater were faecally contaminated (geometric mean E. coli load of 388.1±30.45 and 38.9±22.35 cfu/100 ml respectively) and needed effective HWT. The improved sources were significantly more likely than the unimproved sources to have a higher proportion of samples that complied with the WHO drinking water guidelines at source, highlighting the importance of providing improved water sources. The lowest levels of faecal contamination were observed between the collection and storage points which coincided with the stage at which HWT is normally applied, suggesting an HWT effect on the water quality. All water sources had nitrate and turbidity levels that exceeded the WHO stipulated guidelines, while some of the improved and unimproved sources had higher than permissible levels of lead, manganese and aluminium. The water source category and the mouth type of the storage container were predictive of the stored water quality. The active treater households had a higher percentage of samples that complied with WHO water quality guidelines for E. coli than inactive treater households in both improved and unimproved source categories. In inactive treater households, 65% of storage container water samples from the improved sources complied with the WHO guidelines in comparison to 72% of the stored water samples in the active treater households. However the differences were not statistically significant. The HWT technologies did not attain sector standards of effective performance: in descending order, the mean log10 reduction in E. coli concentrations after treatment of water from unimproved sources was PUR (log₁₀ 2.0), ceramic filters (log₁₀ 1.57), Aquatab (log₁₀ 1.06) and Waterguard (log₁₀ 0.44). The mean log10 reduction in E. coli after treatment of water from improved sources was Aquatab (log₁₀ 2.3), Waterguard (log₁₀ 1.43), PUR (log₁₀ 0.94) and ceramic filters (log₁₀ 0.16). The HWT technologies reduced the user’s daily exposure to water-borne pathogens from both unimproved and improved drinking water sources. The mean difference in exposure after treatment of water from unimproved sources was ceramic filter (log₁₀ 2.1), Aquatab (log₁₀ 1.9), PUR (log₁₀ 1.5) and Waterguard (log₁₀ 0.9), in descending order. The mean probability of infection with water-borne pathogens (using E.coli as indicator) after consumption of treated water from both improved and unimproved sources was reduced in users of all the HWT technologies. The difference in reduction between technologies was not statistically significant. The study concluded that despite the apparent need for HWT, the study households’ inadequate knowledge, poor attitudes and unhygienic practices make it unlikely that they will use the technologies effectively to reduce microbial concentrations to the standards stipulated by accepted drinking water quality guidelines. The structured method of HWT promotion in the intervention villages had not resulted in more hygienic water and sanitation KAP in the IG compared to the CG, or significant differences in likelihood of adoption and compliance with the assessed HWT technologies. Despite attaching a high perceived value to HWT, insufficient knowledge about how to use the HWT technologies and user concerns about factors such as ease of use, accessibility and time to use will impact negatively on adoption and compliance with HWT, notwithstanding their efficacy during field trials. Even though external support had been withdrawn, the assessed HWT technologies were able improve the quality of household drinking water and reduce the exposure and risk of water-borne infections. However, the improvement in water quality and reduction in risk did not attain sector guidelines, highlighting the need to address the attitudes, practices and design criteria identified in this study which limit the adoption, compliance and effective use of these technologies. These findings have implications for HWT interventions, emphasising the need for practice-based behavioural support alongside technical support.
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Rameck, Makokove. "Determining the association between household drinking water handling practices and bacteriological quality of drinking water at the point-of-use in the rural communities of Murewa district, Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6859.
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Magister Public Health - MPHThere is growing awareness that drinking water can become contaminated following its collection from safe communal sources such as boreholes, as well as during transportation and storage in the house. Drinking water is the most important source of gastroentric diseases worldwide, mainly due to post collection contamination of drinking water. Globally, waterborne diseases are a major public health problem, causing millions of deaths annually. Aim: To determine the association between household drinking water handling practices and bacteriological quality of drinking water at the point-of-use in the rural communities of Murewa district in Zimbabwe.
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Nkonya, Leticia Kuchibanda. "Drinking from own cistern : customary institutions and their impacts on rural water management in Tanzania." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/178.
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Nguyen, Vinh T. T. "Rural water supply in the Virginia coalfield counties." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020317/.
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Potgieter, Natasha. "Water storage in rural households : intervention strategies prevent waterborne diseases." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30323.
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Poor sanitation, unhygienic practices and close living associations between people and animals in rural communities increase the risk of zoonoses and add to faecal contamination of stored drinking water. Point-of-use interventions can improve the microbiological quality of household drinking water and a combination of microbial and chemical indicator tests could identify the origin of faecal pollution. The improvement of the microbiological quality of drinking water in rural households by the implementation of intervention strategies which included the use of traditional storage containers as well as an improved safe storage container (CDC, USA), with or without the addition of a sodium hypochlorite solution were determined. The origin of faecal contamination in the water sources and household stored water were determined using male specific F-RNA subgroup genotyping. This study attempted to assess the survival of indicator microorganisms and selected bacterial pathogens and viruses in the improved safe storage container in borehole and river water samples. An intervention study was conducted in two rural villages utilising different source water. Results indicated that the improved safe storage container without the addition of a stabilized sodium hypochlorite solution did not improve the microbiological quality of the stored drinking water and had counts of indicator microorganisms similar to that found in the traditional storage containers. However, the households using the 1% and the 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions have shown an effective reduction in the counts of indicator microorganisms in both the traditional and the improved safe storage containers. The compliance with the use of the sodium hypochlorite interventions ranged between 60% and 100%, which was in agreement with similar studies carried out in other developing countries. One village complied with the intervention while the other village did not. Reasons for this included financial factors, an unsupportive infrastructures and lack of education and knowledge on health risks by the households. Male specific F-RNA bacteriophage genotyping showed that faecal contamination in the water source samples and both the traditional and improved safe storage containers at the point-of-use were primarily of animal origin (Subgroup I). Households using river water had subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages present in the stored household water, which was associated with human faecal pollution. However, subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages has been isolated from faeces of cattle and poultry, which indicated that F-RNA subgroup typing might not be a specific tool to determine the origin of faecal pollution in water sources. Laboratory seeding experiments indicated that 1% sodium hypochlorite solution were less effective in reducing heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, F-RNA bacteriophages and coxsackie B1 virus counts in the improved safe storage containers filled with river water with a high turbidity. However, the 1% sodium hypochlorite solution did reduce the indicator and seeded microorganisms within 60 min in containers filled with borehole water with a low turbidity. The 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solution effectively decreased the numbers of microorganisms to undetectable limits within 60 min in both the borehole and river filled storage containers irrespective of the turbidity values. This study has showed that a combination of intervention strategies can provide rural communities with microbiologically safe drinking water.Thesis (PhD (Medical Virology))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Medical Virology
PhD
unrestricted
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Leiter, Maria Louise. "Extent and Sources of Nitrate Contamination of Drinking Water in an Agricultural Watershed in Southwest Ohio." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1250265194.
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Gustavsson, Eleonor, and Christer Berdén. "Water harvesting and purification in rural Uganda : A pilot study." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4040.
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This report is a thesis in mechanical engineering with a focus on development assistance. The thesis was carried out in collaboration with the Gombe Youth Development Organization.
The task was to develop an adequate system to collect, purify and store water in the two rural villages Gombe and Kayunga in Uganda. The system takes into account local weather, water quality, population, water consumption and types of water sources.
The final system has a low manufacturing cost, simple maintenance, low operating cost, is electrical independent and can be manufactured and repaired with local available components.
The report presents various types of sources of water and purification of varying suitability for these conditions. The report also includes operation and maintenance manual and an approximate budget.
The result of this work is a combined system of rainwater harvesting, flocculation and one "up flow" rapid sand filter with built-in storage tank. Given that only rainwater collection is not enough to cover a normal sized family of 10 individuals consumption of water, due to this water from natural sources is also used.
Den här rapporten är ett examensarbete i maskinteknik med inriktning mot bistånd. Examensarbetet utfördes i samarbete med Gombe Youth Development Organization.
Uppgiften bestod i att ta fram ett lämpligt system för att samla in, rena och lagra vatten i de två byarna Gombe och Kayunga på Ugandas landsbygd. Systemet tar hänsyn till lokalt väder, vattenkvalité, population, vattenkonsumtion och typer av vattenkällor.
Det slutliga systemet har låg tillverkningskostnad, är lätt att underhålla, har låg driftskostnad, är inte beroende av elektricitet och kan tillverkas och repareras av lokalt tillgängliga komponenter.
Rapporten presenterar olika typer av insamlingskällor av dricksvatten och metoder för rening med varierande lämplighet för dessa förutsättningar. Rapporten innefattar även drift- och underhållsmanual och en ungefärlig budget.
Resultatet av arbetet är ett system kombinerat av regnvatteninsamling, flockning och ett ”up flow” snabbt sandfilter med inbyggd förvaringstank. Med tanke på att endast regnvatteninsamling inte räcker till för att täcka behovet för en normalstor familj på 10 personer, kommer även vatten från naturliga källor även att användas.
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Gupta, Himani S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An integrated modeling and decision tool for improved drinking water reliability in rural villages of India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99544.
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Thesis: S.M. in Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-141).
Rural community, which constitutes more than 70% of the total population in India, faces an everyday struggle to meet basic water requirements. The challenges in this struggle are numerous: lack of infrastructure, limited access to new water resources, over-dependence on groundwater resources, and high spatial and temporal variability of monsoon. In addition, these issues are aggravated by the lack of hydrologic and water management understanding among the water using community. To address such problems, water engineers and managers often resort to complicated hydrologic models. These models may capture the global hydrological processes more accurately but their data requirement and set up is highly complicated, let alone the implementation at village scale. This thesis proposes a simpler modeling approach which integrates the local conditions and typical hydrological processes within reasonable assumptions to develop a practical tool which can be used directly by the stakeholders (local water authorities and village community). For prototype model development, we identify a case study of Jivapar village located in Gujarat state of India.We propose a conceptual framework which interlinks components like climate, surface water, groundwater flow, domestic water demand, and pumping for irrigation through water balance approach. Based on this framework, we build a mathematical model to understand the relevance of different system parameters in increasing water system reliability. We use number of days village gets basic water supply as the indicator of system reliability. We calibrate the model by simulating year 2010 as baseline scenario. We also use the model to evaluate the system behavior with respect to changes in climatic conditions, land use, check dam properties and hydrologic parameters like porosity and hydraulic conductivity. We show that factors like evapotranspiration, hydraulic conductivity and properties of check dam bottom soil have significant impact on local water supply. Through the process of model development, scenario simulations, and discussion on policy implications, we illustrate the utility of proposed model in furthering general water system understanding, and in strategic and functional water resources planning through scenario modeling, decision support, policy analysis and infrastructure design.
by Himani Gupta.
S.M. in Environmental Engineering
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Nikagolla, Chandima. "Developing low cost water treatment solutions for rural, less advantaged communities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235894/1/Chandima%2BNikagolla%2BThesis%285%29.pdf.
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This research developed new knowledge relating to the provision of affordable drinking water. An integrated approach for groundwater characterisation in complex environmental settings was successfully developed and tested. A novel sorbent for fluoride removal was introduced, and a cost-effective household-level water filter was designed. The generic outcomes of this research can be applied to improve the lives of people in disadvantaged rural settings by improving their treated drinking water access.
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Cleary, Shawn A. "Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities Using Multistage Slow Sand Filtration." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/926.
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Slow sand filtration is a proven and sustainable technology for drinking water treatment in small communities. The process, however, is sensitive to lower water temperatures that can lead to decreased biological treatment, and high raw water turbidity levels that can lead to premature clogging of the filter and frequent cleaning requirements, resulting in increased risk of pathogen breakthrough.
Multistage filtration, consisting of roughing filtration followed by slow sand filtration, can overcome these treatment limitations and provide a robust treatment alternative for surface water sources of variable water quality in northern climates, which typically experience water temperatures ranging down to 2°C. Prior to this study, however, multistage filtration had yet to be systematically challenged in colder climates, including testing of its performance under increased hydraulic loadings and elevated influent turbidity together with cold water conditions.
The primary goal of this research was to demonstrate the reliability of multistage filtration for small communities in northern climates with reference to the Ontario Safe Drinking Water Act. In this research, testing was conducted on two different pilot multistage filtration systems and fed with water from the Grand River, a municipally and agriculturally impacted river in Southern Ontario. One system featured pre-ozonation and post-granular activated carbon (GAC) stages, and shallower bed depths in the roughing filter and slow sand filter. The other system featured deeper bed depths in the roughing filter and slow sand filter, two parallel roughing filters of different design for comparison, and a second stage of slow sand filtration for increased robustness.
Removal of turbidity, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms under a range of influent turbidities (1 to >100 NTU), water temperatures (~2 to 20°C), and hydraulic loading rates (0. 2 to 0. 8 m/h) were investigated. In addition, the slow sand filters in each pilot system were challenged with high concentrations (~106 oocyst/L) of inactivated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.
The performance of both pilot multistage filtration systems was highly dependent on the biological maturity of the system and its hydraulic loading rate. In a less mature system operating in cold water conditions (<5°C), effluent turbidity was mostly below 0. 5 NTU during periods of stable influent turbidity (no runoff events) and a hydraulic loading of 0. 4 m/h, however, runoff events of high influent turbidity (>50 NTU), increased hydraulic loadings (0. 6 m/h), and filter cleaning occasionally resulted in effluent turbidity above 1 NTU. Furthermore, in a less mature system operating during runoff events of high turbidity, reducing the hydraulic loading rate to 0. 2 m/h was important for achieving effluent turbidity below 1 NTU.
However, in a more mature system operating in warm water conditions (19-22°C), effluent turbidity was consistently below 0. 3 NTU at a hydraulic loading rate of 0. 4 m/h, and below 0. 5 NTU at 0. 8 m/h, despite numerous events of high influent turbidity (>25 NTU). It remains to be seen whether this performance could be sustained in colder water temperatures with a fully mature filter. Removal of coliform bacteria was occasionally incomplete in a less mature multistage system, whereas, in a more mature system operating in warm water conditions (>9°C), removal was complete in all measurements. Furthermore, the average removal of Cryptosporidium was greater than 2. 5 logs in both systems (with hydraulic loading rates ranging from 0. 4 to 0. 8 m/h) and improved with increased filter maturity.
Each individual stage of the multistage system was an important treatment barrier in the overall process of turbidity and pathogen removal. The roughing filter was not only important for protecting the slow sand filter from solids loading and increasing its run length, but was also a significant contributor to coliform removal when the system was less mature. Removal of turbidity was significantly improved when the roughing filter was more mature, suggesting that biological treatment was an important treatment mechanism in the roughing filter. Although pre-ozonation was used mainly for the removal of organic carbon and colour, it achieved complete removal of coliform bacteria and was also suspected to be important for enhanced removal of turbidity. The second slow sand filter in series provided additional robustness to the process by reducing effluent turbidity to below 1 NTU during cold water runoff events of high turbidity and increased hydraulic loadings (0. 6 m/h), while achieving effluent below 0. 3 NTU during normal periods of operation. It also provided additional removals of coliforms under challenging operating conditions, and contributed an additional average removal of Cryptosporidium of 0. 8 logs, which resulted in cumulative removal of 3. 7 logs, approximately 1 log greater than all the other challenge tests.
Collectively, the entire multistage system performed well with water temperatures ranging down to 2°C, limited filter maturity, elevated raw water turbidities, and increased hydraulic loading rates. Its ability to meet the current Ontario turbidity regulations and greater than 2 log removal of Cryptosporidium over a range of operating conditions, with little or no process adjustment, is a testament to the robustness and minimal maintenance requirements of the process, which are desirable attributes for small water systems that are often located in rural areas. While this research demonstrated the performance of multistage filtration using pilot scale testing, it is important to note that full-scale plants tend to produce significantly better results than pilot facilities, due to long term biological maturation of the system.
Overall, multistage filtration is a sustainable and cost-effective technology that, through this research, appears to be a safe, reliable, and robust treatment alternative for small and non-municipal water systems in North America and the developing world. Further, based on its performance with challenging influent water quality and cold water conditions, multistage filtration holds particular promise for small communities in northern climates that are required to meet safe drinking water regulations, but are dependent on surface water sources of variable water quality and temperatures.
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Fennell, Emma-Jane. "Patterns of Cistern Drinking Water Collection and Use Among Residents in a Semi-Rural Community Who Previously Indicated that Cisterns Were a Primary Source of Their Drinking Water: Implications for Exposure Assessment." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1163176157.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2006.Advisor: C. Scott Clark. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed may 20, 2008). Includes abstract. Keywords: cistern; Fernald. Includes bibliographical references.
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Galicia, Oswaldo. "Development and Application of Decision-Making Tool for Rural Spring-Sourced Gravity-Fed Community Managed Water Systems." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7790.
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People all over the world still lack access to safe drinking water service. Those with access experience several issues during the first few years of installation that impede on their overall access. In order to improve water services, not only is a proper decision-making tool necessary, taking into account key factors that impact sustainable water service, but proper monitoring and evaluation is also important in ensuring service for the long term. There are several developed assessment tools used for monitoring and evaluation of water systems post-construction, applicable in various scenarios. However, there are only few tools available to facilitate the decision-making process for stakeholders implementing water systems in the field. Ideally, one tool could be used across various life-cycle stages, like planning (decision-making) and post-construction (monitoring and evaluation).
Currently, several stakeholder groups are working in Panama to improve the access of safe drinking water for rural and indigenous populations living in mountainous areas, where spring-sourced gravity-fed community-managed systems are common. Effective sustainability assessment tools including Rural Water and Sanitation Information System, SIASAR in Spanish, provide useful frameworks to create a decision making tool for this development context.
This research focused on developing a Decision-Making Tool using three key assessment tools (SIASAR, Peace Corps Panama WASH Index, & Schweitzer’s Sustainability Assessment Tool), field experience, and relevant literature incorporating technical, social, economic, and environmental factors. The Decision-Making Tool was developed to build or rehabilitate a rural spring-sourced gravity-fed community-managed water system and also serve as a practical monitoring and evaluation tool. The tool has a total of 10 indicators and 20 measures used to score various scenarios or alternatives as sustainability unlikely, sustainability possible, or sustainability likely.
The tool was successfully applied as a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) tool for the rural indigenous community of Quebrada Cacao in the province of Bocas del Toro in Panama. A total of 5 alternatives scenarios with estimated costs, labor expenditure and environmental impact were developed using EPANET and SimaPro to help improve the community’s rural spring-sourced gravity-fed community managed water system. Using analytical hierarchy process with weights set by three stakeholder groups in Panama (Quebrada Cacao’s water committee, Panama’s Ministry of Health, and Peace Corps Panama), these five alternative scenarios were scored using the Decision-Making Tool.
As a result, a feasible alternative was recommended for the community of Quebrada Cacao using the developed Decision-Making Tool. The tool was also successfully applied as a monitoring and evaluation tool, providing a baseline to develop applicable alternatives to improve the community’s sustainability score. This Decision-Making Tool fulfills an important gap useful for both planning and monitoring and evaluation. It provides a successful tool for application in Panama for building or rehabilitating rural spring-sourced gravity-fed community managed water systems and for other countries with a similar context. Finally, the tool also considers technical, economic, social, and environmental factors, ensuring a more holistic definition of sustainability when building or rehabilitating these water systems. Overall, this Decision-Making Tool can help reduce the number of people without access to safe drinking water around the world and also help ensure systems function sustainably for the long term.
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Hartinger, Stella M., Claudio F. Lanata, Ana I. Gil, Jan Hattendorf, Hector Verastegui, and Daniel Mäusezahl. "Combining interventions: improved chimney stoves, kitchen sinks and solar disinfection of drinking water and kitchen clothes to improve home hygiene in rural Peru." Institut Veolia Environnement, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/314662.
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Home based interventions are advocated in rural areas against a variety of diseases. The combination of different interventions might have synergistic effects in terms of health improvement and cost effectiveness. However, it is crucial to ensure cultural acceptance. The aim of the study was to develop an effective and culturally accepted home-based intervention package to reduce diarrhoea and lower respiratory illnesses in children. In two rural Peruvian communities we evaluated the performance and acceptance of cooking devices, household water treatments (HWT) and home–hygiene interventions, with qualitative and quantitative methods. New ventilated stove designs reduced wood consumption by 16%. The majority of participants selected solar water disinfection as HWT in a blind tasting. In-depth interviews on hygiene improvement further revealed a high demand for kitchen sinks. After one year of installation the improved chimney stoves and kitchen sinks were all in use. The intervention package was successfully adapted to local customs, kitchen-, home–and hygiene management. High user satisfaction was primarily driven by convenience gains due to the technical improvements and only secondarily by perceived health benefits.Revisión por pares.
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Harris, Jalisa. "Public Perceptions of Drinking Water in Rural Thailand: Surveying Households in Ban Thakhonyang, Ban Don Man and Ban Nong Khon, in Kae Dam District in Mahasarakham Province." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491307517949412.
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Foit, Wernich. "Microbial drinking water quality of selected rural, peri-urban and urban communities and schools in the North West Province, South Africa / Wernich Foit." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4130.
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Safe drinking water is a basic human right. This study mainly focused on the physicochemical and microbiological drinking water quality of selected rural, peri-urban and urban communities and schools in the North West Province, South Africa. Parameters
measured to determine the physico-chemical quality of drinking water were temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity, carbonate hardness, total hardness, NO2 -, NO3 - and chlorine. These parameters indicated hard water in the informal settlement (Sonderwater) as well as in the rural area (Ganyesa).
Nitrate content were troubling for both areas, and total dissolved solids were higher
than the standard in the water from Ganyesa. For microbiological quality of the water,
heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria, total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal
streptococci, and staphylococci were enumerated on appropriate selective media using standard procedures. In the water from Sonderwater, faecal indicator bacteria were
isolated, but none were found in the water from Ganyesa. Heterotrophic plate count
bacteria and total coliforms were detected at levels above the standard in water samples
from both areas. Staphylococci and faecal streptococci were present in low numbers in
the water from both sites. Faecal coliforms isolated from Sonderwater showed multiple
antibiotic resistances to beta-lactams. Identification of faecal coliforms from
Sonderwater by API 20E strips and sequencing showed that they were Aeromonas spp.
and Enterobacter spp.. Bacteria in the water from Sonderwater were tested for the
potential to form biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy revealed multi-species
biofilms developing in the water container after 5 days of storage. Water was sampled
from four areas outside of Potchefstroom to determine a settlement gradient in water
quality. Areas ranged from a formal area, through an established informal area and a
newly established informal area to the newest established informal area. The water
from these areas was classified as hard according to physico-chemical parameters
measured, and TDS for the water from all areas were above the standard for domestic
use. The established informal area had high numbers of total coliforms present in the
water. Staphylococci and HPC bacteria were detected in levels higher than the standard
for domestic use in all water samples. No faecal coliforms were found in the water
from any of the areas. There was no visible gradient in the water quality between the
areas. The water samples collected from rural, peri-urban and urban schools were also
analysed in terms of physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Water from all
schools was classified as hard water. Only one school (peri-urban) had a pH above the
standard. One rural school and one peri-urban school had TDS and electrical
conductivity levels above the standard for domestic use. All rural and peri-urban
schools had alarmingly high levels of nitrates present in the water. These schools
receive groundwater as drinking water. Total coliform bacteria were present at high
levels in all water samples from the schools. Rural and peri-urban schools presented levels of staphylococci and HPC bacteria higher than the standard for domestic use.
Streptococci were present in water from some of the rural and peri-urban schools and
one urban school. Faecal coliform/faecal streptococci ratios for rural schools indicated faecal pollution potentially of human origin, and in other schools faecal pollution from both human and animal origin. Before the vacation, faecal coliform bacteria were detected in water from all rural schools, two peri-urban schools and one urban school.
After the vacation, faecal coliforms were only detected in water from two rural schools
and one peri-urban school. Faecal coliforms identified and characterized showed
multiple antibiotic resistances to beta-lactams, oxy-tetracycline and trimethoprim.
Identification by API 20E strips and sequencing confirmed that faecal coliforms from schools were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. It was concluded that water from Sonderwater were of poor quality and water from Ganyesa were acceptable with only
the nitrates a troubling factor. There was no settlement gradient observed in terms of
water quality between areas. Water from rural schools were generally of unacceptable
quality in terms of both physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. The water
quality of these schools was also very poor when compared to urban schools. Periurban
schools had water quality better than rural schools, but poorer than urban schools.
Surveys of water quality are recommended for all areas sampled, and education on the
sanitary quality of water and related health implications is advisable for residents of
informal and rural areas.Thesis: B.Sc. Microbiology and Biochemistry School of Environmental Science and Development Faculty of Natural Sciences North-West University: Potchefstroom campus 2006.
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Reygadas, Robles Gil Fermin. "User Compliance, Field Efficacy, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of an Ultraviolet Water Disinfection System and other Drinking Water Treatment Alternatives for Rural Households in Mexico." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3685996.
Full textAbstract:
Many households in developing countries rely on contaminated and untreated drinking water sources, contributing to gastrointestinal illness and other health risks. Even piped water quality is often unreliable because of poorly-maintained treatment or distribution systems. Household water treatment (HWT) systems aim to enable users to treat their water at the point of use, making it safe to drink. While some HWT options have been successful in improving health in developing countries, low adoption and sustained use outside pilot projects and epidemiological trials remains one of the current challenges with this approach. Furthermore, Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment models predict that the health benefits from water quality interventions drop significantly with even occasional consumption of contaminated water. Therefore, to be effective, HWT options need to achieve high user compliance rates and provide safe water reliably.
I begin my thesis with an interdisciplinary analysis of the field of water, health, and development, followed by a description of my research study site. Using an interdisciplinary research approach, grounded in the local context, I led the development of an ultraviolet (UV) water disinfection system for rural households. This included an iterative process of design and field tests to create a user-friendly system and laboratory research to improve the performance of the technology. I also collaborated with a non-profit organization based in Mexico in the design of an implementation program to support the adoption and consistent use of the UV system.
Then I present the design and application of a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial in rural Mexico to evaluate compliance with the implementation program and field efficacy of the UV system. I developed a framework that disaggregates and measures the components of compliance from initial adoption of a safe water practice to exclusive consumption of safe water. I applied this framework to measure compliance across intervention and control groups and to test if additional program components that improve convenience to users can be a cost-effective approach to increase compliance. I present evidence that the implementation program significantly improved compliance with the habit of consuming safe water, when compared to the practice of purchasing water bottled in reusable 20 L containers in the control group. The additional program components proved to be a cost-effective strategy to increase compliance immediately post-intervention, but their impact degraded with time. By analyzing results across different compliance components, I find limitations of the current HWT approach. I present the rational for pilot testing strategies outside the current HWT paradigm, such as expanding a narrow focus on drinking water to making all domestic water safe to drink or switching from a product-based to a service delivery model.
As a second component of the randomized trial, I present a series of controlled comparisons to evaluate the field efficacy of the UV system using E. coli as a fecal contamination indicator in drinking water. I use an as-treated-analysis to isolate the impact of the system and contrast these results with an impact evaluation of the implementation program led by a research colleague. I also created a drinking water reliability framework to compare potential contamination impacts from different household water management practices and a logistic regression model to assess household risk factors for post-UV-treatment contamination. I show that treating water with the UV system and storing it in 20 L narrow-necked containers, allowed households to significantly improve their drinking water quality and gain access to a more reliable source of safe water.
In the final chapter I investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the use of HWT technologies in Mexico. I do that by carrying out a literature review of existing studies assessing energy use of water treatment technologies; using secondary data to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) capturing the embedded CO2 equivalent emissions of individual HWT products; and developing model to calculate a metric of GHG emissions per volume of water used representative of the HWT sector in Mexico. Filtration, ozone, and UV disinfection technologies resulted in similar LCA emissions, while reverse osmosis had emissions five times higher than the average of the rest. I also find GHG emissions of HWT to be 30 times lower than water bottled in 20 L reusable containers. In a context in which mortgage institutions have created green credit mechanisms, this result is useful for expanding financing options for HWT products, which are often more cost-effective than bottled water, but require a higher capital investment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Fattic, Jana R. "Determining the Viability of a Hybrid Experiential and Distance Learning Educational Model for Water Treatment Plant Operators in Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1082.
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Drinking water and wastewater industries are facing a nationwide workforce shortfall of qualified treatment plant operators due to factors including the en masse retirement of baby boomers and the tightening of regulatory requirements regarding the hands-on experience required prior to licensure. Rural areas are hardest hit due to the lack of educational and experiential opportunities available to them within a reasonable proximity. Using a variety of demographic and industry data, a geographic analysis of Kentucky was conducted to assess the viability of the traditional classroom delivery model versus a hybrid experiential and distance learning educational model (HEDLEM). Although this analysis indicates that population density is the dominant indicator for most of the parameters used in this study, the bulk of the workforce needs in the state are distributed throughout rural areas with lower population densities. While the number and geographic distribution of community colleges in the state would appear to support the viability of campus-based workforce development programs, this study demonstrates the limitations of this model in addressing the needs of the water and wastewater workforce, where a significant workplace-associated experiential requirement exists. This limitation is exaggerated in rural areas, which have a demonstrated statewide need. This study indicates that a sufficient recruitment pool exists for the program based on the anticipated
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Sohel, Nazmul. "Epidemiological and Spatial Association between Arsenic Exposure via Drinking Water and Morbidity and Mortality population based studies in rural Bangladesh /." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121788.
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Trinh, Ngoc Dao [Verfasser]. "Development of a Decentralized Drinking Water Treatment Plant Based on Membrane Technology for Rural Areas in Vietnam / Ngoc Dao Trinh." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162711515/34.
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Neibaur, Elena E. "Sustainability Analysis of Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Current and Future Water Security in Rural Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2245.
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Rainwater harvesting, the act of capturing and storing rain, is an ancient practice that is increasingly utilized today by communities to address water supply needs. This thesis examines whether domestic rainwater harvesting systems (DRWHS) can be a sustainable solution as defined by social, water quality, and technical feasibility for water security in semi-arid, rural environments. For this study, 50 surveys and 17 stored rainwater analyses were conducted in San Jose Xacxamayo, Mexico, in conjunction with my Peace Corps work of implementing 82 DRWHS. Results showed that all DRWHS were socially feasible because of cultural acceptance and local capacity. Water quality analyses showed that four DRWHS contained coliform bacteria; deeming water unfit for human consumption. Technical feasibility, examined through climate analyses, showed an average year-round reliability of 20-30% under current and future rainfall regime. The DRWHS can be a sustainable water supply option with roof expansion and treatment prior to consumption.
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Mbomba, Jiatsa Zacharie Tite. "Can Fog and Rain Harvesting Secure Safe Drinking Water in Rural Cameroon? – Case study of Bafou (mountainous) and Mora (low-lying) villages." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10521.
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At the opposite of numerous countries in the world, despite its natural assets and its enormous surface and underground water potential, Cameroon is still trying to put down effective policies for the supply of safe drinking water for its rural population. Many initiatives to supply these communities through a national water distribution network have remained for the most dead letters or fruitless. A very high number of people still endanger their life daily by relying on archaic water supply techniques – when they are working – and by consuming unsafe water. This study therefore investigates if fog and rainwater harvesting could help in securing safe drinking water to these same rural communities, leaving the remaining demand - if any - to be provided by the existing but too often non-reliable supply system. Two pilot sites have been selected for their different climatic conditions; a village in the mountainous Western Province and another in the low-lying area of the Far-North Province of Cameroon. Average climatic data and basic topographical information from each location were used to determine the size and number of required collectors. The potential monthly water-yield at each site was then assessed using an actual climatic data series (8 years) and the theoretical performance simulated based on an increasing per capita daily consumption (10 – 40 l.d-1). An estimate of implementation cost is provided as part of the discussion on the feasibility of using both fog and rainwater harvesting as low-cost approaches to securing safe drinking water in Cameroon.
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Smith, Tamara L. "Associations between Fecal Indicator Bacteria Prevalence and Demographic Data in Private Water Supplies in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50985.
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Over 1.7 million Virginians rely on private water systems to supply household water. The heaviest reliance on these systems occurs in rural areas, which are often underserved in terms of financial resources and access to environmental health education. As the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) does not regulate private water systems, it is the sole responsibility of the homeowner to maintain and monitor these systems. Previous limited studies indicate that microbial contamination of drinking water from private wells and springs is far from uncommon, ranging from 10% to 68%, depending on type of organism and geological region. With the exception of one thirty-year old government study on rural water supplies, there have been no documented investigations of links between private system water contamination and household demographic characteristics, making the design of effective public health interventions, very difficult.
The goal of the present study is to identify potential associations between concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (e.g. coliforms, E. coli) in 831 samples collected at the point-of-use in homes with private water supply systems and homeowner-provided demographic data (e.g. homeowner age, household income, education, water quality perception). Household income and the education of the perceived head of household were determined to have an association with bacteria concentrations. However, when a model was developed to evaluate strong associations between total coliform presence and potential predictors, no demographic parameters were deemed significant enough to be included in the final model. Of the 831 samples tested, 349 (42%) of samples tested positive for total coliform and 55 (6.6%) tested positive for E. coli contamination. Chemical and microbial source tracking efforts using fluorometry and qPCR suggested possible E. coli contamination from human septage in 21 cases. The findings of this research can ultimately aid in determining effective strategies for public health intervention and gain a better understanding of interactions between demographic data and private system water quality.
Master of Science
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Topbaev, Oktiabr [Verfasser]. "Problems of Rural Drinking Water Supply Management in Central Kyrgyzstan : A Case Study from Kara-Suu Village, Naryn Oblast / Oktiabr Topbaev." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071547747/34.
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Sood, Priya. "Flowing upstream, the case for co-operative efforts between NGO-state relationships concerning the drinking water crisis in rural Gujarat (India)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57328.pdf.
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Buthelezi, Lucky. "The management of potable water supply in rural areas of Umhlathuze Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95673.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.This study gives an overview of the sustainability of potable water supply in rural areas of South Africa in general and four rural areas of uMhlathuze in particular. Three key challenges in achieving sustainable rural water supply are discussed in more detail and later on used to evaluate the inadequacy of financial revenues to cover the full operation, maintenance and replacement of infrastructure. This research study analysed the factors pertaining to the tariff structure used in maintaining and sustaining rendered service. It analysed the current tariff structure that includes the poorest and most marginalised in line with revenue needed to cover recurrence costs. It was the purpose of this study to examine the adequacy of the management system used to sustain the supply of potable water in rural areas, taking into cognisance the costs of rendering the account and of illegal connections combined with high water losses. The study also attempted to link these points to the challenges faced by the rural areas. The sustainability of rural water supply was analysed, based on financial factors, affordability and on the willingness to pay for the service. The researcher first compared the water billing (levies) and payment patterns of each customer in rural areas of uMhlathuze Municipality with others; and secondly, compared the primary data against theory and the literature. Differences and similarities between the collected data and theory were at the core of the analysis The research results determined that the municipality has the capacity to maintain and sustain the potable water supply network in these areas, while dealing with management questions and recommending to management what is needed to ensure that the water reticulation system is run on a sustainable basis. Sustainability of rural water supply seems to be dependent on factors like policy, legal framework and economic factors such as an ability to meet the costs and willingness to pay for rendered service.
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Mangum, Jacob E. "Sustainability of Community-Managed Rural Water Supply Systems in Amazonas, Peru: Assessing Monitoring Tools and External Support Provision." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7055.
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Globally, there is still a large number of people without access to safe drinking water; a known health risk. In rural areas of countries like Peru, when potable water systems are built the responsibility for maintaining these systems is given to volunteer water committees. Despite its prevalence as a management model, there is a consensus that community management alone cannot ensure sustainable water service. Therefore, the overall goal of this research is to assess the sustainability of community-managed water systems in rural areas of the department of Amazonas, Peru. Specifically, this research examines two mechanisms that have been shown to improve the sustainability of rural water systems: 1) monitoring for asset management and service delivery, and 2) provision of long-term external support.
In Amazonas, three sustainability assessment tools have been used recently to monitor the service level and management of water systems. These assessment tools are: the Rural Water and Sanitation Information System (SIASAR, in Spanish), Tracers in Rural Water and Sanitation (Trazadores, in Spanish), and the Diagnostic Survey for Water Supply and Sanitation (Diagnostico, in Spanish). The three tools were assessed using a question mapping technique as well as a sustainability assessment tool evaluation matrix. This analysis identified the SIASAR assessment tool to be the most appropriate for ensuring sustainability of rural water supply systems.
This research also used the data collected with the SIASAR and Trazadores assessment tools to assess the state of community-managed rural water systems in Amazonas. The analysis showed that 81% of systems in the SIASAR analysis and 58% of systems in the Trazadores analysis have deficiencies that are beyond the ability of the water committee to overcome.
In recent years, the Peruvian government has prioritized the creation of an office in each district dedicated to providing external technical support to local water committees. This office, called the Área Técnica Municipal de Agua y Saneamiento (ATM), is charged with formalizing and training water committees which are given the name, Juntas Administradoras de los Servicios de Saneamiento (JASS).
In order to examine the provision of long-term external support provided by the ATM to the JASS, field research was conducted in six districts in Amazonas. Valuable anecdotal evidence was provided by the field research that helped to form recommendations for strengthening the capacity of the ATM office at the local municipal level.
The results of this research demonstrate that currently a large number of community-managed rural water systems in Amazonas are not sustainable but that the prioritization of monitoring and external support is an encouraging sign. If these mechanisms continue to be prioritized then it is highly likely that water systems throughout Amazonas and Peru will become more sustainable, bringing benefits to millions of Peruvians in rural areas.
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Evers, Cody R. 1981. "Hydrologically Informed Development: A Landscape Analysis of the Impacts of Rural Residential Development on Drinking Water Quality in the Lower McKenzie Watershed, Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11468.
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xii, 60 p. : ill. (some col.)Exurban growth is prevalent in watersheds nationwide and of special concern in areas important for their undeveloped qualities. The McKenzie River, Oregon, is a natural amenity of great public, aesthetic and recreational value and provides drinking water for much of the southern Willamette Valley. These qualities also make the basin an attractive place to live, and their preservation is often in conflict with the rights and gains of private landowners. However, current containment strategies of development can be arbitrary from a hydrological perspective, especially when adapted from urban contexts. This study introduces a spatially-explicit and physically-based approach for identifying hydrologically sensitive lands in periurban watersheds and then applies that model as a framework for assessing current risk to municipal drinking water sources from exurban residential development.
Committee in charge: Robert Parker, Chair; David Hulse, Member; Scott Bridgham, Member
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Young, Kevin Andrew. "The Mucilage of Opuntia Ficus Indica: A Natural, Sustainable, and Viable Water Treatment Technology for Use in Rural Mexico for Reducing Turbidity and Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3832.
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The use of natural environmentally benign agents in the treatment of drinking water is rapidly gaining interest due to their inherently renewable character and low toxicity. We show that the common Mexican cactus produces a gum-like substance, cactus mucilage, which shows excellent flocculating abilities and is an economically viable alternative for low-income communities. Cactus mucilage is a neutral mixture of approximately 55 high-molecular weight sugar residues composed basically of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, and galacturonic acid. We show how this natural product was characterized for its use as a flocculating agent. Our results show the mucilage efficiency for reducing arsenic and particulates from drinking water as determined by light scattering, Atomic Absorption and Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Flocculation studies proved the mucilage to be a much faster flocculating agent when compared to Al2(SO4)3 with the efficiency increasing with mucilage concentration. Jar tests revealed that lower concentrations of mucilage provided the optimal effectiveness for supernatant clarity, an important factor in determining the potability of water. Initial filter results with the mucilage embedded in a silica matrix prove the feasibility of applying this technology as a method for heavy metal removal. This project provides fundamental, quantitative insights into the necessary and minimum requirements for natural flocculating agents that are innovative, environmentally benign, and cost-effective.
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Akter, Nasrin. "Energy Need Assessment and Preferential Choice Survey o fMatipukur Village in Bangladesh : Energy Need Assessment and Preferential Choice Survey of Rural People in Bangladesh." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-158982.
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The aim of this study is to perform a baseline energy survey to understand the existing energy demand and usepattern and to verify the feasibility of a small scale poly-generation project supported by renewable sources ofenergy (biogas based) in a rural area of Bangladesh. A poly-generation solution shall provide multiple outputservices of clean gas, electricity and arsenic free water supply. The project requires using animal dung oragricultural waste to produce biogas and electric energy. The study has analyzed the demand of domesticenergy and water of the village named ‘Matipukur’ in the Jessore district in Bangladesh. The study alsoconsidered available biomass feedstock and energy potential surrounding the village area, as well as the socioeconomicstatus of villagers. The case study included a door to door survey to collect relevant information.Three different economic groups in terms of income scale were investigated throughout the study to obtainbetter insight of the energy-water access situation, requirements and related problems in the village. Almost 98% household of this village relies on biomass for energy due to limited access of modern fuel. Thevillage has various biomass potential in the form of animal dung, fuel wood and agricultural waste which can beused for cooking or serve as the basis for other energy carriers. Kerosene is used for lighting. Among thedifferent fuels, dung meets about 44% of the total demand. The contribution of other fuels for domestic use is24% firewood, 22% agricultural waste, and 2% kerosene. The analytical observation found that the annualaverage energy demand of the village is 8.45 GJ per capita. The share of average demand for cooking and3lighting energy is 8.24 GJ per person/year and 0.21 GJ per person/year respectively. The energy consumptionvaries within different income groups. This study has examined the income per capita, family size, education,agricultural land holding per capita, priorities of their annual expenditure etc. which have direct influence onthe fuel consumption pattern of the household. It could be observed that expenses on energy changes as theincome level increases. About awareness of biogas opportunities and willingness to provide feedstock for apoly generation project, the majority of households answered positively, that is, indicating that they wouldcontribute. Educated respondents showed more positive attitude. Regarding changing of traditional cooking,about 95% of the respondents want to change to a more efficient and reliable cooking system to avoid healthand environmental problems associated with indoor biomass cooking. The study has revealed that only cow dung is not enough to produce clean energy according to demand so theco-digestion method is considered to producing biogas from various energy potentials (animal manure &agricultural waste). The poly-generation system could work with the scenario providing electricity and watersupply for the entire household and cooking gas is limited only for 2/3rd household. Rest 1/3rd household fromlow income group then could be supplied with improve cook stove to meet their daily cooking demand and tominimize indoor pollutions. It is observed that, majority of household has expressed their willingness toprovide raw materials for poly-generation plant though they are using.SIDA funded research project "Biogas based poly generation in Bangladesh"
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Schweitzer, Ryan William. "Community and Household Management Strategies for Water Supply and Treatment in Rural and Peri-urban Areas in the Developing World." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4765.
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Eighty percent of the 780 million people worldwide that access water from an unimproved source live in rural areas. In rural areas, water systems are often managed by community based organizations and many of these systems do not provide service at the designed levels. The Sustainability Analysis Tool developed in Chapter 2 can inform decision making, characterize specific needs of rural communities in the management of their water systems, and identify weaknesses in training regimes or support mechanisms. The framework was tested on 61 statistically representative geographically stratified sample communities with rural water systems in the Dominican Republic. The results demonstrated the impact that long term support by outside groups to support community management activities can improve sustainability indicators, including financial sustainability which is a significant issue throughout the world.
When analyzing the financial sustainability of water systems, it is important to consider all life-cycle costs including the expenditures made by households. Chapter 3 analyzes financial and economic expenditures on water services in 9 rural and peri-urban communities in Burkina Faso. Data from household and water point surveys were used to determine: socio-economic status, financial and economic expenditures, and service levels received by each household. In Burkina Faso recurrent financial and economic expenditures on water service ranged between US$5 and US$9.5 per person per year, with cumulative costs approximately US$19.5 per person per year. The average expenditures on water in Burkina Faso were well above the affordability threshold used by World Bank demonstrating the need to improve subsidies in the water sector.
The sustainability of water supply systems and the ability to ensure the health benefits of these systems is also influenced by the deficiencies in sanitation infrastructure. Unimproved sanitation can be a source of water contamination and a risk factor in water related disease. Furthermore, the effective management of community water supply infrastructure is not a sufficient condition for ensuring water quality and eliminating health risks to consumers. As a result water treatment technologies, such as ceramic water filters (CWFs), implemented and managed at the household level and combined with safe storage practices are proposed as a means of reducing these risks.
The performance of CWFs in laboratory settings has differed significantly from field studies with regard to microbial treatment efficacy and also hydraulic efficiency. Chapter 4 presents a 14 month field study of two locally manufactured CWFs conducted in a rural community in the Dominican Republic. Each of the 59 households in the community received one filter. The CWFs in this study performed poorly with regard to water quality and hydraulic performance. Focus group meetings and household survey suggests that flow rate is a major issue for user acceptability. To address the user concerns Chapter 5 presents two mathematical models for improving the hydraulic performance for the frustum and paraboloid designs. The models can be used to predict how changes in user behavior or filter geometry affects the volume of water produced and therefore can be used as tools to help optimize filter performance.
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Santana, André Turin. "Estudo da qualidade da água para consumo humano em assentamentos de Teodoro Sampaio SP." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2014. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/334.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-14Human activities, as well territorial occupation, lead to changes in environmental dynamics, affecting the natural resources especially water and soil. This situation can frequently be seen in rural settlements, where land distribution is often performed with inadequate infrastructure for occupancy. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of drinking water in settlements located in Teodoro Sampaio municipality, located in the state of São Paulo. The study was based on the quality of the groundwater supplied for human use, the characterization of the area including soil type, agricultural management, waste disposal, uptake and water storage conditions and the correlation of data among the settlements. The methodology used in this project was based on the non systematic observation to characterize the study area, the applied research with field work focused in experimental research with the accomplishment of physical, chemical and microbiological tests in groundwater and soil and on the application of the principal component analysis method (PCA) for correlation of results. 54 wells and 54 water reservoirs spread in 7 rural settlements were sampled, verifying that 92.5 % of the samples did not attend to the potability standards established by Ordinance No. 2914 of 2011 of the Health Ministry, mostly due to the presence of coliform bacteria. Thus, it was concluded that most of the settled families consume water out of potability standards established by the Brazilian regulations and the improvement in water quality depends on the diffusion of basic sanitation, improvement in water uptake and storage facilities and use efficient methodologies for the environmental and sanitary education of the resettled families.
As atividades antrópicas, bem como, a ocupação territorial propiciam alterações na dinâmica ambiental, afetando os recursos naturais, principalmente, a água e o solo. Essa situação pode ser verificada com frequência em assentamentos rurais, onde a distribuição de terras é realizada, muitas vezes, sem infraestrutura adequada para ocupação. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água para consumo humano em assentamentos localizados no município de Teodoro Sampaio, região do Pontal do Paranapanema estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi baseado na qualidade da água subterrânea utilizada para consumo humano, na caracterização da área quanto ao tipo de solo, manejos agropecuários, disposição dos resíduos e condições de captação e armazenamento da água e na correlação dos dados entre os assentamentos. A metodologia utilizada para a realização do presente trabalho foi, a observação assistemática para a caracterização da área de estudo, a pesquisa aplicada com trabalho de campo baseada na pesquisa experimental com a realização de ensaios físico-químicos e microbiológicos nas águas subterrâneas e no solo, e a análise de componentes principais (ACP) para correlação dos resultados. Foram amostrados 54 poços e 54 reservatórios de água distribuídos em 7 assentamentos rurais, constatando que 92,5 % das amostras não atenderam ao padrão de potabilidade estabelecido pela Portaria nº 2.914 de 2011 do Ministério da Saúde por apresentarem principalmente bactérias do grupo coliformes. Assim concluiu-se que grande parte das famílias assentadas está consumindo água fora dos padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira e, que a melhoria na qualidade da água depende da difusão do saneamento básico, melhoria na infraestrutura de captação e armazenamento da água e pelo uso de metodologias eficientes para a educação ambiental e higiênico-sanitária das famílias assentadas.
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Arnold, David Frederick. "Environmental Justice in Virginia’ s Rural Drinking Water: Analysis of Nitrate Concentrations and Bacteria Prevalence in the Household Wells of Augusta and Louisa County Residents." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33759.
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This research studied two predominantly rural counties in Virginia to understand whether residents have equal access to uncontaminated drinking water by socio-economic status. Statistical associations were developed with the total value of each residence based on county tax assessment data as the independent variable to explain levels of nitrate, the presence of bacteria (total coliform and Escherichia coli), and specific household well characteristics (well age, well depth, and treatment). Nearest neighbor analysis and chi-square tests based on land cover classifications were also conducted to evaluate the spatial distribution of contaminated and uncontaminated wells.
Based on the results from the 336 samples analyzed in Louisa County, rural residents with private wells may have variable access to household drinking water free of bacteria; particularly if lower-value homes in the community tend to be older with more dated, shallower wells. This study also suggested that, in Louisa County, the presence of water treatment devices was also significantly related to total home value as an index of socio-economic status. Analysis of the 124 samples taken from household wells in Augusta County did not result in any significant associations among selected well characteristics, total home value, and water quality. Lower community participation in Augusta County as a result of a more expensive water quality testing fee may have contributed to the lack of hypothesized relationships in that countyâ s case study.Master of Science
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Repussard, Clément. "Le service public de l'eau potable en milieu rural au Sénégal : l’exemple de la Communauté rurale de Moudéry." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10070/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objet la construction du service de l’eau potable en milieu rural au Sénégal, à partir de l’exemple de quatre villages de la Communauté rurale de Moudéry. Cette recherche a été menée en même temps qu’un travail opérationnel dans un programme de développement menée par l’ONG française Gret. Elle resitue la délivrance de ce service au quotidien dans la longue durée historique. Les conditions de production et de fonctionnement du service sont ainsi mises en relation avec les processus de construction de l’État et les évolutions des sociétés villageoises, mais aussi avec la succession des programmes internationaux d’accès à l’eau potable. Le premier chapitre établit l’état des lieux des recherches en sciences sociales sur le service public de l’eau an Afrique de l’Ouest. Le second chapitre décrit l’histoire de la politique publique sénégalaise de l’eau en milieu rural depuis le début du XXe siècle. Le troisième chapitre analyse ensuite la diversité des services d’eau coexistant au niveau local. Puis dans le quatrième chapitre, la fragmentation des configurations de délivrances du service public de l’eau est décrite. Le cinquième chapitre décrit comment cette fragmentation se retrouve au niveau villageois, à partir de quatre études de cas villageoises, qui retracent les évolutions des réseaux d’eau potable depuis les années 1980 et l’enracinement de la gestion du service dans les structures sociales villageoises. Le dernier chapitre se concentre sur l’articulation des différents espaces sociaux et politiques de l’eau. Les différentes échelles de citoyennetés définissant les droits et les devoirs mis en jeu par le service de l’eau s’avèrent ainsi complémentaires, bien que la définition canonique du service public ne corresponde pas ce qui est observé sur le terrain. Le rôle des pouvoirs publics en particulier s’avèrent plus proche d’un courtage institutionnalisé au sein des mécanismes d’allocation des projets de développement que de la régulation du service ou la maîtrise d’ouvrage des infrastructures techniquesThis research aims to analyse the service of drinking water in rural Senegal, from the example of four villages in the rural community of Moudéry. This research was conducted alongside with an operational work in a development program conducted by the French NGO GRET.The issue of the daily service is situated in the long history. The conditions of production and operation of the service are made in relation to the process of state building and changes in village societies, but also to the succession of international programs of access to drinking water.The first section establishes the inventory of social science research on the public water in West Africa. The second chapter describes the history of the Senegalese public policy of water in rural areas since the beginning of the twentieth century. The third chapter then analyzes the diversity of coexisting water services at local level. Then in the fourth chapter, the fragmentation patterns of service delivery of public water is described. The fifth chapter describes this fragmentation at the village level, from four village case studies, which trace the evolution of drinking water systems since the 1980s and the enbodiement of management service in the village social structures . The final chapter focuses on the articulation of different social spaces and water policies. The different scales of citizenship defining rights and duties brought into play by the water service are proved complementary, although the canonical definition of public service does not match what is observed in the field. The role of government in particular are more similar to a brokerage in institutionalized mechanisms for allocation of development projects than the regulation of the service or project management of technical infrastructure
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Green, Kaitlin Elinor. "Embodied Energy Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Primary School Settings on La Peninsula Valiente, Comarca Ngobe Bugle, Republic of Panama." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3127.
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The United Nations Millennium Development goals aim to make improvements in access to potable water. In the Bocas del Toro region of Panama, rainwater harvesting systems are making that goal more attainable. Rainwater harvesting, especially in rural, difficult access areas, may be a viable water source improvement that will allow a greater population to access improved water. This study uses the Carnegie Mellon University Economic Input-output Life Cycle Assessment tool to assess the embodied energy of plastic and ferrocement rainwater harvesting systems in rural Panama. Rainwater harvesting systems are assessed as source improvement technologies that increase access to potable water. This study adds to and compares its results to other source improvement LCAs that would potentially benefit developing communities in lesser developed countries.
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Casali, Carlos Alberto. "Qualidade da água para consumo humano ofertada em escolas e comunidades rurais da região central do Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5472.
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In rural areas, including rural schools, the water intended for human consumption may not have quality, due to problems in their capture and storage, leaving the rural population in the mercy of contamination and diseases of hydric veiculation. This work has the follows objectives: a) achieve a diagnosis of the quality of water for human consumption in schools and rural communities of the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, b) verify its relationship with the system of water supply
used, their level of maintenance, the hygienic situation of the establishments and the existence of point and diffuse sources of pollution. To do so, it was selected up the municipalities of Jaguari, São Francisco de Assis, Santa Maria, São Sepé and Tupanciretã, therefore include different agricultural and social realities. In these municipalities, were sampled 34 schools in rural communities which do not participate in programmes official tracking of water quality. There were, within one year, three collections of water, which was characterized in chemistry, physics, organoleptic and biologically. Moreover, the points of collection were characterized environmentally through photographs and a spreadsheet. Of the 34 points monitored, 64.7% are supplied by well tubular, has 35.3% of surface water catchment and none has treatment of water and sewage. São Francisco de Assis is the council that sets water quality with greater commitment, because of four of the eight schools and rural communities is supplied by surface water, come from sources and wells poorly constructed. However, the municipality Tupanciretã presented the highest number of points with drinking water of good quality, because of six of the seven points are supplied by wells and by tubular perform and had annual cleaning of the water reservoirs. In all monitored points 73.5% are supplied through water in disagreement of the limits established by Order Nº 518/2004 of the Ministry of Health for the parameters evaluated. Thus, it appears that most of the users of schools and rural communities of the Central Region of RS are consuming water out of the patterns of drinking stipulated by Brazilian legislation and the improvement of water quality offered depends on dissemination of technologies for sanitation and the efficient use of methodologies for the environmental education of the residents of rural areas.No meio rural, incluindo as escolas rurais, a água destinada ao consumo humano pode não ter boa qualidade, em decorrência de problemas na sua captação e no seu armazenamento, deixando a população rural a mercê de contaminações e de doenças de veiculação hídrica. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos: a) realizar um diagnóstico da qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano das escolas e comunidades rurais da Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul; b) verificar a sua relação com o sistema de abastecimento utilizado, seu nível de manutenção, a situação higiênica dos estabelecimentos e a existência de fontes pontuais e difusas de poluição. Para tanto, selecionou-se os municípios de Jaguari, São Francisco de Assis, Santa Maria, São Sepé e Tupanciretã, pois contemplam realidades agrícolas e sociais distintas. Nesses municípios, foram amostradas 34 escolas e comunidades rurais que não participassem de programas oficiais de monitoramento da qualidade da água. Realizaram-se, no prazo de um ano, três coletas de água, que foi caracterizada química, física, organoléptica e microbiologicamente. Além disso, os pontos de coleta foram caracterizados ambientalmente através de fotografias e de uma planilha descritiva. Dos 34 pontos monitorados, 64,7% são abastecidos por poço tubular, 35,3% tem captação de água superficial e nenhum deles conta com tratamento de água e de esgoto. São Francisco de Assis é o município que apresenta águas com maior comprometimento de qualidade, pois quatro das suas oito escolas e comunidades rurais é abastecida por água superficial, oriunda de fontes e poços mal construídos. Em contrapartida, o município de Tupanciretã apresentou o maior número de pontos com água de boa qualidade, em virtude de seis dos sete pontos serem abastecidos por poços tubulares e por executarem limpeza anual dos reservatórios de água. De todos os pontos monitorados, 73,5% é abastecido por águas em discordância dos limites estabelecidos pela Portaria Nº 518/2004 do Ministério da Saúde para os parâmetros avaliados. Assim, conclui-se que grande parte dos usuários das escolas e comunidades rurais da Região Central do RS está consumindo água fora dos padrões de potabilidade estipulados pela legislação brasileira e, que a melhoria da qualidade da água ofertada passa pela difusão de tecnologias de saneamento e pelo uso de metodologias eficientes para a educação ambiental dos moradores dos espaços rurais.
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Zombo, Morris Musema. "L’écoefficacité : améliorer la gouvernance de l’eau potable en milieu rural des pays en développement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0038.
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Cette thèse aborde le thème de l'efficacité au regard du management public, de l'écologie et de l’économie des capitaux pour comprendre les problèmes qui aujourd’hui font obstacle au développement de nombreux pays. Nombre de systèmes d’alimentation en eau potable dans leur milieu rural, ne sont pas à mesure d’apporter une réponse adéquate aux besoins réellement ressentis par les populations concernées. Elle se pose la question de savoir pourquoi tant d’investissements ont-ils donné aussi peu de résultats dans le secteur de l’eau dans les pays en développement. Elle se propose d’appliquer une nouvelle approche dans le cadre de la modélisation et de la simulation des systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau potable. Elle se propose aussi d’intégrer le même modèle au « mix » concernant l’eau et les énergies renouvelables. Il entend, enfin, réaliser une modélisation numérique pour permettre un prototypage virtuel du système proposé et d’aider à la conduite de projets de réalisation. Sans prétendre résoudre l’ensemble des problèmes associés à la gouvernance de l’eau potable en milieu rural dans des pays en développement, cette recherche fournit aux décideurs des moyens d’améliorer la performance opérationnelle des services d’eau à l’aide d’un modèle éco-efficace de conception de systèmes éco-efficaces et de coordination avec les usagers. Le nouveau modèle proposé riche de trois méta-règles débouchent au calcul d’indice ZOMBO (Iz), utilisé comme une métrique de fiabilité pour la validation et l’évaluation de la maitrise dudit modèle. Elle apporte aussi des supports de participation des populations locales à travers une démocratie traditionnelle africaine sous l’arbre à palabresThis thesis deals with the theme of efficiency in public management, ecology, and capital economics, in order to understand the problems that today hinder the development of many countries. Many drinking water systems in rural areas in developing countries are not able to provide an adequate response to the real needs felt by the concerned populations. The question arises as to why so many investments have yielded so little success in the water sector in developing countries? The research proposes to apply a new approach in the modeling and simulation of drinking water supply systems. It also intends to integrate the same model into the "mix" concerning water and renewable energies. Finally, it intends to carry out a numerical modeling to allow a virtual prototyping of the proposed system and to assist in the conduct of realization projects. Without seeking to solve all the problems associated with the governance of drinking water in rural areas in developing countries, this research provides decision-makers with the means to improve the operational performance of water services, an eco-efficient design of procurement systems, and coordination with users. The proposed new model of three metarules leads to the calculation of the ZOMBO index (Iz), used as a reliability metric for the validation and evaluation of the mastery of the model. It also provides support for the participation of local communities through a traditional African democracy approach under the Palaver tree
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Boydell, Robert Arthur. "The development of the rural water supply and sanitation sector in Zimbabwe between 1974 and 1987 : the design and impact of donor supported projects." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6946.
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Although the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade has generated great interest from foreign aid donors, its impact. in terms of increased service levels has been poor. These disappointing results have been explained by the UN and other donors in terms of inadequate funding and lack of cost recovery, poor operations and maintenance, lack of personnel, unacceptable technology, poor logistics and non involvement of the beneficiaries. However, an alternative explanation revolves around factors contributing to poor project design. These include the lack of understanding of the development process, donor bias and self interest, and poor coordination and commitment by the recipient government. A review of the development and trends of contemporary aid philosophy and its translation in to rural development and water and sanitation projects, which led to the launch of the IDWSSD, provides a number of lessons that can be used to formulate a hybrid model for project design and the sector development process, that defines the relative roles of donors, recipient governments and people themselves. The model is based on coordinated development, community participation, and sector growth from pilot projects to large scale programmes. The developments in the rural water and sanitation sector that took place in Zimbabwe from 1974 to 1987, provide a unique opportunity to test this model using a systems analysis approach. After gaining Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe's development assistance funding grew tenfold with the influx of foreign donors, and major commitments were made by the new Government to rural development and the goals of the IDWSSD. However, the large investments in water and sanitation which included the preparation of a national master plan with external technical assistance, had both positive and negative impacts on the continuing development of the sector, the start of which can be traced back, well before Independence, to small pilot projects sponsored by non government organizations that used appropriate technology developed by the Rhodesian Government. This development process and the changing approach to project design is illustrated by a series of case studies of projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors, and non government organizations, that were milestones during this period. Finally the project and sector development model is modified based on the practical lessons from Zimbabwe and recommendations for future practice are made together with suggestions for areas of further research.