Dissertations / Theses: 'Rural development Sustainable agriculture Communication in agriculture'

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Khatoonabadi, Ahmad. "Systemic communication and performance : a humanist learning approach to agricultural extension and rural development /." View thesis, 1994. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20060509.105028/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury,1994. Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean,1994.
A thesis submitted to the School of Agriculture and Rural Development, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, and The Faculty of Visual and Performing Arts, University of Western Sydney Nepean, in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography - leaves 310 - 328 and appendices.

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Khatoonabadi, Ahmad. "Systemic communication and performance : a humanist learning approach to agricultural extension and rural development." Thesis, View thesis, 1994. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/641.

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This study posits a model of 'rural extension' which begins from humans, not from technology or information. The model has been used to facilitate community development at the village level. The research illustrates the potential of drama and participative forms of theatre as empowering 'action' learning/researching tools to reach people in rural communities, and as a means of involving those communities in creativity and learning about themselves and their environment collaboratively. The writer seeks to integrate participatory approaches with community development and human inquiry, humanistic approaches to education, experiential learning theories, and drama education theories and methods. The central questions which this research addresses are : 1/. What are the functions and the methods of participative theatre (as systemic communication) in the process of social change and development? and 2/. How can these participative forms of theatre elicit whole aspects of local knowledge, that is, tacit/explicit knowledge, facilitate learning and foster critical thinking through grass-roots participation? The ideas were formulated and tested through intensive field experiences with Iranian nomads, Iranian farmers, immigrant farmers in NSW, Australia, and within a number of workshops with different groups of students at Hawkesbury. This includes a critique of rural development in Iran, examinations of rural extension from a critical perspective, drama and theatre as process, learning and conscientization, personal construct psychology, systems thinking, learning through metaphor, action theory, Boal's participative forum theatre theory, and action research. Finally, the study explores drama as a form of systemic communication (that is, dialogue through a number of group activity techniques)

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Wallace, Gary E. "Governance for sustainable rural development : a critique of the ARMCANZ - DPIE structures and policy cycles /." [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney - Hawkesbury, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030520.162146/index.html.

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Thesis (MSc. (Honours)) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998.
"A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a degree of Master of Science (Honours), Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney - Hawkesbury." "January 1998" Bibliography: leaves 207 - 227.

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Guo, Huanxiu. "The "New Rural Reconstruction" : movement and sustainable agricultural development in China." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10434/document.

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Cette thèse étudie le mouvement de la Nouvelle Reconstruction Rurale (NRR) sous l'angle du développement durable, en prenant l'exemple concret du village de Sancha, une communauté rurale de la province du Guangxi en Chine. Initié en 2003, la NRR est un réseau national de projets de développement qui réunit des intellectuels, des étudiants et des organisations dont l'objectif estd'expérimenter différents modèles de développement agricole et rural en Chine. Comme alternative à l'industrialisation agricole, la NRR favorise la coopération entre les petits agriculteurs, le savoir-faire local et l'agro-écologie pour le développement durable de l'agriculture. Afin de comprendre ses caractéristiques institutionnelles, son fonctionnement et son impact, nous avons mené une enquête dans le village de Sancha pour collecter des données sur les comportements socio-économiques de petits exploitants agricoles, et proposé trois études de cas sur la NRR. Nos analyses empiriques suggèrent que la NRR a promu le développement de l'agriculture biologique dans le village. Les activités sociales sont efficaces pour la construction du réseau social via lequell'agriculture biologique a été diffusée rapidement. Néanmoins, sans la formation technique suffisante et continue, les paysans récemment convertis à l'agriculture biologique tendent à sur-utiliser l'azote et perdent leur avantage environnemental dans la riziculture. Pour améliorer la performance des petits paysans, l'apprentissage participatif social paraît utile mais limité car les petits agriculteurs sont plutôt tirés par la performance économique que par la protection environnementale. De ces résultats, nous recommandons un partenariat Etat-société civile qui combine les services d'extension agricole du gouvernement et la reconstruction rurale ascendante pour l'objectif commun d'une agriculture durable en Chine
This doctoral thesis studies the New Rural Reconstruction (NRR) movement from a sustainable development perspective, through a concrete case of Sancha village, a rural community in China's Guangxi province. Initiated in 2003, the NRR is a grassroots network of development projects which unites intellectuals, students and organizations to experiment with different models of agricultural and rural development in China. As an alternative to agricultural industrialization, the NRR favors the cooperation of smallholder farmers, local knowledge and agro-ecology for sustainable agricultural development. In order to understand the NRR's institutional characteristics, functioning and impact, we conducted a survey in Sancha village to collect data on smallholder farmers' socio-economic behavior and performed three in-depth NRR case studies. Our empirical analysis suggests that the NRR has promoted the development of organic farming in the village. Social activities are cost-effective for social network building where organic farming is diffused rapidly. Nevertheless, without sufficient, ongoing technical training, farmers newly converted to organic farming tend to overuse nitrogen and lose their environmental advantage in rice production. To improve the performance of smallholder farmers, participatory social learning appears useful but limited because smallholder farmers are interested in economic performance rather than environmental protection. On basis of these results, we recommend a state-civil society partnership which combines the government's agricultural extension services and bottom-up rural reconstruction for the commonobjective of sustainable agriculture in China

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Wang, Hanjie [Verfasser]. "Sustainable Development: Rural Poverty and Climate Change in Agriculture / Hanjie Wang." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220504475/34.

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Musila, Beatrice Wekesa. "Sustainable agriculture in rural development using local technologies, the case of Kenya." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56716.pdf.

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Wallace, Gary E. "Governance for sustainable rural development : a critique of the ARMCANZ-DPIE structures and policy cycles." Thesis, [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney - Hawkesbury, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/263.

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The focus of the thesis is a critique of the form and function of the federal institutions governing the development of Rural Australia. In undertaking this study two cycles of a systemic action research were followed, the first to explore the policy development environment and the second to validate and expand on findings of the first cycle of enquiry. The thesis follows the historical development of policy institutions and the deliberations of poicy actors that have lead to normative, strategic and program change within these institutions. These institutional changes have then been critiqued from theoretical perspective of governance for sustainable development. Conclusions from this critique indicate that that the pace of policy change is very slow and after 20 years from the Rural Policy green paper of 1974 the federal institutions have taken on board a rhetoric of sustainable rural development that encapsulates much of the principles espoused in the Green Paper.This includes principles that aim to empower rural communities to find local solutions to their natural resource management and local economic development problems. The downside is found in institutional conflict over resource dependencies and spheres of responsibility and an apparent lack of community economic development facilitation skills within the service organisations of rural institutions.

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Nelson, Erin. "A Better World is Possible: Agroecology as a Response to Socio-Economic and Political Conditions in Cuba." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2902.

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Over the past century global agriculture has come to be characterized by high levels of industrial inputs, as well as increasing consolidation of land ownership and a focus on export-oriented monocrop production. In spite of its dominance, this conventional model of food production has faced growing criticism for being environmentally, socially, and economically unsustainable, and alternatives such as organic agriculture are becoming increasingly popular. The rapid growth of these alternative modes of production raises questions regarding how sustainable food systems should be defined, how they might best be implemented, and how they can contribute to the overall goals of sustainable development.

Cuba is a recognized leader in the adoption of sustainable agriculture. This research examines the Cuban experience in an effort to determine how Cubans who work in the agricultural sector perceive and define agricultural sustainability, who the major actors have been in the shift away from conventional techniques, and what the future challenges and opportunities for agroecology in the country might be. In order to address these questions interviews were conducted with Cubans involved in the agricultural sector at the level of research, education, and extension, as well as with Cuban farmers. In addition, participant observation was carried out during a number of farm visits and while attending agricultural extension workshops.

The results of this study demonstrate that agroecology in Cuba is based on a wide range of techniques, including polyculture, mixed farming, animal traction, organic input use, and a focus on local food networks. For many farmers, the use of agroecological techniques does not reflect a conscious choice on their part. Rather, their production decisions tend to be driven by a combination of resource shortages and strong state influence at the farm level. Indeed, the shift towards agroecology in Cuba has largely been driven by national level actors, including the state, NGOs, and research institutes. As such, many farmers lack a sense of personal commitment to agroecology, and this may pose challenges for its present and future success. A further challenge is presented by a lack of resources for agroecological development and extension. The opportunity for price premiums in the niche organic market could provide positive economic incentives for Cuban agroecology; however, this would imply shifting back to an export driven agricultural economy, and the degree to which this is desirable or truly sustainable is questionable.

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Wallace, Gary E., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Governance for sustainable rural development : a critique of the ARMCANZ-DPIE structures and policy cycles." THESIS_FEMA_XXX_Wallace_G.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/263.

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The focus of the thesis is a critique of the form and function of the federal institutions governing the development of Rural Australia. In undertaking this study two cycles of a systemic action research were followed, the first to explore the policy development environment and the second to validate and expand on findings of the first cycle of enquiry. The thesis follows the historical development of policy institutions and the deliberations of poicy actors that have lead to normative, strategic and program change within these institutions. These institutional changes have then been critiqued from theoretical perspective of governance for sustainable development. Conclusions from this critique indicate that that the pace of policy change is very slow and after 20 years from the Rural Policy green paper of 1974 the federal institutions have taken on board a rhetoric of sustainable rural development that encapsulates much of the principles espoused in the Green Paper.This includes principles that aim to empower rural communities to find local solutions to their natural resource management and local economic development problems. The downside is found in institutional conflict over resource dependencies and spheres of responsibility and an apparent lack of community economic development facilitation skills within the service organisations of rural institutions.
Master of Science (Hons)

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Zhou, Aiming. "Sustainable agriculture, renewable energy and rural development an analysis of bio-energy systems used by small farms in China /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 305 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1172118931&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Lunde, Amaris. "Rural development and sustainable agriculture in the European Union Mediterranean : a case study on olive oil production in Kefalonia, Greece /." Online version, 2007. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/hcc&CISOPTR=2385&REC=14.

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Dobricic, Kristina. "Water scarcity in the Jordan Valley; Impacts on Agriculture and Rural livelihoods : Threaths and opportunities to local sustainable agriculture; the case of al-Auja, Jordan River Valley." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208205.

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Palestine has during the last two decades suffered from increasing water scarcity. This is particularlyvisible in the agricultural sector and in farming communities. These are heavily dependent on water as primaryirrigation source. Lack of water and investments has resulted in the destruction of the agricultural sector inPalestine. This thesis is focused as a case study in al-Auja, Jordan Valley that was once well-known for itsagricultural productivity and abundance of water resources. The aim of the thesis is to assess the socioeconomicand environmental impact of the water scarcity in Auja’s agriculture and livelihoods. The methods used arequalitative and the data was collected through field work in Auja in March – April, 2013. Results of the studyindicate that agricultural sector in Auja weakened due to lack of investments and technological innovation in achanging climate. The weakened agricultural sector was subjected to various shocks and stresses from late1980’s that ultimately led to an agricultural collapse, in 2003/4. Mass unemployment and food insecurityaffected the social sector; poorer nutritional intake, decreased school enrollment and the family composition.With little water, the environment changed from semi-arid to arid which eradicated various plant species andanimal habitat. Final results of the study indicate that the situation has gradually improved during the recentyears, much due to new investments in the area and higher education amongst Auja’s youth.

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Rees, Lisa Marie Valdivia Corinne B. "What is the impact of livelihood strategies on farmers' climate risk perceptions in the Bolivian highlands." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6548.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on December 18, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Corinne Valdivia. Includes bibliographical references.

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Chan, Pun-ho, and 陳本好. "Sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD) in the Pearl River Delta Region and China's accession to the WTO." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29288393.

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Amaral, Luiz Fernando do. "ICT and agricultural development: the impacts of information and communication-technology on agriculture." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-04072017-113450/.

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Within a context of continuous population and economic growth, the future projections for agricultural products\' demand is impressive. At the same time, agriculture already exercises significant pressure on natural resources. As a consequence, the world needs to produce higher agricultural volumes while limiting agriculture\'s impacts on the environment. This thesis evaluates whether empirical indications exist that demonstrate how Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure development and usage could impact the sustainable development of agriculture. Drawing from the empirical literature on infrastructure\'s impacts on development, two statistical models are created. The first analyses impacts of Internet and mobile usage on cereal yields at a country level using Fixed Effects Panel Regression for 212 countries in five 5-year periods, from 1990 to 2014. The second uses a Propensity Score Matching Model to evaluate how the installation of 3G technology during the period between 2005 and 2009 in Brazilian municipalities located in the Amazon region affected deforestation. Based on the methodology and datasets used, results indicate that the growth of Internet users could have a positive impact on cereal productivity in a country. Results for mobile device users are inconclusive. Finally the second models indicate that municipalities in which 3G technology was installed had lower deforestation rates than similar municipalities lacking 3G technology.
Em um contexto de crescimento populacional e econômico, as projeções de demanda para produtos agrícolas no futuro são expressivas. Ao mesmo tempo, a agricultura já exerce pressão significativa nos recursos naturais do planeta. Como consequência, é preciso obter maior oferta de produtos e, ao mesmo tempo, limitar o impacto ambiental da atividade agrícola. Essa tese avalia o papel da infraestrutura e uso de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no desenvolvimento sustentável da agricultura. Baseando-se na literatura empírica sobre impacto de infraestrutura no desenvolvimento, dois modelos estatísticos foram criados. O primeiro analisa os impactos do uso de internet e telefones celulares na produtividade de cereais utilizando uma regressão em painel de efeitos fixos para 212 países no período entre 1990 e 2014. O segundo utiliza um modelo Propensity Score Matching para avaliar o impacto da instalação de tecnologia 3G no desmatamento de municipios localizados na região da Amazônia Legal brasileira. De acordo com a metodologia e dados utilizados, os resultados indicam que um crescimento no uso da internet pode positivamente impactar a produtividade de cereais em um país. Para o caso do uso de telefones celulares os resultados são inconclusivos. Finalmente, de acordo com o modelo, há indicações de que municipios que receberam a tecnologia 3G no período estudado tiveram taxas de desmatamento reduzidas quando comparadas a municipios similares que não receberam a tecnologia.

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Okamoto, Kristen E. "A Poststructural Feminist and Narrative Analysis of Food and Bodies: Community Organizing for Social Change in a Sustainable Agriculture Initiative." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493133165991556.

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Boulanger, Pierre. "From a broad to a targeted CAP : designing sustainable institutions and policies for European agriculture, food and rural development." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0024.

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Le modèle agricole européen suit, depuis le Traité de Rome, un processus intégratif et évolutif qui est toutefois, à mainte reprise, allé à l’encontre des objectifs communautaires déclarés et des attentes du producteur/citoyen/consommateur/contribuable européen. Les réformes de 2003-2004-2008 de la politique agricole commune (PAC) sont en train d’être mise en place alors même que les évolutions du milieu rural européen comme des grandes données mondiales sont porteuses de changements structurels considérables. Malgré ses nombreux ajustements, la PAC est devenue un mécanisme distributif de plus en plus complexe et de moins en moins légitime, critiqué sur le plan économique, social, environnemental et territorial. L’Union européenne doit s’engager à mettre en place des instruments pertinents de régulation des marchés agricoles issus d’une articulation équilibrée entre espaces aussi bien privé et public que national/régional et communautaire. Le réexamen exhaustif des ressources et dépenses du budget européen associé à un diagnostic transparent de la PAC doivent permettre d’édifier la politique agricole, alimentaire et développement rural pour la période post-2013. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à cet ambitieux projet. Les conclusions des six chapitres convergent largement sur la politique agricole, alimentaire et de développement rural à suivre dans les prochaines décennies: une plus grande palette d’instruments, chacun ciblant une question bien précise, allant des politiques publiques fondamentales (comme une meilleure définition des droits de propriété) aux politiques privées (comme les programmes d’assurance en cas de catastrophes naturelles)
This research work consists of two parts, each of them divided into three chapters. The first part focuses on agricultural markets. The questions motivating each chapter of the first part are (i) How the CAP has been reflected the incremental European and world market integration since half a century? (ii) What would be the effects of removing European market support and border protection which corresponds to the elimination of the most distortive elements of the CAP? This assumption would improve the efficiency of the allocation of resources among the farming and non-farming sectors, and within the farming sector itself – that is, among supported and non-supported farming activities. (iii) Since the CAP can no longer be remodelled without considering impacts on trade partners, how to articulate local, regional and multilateral regulatory reforms? The dairy sector is used to shed some light on this issue. European direct payments which represent about 40 billion euros withdrawn from the European budget are the focus of the second part of this Ph. D thesis. Since distribution of support has to be considered in view of objectives this part examines the policy recommendations that can be drawn from three distributive case studies on (iv) the concentration of market commodity support and their integration within the French decoupling scheme, (v) the irrigation subsidy trap, and (vi) the incremental modulation of direct payments and correlated budgetary trade-offs. In due course, this Ph. D thesis aspires to contribute to the debate on a renewed European agricultural, food and rural development model. It should be tailored to suit modern farm policy objectives

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Kapungu, Sheila T. "A study of rural women farmers' access to markets in Chirumanzu." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80238.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigated the issues that rural smallholder women face in accessing markets in developing countries. Market access for rural smallholder farmers is increasingly being promoted as a means towards catalysing sustainable rural development. However, without addressing the gender specific issues that rural smallholder women farmers face in accessing markets, market access as a strategy towards sustainable rural development may fail to achieve its ends. This thesis gathered evidence from a group of smallholder women farmers in Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe, who are part of a market access project run by Oxfam, in order to highlight the issues that they face in accessing markets for their produce. Primary and secondary data were used in the study. First, a literature review was conducted to assess the issues that smallholder rural women farmers in developing countries face in accessing markets and how the issues differ to those faced by male smallholder farmers. A thematic assessment of the issues was conducted, beginning with the production for market through to the actual market engagement. Secondly, primary data was collected in Chirumanzu, from rural smallholder women farmers who are participating in a market access project being facilitated by Oxfam. Data was collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and document review. Five focus group discussions were held with a total of 40 participants in August 2011. Some of the key findings were that rural smallholder women farmers face challenges in terms of meeting the labour demanded for market production, accessing market information and having to contend with high transport costs. The data was then compared with the points raised in the literature review. The comparison showed that most of the key issues raised in the Chirumanzu case study were similar to those identified in the literature review. The study came to the conclusion that rural smallholder women farmers face different issues and more challenges in accessing markets compared to male farmers. Market access initiatives that do not recognise and address the gender specific challenges that women smallholder farmers face may therefore not be catalysts for sustainable rural development. Therefore recommendations are that market access initiatives should go beyond facilitating access to markets to address the structural social, economic and cultural issues that present special challenges and constraints to women smallholder farmers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis het ondersoek ingestel na die kwessies waarvoor landelike vrouekleinboere in ontwikkelende lande te staan kom om toegang tot markte te verkry. Marktoegang vir landelike kleinboere word toenemend aangemoedig as ’n manier om volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling teweeg te bring. Indien die geslagspesifieke kwessies van marktoegang waarmee landelike vrouekleinboere te kampe het egter nié hanteer word nie, kan marktoegang as strategie vir volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling in gebreke bly om sy doel te bereik. Hierdie tesis het bewyse ingesamel van ’n groep vrouekleinboere in Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe, wat deel is van ’n marktoegangsprojek deur Oxfam, ten einde die soeklig te werp op die uitdagings wat hulle ervaar om marktoegang vir hul produkte te bekom. Die studie het van primêre sowel as sekondêre data gebruik gemaak. Eerstens is ’n literatuuroorsig onderneem om te verken watter probleme landelike vrouekleinboere in ontwikkelende lande ondervind om marktoegang te verkry, en hoe dit verskil van die uitdagings waarvoor hul manlike eweknieë te staan kom. Die kwessies is tematies beoordeel en het gestrek van markgerigte produksie tot en met werklike markskakeling. Tweedens is primêre data ingesamel onder landelike vrouekleinboere in Chirumanzu wat aan ’n marktoegangsprojek deur Oxfam deelneem. Data is deur middel van fokusgroepbesprekings, onderhoude met sleutelinformante sowel as ’n dokumentoorsig bekom. Vyf fokusgroepbesprekings is in Augustus 2011 met altesaam 40 deelnemers gehou. Van die belangrikste bevindinge was dat landelike vrouekleinboere bepaald uitdagings ervaar wat betref die vereiste arbeid vir markgerigte produksie, toegang tot markinligting sowel as hoë vervoerkoste. Daarná is die data met die hoofpunte uit die literatuuroorsig vergelyk. Die vergelyking toon dat die meeste van die kernbevindinge in die Chirumanzu-gevallestudie met die bevindinge in die literatuuroorsig ooreenstem. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat landelike vrouekleinboere voor andersoortige kwessies en meer uitdagings as hul manlike eweknieë te staan kom ten einde marktoegang te verkry. Marktoegangsinisiatiewe wat nié hierdie geslagspesifieke uitdagings van vrouekleinboere erken en hanteer nie, kan dus in gebreke bly om waarlik volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling teweeg te bring. Daarom beveel die studie aan dat marktoegangsinisiatiewe oor méér as die blote fasilitering van marktoegang handel, en ook aandag skenk aan die strukturele maatskaplike, ekonomiese en kulturele kwessies wat besondere uitdagings en beperkings vir vrouekleinboere inhou

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Manona, Siyabulela S. "Smallholder agriculture as local economic development (LED) strategy in rural South Africa: exploring prospects in Pondoland, Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The aim of this study was to explore the role and the prospects of smallholder agriculture as local economic development in Eastern Pondoland, in the former Transkei homeland. The study explored the role of agriculture in contributing to local economic development and the upliftment of the rural poor. It also explored the role that government and its agencies have played and could play in stimulating agricultural development.

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Hassan, Sajjadul. "Evaluation of alternative farming systems with reference to income and gender in selected areas of Bangladesh /." View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030407.134141/index.html.

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Thesis (M.Sc.)(Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, [2002].
"A thesis presented to the School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours) " Bibliography: leaves 133-140.

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Ramanantseheno, Domoina. "La microfinance au service d’une agriculture durable, illusion ou réalité ? : le cas de Madagascar (région de l’Itasy)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111015.

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Le secteur agricole regroupe non seulement plus de la moitié de la population rurale pauvre des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA), mais aussi plus de 60 % de la population active. La majorité des ruraux pauvres tire le principal de ses revenus de l’activité agricole. Le développement agricole peut donc être considéré comme un puissant facteur d’atténuation de la pauvreté. Cependant, le problème du financement des petites exploitations familiales dans les PMA reste un problème non résolu.Si l’on considère que la microfinance est un outil de réduction de la pauvreté, quel que soit le secteur d’activité auquel elle s’applique, alors l’effet optimal de sa mise en oeuvre devrait être constaté là où se trouve la plus grande partie de la population pauvre. Le secteur agricole des Pays Moins Avancés devient alors le terrain privilégié de cette expérimentation. Le défi qui s’impose à la microfinance est donc non seulement de fournir le capital aux agriculteurs, leur permettant d’accroître leur productivité, mais aussi de favoriser une agriculture au service de l'environnement.Par conséquent, le rôle spécifique de la microfinance dans l’agriculture, et plus particulièrement pour les petites exploitations familiales des PMA, est donc questionné.La microfinance saura-t-elle se présenter comme une alternative aux problèmes de financement de l’agriculture familiale ou ne restera-t-elle qu’une illusion ?
In the Less Advanced Countries, the agricultural sector is constituted not only by more than half of the rural population but also by over 60% of the active population. The majority of the poor rural people obtain their main resource incomes from the agricultural activities. The agricultural development could thus be considered as an attenuation factor of the poverty. However, the problem of the financial support toward the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries still remains an unsolved issue.If microfinance is considered to be a tool for reducing poverty in any activity sector where it is used, then the optimal effect of its implementation should be observed in the area where the majority of poor population is located. So, the agricultural sector of the Less Advanced Countries becomes a privileged field of this experimentation. The challenge that the microfinance has to face is not only to provide financial support to the farmers for allowing them to increase their productivity, but also to promote an agriculture contributing to the environment.As a result, the specific role of the microfinance in the field of agriculture, in particularly for the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries is questioned.Will the microfinance be able to present itself as an alternative for the issue of the financial support toward the family farms or will it be just an illusion?

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22

Mentz, Matthew. "Unearthing the determinants required for off-grid subsistence : a case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80153.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is based on the personal four-year journey of the researcher in an attempt to develop an off-grid, sustainable self-sufficient livelihood and habitation on a 1 000-square metre piece of rural land in the heritage mission village of Suurbraak, Western Cape, South Africa. This single case study attempts to embody a comprehensive antithesis to the current rural settlement approach implemented in South Africa. The approach is philosophical, applying Hegel’s “determinate negation” conception of reality, as dialectic between a conception of “thesis” as global, scientific and regulated resulting in large-scale agriculture, poisoning of nature and inappropriate low-cost housing and its “antithesis” as grounded, philosophical, healthy subsistence habitation on the actual land. This study, shaped by a literature review, proposes a concept coined ‘niche settlement’, comprising four focus areas as regards sustainable self-sufficiency: an owner-built dwelling from local materials, farm produce for consumption and self-medication, rain and energy harvesting, and taking responsibility for waste. In order to validate the case study contextually, an action research methodological approach was adopted. This began with a field study to interview marginal small-scale farmers, enriched by a land-use survey in the Suurbraak agri-village, in order to clarify the determinants for successful subsistence. These were land availability, proximity of land to homestead, appropriate scale, access to water, enabling legislation, and access to inputs and labour. The critical nature of these determinants is then shown as regards the niche settlement case study. The interplay of Swellendam Municipality regulations reveals contradictions that entail that the above determinants are not facilitated. This threatens a vulnerable two-century old agrarian heritage. The ensuing dialectic between the researcher and municipal officials who - when confronted by the contradictions - undertook to revise certain zoning decisions that threatened the viability of niche settlement approaches. The determinants may prove fertile ground for further research as criteria to shape rural settlement policy with respect to land use, particularly given the need to factor in the looming global recession, the food crisis and peak oil.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is op die vier jaar lange persoonlike reis van die navorser self baseer. Dit behels 'n poging om 'n kwart akker stuk grond in die landelike erfenis sending-dorp van Suurbraak, in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie in Suid-Afrika te bewoon en daarop ‘n off-grid, volhoubare en selfversorgende bestaan te ontwikkel. Hierdie enkele gevallestudie poog om 'n omvattende antitese te beliggaam tot die benadering tot landelike nedersetting soos tans in Suid-Afrika geïmplementeer. Die benadering is filosofies, en pas toe Hegel se "beslissende weiering" konsepsie van die werklikheid, as dialektiek tussen 'n opvatting van die "tesis" as: globaal, wetenskaplik en gereguleerd wat grootskaalse landbou, die vergiftiging van die natuur en lae-koste behuising tot gevolg het en sy "antitese": gegrond, filosofies en gesonde bestaansboerdery op die grond. Die dialektiek kontrasteer die tesis op 'n makro-en kollektiewe vlak en die antitese op 'n mikro-en persoonlike vlak, wat aanleiding gee tot 'n "sintese", waaruit nuwe antwoorde ontstaan in die beslissende ingebed, eerder as in algemene teoretiese abstraksies. Kritiese oplossings lê vlak versteek in die mikrokosmos detail of in die konteks. Dit wil sê, is gedetermineerd vermom en vereis 'n metodiese en gefundeerde benadering wat nóg weke nóg maande, maar jare eerder van geduldige navorsing verg om te bemag. Die Hegeliaanse metode soos gebruik beklemtoon dat dit onwaarskynlik is dat "begrippe" met hul kontekstuele "standaard begrippe" sal ooreenstem, maar in die proses van aanpassing word eindelose antwoorde uit die fynere detail van bepaalbare werklikheid opgetel. Hierdie antwoorde, wanner van toepassing, het die potensiaal om antitetiese manifestasies van die werklikheid in werklikheid te verifieer; die mikro is in staat om die makro te verklaar deur middel van 'n proses van die verwesenlikte waarheid. Hierdie studie, deur 'n literatuuroorsig toegelig, stel 'n konsep geskep as "nis nedersetting” voor. Dit bestaan uit vier fokusareas wat betref volhoubare self-genoegsaamheid: 'n eienaargeboude woning van plaaslike materiale, eie plaasprodukte vir verbruik en selfmedikasie, die oes van reën en energie, en die neem van verantwoordelikheid vir afval. Ten einde die gevallestudie kontekstueel te waarmerk, is 'n aksie-navorsing metodologiese benadering ingeneem. Dit het begin met 'n gedokumenteerde veldstudie waarin onderhoude met marginale kleinskaal boere gevoer is en is verryk deur 'n grondgebruik-opname in die Suurbraak agri-dorp, ten einde die determinante vir 'n suksesvolle bestaansboerdery uit te lig. Dit het gelei tot 'n dieper begrip van wat die sukses van soortgelyke nis projekte bepaal: die beskikbaarheid van ’n (grond-)perseel, bewerkbare grond naby die woning geleë, toepaslike skaal, toegang tot water, bemagtigende wetgewing en toegang tot insette en arbeid. Die kritiese aard van hierdie determinante word met betrekking tot die gevallestudie getoon. Die wisselwerking van die Munisipaliteit Swellendam se regulasies openbaar teenstrydighede wat behels dat die bogenoemde determinante nie gefasiliteer is nie). Dit is teleurstellend deurdat dit 'n kwesbare twee-eeue oue agrariese erfenis bedreig. Die daaropvolgende dialektiek tussen die navorser en munisipale amptenare wat - gekonfronteer met die teenstrydighede geopenbaar in wetgewing en regulasies met betrekking tot die erfenis, grondgebruik en sonering - onderneem het om sekere besluite wat die lewensvatbaarheid van die nis nedersetting benaderings bedreig het om te keer, manifesteer sodoende as 'n sintese. 'n Verdere voorbeeld van sintese is die voorstel dat die belangrikste determinante effektief toegepas kan word as kriteria om vorm te gee aan die landelike nedersettingsbeleid met betrekking tot grondgebruik, veral gegewe die behoefte om die dreigende wêreldwye resessie, die voedsel-krisis en piek olie saam daarby onder sig te neem.

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23

Weld, Mary-Jane. "Landscape planning for rural nature conservation : maintenance of remnant vegetation and sustainable agriculture in the brigalow belt of Central Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994.

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24

Hassan, Sajjadul. "Evaluation of alternative farming systems with reference to income and gender in selected areas of Bangladesh." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/737.

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Farming systems in Bangladesh are characterised by a mixed culture of crop, livestock, poultry, fish and agro forestry sub systems of agricultural enterprise. Low productivity and inefficient resource use are the main constraints to farming in Bangladesh. It is necessary to improve the performance of all enterprises in existing farming systems which depends on the proper utilisation of the existing level of resources. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the alternative farming systems in terms of income and gender participation. To achieve the objectives, a study was conducted in four villages of Kaliakair Upazilla in the Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Thirty sample farmers were selected randomly from four dominant farming systems.Gender roles in farming systems were assessed in consideration to time spent in agricultural activities.In addition, time spent in household activities was also calculated. The conclusion is that there is no one right choice of selecting farming systems.

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CALDAS, JÚNIOR Giovanni Carício. "A pequena propriedade rural : um estudo da sustentabilidade e da percepção ambiental dos pequenos agricultores na localidade de Pacas, Município de Vitória de Santo Antão - PE." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4514.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T16:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovanni Caricio Caldas Junior.pdf: 695704 bytes, checksum: 23b03a937d7bf7a780015516895fc8a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-31
Since the discovery of Brazil, the model of development in the country has developed from the extraction and the agriculture of subsistence for an intense agro-industrial exploration, with the application of modern technologies and, in many cases, with the occupation and disordered use of the resources of the environment, what is a risk for our rich base of natural resources. The agricultural production grew dizzily, however, the environment suffered considerable deteriorations. We still do not know how to evaluate the future consequences for the environment. On one hand, the small agriculture is responsible to set men in the field avoiding the agricultural exodus, which incurs the swelling of the periphery of the great and average cities. On the other hand, it is a concern of the scholars that this small agriculture is sustainable to make possible life in the current generations and its descendants’ fields. By this report, the aim of this research was to promote a diagnosis of the agricultural practices, through the sustainable development and the environmental perception of the small farmers from Pacas, in Vitória de Santo Antão - Pernambuco. It is about a survey, produced through a documental research and the application of questionnaires, that were selected and applied, next to the small agricultural producers, participants of Pacas small farmers association, issued in Vitória de Santo Antão city, aiming to detect aspects of agricultural support, practices executed and, at the same time, verifying the environmental perception of the familiar agricultural producers. Through this research, it is concluded that the support is limited to some agricultural practices and the perception of farmers in many other practices is not of support. Truly there is an exaggeration between the commitment with the environmental questions and the agricultural practices effectively implemented by the small farmers in Pacas. Some aspects lead to this affirmation: Intensive use of pesticide, not forested lands, intensive use of chemical fertilization instead of organic fertilization, little harvest rotation and others. Once this lack of environment commitment has compromised the production in recent years this research looked for to diagnosis and to sensetize the producers for this question in function of the importance of the locality as great supplier foods for this e region consuming and others centers, as Recife and Metropolitan Region.
Desde o descobrimento do Brasil o modelo de desenvolvimento no país tem evoluído do extrativismo e da agricultura de subsistência para uma exploração agroindustrial intensa, com a aplicação de tecnologias modernas e, em muitos casos, com a ocupação e utilização desordenada dos recursos do ambiente, o que coloca em risco a nossa rica base de recursos naturais. A produção agrícola cresceu vertiginosamente, porém, o meio ambiente sofreu desgastes consideráveis. Não sabemos avaliar, ainda, as conseqüências futuras para o meio ambiente. Entretanto a pequena agricultura é responsável por fixar o homem no campo evitando o êxodo rural, que ocasiona o inchamento da periferia das grandes e médias cidades. Contudo, é uma preocupação dos estudiosos que esta pequena agricultura seja sustentável para possibilitar a vida no campo das gerações atuais e dos seus descendentes. Diante deste relato, o objetivo desta pesquisa, foi promover um estudo da propriedade rural sob o enfoque da sustentabilidade e da percepção ambiental dos pequenos agricultores da região de Pacas em Vitória de Santo Antão – Pernambuco. Trata-se de um levantamento exploratório de caráter qualitativo, produzido através de uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, bem como da aplicação de questionários junto aos pequenos produtores rurais, participantes da associação de agricultores de Pacas, município de Vitória de Santo Antão. A seleção dos agricultores foi feita por amostragem intencional, entre aqueles que efetivamente compareciam às reuniões da associação. Pode-se constatar que a sustentabilidade fica restrita a algumas práticas agrícolas e que a percepção dos agricultores em muitas outras práticas não conduz à uma sustentabilidade ambiental. Na verdade existe um descompasso entre o comprometimento com as questões ambientais e as práticas agrícolas efetivamente implementadas. Vários aspectos levam a essa afirmação: Uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, áreas não florestadas, uso da adubação química intensiva em detrimento da adubação orgânica, pouca rotação de cultura e outros. Uma vez que esta falta de compromisso ambiental tem comprometido a produção nos últimos anos esta pesquisa procurou diagnosticar e sensibilizar os produtores para esta questão em função da importância da localidade como grande fornecedora alimentos para esta região e demais centros consumidores, como o Recife e Região Metropolitana.

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Axblad, Clara. "Food for Change: Exploring rural-urban linkages among youth in Guatemala." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21330.

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As the world grapples with increasing urbanization, population growth, climate change and depleting natural resources, there is an increased recognition that more food will have to be produced with fewer resources while food consumption has to shift rapidly towards more sustainable patterns. Meanwhile, although many are willing to work in and innovate agricultural practices, young people in rural areas still struggle to access the resources needed to be part of this shift, not to mention to make a living. In Guatemala, more than 90 % of young people engaged in agriculture work in the informal sector. In such a context of insecure labour conditions combined with strong vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters, migration to cities or abroad is often a result of push rather than pull factors.Through an inductive methodological approach based on qualitative interview research with a small yet broad sample of stakeholders, this study explores the potential of rural-urban linkages to help strengthen opportunities for rural youth in Guatemala. By supporting information exchanges on the value of local small-scale food production and conscious consumption, it also aims to promote sustainable development in a broader sense. Four areas of inquiry are investigated with the goal of generating evidence-based recommendations on framing, messaging and channels that could be used as a foundation to build on when promoting local produce in urban and peri-urban markets.Interviewees agree on the importance of agriculture and many see a need for raising awareness on the value of local small-scale food production for advancing all dimensions of sustainable development. This coincides with a broad interest within a limited test group for accessing such information. Suggested communication channels range from social media via branding to goodwill ambassadors. Messaging should be short and impactful and focus on mutual benefits for producers and consumers, including for personal health and community development. Local food is believed to have a particular potential to promote perceptions of a common identity, supporting efforts to tackle historical and current barriers for linking urban and rural areas closer together.Future research could look at successful initiatives to strengthen rural-urban linkages among youth, as well as on the increasingly porous borders between rural and urban areas and identities. Reassessing classifications of rural producers and urban consumers could hopefully contribute to more circular and sustainable models of development.

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Ferling, Robin. "Yearning of Yalambojoch : A field study about rural poverty in northwestern Guatemala and the importance of local influence over development." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-38562.

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In 1996, Guatemala achieved peace after 36 years of civil war which took root in the political and social oppression of the country’s vast indigenous population. To counter the country’s widespread poverty, inequality and ongoing political and social frustrations the Guatemalan government adopted a liberal peace building agenda by ‘globalizing’ its economy and by decentralizing the political and economic process. Through this process, Guatemala has achieved a democracy which is accepted by western standards as well as the classification of a middle income country. However, the vast, and predominately rural, indigenous population has been left behind in this progress; it is estimated that 7 out 10 indigenous Guatemalans today are facing more or less severe livelihood conditions below the poverty line, why Guatemala remains one of the most unequal countries in the world. The government now hopes to overcome the shortcomings in the rural sector by stimulating local agricultural projects and ideas which are anchored in the many and various territorially strengths and challenges throughout Guatemala’s countryside; the intention is, in other words, to encourage a stronger local control over the development process.This study explores the conditions for, and the relevance of, local ownership of development in terms of livelihood improvements in Yalambojoch, one indigenous agriculture community in one of the poorest and most war torn regions in Guatemala. An abductive field work with a holistic livelihood-approach has been necessary in order to localize more or less obvious factors that are trapping the village in poverty, and to understand to what degree poverty is determined by the village’s level of autonomy, or ownership, over its development process. The results shows that the village's low livelihood level is determined by agricultural insufficiency, poor access to crucial services and political and socio economic isolation. The village's empowerment is restricted to protection of territory, which reproduces a context in which a more participant autonomy in a wider societal setting is thwarted, where external development projects are often reluctantly rejected due to local mistrust, frustration and discontentment with governmental as well as private agencies and where the livelihood situation consequently remains essentially static.

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28

Williams, Rachael M. "Do geographical indications promote sustainable rural development? : two UK case studies and implications for New Zealand rural development policy." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/585.

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Geographical indications (GIs) are one form of protective labelling used to indicate the origin of food and alcohol products. The role of protected geographical indicators as a promising sustainable rural development tool is the basis for this research. The protection of geographical indications is a rather controversial subject and much research is still required for both sides of the debate. The research method employed for this study is qualitative critical social science. Two Case studies are used to investigate the benefits brought to rural areas through the protection of GIs. The case studies include the GIs Jersey Royal and Welsh Lamb both from the United Kingdom a member of the European Union (the EU is in favour of extended protection of GIs for all agro-food products under the 1994 WTO/TRIPS agreement on geographical indications). Twenty-five indepth interviews were conducted for this study the duration of the interviews was approximately one hour. The study identifies predominantly indirect links between GIs and sustainable rural development, through economic and social benefits bought to rural areas by the GIs investigated - less of a connection was found to ecological elements. No considerable cost for GI protection was discovered. This finding suggests that GIs are worthwhile for implementation in New Zealand as a rural development tool.

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29

Klotz, Ryan J. "Sustainable Rural Development Through Alternative Economic Networks: Redefining Relations in the Commodity Chain For Export Vegetables In Western Guatemala." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/683.

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The current research considers the capacity of a local organic food system for producer and consumer empowerment and sustainable development outcomes in western Guatemala. Many have argued that the forging of local agricultural networks linking farmers, consumers, and supporting institutions is an effective tool for challenging the negative economic, environmental, and sociopolitical impacts associated with industrial models of global food production. But does this work in the context of agrarian development in the developing world? Despite the fact that there is extensive literature concerning local food system formation in the global north, there remains a paucity of research covering how the principles of local food systems are being integrated into agricultural development projects in developing countries. My work critically examines claims to agricultural sustainability and actor empowerment in a local organic food system built around non-traditional agricultural crops in western Guatemala. Employing a mixed methods research design involving twenty months of participant observation, in-depth interviewing, surveying, and a self-administered questionnaire, the project evaluates the sustainability of this NGO-led development initiative and local food movement along several dimensions. Focusing on the unique economic and social networks of actors and institutions at each stage of the commodity chain, this research shows how the growth of an alternative food system continues to be shaped by context specific processes, politics, and structures of conventional food systems. Further, it shows how the specifics of context also produce new relationships of cooperation and power in the development process. Results indicate that structures surrounding agrarian development in the Guatemalan context give rise to a hybrid form of development that at the same time contests and reinforces conventional models of food production and consumption. Therefore, participation entails a host of compromises and tradeoffs that result in mixed successes and setbacks, as actors attempt to refashion conventional commodity chains through local food system formation.

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30

Weston, Cade Michael Gibb. "Assessing Participation in Agricultural Development Projects: A Case Study of the Mbalangwe Irrigation Scheme, Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397708142.

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31

Banning, Christophe, and Lidén Erik Dalarud. "Coordination: key to development : Field study about rural livelihoods in Ribáuè and the impact of coordination failure." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20790.

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This Master thesis is the result of a study in which we looked at people's livelihoods - through the sustainable rural livelihoods analytical framework - from a coordination failure perspective. During three weeks spent in the district of Ribáuè, Mozambique, enabled us to conduct interviews with people from many different social categories and understand the conditions in which small-scale farmers live. The paper tackles issues related to development in general and governmental intervention and contributes to the debate about the type of growth which is on-going in Mozambique. What are the coordination failures that impact people's livelihoods in Mozambique, a country where strong economic growth does not seem to help the poorest to get out of poverty.
The Mozambican economy is characterised by a high level of employment in the agricultural sector. Most farmers are small-scale and farm for subsistence. As development at global level will continue to pressure these farmers to increase their productivity, the question is to know how this will affect the small-scale farmers’ capacity to improve their livelihoods. The economy of the African continent is predicted to rise substantially and countries like Mozambiquehave been praised for their staggering economic growth. However despite growth, the situation remains unchanged for many small-scale farmers. The intention of this research is then to look into the conditions in which small-scale agricultural activities take place. This study was carried out is the district of Ribáuè, located in the northern provinceof Nampula, Mozambique and adopts an abductive approach as it investigates coordination failures around farming activities. In other words, aspects concerning agricultural activities that are difficult to observe, will be included. The starting point for this argument is that it is impossible to obtain sustainable development (i.e. including small-scale farmers) without taking a holistic approach. Through this study, it becomes clear that small-scale farmers face a variety of obstacles from which patterns can be extracted. Strong emphasis is put on the importance of surrounding factors such as infrastructures, access to credit, wage work opportunities, access to inputs, extension services, and market access. All these factors impact people’s livelihoods; and by investing in all of them in a coordinated way, it creates synergetic effects and boosts the potential for further development of each feature. This inter-connectivity becomes clear when considering that wage work opportunities are created when investments are made in the rehabilitation of infrastructures or the expansion of extension services. Furthermore, market access increases when the connectivity of remote farmers is improved and their livelihoods develop when their surplus can be sold. The amount of surplus farmers have is in turn affected by their financial capital, access to inputs, and access to extension services. Singling out one of these features as more important than the others risks missing the point and hindering sustainable development. This calls for big versatile government investments, in the form of big push policies, to ensure that these areas inter-connect and to create the highest possible levels of synergy.

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32

Gömec, Görkem. "Building Rural Development Strategies Through Energy Resilience in Turkey: A Brown Revolution of Biogas and Cooperatives." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-209718.

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While the growth of Turkey brings many prosperities, the required energy for this development creates a dependency that goes up to 80% of total energy consumption. In order to have a resilient energy system that adapts to sudden changes in an area where political and social conditions are not stable, Turkey needs a renewable energy source produced by domestic resources. This study shows that the abundant resources in agriculture sector for biomass energy production, especially biogas production, can be that energy source however, this will require a new rural development model that uses cooperatives in its centre. Further research and interviews suggest that, the cooperatives have the capacity, but not all of them have the opportunity and the support to take upon this task.

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33

McDermott, Lindsay. "Contrasting livelihoods in the upper and lower Gariep River basin: a study of livelihood change and household development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007147.

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This study investigated rural livelihoods in two contrasting environments in the upper and lower reaches of the Gariep River: Sehlabathebe in the Lesotho highlands, and the Richtersveld in the Northern Cape, and how these have changed over time. Livelihoods were examined using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework in conjunction with the household development cycle. This study therefore adopted a multi-scale approach, where a micro-level household analysis was framed within the macro level social, political, environmental, economic and institutional context, while taking into account the role of temporal scale of livelihood change. A multi-scale approach facilitated the identification of the major drivers of change, both exogenous and endogenous. The combination of livelihood strategies pursued differed between the two sites. Households in Sehlabathebe are reliant mainly on arable and garden cultivation, livestock in some households, occasional remittances, use of wild resources, petty trading and reliance on donations. Households in the Richtersveld relied primarily on livestock, wage labour, use of wild resources and State grants or pensions. The livelihood strategies pursued in each site have not changed markedly over time, but rather the relative importance of those strategies was found to have changed. The assets available to households, the livelihood strategies adopted and the changes in these livelihood strategies are influenced by a households stage in the development cycle and differing macro-level factors. Drivers of change operate at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and are often complex and interrelated. The major drivers of livelihood change were identified as macro-economic, demographic, institutional and social and climatic. This study highlights the importance of using historical analysis in the study of livelihoods, as well as the complexity and diversity of rural livelihoods. Ecosystem goods and services were found to play a fundamental role in rural livelihoods and are influenced by institutional factors. Rural households are heavily reliant on the formal economy, and macro-economic changes have had a significant impact on livelihoods. This is highlighted by how the drastic decline in migrant labour opportunities for households in Sehlabathebe has negatively affected them. Vulnerability was shown to be a result of external shocks and trends, such as institutional transformation, a decline in employment opportunities, theft and climatic variation; and differed between the two sites. The role of institutional breakdown was shown to be a major factor influencing rural livelihoods, and this is related to broader economic and political changes. This study contributes to the growing literature on rural livelihoods by allowing for an appreciation of how differing environments and contextual factors influence livelihood strategies adopted, and which different factors are driving change.

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Subasubani, Joseph Kamwi. "An evaluation of the green scheme programme : a case of the Kalimbeza rice project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95985.

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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Approximately three out of four people in developing countries such as Namibia live in rural areas. The majority of these rural poor’s livelihoods depend directly or indirectly on agriculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design agricultural programmes that focus on rural communities in order to reduce incidences of poverty. Although the Namibian Government invests in the agricultural sector, hunger for both humans and animals were evident in 2012. The starvation situation was worsened by high food prices, compounded with a high unemployment rate that meant the majority of the population could not afford to pay for food. Evidence shows that Namibia is a net food importer; meaning that less local food production is taking place. Therefore, the government is trying to reverse the situation of relying on imported food, by enhancing local production, and one of the ways of achieving this goal is through the Green Scheme Programme. The research problem of this study is defined as follows: “An evaluation of the Green Scheme Programme: A case of the Kalimbeza Rice Project”. The study commences by exploring the literature on the role of the state in improving the socioeconomic status of its citizens. Many developing countries have weak private sectors; therefore, governments remain with the responsibility to spearhead development. With unrestrained unemployment, poverty and inequality, state-led development is the solution in uplifting the socio-economic status of people, especially the rural poor. Since the rural poor depend on agriculture for their livelihoods, it is necessary for Government to devise Sustainable Livelihood programmes in the sector, which many people rely upon for survival. Reducing incidences of rural poverty calls for Sustainable Livelihood programmes that the Namibian Government came up with, such as the approximately N$ 1.2 billion per annum Green Scheme Programme. This is an irrigation programme that aims at increasing agricultural production, contribute to the Gross Domestic Product, promote food security, create jobs and promote skills development. The study sought to establish whether the Green Scheme Programme is effective in achieving its intended, and at times, unintended goals. The Kalimbeza Rice Project, under the Green Scheme Programme was chosen as a case study. Evidence from the study shows that employment creation took place, because many locals have secured temporary jobs at the farm, and the salaries earned have had a positive impacts on their lives. Food security has not been fully achieved, as only about 25 per cent of the total farm area is cultivated yearly. Finally, the study suggests that there is an urgent need for the Green Scheme Programme and all its projects to speed operations in order to achieve the country’s Vision 2030.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ongeveer drie uit elke vier mense in ŉ ontwikkelende land soos Namibië is woonagtig in landelike gebiede. Die meerderheid van landelike armes se inkomste is direk of indirek afhanklik van lanbou aktiwiteite. Dus, is daar ŉ dringende behoefte aan lanbou ontwikkelingsprogramme wat spesifiek fokus op landelike gemeenskappe om sodoende die voorkoms van armoede te verminder. Alhoewel die Namibiese regering belê in die lanbousektor, was lae vlakke van voedselsekuriteit vir beide mens en dier nogsteeds sigbaar in 2012. Die kroniese hongerte situasie in Namibië word grotendeels verger deur hoë voedselpryse. ŉ Hoë werkloosheidsyfer dra ook daartoe by dat die meerderheid armes nie voedsel kan bekostig nie. Navorsing toon dat Namibië ŉ netto invoerder is van kos. Dit beteken dat Namibië minder plaaslik voedsel produseer. Gevolglik, probeer die Namibiese regering die afhanklikheid op ingevoerde voedsel verminder deur die verbetering van plaaslike produksie vermoëns. Een van die maniere wat hulle gebruik om dit te bewerkstellig is deur die regering se Green Scheme Program. Die navorsingsprobleem van dié studie word as volg gedefinieer: ŉ Evaluering van die Green Scheme Program: Die Kalimbeza Rice Project as gevallestudie. Die vertrekpunt van dié studie begin deur die verkenning van literatuur wat spesifiek handel oor die rol van die staat in die verbetering van die sosio-ekonomiese status van sy burgers. Baie ontwikkelende lande het swak of klein privaat sektore, dus bly regerings verantwoordelik om ontwikkeling moontlik te maak. Ongebreidelde werkloosheid, armoede en ongelykheid noodsaak staat geleide ontwikkeling as die enigste oplossing vir die opheffing van die sosio-ekonomiese status van mense, veral landelike armes. Die feit dat landelike armes grotendeels afhanklik is van landbou vir inkomstes en oorlewing, is dit nodig vir die regering om ŉ Volhoubare Lewensbestaan Program te ontwikkel in die sektor, waarop baie mense aangewese is vir oorlewing. Die vermindering van voorvalle van landelike armoede kan toegeskryf word aan die Volhoubare Lewensbestaan Program wat deur die Namibiese regering geïmplementeer word, soos die ongeveer N$ 1.2 biljoen per jaar Green Scheme Program. Dit is ŉ besproeiingstelsel program wat verhoogde lanbouproduksie ten doel het, as ook bydra tot die Bruto Binnelandse Produk, bevordering van voedselsekuriteit, werkskepping en die bevordering van vaardigheidsontwikkeling. Dié studie sal poog om vas te stel of die Green Scheme Program effektief is in die bereiking van beoogde doelwitte, en by tye, die bereiking van onvoorsiene doelwitte. Die Kalimbeza Rice Project, as deel van die Green Scheme Program, sal dien as n gevallestudie. Getuienis van die studie toon dat werkskepping wel plaasgevind het, omdat baie plaaslike inwoners tydelik in diens geneem is op die plaas, en die salarisse ontvang het alreeds ŉ positiewe effek gehad op hul lewens. Voedsel sekuriteit is nog nie ten volle verwesenlik nie, omdat slegs 25% van die totale plaas oppervlakte onder verbouing is. Gevolglik, dui die studie daarop dat daar ŉ onmiddelike behoefte bestaan vir die Green Scheme Program en al sy onderskeie projekte om sodoende pogings te versnel in die bereiking van die land se Visie 2030.

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Quan, Truong Tan. "Transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture in Quang Binh Province, Vietnam." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1557.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate how farmers in Quang Bing Province, Vietnam have been making the transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture. This process began in 1986 when the Vietnam economy changed from central planning to a market orientation. The research strategy was based on case study analysis of two communes in each of three agro-ecological zones, defined as coastal, plains and mountains. Within each commune there were six embedded household case studies, i.e 36 in total. Case studies were selected purposively to capture diversity of agro-ecological zones, market access and communications, wealth and income status, and ethnic communities. Households were interviewed twice; first in either late 2006 or early 2007, and again in late 2008. The study was approached using a constructivist paradigm and a lens of livelihood analysis, focusing on resources, institutions, interventions and the dynamics of change. Particular attention was given to the development of markets (inputs, outputs, land, labour and credit) and supply chain factors. Separate measures of commercialisation were constructed based on outputs and inputs, and at the level of both individual activities and the overall household. Investigations were informed by existing theory, but no hypotheses were tested. Instead, the research focused on emergent patterns and insights, and the enrichment and modification of existing theory. A review of literature indicated that the transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture in Vietnam was different from other countries on account of the specific combination of low technology agriculture, typical of much of developing Asia, combined with the transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market orientation as occurred in Central and Eastern European countries. At commune level, the key determinants of commercialisation were strong physical connections to markets, with good road access being paramount. Once all weather road access for motorised vehicles was available, then rapid commercialisation occurred. Supply chains typically developed faster for outputs than inputs. New technologies that increased the yield of basic food crops, and facilitated by Government and NGO programs, led to the release of land resources no longer required for meeting food security needs. Households retained their production of food crops that provided food security, and added additional cash earning activities. At the level of individual households, the commercialisation process was led by entrepreneurial families who perceived opportunities relating to profitable activities, and combined this with hard work. Often these opportunities were linked to what they had observed or learnt elsewhere. Once first movers took up a new technology, others observed and followed. There were many enabling factors, such as access to land, access to capital, and access to credit. However, none of these could be considered a determinant, in that the absence of any one factor did not by itself preclude successful commercialisation. Absence of an active male worker was a major constraint to commercialisation, as was lack of necessary crop and livestock skills. There was evidence that income disparities were increasing between the wealthy and the poor. Output commerciality across all households averaged 88 % in 2008 and was higher for wealthy households (95 %) than poor households (83 %). All households still produced their own food crops, but these crops had low market values and hence had a low impact on the output commerciality index. Output commerciality measured in percentage terms obscured that wealthy families had net incomes almost 13 times greater than poor households. A major theoretical insight was that key commercialisation factors are multiple and context dependent. Accordingly, there is a need in any investigation for a holistic approach, based on a livelihood framework that incorporates the complexities associated with the development of markets, as well as giving consideration to the range of interventions and institutional policies that impact on livelihood development.

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Majali, Vuyiseka. "The socio-cultural factors affecting the participation of women in agricultural development: Khezana village in Alice district." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/557.

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The study sought to investigate socio-cultural factors that contribute to the invisibility of women in agricultural activities at Khwezana village, Alice district. The present study was underpinned by a people’s –centered developmental approach paired with the feminist perspective based of ethnographic research methods, participant observation and basic individual interviews. The study mainly focused on female residents of the village, those who are active in agriculture and also those who are not practicing crop production. Rural women of South Africa have historically played a significant role by contributing in the sustainable livelihoods of the country as well as their communities. However, it has been revealed that there are factors that impede the participation of women in agricultural development. The study revealed that socio-cultural factors such as limited access to land, access to credit (due to tradition and culture circumstances), limited education and culture change in general are the major factors that significantly influence the low agricultural activity in the study village.

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Pinto, Abelardo Gonçalves. "Estrategias de desenvolvimento para o Brasil rural : balanço e perspectivas a partir da experiencia paulista." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257097.

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Orientador: Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira Bergamasco
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T06:50:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_AbelardoGoncalves_D.pdf: 909102 bytes, checksum: 8d5c4dbcbc4b18762ee41972cceeda22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: Esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as estratégias de desenvolvimento rural no Brasil e em São Paulo, e sua relação com as transformações em que Estado e Sociedade civil estão imersos. Através da análise das transformações recentes do Estado brasileiro, foi possível verificar que sua reforma e suas estratégias de ação estão sendo pautadas pelos condicionamentos que a crise fiscal está impondo. Isto reflete diretamente na implementação das estratégias de desenvolvimento rural, limitando programas de reforma agrária, de combate à pobreza e de reestruturação dos serviços de pesquisa e extensão rural. A análise das transformações na sociedade civil mostrou que esta tem um papel estratégico para romper a hegemonia Estado/mercado na condução do processo de desenvolvimento rural. A revitalização da sociedade civil pode ser vista na crescente constituição de novos espaços democráticos para o debate de estratégias de desenvolvimento rural e no enriquecimento da agenda de desenvolvimento trazido pela participação das organizações da sociedade civil. A análise das estratégias que moldaram o Brasil Rural revelou a hegemonia do Estado na formulação e implementação de estratégias de desenvolvimento e mostrou também que os segmentos mais capitalizados do campo foram os maiores beneficiários da ação governamental. O protagonismo dos segmentos excluídos se deu pela condução das lutas sociais, que promoveram uma lenta, porém contínua expansão dos direitos sociais no campo. Os desafios estratégicos colocados para um desenvolvimento rural sustentável são: i) erradicar a pobreza no campo; ii) promover a equidade econômica; iii) promover a sustentabilidade ambiental; iv) realizar a reforma do Estado. As estratégias em curso no Estado de São Paulo são insuficientes para atender a estes desafios, evidenciando a necessidade de reestruturação não somente das estratégias, mas também das organizações que as implementam
Abstract: This work is aimed to study the strategies of development in Brazil and in São Paulo and its relation with the transformation process that civil Society and the State are in. Through the analysis of the recent transformations of the Brazilian State, it was possible to verify that its reform and its strategies of action are being ruled by the conditions that the fiscal crisis imposed. It reflects directly over the implementation of the rural development strategies, limiting programs of agricultural reform, fighting against poverty and restructure of the services of research and rural extension. The transformations in the civil society have shown that it has a strategical part to break on through to the hegemony State/market at the leading of the rural development process. The civil society revitalization can be seen in the growing democratic areas to the rural development strategies debate and in the enrichment of the development schedule brought by the participation of the civil society organizations. The analysis of the strategies that molded the Rural Brazil have shown this hegemony of the State in the formulation and implementation of development strategies and have shown as well that the most capitalist segment of the field were the most beneficiary form the governmental action. The protagonism of the excluded segments happened due to the social fights, that promoted a slowly, but continuous expansion of the social rights in the field. The strategical challenges placed for a sustainable rural development are: i) to eradicate the poverty in the field; ii) improve the rural families¿ life condition; iii) To accelerate the rural spaces; iv) To redirect the state action. The ongoing strategies in the state of São Paulo are insufficient to answer this challenges, highlighting the need of restructuring not only of the strategies, but also of the organizations that implements it
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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Sanja, Đukić. "Agroekonomski faktori održivog razvoja regiona Fruške gore." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2015. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=94873&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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U radu se analiziraju agroekonomski faktori odrţivog razvoja na primeru regiona Fruške gore. Potreba za istraţivanjem ovih faktora polazi od ĉinjenice da je poljoprivreda najzastupljenija delatnost u ovom regionu, taĉnije u njegovoj zaštitnoj zoni. Identifikovanje i kvantifikovanje agroekonomskih faktora putem relevantnih indikatora odrţive poljoprivrede prošireno je i na aspekt ruralnog razvoja. U radu je dat pregled vladajuće literature, kao i veći broj metodologija odrţivog razvoja, odrţive poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja. Prikazani su razliĉiti pristupi u regionalne ekonomije i oceni regionalne konkurentnosti ruralnih podruĉja u cilju sveobuhvatne analize posmatrane problematike. Date su karakteristike istraţivanog prostora na primeru Fruške gore (potencijala za odrţivi razvoj, profili opština/gradova koji ulaze u obuhvat ovog regiona, kao i prikaz odrţivih opredeljenja za sve delatnosti). Na osnovu dostupnih podataka analiziran je uticaj pojedinih agroekonomskih faktora odrţivog razvoja regiona Fruške gore, i data je procena njihovog daljeg delovanja u budućem periodu, uz uvaţavanje ostalih ekonomskih pokazatelja Republike Srbije i AP Vojvodine. U dokazivanju ili opovrgavanju hipoteza, osim identifikacije agroekonomskih faktora odrţivog razvoja, korišćeno je anketno istraţivanje svih zainteresovanih subjekata u regionu Fruške gore. Isto tako, izloţene su ideje i predlozi za buduća istraţivanja i predloţen je model koji bi na najoptimalniji naĉin valorizovao sve potencijale Fruške gore, a prvenstveno onih koji su u funkciji unapreĊenja poljoprivrede, ruralnog i odrţivog razvoja.
This paper analyses agrieconomics factors of sustainable development in the case of region of Fruška gora. The need for research on these factors comes from the fact that agriculture is the most common activity in the region, specifically in its protective zone. An identifying and quantifying agrieconomics factor through relevant indicators of sustainable agriculture has been extended to an aspect of rural development. The paper gives an overview of the actual literature, and a number of methodologies for sustainable development, sustainable agriculture and rural development. Different theoretical approaches of the regional economy and the assessment of regional competitiveness of rural areas are presented, in order a comprehensive analysis of the observed issues. The characteristics of the area in the case of Fruška gora are presented (potential for sustainable development, profiles of municipalities/cities which are located in the scope of this region, as well as the sustainable orientation for all business activity). Based on available data, was analysed the influence of the certain agrieconomics factors of sustainable development of the region of Fruška gora, and assessment of their impact in the following period, together with other economic indicators of the Republic of Serbia and AP Vojvodina. In proving or disproving the hypothesis, except the identification agrieconomics factors of sustainable development, the research by a survey questionnaire of all stakeholders in the region of Fruška gora was used. Also, the ideas and suggestions for future research are expressed and a model that would optimally valorised all potentials of Fruška gora is proposed, primarily those that are aimed at improving the agricultural, rural and sustainable development.

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Watson, Sarah Louise. "Assessing the Impacts of Unrestricted Pesticide Use in Small-Scale Agriculture on Water Quality and Associated Human Health and Ecological Implications in an Indigenous Village in Rural Panam[aacute]." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5149.

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In 2014, the global pesticide industry's projected worth is $52 billion and by 2020, the developing world will make up one-third of the world's chemical production and consumption. Pesticides can have unintended negative consequences for human health and the environment, especially in the developing world where regulations are loose or nonexistent. One country with unrestricted use of pesticides is Panam[aacute], especially in Santa Rosa de Cucunatí. In this indigenous village, small-scale farmers and ranchers spray paraquat, glyphosate, picloram, and 2,4-D at higher elevations than the spring water source of a gravity-fed water system, the river, and the village. The objective of this study was to estimate the concentration of these pesticides in the water system and the river and to perform a human health and ecological risk assessment. Pesticide fate and transport models in the graphical user interface EXAMS-PRZMS Exposure Simulation Shell (EXPRESS), which was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, were used to predict concentrations of the four mentioned pesticides in drinking water and the river using chemical properties, data from Food and Agriculture Organization and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and the author's experience as a Peace Corps Volunteer. The results from Tier I model FQPA Index Reservoir Screening Tool (FIRST) were used to compare immediate and delayed rain events, noting minimal difference. The Tier II PRZM-EXAMS shell provided estimated drinking water concentration (EDWC) profiles. The paraquat profile was much lower than picloram, glyphosate, and 2,4-D, which had almost identical profiles with peak concentrations around 12 ppm and the average annual concentration 100 ppb. Average Daily Dose (ADD) via drinking water was calculated for men, women, and children using model results and compared to the oral reference dose (RfD). ADDs only exceeded the RfD with maximum peak EDWCs, implying low risk. However, RfD was used to calculate a breakpoint concentration, the concentration at which each pesticide presents a risk to the consumer. This was then compared to the maximum peak (highest, i.e. worst-case scenario) and annual (lowest, i.e. best-case scenario) EDWC profiles. In the best-case scenario, glyphosate and picloram did not pose a threat, paraquat posed a moderate threat and 2,4-D posed a high threat, with the concentration exceeding the breakpoint for 90 percent of the years. With respect to the worst-case scenario, all four chemicals posed high threats to the consumer. Individual exposure via consumption of fish from the river was calculated using a calculated bioconcentration (BCF) factor and calculated breakpoint concentrations. For the best case scenario, picloram presented a low risk and 2,4-D presented a high risk but for the worst case, both of these chemicals presented a very high risk. An additive exposure of these two human health pathways found that for the best case scenario, exposure from most of the four chemicals did not approach the RfD. However, for the worst-case scenario the exposures were significantly higher than the oral RfD--therefore, between the lowest and the highest concentrations, the general population is at risk. For the ecological risk assessment, the 96-hour peak profile was compared to the 96-hour lethal dose (LD50); glyphosate posed a high risk to fathead minnows and low risk to bluegills and 2,4-D presented a high risk to fathead minnows, low risk to channel catfish, and very high risk to bluegills. A more general risk assessment compared maximum peak and annual concentrations to the US EPA's aquatic life benchmarks. Glyphosate presented no threat and 2,4-D only presented a threat to plants. For picloram, fish were at very high risk at the chronic level and low risk at the acute level, and plants were at moderate risk. Paraquat presented the most significant threat to aquatic life, exceeding benchmarks for all plants and invertebrates at the chronic level 100 percent of the time. It presented no threat to fish in the best-case scenario, but a high risk for fish at the chronic level in the worst case scenario, as well as very high risk for all invertebrates and plants. Improvements in application and watershed protection as part of a multi-disciplinary approach are proposed in place of technological mitigation strategies. Recommendations for future studies include the development of a developing-world context model and experimental studies in the developing world to compare to model results, where possible.

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Jakavula, Siyabulela Cornelius. "Effectiveness of the high value crop-based extension model in improving rural livelihoods." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007533.

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The problem that is researched in this study relates to the effectiveness of the extension model applied in the High Value Crop programme in improving rural livelihoods in the Eastern Cape. The extent of poverty in rural areas in the Eastern Cape motivated for the intervention of the Is‘Baya through the introduction of Integrated Village Renewal Programme (IVRP). The need to improve the quality of life of rural households through the promotion of agriculture and industry gave rise to the collaborative effort between the Is‘Baya Development Trust and Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in South Africa. The HVC programme was established to mitigate the effects of food shortage and poverty through the production of fruit trees, herbs and vegetables at household level. Evaluation of the effectiveness of this collaborative effort was carried out in four local municipalities of the OR Tambo District and these included: King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality (Zangci); Nyadeni municipality (Hluleka); Port St Johns municipality (Noqhekwana) and Ngquza Hill municipality (Hombe). An equal number of villages where Siyazondla was implemented by DRDAR were visited for the survey to relate the extension model applied with HVC. The villages visited included: OR Tambo (Mhlontlo local municipality) Xhokonxa village; Amathole (Amahlathi local municipality) Ndakana village, (Ngqushwa local municipality) Mgababa village and (Mbhashe local municipality) Mbanyana village. The broad objective of the study therefore, was to evaluate the effectiveness of the extension model applied on the HVC programme as well as to identify the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders involved in the model. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the HVC based extension model as it is currently organized and implemented in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in relation to the erstwhile Siyazondla programme, to establish the effectiveness of the extension model in terms of skills transfer and capacity development, to determine the socio-economic impact of the extension model on the livelihood of involved households, to establish the extent to which the extension model has empowered women and youths and to study the factors that has contributed to the sustainability of the extension model. In carrying out this research and in line with the practice of Agricultural Research for Development (ARD), qualitative and quantitative methods of information gathering were applied. Group approach such as the Rural Rapid Appraisal (RRA) and the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods of data collection were used. These tools include semi-structured interviews, focus-group discussions, transect walks, seasonal calendars, key-informant interviews, resource maps and secondary data. A sample of 149 respondents was selected from eight villages in the OR Tambo and Amathole districts. The HVC model was analysed using qualitative approach, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The Is‘Baya/ARC extension model is thus said to be effective in meeting the objectives of the HVC programme due to the efficient transfer of skills and technology and its positive impact on the livelihood of the people. There was also an improvement of the income and food security status of the rural dwellers in O.R Tambo district. The regression analysis model was applied and the results of the model were significant to the highest income earned. Out of 22 explanatory variables fitted in the regression model, 12 were significant. The R² and adjusted R² are 73 percent and 68 percent respectively which shows the significance of the fitted variables in the model. The very high F value of 15.427 shows strong significance of the fitted variables to the model. The study therefore concluded that the HVC based extension model implemented by Is‘Baya and ARC was very effective in improving rural livelihoods. The study further recommended investment in infrastructure, market linkages, value adding, public-private partnerships, creation of tenure security, investigation of different funding sources, investment on agricultural research, extension of skills provided and implementation of similar model by the public sector.

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Mlonyeni, Xolani. "An exploration into the challenges faced by rural communities in the effective use of land for subsistence agriculture for poverty alleviation: a case study of the Mpongo and Twecwana communities in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005645.

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The escalation of poverty simultaneously with the decline of small-scale agriculture in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape in particular, raises serious concerns within the government circles in South Africa and among researchers. Of the nine provinces of South Africa, the rate of poverty in the Eastern Cape is a pathetic one and is the largest contributor to poverty statistics in the whole of South Africa. Machete (2004) stresses that high levels of poverty are visible in the rural areas and the large proportions of the people who are poor in South Africa are found in the rural areas. It is widely accepted that small-scale agriculture plays a vital role in and contributes substantially to socio-economic life of people living in the rural areas and is one of the strategies most suited to combat poverty for the majority of the people in the rural areas. This study explored the challenges that limit the effective use of land for subsistence agriculture as a strategy for poverty alleviation at Mpongo and Twecwana villages in Tsholomnqa. The study adopted a qualitative approach in order to get in-depth understanding of the challenges as experienced by the participants. The sample comprised of fifteen (15) subsistence farmers and three (3) extension officers from the department of agriculture. The data was collected from the participants through the focus group technique with an interview schedule containing open ended questions. The findings of the study indicated that the communities lack capital such as money, machinery, labour and other resources needed to pursue agricultural livelihoods. The findings also showed that agricultural infrastructure such as dams, rivers, fencing have deteriorated. Machete (2004, p.8) concurring with Pote (2008) says “inadequate physical infrastructure in the rural areas, particular in the former homeland areas remains a major obstacle to smallholder agricultural growth in South Africa”. In the two villages the situation is worsened by a total lack of irrigation scheme development. These communities rely entirely on seasonal and natural rainfall for their crops to be cultivated and grown. It was also found that the introduction of state grants contributed for the rural communities to do way with their traditional socio-economic agricultural livelihoods. The end results were for food production from gardens and communal fields come to a total collapse in many communities in the rural areas. The findings also show that youth is less interested to participate and pursue agricultural based activities in the rural areas. Williams et al (2008) claim that young people are unwilling to pursue agricultural studies as career of choice because of negative image attached to it. Many youths regard agriculture as an activity which belongs to adult and ordinary people. Drought was also cited as the worst natural disaster that has threatened the already disadvantaged small scale agriculture in these rural areas. These deficiencies have rendered subsistence agricultural centred activities to a total collapse.

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Taruvinga, Amon. "Economics of wetland cultivation in Zimbabwe: case study of Mashonaland East Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001002.

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Wetlands are stocks of natural resources limited in supply, in the middle of unlimited human wants with multiple uses to society, presenting an economic problem in as far as their rational and sustainable use is concerned. To that end, conflicting recommendations have been forwarded regarding wetland cultivation as a possible land use across the globe and from within the same regions. On one extreme, wetland cultivation has been linked to degradation of wetlands with pure wetland conservation as the prescribed viable and sustainable land use option to society. Closer to reality, partial wetland conversion to crop land has been found compatible with wetland bio-diversity; implying that partial wetland cultivation is the prescribed wetland use option viable and sustainable to societies, a dictum mainly claimed by rural communities. With that conflicting background and based on the “Safe Minimum Standard” approach, a ban on wetland cultivation was maintained in several early environmental policies in Zimbabwe as a basis for legislative protection of wetlands, a position that is still legally binding in current statutes. Contrary to that, rural communities have responded by invading wetlands as a coping strategy in pursuit of the claimed values of wetland cultivation, further conflicting with standing policies. This scenario has managed to “lock” and is currently locking the claimed 1,28 million hectares of wetlands in Zimbabwe in a “legal-operational impasse”, at a cost to the entire nation since no meaningful investment is possible in wetlands when there is a legal conflict.

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Mekpo, Goh Damien. "Agriculture éco-spirituelle pour un développement durable en Afrique à l'ère de la crise écologique : le projet agro-pastoral "Songhaï" du Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAK012/document.

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Une agriculture éco-spirituelle peut-elle développer l’Afrique en cette ère de crise écologique ? Telle est la question à laquelle cette thèse répond à travers l’étude d’un projet de développement dont l’objectif est d’être pour le Bénin, un «vivier» de développement socio-économique, à partir de l’homme dont le profil est celui d’un «entrepreneur de type nouveau», «moralement équipé» et doté d’un important capital humain. Ce type d’homme est à «monter» de toutes les pièces du «savoir-être», du «savoir-faire» et du «savoir tout court» par une formation pratico-pratique, suivant le double principe pédagogique : «Apprends en faisant» et «Utilise ce que tu as pour avoir ce que tu veux». Apprendre à faire quoi ? Faire de l’agriculture un levier du décollage économique. Une agriculture écologique et entrepreneuriale, dont la méthode de production et de gestion, met en synergie la culture, l'élevage et la pisciculture d'une part, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation d’autre part et enfin, le social, l’économique et l’écologique, le tout dans une perspective plutôt théocentrique que cosmocentrique ou anthropocentrique
Can eco-spiritual agriculture develop Africa in this era of ecological crisis ? This present thesis tries to answer the above question through the study of Songhaï development Project whose objective is to be for Benin Republic a breeding ground for socio-economic development from the man which profile is “a new type of entrepreneur”, “morally equipped” endowed with an important human resources. This type of man is to be fully assembled with the “behavioural skills”, the “know-how”, and simply the “knowledge” by an in-depth practical training based on the double pedagogical principle : “Learn by doing” and “Use what you have to get what you need”. Learning to do what ? Transforming agriculture into the gear lever of economic progress. An ecological and entrepreneurial agriculture of which the productive and management methods take into account culture, breeding and fish farming in one hand, and production, transformation and marketing on the other, and finally its spiritual, social and economical dimensions

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Silva, Ponchio Ana Paula. "Comunicação e desenvolvimento de agricultores familiares de Teodoro Sampaio-SP." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256859.

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Orientador: Julieta Teresa Aier de Oliveira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa analisa as relações entre comunicação e desenvolvimento de agricultores familiares de Teodoro Sampaio (SP), no Pontal do Paranapanema. Apurações revelaram que a agricultura familiar desse município é representada basicamente por assentados da reforma agrária. O Pontal do Paranapanema é uma das regiões com menor desenvolvimento do estado de São Paulo e também a que concentra mais da metade de todas as famílias assentadas no estado - é terra de ativa reconstrução de território. O embasamento teórico principal é o da comunicação para a mudança social, segundo a qual a comunicação pode ter papel estratégico no processo de desenvolvimento à medida que facilita trocas e aproximações entre as pessoas. O objetivo geral desta tese foi entender as práticas de comunicação desses agricultores e relacioná-las com o desenvolvimento de suas famílias. Assumiu-se como proxy de desenvolvimento a combinação entre a percepção que a família tem sobre sua condição de vida e a evolução da sua produção agropecuária. A hipótese principal é que a comunicação é um dos fatores que influenciam positivamente o desenvolvimento de agricultores familiares desse município. Outra hipótese é que existe uma rede de interações sociais que favorece trocas consistentes entre os agricultores familiares do município e desses com outros atores locais. Uma terceira hipótese é que os agricultores têm avançado no processo de emancipação. Por meio das interações sociais, realizadas com autonomia, é que a comunicação cumpriria seu papel de colaborar para o desenvolvimento. Os métodos de coleta foram entrevistas guiadas, entrevistas estruturadas (questionário) e observação não-participante. Para a interpretação das entrevistas guiadas, adotou-se a análise do significado semântico-pragmático da conversação; os dados do questionário foram processados com apoio dos softwares Excel e Stata 9.0. Entre os principais resultados, constatou-se pela via estatística o efeito positivo da comunicação em favor da melhoria da "condição de vida e produção" de parte dos produtores, para aqueles com maior desenvolvimento; para os demais, comunicação "não é o remédio". Contudo, ao serem consideradas as entrevistas guiadas e também o que se observou em campo, não resta dúvidas sobre as potenciais contribuições da comunicação para as diferentes perspectivas de desenvolvimento que aquelas famílias venham a assumir - nem todas privilegiavam o enfoque agropecuário. Já há estabelecida uma rede de comunicação da qual participam os agricultores, extensionistas e atores de outros segmentos da sociedade local, o que viabiliza as contribuições da comunicação. Os produtores assentados estão, sim, em processo de construção de cidadania, que é refletido em sua postura participativa, crítica e de busca pelo cumprimento de direitos. A principal sugestão é que sejam ampliadas as formas de acesso a informação tanto dos produtores quanto dos profissionais do serviço público que os atendem
Abstract: This research investigates relations between communication and the development of family farmers from Teodoro Sampaio city (São Paulo state), in the Pontal do Paranapanema region. Family agriculture in that city is represented basically by settlers from the Agrarian Reform program (implemented by state and federal governments). Traditional farmers do not fit the profile for family farmers - especially in terms of main income source. The Pontal do Paranapanema is one of the regions with the lowest level of development in São Paulo state which gathers more than half of all settled families in the state. The main theoretical basis for the research is the "communication for the social change" (or "Communication for Development"), in which the communication might have a strategic role in the development process, as it promotes interactions among people. This study aimed to understand communication practices of these farmers and relate them with the development of families. The development proxy is understood as the combination between the perception that family has about its life conditions and the evolution of the agricultural production. The main hypothesis is that communication is one of the factors that contributes positively to the development of family farmers from Teodoro Sampaio. Another hypothesis is that a network of social interactions involves family farmers from the city and other local agents. A third hypothesis is that settled farmers are in the process of building their citizenship, which tends to increase their participation in social processes over time. Through social interactions, communication might accomplish its role to collaborate to development. Guided interviews, structured interviews (questionnaires) and non-participant observation were used to collect data. For the interpretation of guided interviews, the analysis of the semantic-pragmatic meaning of the conversation was adopted; the data in the questionnaires were processed in Excel and Stata 9.0. The results highlighted the positive effect of communication for "life conditions and the evolution of agricultural production" only for some farmers, for those with higher development. For others, communication did not present as essential. However, once guided interviews and what has been observed at the field are considered, the potential contributions of communication for different development perspectives that those families might choose become clear - not all of them prioritize the agricultural focus. There is already a communication network established in which farmers and other segments of the local society participate in, which promotes contributions of communication. Settled farmers are in the process of building their citizenship, which is reflected in their participative attitude and in their search to practice their rights. The main suggestion is to improve ways for producers and professionals from public services related to them to access information
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

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Breytenbach, Andre. "GIS-based land suitability assessment and allocation decision-making in a degraded rural environmen." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16599.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rural development problems faced by the impoverished communities in the Transkei, South Africa, are numerous, and environmental degradation has already taken much of its toll. By working at a micro-catchment-level both the socio-economic and biophysical appreciation of the land resources were captured as encapsulated in the concept of resource management domains. Participatory decision-making allowed functional land use goals and evaluation criteria to be incorporated into computerised multi-criteria evaluation and multi-objective land use allocation models in order to reach an idealised or more sustainable land use situation. In the execution of the decision-making process seven procedural steps were followed, which are discussed in detail and applied in the case study. Synthesis of the results emphasised the envisaged rural planning potential of the methods used.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In terme van plattelandse ontwikkeling staar talle probleme die behoeftige gemeenskappe van Transkei, Suid-Afrika, in die gesig en omgewingsdegradering neem ongehinderd sy tol. Deur op ‘n mikro-opvangsgebied vlak te werk kon beide die sosio-ekonomiese en biofisiese waarde van die gebied se hulpbronne bepaal word en uitgebeeld word in hulpbron bestuursdomeine. Deur deelnemende besluitneming is funksionele grondgebruiksdoelwitte en evaluasie kriteria gebruik in gerekenariseerde meervoudige kriteria evaluering en veeldoelige grondgebruiksaanwysingsmodelle ten einde die ideale of ‘n meer volhoubare grondgebruik situasie te verkry. Vir die uitvoering van die besluitnemingsproses is van sewe opeenvolgende stappe gebruik gemaak en die uitvoering daarvan word in diepte bespreek in hierdie gevallestudie. Sintese van die resultate het die potensiaal van hierdie beoogde landelike beplanningsmetodes beklemtoon.

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Bernard, Claire. "La biodiversité par projet : Réflexivité engagée et dispositif stratégique en Albanie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD058/document.

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Le projet constitue une modalité centrale d’administration de l’Aide publique au développement (APD). Moyen d’injecter des fonds selon des objectifs préétablis dans des secteurs donnés de l’économie, les projets ont suscité une littérature abondante dédiée à la rationalisation de ce format gestionnaire afin d’en assurer une plus grande maitrise. C’est également par projet que le secteur de l’APD intègre les enjeux de biodiversité dans ses activités de développement. Or la généalogie de cette question environnementale globale nous montre qu’elle déborde les pratiques standards de la conduite de projet, qu’elle se construit autant au niveau global qu’au niveau local, et que les méthodes d’élaboration ex ante et d’évaluation ex post brident la compréhension de ce qui se construit in itinere, dans le temps du projet et de son déroulé. En décalant la focale classique d’analyse de la gestion de projet nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’une posture de « recherche embarquée » nous permet d’expérimenter et de restituer au plus près l’activité stratégique de construction des cadres émergents de l’action environnementale. Nous outillons analytiquement cette posture à partir des travaux foucaldiens en sciences de gestion sur la conception de l’action collective et en aménageant le cadre d’Analyse stratégique de la gestion environnementale (ASGE). Nous faisons du couple régime-dispositif l’analyseur central de cette activité qui articule une intention générale - le régime de biodiversité - et sa conception dans un projet entendu comme un dispositif (i.e. un ensemble hétérogène d’acteurs, d’institutions, d’outils et de savoirs). Le « pôle réflexif » devient alors le lieu d’émergence de la stratégie environnementale du dispositif à partir de l’exercice d’une « réflexivité engagée ». Le projet qui sert de base empirique à cette réflexion, financé par le Fonds français pour l’environnement mondial (FFEM) été conçu dans une démarche originale entre une Agence de développement rural albanaise (MADA) et une organisation intergouvernementale méditerranéenne (CIHEAM-IAMM) ayant accepté « d’embarquer » une fonction recherche dans un processus concret de création de signes de qualité et d’origine (SIQO) pour des productions locales issues des systèmes pastoraux et agricoles et des activités de collecte de produits non-ligneux. L’hypothèse avancée par le projet « BiodivBalkans » (2012-2016) étant que ce processus peut favoriser une gestion environnementale durable des territoires agro-silvo-pastoraux albanais. La restitution de cette enquête prend la forme d’une narration-description située du projet comme dispositif à laquelle est rapportée une analyse de l’activité de mise en dispositif du régime de biodiversité endossée par le pôle réflexif, dans ses dimensions cognitive, organisationnelle et stratégique. Au-delà de l’irréductibilité de cette expérience de recherche, la portée démonstrative de ce travail s’articule en deux temps. D’un point de vue pratique, l’activité de pôle réflexif nous semble constituer une modalité additionnelle de conception et de mise en œuvre des projets de l’APD à visée environnementale. Nous dégageons des invariants de l’activité de mise en dispositif du régime de biodiversité en définissant trois catégories d’exercice d’une réflexivité engagée. Ces types d’opérations stratégiques de nature et d’échelles conceptuelles différentes permettent de concevoir les cadres de l’action environnementale au cœur des dispositifs d’action collective en univers complexe, ambigu et conflictuel.Du point de vue analytique, la théorisation de l’activité de pôle réflexif nous permet de redéfinir le statut de l’acteur environnemental tel qu’il est proposé par l’Analyse stratégique de la Gestion Environnementale (ASGE) en y intégrant une dimension cognitive, procédurale et située du changement en faveur de l’environnement dans les collectifs, rendue par les notions de « courtage de connaissances » et « d’organisation frontière »
Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) operates mainly through projects. Envisioned as an efficient mean to inject funds according established targets in specific sectors of the economy, projects have generated a vast managerial literature aiming at optimizing the delivery of rationally planned and controlled outputs. Projects are also widely used to mainstream biodiversity in the ODA sector. However, our genealogy of biodiversity as a global environmental issue shows how this kind of wicked and ambiguous problem challenges the mechanistic rationality at the basis of all ODA project models. Building on both global and local levels, biodiversity issues cannot be properly constructed and managed through ex ante planning processes or ex post evaluations, but are arising from multi-actors interactions throughout the project life.By shifting the traditional focus of analysis of project management we assume a posture of "embedded research" allows us to experiment and describe the strategic activity of conceiving environmental action frames. We are equipping this posture building on Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA), adjusted with foucaldian analytical frameworks in management science on collective action design.Pairing the concepts of “regime” and “device”, we propose to use them as a central analytic tool to study this strategic activity that articulates a general intention – a biodiversity regime – conceived through a project understood as a device (i.e.: an heterogeneous set of actors, institutions, tools and knowledges). The figure of "reflexive pole” endorses the conception of the environmental strategy as a liminal site embedded in a specific device through the exercise of a “committed reflexivity”.The project used as an empirical basis for this intervention research, funded by the French Global Environment Facility (GEF), was designed in an original approach between Albanian Rural Development Agency (MADA) and Mediterranean intergovernmental organization (CIHEAM-IAMM) having agreed to "embark" a research function in a concrete process of building Signs of quality and origin (SIQO) for local productions from pastoral and agricultural systems and collection activities of non-timber products. The hypothesis advanced by the project "BiodivBalkans" (2012-2016) was that this process can promote a sustainable environmental management of agro-silvopastoral Albanian territories.This inquiry – led in a pragmatic perspective – is based on a situated narrative and description of the project’s developments studied as a strategic device, to which is attached the activity of the “reflexive pole”. Doing so, we emphasize the cognitive, organizational and strategic nature of conceiving the frames of environmental action in a situated device related to an evolving biodiversity regime. Beyond the irreducibility of this experience, the added value of this research work is twofold.From a practical standpoint, we propose to consider the “reflexive pole’s” activity as an additional modality to design and implement ODA environmental projects. We derive three invariants of this biodiversity mainstreaming activity (i.e.: framing, shaping, using), which designate three modes of exerting a “committed reflexivity”. Theses strategic operations of different nature and conceptual scales are to design the environmental dimension of collective action devices in complex, ambiguous and adverse universe.From an analytical standpoint then, theorizing the “reflexive pole’s” strategic activity allows us to redefine the status of the environmental actor as proposed by the Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA) in an actor-centric perspective. We used the concepts of “knowledge brokering" and» boundary organization” to enlarge this focus with a socio-cognitive dimension and build theoretical foundations to further explore the cognitive, procedural and located dimension of environmental changes in collective action devices

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Machado, Orlandina Ferreira. "AGRICULTURA SUSTENTÁVEL E SISTEMA FAMILIAR." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2009. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2596.

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The present dissertation analyzed the influence of familiar agriculture in its social and economic aspects in the city of São Luis de Montes Belos (SLMB). The studies in this work seek to comprehend the ways that technologies are used, the view of sustainability, the farmer social engagement and, the investment of public resources in agriculture through the PRONAF. The central question turned to the survey of data that shows whether the familiar farmer is concerned with sustainability in its own production system. The generals objectives were identify the reflections about various concepts of familiar agriculture presents by some authors like Caume (1997), Porto e Siqueira (1994), Lamarche (1993), Pietrafesa (2002), which work this category of farmers and, how this social actor become part of dairy production, looking for, or not, sustainable models of develop its familiar system. And, observe the differences between the sustainability and the sustainable development, presents by some authors like Pires (1998) e Santos (2004). Nevertheless, sought comprehend how it is organized the production system in São Luis de Montes Belos. The methodology used was based in two procedures. The first procedure was to review the specialized literature, to create theoretic support to this dissertation. The second was the achievement of field work, with the application of questionnaires to the local familiar famers, which enable the analyses of the data and the obtaining of information about the vision of this sector concern the questions pertinent to the use of technologies, dairy production and sustainability.
Na presente dissertação, analisou-se a influência da agricultura familiar em seus aspectos sociais e econômicos no município de São Luís de Montes Belos-Goiás. Os estudos apresentados neste trabalho buscaram compreender as formas de uso de tecnologias, visão de sustentabilidade, engajamento social do agricultor e a aplicação de recursos públicos na agricultura, por meio do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar - PRONAF. O estudo voltou-se para o levantamento de dados que dessem conta de demonstrar se o agricultor familiar está preocupado com a sustentabilidade de seu sistema de produção. Os objetivos gerais foram: identificar as reflexões sobre os diversos conceitos de agricultura familiar apresentados por alguns autores, tais como Caume (1997), Porto e Siqueira (1994), Lamarche (1993), Pietrafesa (2002), que trabalham essa categoria e como o agricultor inseriu-se na produção leiteira, buscando, ou não, modelos sustentáveis de desenvolver seu sistema familiar. Ainda, captar as diferenças entre sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável, apresentadas por diversos autores, tais como Pires (1998) e Santos (2004). Objetivou-se, ainda, compreender como se organiza o sistema de produção em São Luís de Montes Belos. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em dois procedimentos. O primeiro foi o levantamento bibliográfico para o suporte teórico. O segundo foi a realização de pesquisa de campo com aplicação de questionários aos agricultores familiares do município e análise dos dados. Com a análise foi possível a obtenção de informações sobre a visão desse setor sobre questões pertinentes ao uso de tecnologia, produção leiteira e sustentabilidade.

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Godoy, Cristiane Maria Tonetto. "AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR DO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTA ROSA/RS, ENTRE A PRODUÇÃO E A LEGISLAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: LIMITES E POSSIBILIDADES." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8862.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Since the Industrial Revolution economic development is based on the use of natural resources and nonrenewable resources, causing environmental impacts and loss of biodiversity, causing problems to human beings as a whole. Given this issue have been raised debates about the need for environmental preservation and environmental sustainability as a guarantee of self-perpetuation and preservation of mankind. Thus, it is essential that work is done on all levels, promoting dialogue and ways to get the information from all parts of society, so that each person creates an environmental awareness and promotes the end environmental of the process degradation. The Brazilian Environmental Legislation contains the laws and rules that are intended to ensure the maintenance of biodiversity and environmental conservation on farms through the Legal Reserve (RL) and the Permanent Protection Areas (APP's). This essay discusses how the family farmers of the municipality of Santa Rosa/RS ensure their social and economic development, adapting and changing their way of life according to the demands of environmental legislation. Based on the analysis of ethnographic method, participant observation and application of semi-structured interviews was found that the enforcement of environmental legislation by the family farmers have some limits: the partial knowledge or ignorance of the existing regulations in the Forestry Code, the lack of information, in terms of normative or the possibilities of management of these areas and the imposition of restrictions lead to decrease the potential use of the property, and thereby, turn smaller the usable area. However, the perception about the importance and necessity of preserving and conserving the environment for quality of life is present in all the speeches of the farmers interviewed. Environmental legislation should be seen as complementary in building awareness focused on sustainability. In order to promote sustainable development requires that all individuals and sectors of the society have access to information, environmental education whether formal or informal, as well as courses for use of harmonious production practices with the environment. Besides, to attempt alternatives to the family farmers to reconcile environmental conservation and production on their properties, this is only possible if the procedures adopted promote economically viable alternatives. This guarantee the quality of life with regards this generation and future generations as well as environmental sustainability that are both currently searched, and value family farmers, promoting rural development, quality of life and well-being of rural households.
Desde a Revolução Industrial o desenvolvimento econômico baseia-se na utilização dos recursos naturais e dos recursos não-renováveis, causando impactos ambientais e a perda da biodiversidade, gerando problemas para os seres vivos como um todo. Diante dessa problemática têm-se aumentado os debates sobre a necessidade da preservação do meio ambiente e da sustentabilidade ambiental como garantia da própria perpetuação e preservação do ser humano. Desta forma, torna-se imprescindível que se trabalhe em todas as esferas, promovendo o diálogo e maneiras de levar as informações a todas as parcelas da sociedade, para que assim, cada indivíduo crie uma consciência ecológica e promova o fim do processo da degradação ambiental. A Legislação Ambiental Brasileira contêm as leis e as normas que pretendem assegurar a manutenção da biodiversidade e a preservação ambiental nas propriedades rurais, através da Reserva Legal (R.L) e das Áreas de Proteção Permanente (APP s). Esta dissertação aborda como os agricultores familiares do município de Santa Rosa/RS asseguram o seu desenvolvimento social e econômico, adaptando e mudando seu modo de vida às exigências da legislação ambiental. Tendo como base de análise o método etnográfico, a observação participante e a aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas se constatou que o cumprimento da legislação ambiental pelos agricultores familiares apresentam alguns limites: o parcial conhecimento ou desconhecimento destes das normativas existentes no Código Florestal; a falta de informação, seja no sentido das normativas ou das possibilidades de manejo destas áreas e a imposição das restrições faz com que o potencial de utilização da propriedade se reduza, tornando assim a área útil da propriedade pequena. Entretanto, a percepção quanto à importância e a necessidade da preservação e conservação do meio ambiente para a qualidade de vida, é presente em todas as falas dos agricultores entrevistados. A legislação ambiental deve ser vista como um complemento na construção de uma consciência voltada à sustentabilidade. Para que se possa promover o desenvolvimento sustentável é necessário que todos os indivíduos e setores da sociedade possuam acesso a informação, a educação ambiental seja ela formal e/ou informal, além de cursos voltados para utilização de práticas produtivas harmoniosas com o meio ambiente, bem como, viabilizar alternativas que permitam os agricultores familiares conciliarem a preservação ambiental e a produção nas propriedades e isso só será possível se os procedimentos empregados promovam alternativas economicamente viáveis. Garantindo, assim, a qualidade de vida da presente geração e das futuras gerações, bem como a sustentabilidade ambiental que tanto se busca atualmente, além de valorizar os agricultores familiares, promovendo o desenvolvimento rural, a qualidade de vida e bem-estar das famílias rurais.

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Marques, Maria Telma Oliveira. "Um estudo sobre uma experiência rural associativa: o processo de particição coletiva. Campo Limpo - Pará, 2003-2007." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17870.

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The objective of this research, a case study, is to know and to analyze a sociable rural experience of culture of the priprioca, as well as the process of collective participation, in the small village of Campo Limpo, in the city of Santo Antonio do Tauá, in the State of Pará, from 2003 to 2007. The purpose to carry out this study appeared due to the changes, that have been occurring at Campo Limpo, with the installation of some economic projects for the extraction of the Priprioca, of the Curauá, of the Nim and of other cultures focused on export. The object of the present study is the collective participation and the sociability of a group constituted of 03 (three) families with blood ties, accomplishing 15 (fifteen) associates for the planting of priprioca. The raised hypothesis recognizes that the collective participation has been internally created in the intra and inter familiar relationships, as well as externally through the organization of the Rural Producers Association Rancho Fundo , created by the group, as instrument of management and realization of culture and commercialization of the priprioca. The idea has been centered in the fact of knowing if this experience has been making possible and resulting in collective participation, and what is the meaning of this collective participation in the construction of the notion of citizenship and rights for the associates. Thus, the nature of the research is qualitative, having, as methodological procedures, the bibliographic survey, the documentary research, the local observation, the preliminary contacts, the ethnographic study, the use of the field diary, the photographic register, and the achievement of semi-structured interviews with oriented topics. The research has disclosed, as results, that the associated work has contributed for strengthening the ties, and also has been stimulating the conquer of the permanence, mainly of young people in the rural area. In this investigation, the land appears in a relationship of respect, that enhances values, like simplicity, which can be maintained through time, because it is based on respect to life. In this sense, the association has been useful as a way to deal with the lack of land and material resources. The participation of the people has been expressed as a learning process, that has been occurring in the internal and external practical activities, being able to direct itself to a future sustainable local development
O objetivo desta pesquisa, um estudo de caso, é conhecer e analisar uma experiência rural associativa de cultivo da priprioca e o processo de participação coletiva, na localidade de Campo Limpo, no município de Santo Antônio do Tauá, no Estado do Pará, no período de 2003 - 2007. A proposta de se realizar este estudo surgiu em decorrência às mudanças que vem ocorrendo em Campo Limpo com a instalação de alguns projetos econômicos para extração da Priprioca, do Curauá, e do Nim e outros cultivares voltados para a exportação. O objeto do presente estudo é a participação coletiva e o associativismo de um grupo constituído por 03 (três) famílias com laços de parentesco perfazendo 15 (quinze) pessoas associadas para o plantio da priprioca. A hipótese levantada reconhece que a participação coletiva vem se tecendo internamente nas relações intra e inter familiares, e externamente através da organização da Associação de Produtores Rurais Rancho Fundo criada pelo grupo como instrumento de gestão e realização do cultivo e comercialização da priprioca. A idéia centrou-se em saber se essa experiência vem possibilitando e resultando em participação coletiva, e quais os significados dessa participação coletiva na construção da noção de cidadania e direitos para os associados. Para tanto, a pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, tendo como procedimentos metodológicos, o levantamento bibliográfico, a pesquisa documental, a observação local, os contatos preliminares, o estudo etnográfico, a utilização do diário de campo, o registro fotográfico e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com tópicos orientadores. A pesquisa revelou como resultados que o trabalho associativo contribuiu para o fortalecimento dos vínculos, e vem estimulando a conquista de permanência principalmente dos jovens no meio rural. Nesta investigação, a terra aparece numa relação de respeito, que realça valores como a simplicidade e que podem se manter no tempo porque se trata de uma relação baseada no respeito à vida. Neste sentido, a associação vem também servindo como forma de lidar com a escassez da terra e dos recursos materiais. A participação dos sujeitos expressou-se como um processo de aprendizagem, que vem se fazendo nas atividades práticas internas e externas, podendo se direcionar para um desenvolvimento local sustentável futuro

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Dirwayi, Tafadzwa P. "Application of the sustainable livelihoods framework to the analysis of the Provincial Growth and Development Plan of the Eastern Cape: a case study of the Massive Food Production Programme in Nkonkobe Municipality and Buffalo City Municipality." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/353.

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Abstract:

The Government of the Eastern Cape Province introduced the Massive Food Production programme, which is a cornerstone within the agrarian reform initiative of the Provincial Growth and Development Plan (PGDP). The programme has been going on for more than seven years, however little has been documented on its impact. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of the Massive Food Production Programme on the livelihoods in Nkonkobe Municipality. This study did not only investigate its impact on the participants but also assessed its impact on the recipient communities. Accordingly, the specific objectives of the study were to investigate the impact of the Massive Food Programme on the asset base of participants, the general livelihood activities, and the livelihood outcomes. Among other livelihood activities, the study made an in-depth investigation on the impact of the Massive Food Production Programme on maize crop production. This is because the Massive Food Production was aimed at maize crop production. Previous studies investigated on the indicators of success that can be used to measure the impact of this programme. After the wide-ranging evaluation of views, arguments and research findings, a model to measure impact of the programme was designed. The asset base improvement was used as the proxy of impact. Nine factors were selected from the principal component analysis of the many factors that were taken to affect participation. Three other dummy variables to proximate location, participation and group turnover were added to the regression model that was developed to measure impact. The DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework was used to investigate the impact of the Massive Food Production Programme. This approach was used in both conceptualizing the study and the selection of variables. The DFID Sustainable Livelihood Approach was selected because unlike the CARE or UNDP Sustainable Livelihood models, it was designed for such purposes. Data collection was accomplished through observation, interviewing, and focus group discussions. The researcher also made use of project annual reports on change of livelihoods, baseline survey reports, project log frame, internal reports, work plans, budgets and mid-term evaluation reports as sources of secondary data. v The research findings were analysed using several analytical procedures, including the conventional descriptive statistics, principal components analysis, and linear regression analysis. The use of the different types of analysis was driven by the research questions under investigation and the theories on which they are based, and by the available data. The study revealed that to some extent the Massive Food Production Programme has managed to improve the asset base of the farmers. However, its impact on ensuring food security is still debatable. Findings of the study revealed that most of the participants and the non-participants communities experienced food shortages in the last season 2007/8 for at most three months. The study revealed that the highest agricultural income is from livestock sales. The varying locations showed the potential of livestock production. It is recommended that development agencies consider livestock production as an agricultural strategy with immense potential for enhancing sustaining rural livelihoods

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural development Sustainable agriculture Communication in agriculture'

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