Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rural conditions

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Rural conditions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rural conditions"

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Gemadeeva, Julia Е. "RURAL YOUTH IN MODERN CONDITIONS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/2, no. 136 (2023): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.04.02.016.

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The Russian society today is in the conditions of transformation, reorientation in the formation of new relationships, behavioral models and their values. The reform in Russia has led to an economic division according to the degree of people’s power and resources. In recent years, the agricultural sector in the villages of Russia has changed markedly, accompanied by multiple social, economic and demographic problems. The new social structure of the village has its own patterns of behavior. All these changes have led to an imbalance between the urban and rural population and have worsened the quality of life of the rural population. The sustainability of rural areas and the positive effect of the reform in the agricultural sector depend on the adaptation of rural youth.
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Kouřilová, Jindřiška, and Darja Holátová. "Rural employment policy and business conditions." Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis 13, no. 4 (October 2, 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/acta.2010.037.

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Matsumoto, Masatoshi, Kazuo Inoue, and Eiji Kajii. "RURAL PRACTICE EVALUATION: HOW DO RURAL PHYSICIANS EVALUATE THEIR WORKING CONDITIONS?" Australian Journal of Rural Health 9, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2001.tb00394.x.

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Matsumoto, Masatoshi, Kazuo Inoue, and Eiji Kajii. "Rural practice evaluation: how do rural physicians evaluate their working conditions?" Australian Journal of Rural Health 9, no. 2 (April 2001): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2001.00343.x.

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Khomiuk, Nataliia, and Nataliya Pavlikha. "Conceptual approaches to rural development in conditions of decentralization." Regional Economy, no. 3 (2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2019-3-7.

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The purpose of the article is to unveil conceptual approaches to rural development based on the definition of various types of this development, to substantiate the directions of its diversification in the context of decentralization taking into account the experience of the European Union. The article explores the various types of rural development to substantiate the conceptual approaches to its provision in the context of decentralization reform. The generalization of scientific approaches to the types of rural development gives reason to claim that there is currently no single conceptual approach to the concept under study. Sustainable, balanced, resistant, agrarian, socio-economic, agricultural, integrated, complex, perspective types of rural development are identified. The concepts of “development of rural territories” and “rural development” are described and their use is proposed as identical. It is proposed to consider rural development as a socio-ecological-economic process of extended reproduction of rural development, which ensures harmonious growth of economic, social, demographic, ethnic and environmental spheres. The article determines that the notion of “sustainable”, “balanced”, “resistant” in the scientific literature is disclosed in the framework of the study of priorities for sustainable development of rural areas. The article confirms that the complex development of rural territories is connected with decentralization and creation of integrated territorial communities, which use available natural, economic, social and financial resources. Quality of life of rural residents is determined to be the general criterion that characterizes the development of rural areas. The authors reveal that when the rural population is involved in production on the territory of the community, the unemployment rate decreases, household incomes increase, local budget revenues grow at the expense of the personal income tax. Probable ways of rural development are analyzed on the basis of the experience of the European Union. The need to apply an integrated approach to rural development, that is, to identify this development as diversified, proportional and integrated, is substantiated.
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Elekes, Edit. "The conditions of security in sustainable rural economics." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 8, no. 1 (August 31, 2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2014/1/6.

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This work aims to map the potentials of safe rural economy. This topic cannot be separated from the processes of globalization and localization, affecting each other, whose positive and negative effects have been focussed on, especially in terms of the protection of security and sustainability or their damaging. In Hungary, sustainable rural economy cannot be achieved only by the rural economy’s systematic stabilization but its present structure and the security system, accompanying the process, also needs to undergo some drastic changes. Sustainable rural economy means a modern economy that aims to keep the rural inhabitants while increases the wealth of the whole society. The legal security of the sustainable local economy is guaranteed by the state in Hungary. The security of the rural areas is provided by the police as an armed force, the auxiliary police, the public place supervision, the local agricultural rangers, the environment wardens, and by the fish- and game-keepers. The Police Act allows cooperation with the further organizations of the society to preserve public order, and to protect property and prevent and detect crimes. The purpose of my thesis is to present security as one of the most important factors to improve the rural areas. I also aim to map the possibilities of improving security (such as cooperation, naming the resources assisting strategic tenders and participation in rural development programs).
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Deb, Surajit. "Living Conditions and Social Distancing Barriers in India." Social Change 51, no. 2 (June 2021): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211012084.

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The tenth part of the Social Change Indicators series gives an account on the living conditions that work as barriers against social distancing in different states of India. This segment especially focusses on aspects such as the percentage of households (rural and urban) that own a house, the percentage share of nuclear households (rural and urban), the mean number of persons sleeping per room in households, the percentage of households (rural and urban) in which cooking is done in a separate room, the percentage of households (rural and urban) in which water is not treated prior to drinking, the percentage of households (rural and urban) with an improved non-sharable sanitation facility and the proportion of households living in slums.
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Starkova, O. Ya. "PECULIARITIES OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN RURAL AREAS." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 6 (June 2020): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/206-105.

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Sterkenburg, Jan. "Housing conditions and rural development in Kenya." Housing Studies 5, no. 2 (April 1990): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039008720679.

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Prindle, Peter H. "Marketing under Famine Conditions in Rural Nepal." Modern Asian Studies 23, no. 4 (October 1989): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010192.

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Recently social scientists have demonstrated an increasing interest in famines and their sociocultural effects. However, as William Torry notes, empirical research on famines at the local community level particularly in terms of quantitative household surveys, longitudinal studies, or the junctures of relationships linking the local community with regional or national levels of organization are extremely scarce (1984: 229, 243, 245–7; 1986:13).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural conditions"

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Edelsward, L. M. 1958. "Highland visions : recreating rural Sardinia." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28565.

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The village of Villagrande Strisaili, situated in central highlands of the island of Sardinia, Italy, is the subject of this ethnographic study of economic and cultural change. In Part I, a brief historical overview reveals that the pre-war society was largely subsistence based, with shepherding providing milk and cheese to sell on the market for cash. A strict division of labour and responsibilities by sex required mutual dependency of the male and female heads of a household, and supported local notions of gender equality. Part II examines the economic basis of and the restructuring of occupational opportunities in Villagrande today. Although shepherding and subsistence production continue to be important local activities, they are no longer the dominant forms of economic production and secure positions in government offices and institutions are now the preferred occupations. The profound cultural changes of recent decades is the focus of Part III. The notion of local culture, and of a distinctive local identity, is disappearing as cosmopolitan culture becomes localized through local acceptance. Contemporary villagers now create their sense of identity in terms of a wider reality, as defined by the powerful messages of the cosmopolitan system which are efficiently disseminated to villagers through the state educational system and the ubiquitous mass media. These cultural changes have unexpected consequences on the local culture and its reproduction to future generations.
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Aamodt, Alan R. "Transportation issues in rural rehabilitation." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005aarnodta.pdf.

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Pan, Yi. "Rural welfare in China." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610262.

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Plassard, François. "L'évolution du monde rural français sous le regard de la démarche de prospective : quel nouveau contrat ville campagne?" Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010072.

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Du développement local à la mutation du système productif : se retrouve le même enjeu dialectique entre les logiques binaires de type programmatiques et les logiques ternaires de type constructiviste et complexe. Les signaux faibles de changement à la périphérie du système dominant. Dans l'agriculture dès les années 1975 une nouvelle dialectique s'instaure entre une logique binaire de type programmatique (les modelés) et une logique ternaire de type complexe de "pratiques innovantes d'agriculture diversifiée" intégrée davantage au territoire de proximité qu'aux filières par produit. Ces nouvelles pratiques à l'écoute attentive des nouvelles aspirations et demandes sociales de la société anticipent-elles un nouveau contrat social agriculture -société? À l'échelle des territoires nommes "pays", "basin de vie" marginalisés par la croissance économique, se développe dès les années 1970 un nouveau discours dit du "développement local" qui oppose aux logiques dominante descendantes (topdown) de type binaires et programmatiques des logiques ternaires complexes, ascendantes, (updown) à la fois constructivistes et participatives. Face à une quadruple expression de crise : crise du contenu du travail, du lien social, du sens et de la durée, les réponses locales aux crises du global appellent aussi des réponses globales aux crises du local. Le réinvestissement dans la sphère du non monétaire : les systèmes d'échange de don et de réciprocité indirecte ( cf. Marcel mauss), par l'expérience du chèque du temps choisi et des SEL (systèmes d'échange locaux) peut-il être considéré comme un fait émergeant porteur d'avenir? Tout se passerait-il comme si chacun des trois systèmes d'échange (marché, état, don) violents pris séparément, ne pouvaient donner le meilleur d'eux-mêmes que régulé par les deux autres?
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Kounougous, Paul. "La problematique du developpement rural au niger." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05D001.

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Cette recherche retrace l'experience de developpement rural au niger de l'independance a nos jours. Cet etat de la region du sahel a ete l'un des premiers a orienter prioritairement son developpement vers la poursuite de l'autosuffisance alimentaire. L'etude realisee s'est propose d'en montrer les difficultes, les reussites et les limites, qui ont ete analysees en trois parties, dont les deux premieres portent sur les composantes de la problematique abordee : "les hommes" et "la terre", tandis que la troisieme a ete surtout consacree a la prospective. On a ainsi cherche a comprendre la situation du developpement rural dans ses ressources et ses potentialites, les regions ou il s'exerce et, chaque fois que cela aura ete possible, a en connaitre l'evolution et les resultats acquis. Ces derniers sont dans l'ensemble positifs dans la mesure ou l'autosuffisance, qui reste toujours l'objectif prioritaire du gouvernement est theoriquement atteinte sauf en periode de secheresse. En outre, les structures de developpement mises en place dans le cadre specifique de la "societe de developpement" ont permis une conscientisation et une integration plus volontaire des populations rurales aux actions de developpement. Enfin, l'effort de la communaute internationale a ete decisif pour la realisation et la reussite de certains projets
The present research shows an experiment of rural development in niger from independance to this day. This state of the sahel region was one of the first to direct its development in priority towards the achievement of alimentary self-reliance. The object of this survey was to point out the difficulties, successes and limits of this development. These were analysed in three parts, the first two concerning the various components of the problems approached, "the men" and "the land", while the third was mainly devoted to propective. One has thus tried to understand the situation of rural development in its resources and potentialities, the regions where it is applied and, when possible, to know its evolution and the results achieved. The latter are on the whole positive, when considering that alimentary self-reliance, which still remains the government's main objective, is theoretically achieved, except during period of drought. Furthermore, the development structures set up within the specific frame of "the development society" allowed a more volontary consciousness and integration of the rural populations towards development actions. Finally, help from the international community was decisive in the fulfilment and success of certain projects
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Puget, Françoise. "Stratégies féminines et développement rural." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU2A080.

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L'etude suivante interroge le developpement en analysant les relations entre des femmes rurales saheliennes et des intervenants, a partir d'observation et de recits de pratiques. Le jeu de la participation des villageoises au developpement eclaire la question de l'endogeneite. Pour saisir les logiques en contact, l'etude se penche, dans un premier temps, sur les dynamiques endogenes revelees par les strategies des femmes. Il existe un decalage entre leur position sociale et leur role economique : la minimisation de ce dernier les sert dans leurs strategies d'agro-pasteurs. Elle leur permet d'occuper des espaces masculins dans la continuite des representations de leur position dans la societe locale. Les villageoises jouent des representations qui les renvoient a l'alimentaire pour conduire des strategies d'accumulation. Cette etude insiste sur l'ecart entre les regles et les pratiques. L'implication croissante des femmes dans le systeme de production agro-pastoral s'accompagne d'une tendance a l'homogeneisation des pratiques des differents groupes. Dans ce contexte de dynamiques endogenes, on assiste a une redefinition des rapports de genre. Dans un deuxieme temps, l'etude s'attache aux troubles de la rencontre entre l'endogene des societes locales et l'exogene des projets de developpement en utilisant trois entrees : les ambiguites du rapport d'intervention, les enjeux de la participation et les effets de genre
This study investigates development through an analysis of the relations between the women of the rural areas of the sahel and the outsiders, based on observation and the narration of practices. The effects of female participation in development casts some light on endogenous questions. In order to grasp the interplay of the forces involved the study concerns itself, in an initial phase, with endogenous factors highlighted by female strategies. There is in fact a gap between the social position of these women and their economic role the minimisation of the latter is useful to them in their agricultural and pastoral strategies. It enables them to occupy male preserves while maintaining continuity in their ostensible position in local society. Village women adopt the roles which, linking them to a food supplier function, enable them to carry out accumulation strategies. This study underlines the discrepancy between rules and practice. The growing involvement of women in agricultural and pastoral production goes hand in hand with a tendency towards the homogenisation of the practices of different groups. In this context of endogenous forces, we are witness to a redefinition of the relations between the sexes. The second phase of the study concerns the difficulties created by the confrontation of the local endogenous population and the exogenous development personnal using three main avenues of approach ambiguities in relations with the outsider, what is to be gained or lost by participating in a development project and the effects of relations between the sexes
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Correa, Daniel Traxler Greg. "Determinants of rural non-farm employment and income in Paraguay." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1555.

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Hasbullah, Shahul Hameed. "The growth and variations of rural non-farm activities in Sri Lanka since independence." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30595.

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The encouragement of rural non-farm activities (RNA), as part of a general development programme, is an alternative strategy for progress in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). A shift of labour from low productive agricultural employment to non-agricultural employment in the rural areas of LDCs could enhance incomes in those countries. This thesis focuses on Sri Lanka as an example of a Less Developed Country and analyses the growth pattern of RNA from Sri Lanka's independence in 1948 to the present day. The thesis poses several questions. Why were employment changes slow during the last four decades? Why were there variations in the regional growth of RNA? What factors contributed to the patterns of spatial distribution and regional growth in RNA? This thesis proposes a conceptual scheme of RNA growth and tests several hypotheses to answer these questions. Data used in this thesis were derived from three levels of magnitude: macro (national), meso (regional), and micro (village). The macro and meso level information were obtained from secondary sources. The micro level (information came from a field survey conducted in Sri Lanka during 1986 and 1987. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS:X) at the University of British Columbia. The thesis finds that the growth of RNA varies regionally and is concentrated in two contrasting occupational categories. The first category is characterized by low levels of productivity, skills and income. The second category is often government-related and employs persons with higher status and education. Regionally significant growth in both types was seen in fringe areas of the city of Colombo and in areas of state investment for agricultural development. RNA growth was largely due to the changes in the age structure of the population. Population grew rapidly in 1950s and 1960s which led to rapid labour force growth in 1970s. Slow structural change and poor performance of the economy retarded the expansion of employment opportunities leading to open unemployment, under-employment and landlessness. Household employment strategies varied in the rural areas. The increased labour force among the low income households encouraged part-time, seasonal and low paying RNA. The middle and upper income groups using educational facilities provided by the state in the rural areas qualified for government related occupations. By providing social and economic welfare benefits for the rural people, by expanding the state sector employment opportunities and by encouraging migration of labour to agricultural development areas, the post-independence Sri Lankan governments influenced the employment situation and the growth of RNA. Direct government intervention for the creation of RNA has not always had the desired effect because RNA expansion is also influenced by social, ethnic and political considerations which often lead to unexpected consequences. Therefore, conclusions derived from the analysis of Sri Lanka's RNA growth alone may not be adequate to develop policy prescriptions for the implementation in other LDCs.
Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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袁月興 and Yuet-hing Cynthia Yuen. "Regulation, negotiation and resistance: rethinking women's experiences of the reform in rural south China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220253.

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Twarabamenye, Emmanuel. "L'habitat rural dans la préfecture de Ruhengeri (Rwanda)." Bordeaux 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR30048.

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Dans la prefecture de ruhengeri, la tres forte densite de population se traduit dans le paysage par l'omnipresence des fermes et de l'habitat rural de service. Le peuplement s'organise en fermes isolees, en rugo polynucleaires, en hameaux familiaux et en villages agricoles. L'habitat rural de service comprend les batiments isoles, les groupements elementaires, les centres de service, les centres ruraux et les bourgs. L'habitation traditionnelle vegetale ronde cede la place a la maison rectangulaire en torchis, couverte de toles ou de tuiles cette modernisation aboutit a une differenciation de l'habitat mais laisse subsister les problemes d'exiguite, de proprete, etc. . . Les constructions de l'habitat rural ont des murs en briques et sont toujours couvertes de toles ou de tuiles. Les materiaux bruts sont disponibles sur les lieux. Les materiaux metalliques et synthetiques, fabriques a kigali, sont achemines a ruhengeri d'ou ils sont diffuses dans toute la campagne. L'artisanat de construction ne s'eleve pas encore au niveau de metier. La prochaine evolution portera sur la generalisaiton des hameaux familiaux, la restructuration du rugo, la durcification des constructions et l'afflux de la population dans les centres ruraux et les villages centres
The consequence of the high density of population is the omnipresence of farms and rural settlement of service. The farms are organized in scattered farms, polynuclear farms, family hamlets and agricultural village. The rural settlement of service includes scattered buildings, elementary grouping, centers of service, rural centers and villagescenters. Traditional dwelling house is replaced by a rectangular house in cob and covered of tiles or steel sheets. Till now problems of property, exiguity --- are not resolved. The buildings of rural settlement of service are in bricks and always covered of tiles or sheet teels. Some untreated materials are suffisant in ruhengeri. The metallic and synthetic material produice in kigali, arrive in ruhengeri by merchants the buildings cottage industry is considered as a secondary activity. The next evolution will be turned towards the generalization of family hamlets, the restructuration of the rugo, more use bricks and the arrival of the population in rural centers and villages centers
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Books on the topic "Rural conditions"

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Pennsylvania, Center for Rural. Rural hospital financial conditions. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Center for Rural Pennsylvania, 2010.

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P, Senaoana M., ed. Rural conditions in Maseru district. Lesotho: Institute of Southern African Studies, National University of Lesotho, 1985.

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Australia. Parliament. Senate. Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport References Committee. Rural adjustment, rural debt and rural reconstruction report. [Canberra, ACT: Senate Printing Unit, Parliament House, 1994.

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Kaushik, P. D. Rural development: Through rural markets. New Delhi: Bazaar Chintan, 2005.

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Dasgupta, Satadal. Rural Canada: Rural sociological perspectives. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001.

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Kaushik, P. D. Rural development: Decentralisation & rural markets. New Delhi: Bazaar Chintan, 2004.

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David, McGranahan, and United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service., eds. Rural manufacturing links to rural development. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Onigu, Otite, and Okali C, eds. Readings in Nigerian rural society and rural economy. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria), 1990.

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(Organization), CEDLA, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, and Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales., eds. Pobreza rural. La Paz: CEDLA, 1999.

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Roux, Andre. Economic conditions among Blacks in rural Ciskei. Grahamstown: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rural conditions"

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Miller, John, Clair Whelan, and Kulendran Sivapragasam. "Urological Conditions." In Rural Surgery, 433–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78680-1_55.

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Bharadwaj, Krishna. "Production conditions in Indian agriculture*." In Rural Development, 269–88. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003431763-20.

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Fu, Hong, and Calum G. Turvey. "Current Conditions of Rural Credit in China." In The Evolution of Agricultural Credit during China’s Republican Era, 1912–1949, 1–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76801-4_1.

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Blumberg, Rae Lesser, and Dale Colyer. "Social Institutions, Gender and Rural Living Conditions." In Agriculture and Economic Survival, 247–66. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429046056-10.

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Solmi, Francesca, Jennifer Dykxhoorn, and James B. Kirkbride. "Urban-Rural Differences in Major Mental Health Conditions." In Mental Health and Illness in the City, 1–106. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0752-1_7-1.

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Solmi, Francesca, Jennifer Dykxhoorn, and James B. Kirkbride. "Urban-Rural Differences in Major Mental Health Conditions." In Mental Health and Illness in the City, 27–132. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2327-9_7.

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Mariam, Mesfin Wolde. "4. The Socio-Economic Conditions of Peasant Life." In Rural Vulnerability to Famine in Ethiopia - 1958-1977, 71–101. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445847.004.

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Ysasi, Noel A., Irmo Marini, and Debra A. Harley. "Rural Development, Employment, Chronic Health, and Economic Conditions in Canada." In Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings, 353–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64786-9_19.

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Kusakina, Olga N., Sergey V. Sokolov, Vladimir A. Doroshenko, Ekaterina G. Agalarova, and Elena A. Kosinova. "Conditions and Factors of Innovative Development of Rural Areas." In Smart Innovation in Agriculture, 133–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7633-8_14.

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Hoggart, Keith. "Provoking 1919 and Beyond: Housing Conditions in Rural England." In A Contrived Countryside, 37–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62651-8_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rural conditions"

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WOJEWODZIC, Tomasz, Wojciech SROKA, and Aleksandra PŁONKA. "LOCAL CONDITIONS OF PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC DISAGRARIZATION OF FARMS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.050.

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Evolution of agrarian systems in countries with fragmented agricultural area structure leads to a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the area and effectiveness of entities developing their activity. It is necessary to find out the causes of disagrarization - a process that is manifested at the macroeconomic level in reduced significance of agriculture in the national economy, among other things, and reduced importance of agricultural incomes in the economy of the countryside and a part of farms at the microeconomic level - in order to effectively impact ongoing changes that often affect the whole regions. The paper is an attempt to identify the factors determining the intensity of the process of the production and economic disagrarization of farms in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Calculation procedures performed using the zero unitarization method and Data Mining tools enabled assessment of the intensity of the phenomenon analysed in the different territorial units (gminas), and identification of factors that have the biggest impact on its intensity. Using the process of modelling by the C&RT method it has been found out that the characteristics that describe the agrarian structure historically, i.e. intensity of the organisation of agriculture, fragmentation of the agrarian structure, had a big impact on differentiation of gminas in terms of the intensity of disagrarization. High intensity of the organisation of agriculture combined with good environmental conditions is conducive to the retention of production functions of agriculture in a given area. With low intensity of the organisation of agriculture and very large fragmentation of the agrarian structure, the intensity of disagrarization was very often determined by characteristics typical of periurban areas or tourist attractions, i.e. increase in population density and increase in the number of residential buildings. Urban development of a given territorial unit stimulated processes of exiting agriculture.
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ROKICKA, Magdalena, Marcin ZIELIŃSKI, and Marcin DĘBOWSKI. "LIPIDS ACCUMULATION OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS UNDER VARIABLE LIGHTING CONDITIONS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.203.

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The cultivation of microalgae is now an intensively developed research area. Some species of microalgae under appropriate conditions accumulate large amounts of lipids in the cells, which may be a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. The cultures of microalgae for lipids production should be cultivated in specific physicochemical conditions. The most important environmental parameters affecting the algae growth are: nutrients, lighting, reaction, turbulence, salinity and temperature. Periodic changes in lighting is a key parameter that have a significant effect on cells density and lipid accumulation. The mechanism of this action depends on intensity of light and its spectral composition. To produce 3rd and 4th generation biofuels, a better understanding of the relationship between light conditions and yield of lipids accumulation is necessary. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of variable lighting conditions for lipids accumulation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and to determine the most effective lighting parameters. The study confirmed the possibility of using the lighting shock conditions to maximize lipids accumulation in algae Chlorella vulgaris cells. In the study, 33.18% of lipids were obtained from biomass culturing with red light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which was 22% more than obtained with white continuous lighting.
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TAPARAUSKIENĖ, Laima, and Veronika LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ. "DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.059.

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This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.
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ŠIDLAUSKAS, Giedrius, Marius MIKALAJŪNAS, Ainis PIVORAS, Inga JUONYTĖ, and Gintaras PIVORAS. "INTEGRATED EFFECT OF METEOROLOGY, AIR POLLUTION AND SURFACE OZONE ON CROWN CONDITION AND STEM INCREMENT OF SCOTS PINE TREES UNDER DIFFERENT SITE CONDITIONS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.174.

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Adaptation of the local tree species to recent environmental conditions rather often is found to be very low even when it affects tree health integrally with air pollutants, and surface ozone. The aim of the study was to quantify the relationships between environmental factors, annual stem basal area increment and crown defoliation of Scots pine trees located in the north-eastern part of Lithuania. The obtained data revealed that Scots pine is the most sensitive species to environmental changes. Its reaction to both negative and favorable environmental factors was best expressed, what indicated its highest level of resilience and adaptive capacity to recent global changes. Air concentrations of sulphur species and ammonium as well as their deposition were the main drivers resulting in changes in mean defoliation of Scots pine trees in Lithuania. The data on stem basal area increment collected on two different forest sites (FS): mineral olygotrophic and organic mesoeutrophic soils confirmed that since the 1980 growing season the annual increment of the pine trees has increased. The causes of this rapid growth were as follows: higher air temperatures during the dormant period and, to a lower extent, the higher temperatures from May through August. The effect of precipitation was negligible. During vegetation nitrate deposition as fertilizing compound stimulated the pine tree stem BAI formation especially on mineral soil FS. Negative ozone effect on pine growth intensity was significant for pine trees on mineral soil FS. Higher moisture regime significantly increased the tolerance of pine trees to the negative effect of air concentration of acidifying compounds, their wet deposition and surface ozone. The study is based on the results obtained conducting national project supported by Lithuanian Council of Research “FOREstRESS” (SIT- 3/2015).
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LAUVA, Oskars, and Boriss GJUNSBURGS. "SCOUR DURATION AT STRUCTURES AT STEADY FLOW CONDITIONS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.001.

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One of the reasons of the bridge crossings failure or damage in flow is the unpredicted depth of scour near foundations. The aim of this study is to find the equilibrium time near elliptical guide banks. Analysis of the literature shows that there are no methods or formulas to calculate equilibrium time of scour near elliptical guide banks. In the formulas used in calculating equilibrium time at piers or abutments, different parameters are not taken into consideration. These parameters include: contraction rate of the flow, Froude number, bed layering, sediment movement parameters, local flow modification, ratio relative local and critical velocities, and relative depth. The differential equation of the bed sediment movement in clear water was used and method for computing equilibrium time of scour near elliptical guide banks was elaborated. New hydraulic threshold criterion is proposed for the calculation of equilibrium time of scour. Computer modeling results were compared with equilibrium time of scour which were calculated by the presented method and they were in agreement.
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STARKUS, Aurelijus, Dalia GELVONAUSKIENĖ, Birutė FRERCKS, Vidmantas BENDOKAS, Audrius SASNAUSKAS, and Vidmantas STANYS. "RELATION BETWEEN APPLE-TREE YIELD SELF-REGULATION AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING FRUIT SET." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.066.

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Apple has a tendency to bear huge amount of flowers or inflorescences. Plants have ability to eliminate excess number of fruitlets. Frequently fruit trees eliminate insufficient number of fruitlets to grow good quality fruits. Most processes related to yield self-regulation varies significantly between different apples varieties. Also meteorological conditions influenced flower buds differentiation and fruit growth during blooming and other development stages. The investigations were carried out in 2015 – 2016 at the Institute of Horticulture. The main aim was to evaluate yield self-regulation peculiarity in various apple varieties in different meteorological conditions. In our experiment we made fruit self – thinning evaluation of 15 different varieties. Meteorological conditions were varying. In 2015 there was lack of rainfall, while 2016 year was rainy. After each fruit-drop period the number of developed and undeveloped seeds were counted of self-sheded and normally growing fruits. Amount of developed seeds as auxins source is one of the most important factor for yield self-regulation. Varieties of apple which are blooming abundantly and eliminate high amount of fruitlets, grows fruits until maturity with stabile amount of developed seeds and produces permanent harvest annually, independently from meteorological conditions during vegetation. Such apple varieties need higher amount of developed seeds to inhibit abscission. Apple varieties tended to bloom abundantly and eliminate small amount of fruitlets depending on meteorological conditions. Demand of auxins to carry fruits depends on meteorological conditions therefore these apple-trees develop different amount of seeds, when weather conditions changes. We may presume, that different apple varieties need different amount of phytohormones or their ratio to hold fruitlets on the apple. Therefore apple trees with smaller amount of seeds in fruits grow more fruits to its normal size.
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HORNYÁK GREGÁŇOVÁ, Radomíra, Dana ORSZÁGHOVÁ, and Jarmila HORVÁTHOVÁ. "THE ROLE OF TERTIARY EDUCATION IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF SLOVAK REPUBLIC." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.126.

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In addition to the infrastructure of the regions, an essential aspect of their development is their educational structure and the demographic potential according to the predominance of the age composition. The education is basic tool for acquiring expert knowledge, which affects human capital of the labor market and professional mobility and adaptability of human resources at the labor market. It is important to educate the university undergraduates for practice by using appropriate and suitable educational methods. In Slovakia the share of inhabitants with the university education is increasing. This group represents the development potential of the regions. Great possibilities consist in the training of a new generation of graduates for different fields of regional development. Therefore, the educational structure and also the active working and networking of universities with other actors in the region are important. The objective of this paper is focused on the tertiary education and study programs for the regional development. We will analyze the development of number of students at universities with regard to the individual levels of study (bachelor, engineer/master and PhD.) and study programs within the individual regions of the Slovak Republic. The evaluation of the obtained data will be made by using the methods of comparative statistics.
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KARLOVSKA, Amanda, Inga GRĪNFELDE, Ina ALSIŅA, Gints PRIEDĪTIS, and Daina ROZE. "PLANT REFLECTED SPECTRA DEPENDING ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GROWTH CONDITIONS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.045.

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Sustainable and economically based forestry needs modern inventory and monitoring techniques. One of the most common technologies for identification of forest tree species and monitoring of forest growth conditions is the hyperspectral remote sensing. This technology gives an opportunity to economize human resources and time for data collecting and processing. The spectral behaviour of plant leaves depends on number of factors, including environmental background. The aim of this study was to assess the tree reflectance spectra in relation to the growth conditions to take into account potential differences for increasing precision of species identification in Latvian forests and for estimating of forest growth conditions. Remote sensing data were obtained using a specialized aircraft (Pilatus PC-6), which is equipped with a high-performance airborne VNIR pushbroom hyperspectral system (AisaEAGLE). The study area was flown at 1000 m altitude. Data was recorded in the 400–970 nm spectral range, spectral resolution was 3.3 nm, ground resolution 0.5 m. Data processing consisted of manually selecting trees with a recognizable tree crowns in the airborne images. Tree centres were adjusted by putting them in the accurate position according to the situation in aerial photography. All trees with a diameter at breast height DBH of more than 5 cm were measured and for each tree coordinates, its species, height, DBH, crown width and length were recorded. Differentially corrected Global Positioning System measurements were used to determine the position of each plot centre. Data from different hyperspectral bands were compared using ANOVA at confidence level 95 %. Four species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) – were examined in distinct forest site types. The spectral response of studied species was 1) different between species and 2) different between site types within each species, correlating with soil fertility gradient and soil moisture gradient. Differences between species occurred most in the intensity of reflected electromagnetic radiation rather than distinctive locations of maximums or minimums in spectrum curve, and near infrared (NIR) region of spectrum showed more differences between species than visible light zone. Most informative wavebands for distinguishing differences between site types were 805 nm and 644 nm.
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Eşitti, Bekir. "The relationships between sustainable rural development and agro-tourism: examples from Türkiye." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.ii.2023.17.11.

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Sustainable rural development aims to provide an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable development in rural areas and agro-tourism aims to evaluate the tourism potential of agricultural rural areas to make economic gains for the local people through tourism activities. Agricultural tourism integrates agricultural activities with tourism in rural areas and enables tourists to communicate with locals and experience agriculture-themed experiences. Tourism activities such as the sale of locally produced agricultural products that tourists are interested in, the organization of agricultural tours to show the production stages and accommodation revitalize the rural economy. This supports sustainable rural development. The culture, lifestyle, customs and traditions of the local people living in the countryside are introduced to the tourists and their cultural exchange takes place during agricultural tourism. In this way, interest in products that symbolize culture arises and economic benefits emerge. Agritourism, in particular, supports organic agriculture without the use of pesticides, operates in accordance with environmental sustainability principles such as sustainable agricultural practices and nature protection. This ensures the protection of natural resources in rural areas without harming the environment. In short, rural areas can become touristic attractions thanks to agricultural tourism. With the development of agricultural activities and other services in agricultural regions where tourists show great interest, new job opportunities arise, that is, economic, social and infrastructural development can be realized. From this point of view, it can be said that there is a reciprocal relationship between the understanding of sustainable rural development and agricultural tourism. Agritourism, while solving the economic, social and environmental problems in rural areas, also ensures that agriculture continues in a sustainable way. This contributes to the economy of the locals and sustainable development in rural areas. In this study, examples of sustainable rural development and agricultural tourism practices in Turkey are also discussed.
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SITAREK-ANDRZEJCZYK, Monika, Jarosław PRZYBYŁ, and Marek GAJEWSKI. "THE EFFECT OF POST-HARVEST TREATMENT AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON VITAMIN C CONTENT IN TWO LEAFY PARSLEY CULTIVARS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.018.

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The objective of the study was to determine the content of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) in two leafy parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill. Fuss) cultivars subjected to different post-harvest treatments. Ascorbic acid (AA), due to its instability, is one of the indicators of leafy vegetable freshness and quality. High content of this compound in vegetables is desired because of its bioactive properties. The cultivars differ in morphology of usable parts: ‘Rialto’ has flat lamina and ‘Petra’ triple-curled lamina. The plant material was obtained in 2015 and 2016 from experimental field in Warsaw-Wilanów. The leaves were washed directly after harvest: a) in tap water or b) in tap water with ozone added. Two methods of postharvest storage were applied: A) at the cold store and B) under simulated retail conditions. In the case of cold store method (A), the plants were tied in tufts and stored at the temperature of 0 °C and RH 90 % for 7, 14, 28 days in two variants: 1) in containers, where leaves petioles were immersed in water, and 2) in special bulk modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), dedicated to fresh herbs (Stepac, Israel). In the case of storage under simulated retail conditions (B), the leaves were kept for 48 hours at 10 °C, RH 30-40 % in two variants: 1) tufts wrapped in perforated PE film with petioles immersed in water, and 2) packed to retail MAPs, dedicated to leafy herbs (Stepac, Israel). Concentration of L-ascorbic acid in the leaves was determined spectrophotometrically, with the method based on reaction of Folin’s phenol reagent in low pH. Fresh and stored ‘Rialto’ leaves were characterised by a higher concentration of AA than ‘Petra’ leaves (110 and 44 mg g -1 f.w., respectively). Significant decrease of AA after ozone treatment was observed only for ‘Rialto’ directly after harvest. Storage length had significant influence on the content of AA in both cultivars. Decrease of AA content was observed during storage period. Average concentration of AA after 7 days of storage was 85 and 44 -1 f.w. for ‘Rialto’ and ‘Petra’, respectively. After 28 days of storage the concentration was 54% lower for ‘Rialto’ and 36% lower for ‘Petra’, compared to the initial content. Leaves after simulated retail conditions showed slightly lower AA content than those stored for 7 days in the cold room. Retail MAPs guaranteed significantly higher preservation of AA in both cultivars than wrapping in film with immersing in water. Washing in ozone-added water showed influence only on AA content in ‘Rialto’ leaves wrapped in film – they showed lower concentration of AA under simulated retail conditions. Our study showed that the content of AA in parsley leaves was cultivar dependent. Ozone treatment did not have negative effect on AA during the storage. Storage duration, rather than packaging methods, plays a key role in preservation of high content of AA. However, method of packaging is important under retail conditions, where temperature is higher and RH is much lower, than at a cold room.
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Reports on the topic "Rural conditions"

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Chen, Erdong, Jennifer Brown, and Andrew Tarko. Use of Barriers in Rural Open Road Conditions—A Synthesis Study. Purdue University, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314670.

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Pineda-Mendez, Raul A., Xueqian Shi, and Andrew P. Tarko. Speed Management on Freeways in Transition Zones Between Rural and Urban Conditions. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317586.

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Drivers’ noncompliance with the posted speed limit reductions on rural-to-urban freeway transition zones is a recurrent problem in Indiana and other states. Speed-reduction treatments, such as pavement markings and active signing, aim to solve this issue. Optical speed bars, longitudinal speed reduction markings, and speed feedback signs were identified as the most promising speed-reduction treatments for experimental implementation in Indiana. Probe-vehicle-based speed data for 1 year was acquired on selected freeway segments to measure the speed effect. A set of fixed-effects linear regression models were used to estimate the effect of speed-reduction treatments on three key speed behavior characteristics—average speed, 90th speed percentiles, and speed variability. Optical speed bars together with speed feedback signs are a promising combination of treatments. While this and other traditional speed-reduction treatments show promise, their influence area is limited to a portion of target road segments. Therefore, future speed management needs to consider other speed-reduction treatments, particularly automated and area-wide speed enforcement, to maintain reduced speeds inside urban areas.
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Johnson, Kenneth. Health Conditions and an Older Population Increase COVID-19 Risks in Rural America. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.5.

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Khattab, Hind. The Silent Endurance: Social Conditions of Women's Reproductive Health in Rural Egypt [Arabic]. Population Council, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1992.1001.

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Khattab, Hind. The Silent Endurance: Social Conditions of Women's Reproductive Health in Rural Egypt [Arabic]. Population Council, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1992.1001.

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Busso, Matías, and Nicolás Herrera L. Research Insights: Do People Continue Migrating to Cities for Higher Wages despite Potentially Worse Living Conditions? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003870.

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A pesar de los altos niveles de urbanización, persisten los incentivos económicos para migrar de las zonas rurales a zonas urbanas. Además de la brecha salarial urbana-rural esperada, tanto la probabilidad de encontrar un empleo formal como el costo más alto de la vivienda urbana también tienen una gran importancia. La brecha salarial urbana-rural es mayor para las personas con niveles educativos más altos y es mayor entre los hombres que entre las mujeres. La brecha salarial urbana-rural es más pequeña cuando la ciudad está más cerca de su zona geográfica rural de influencia, en las ciudades mejor preparadas para absorber los flujos migratorios, y en las zonas rurales con una mayor proporción de jóvenes (que tienden a ser más móviles).
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Busso, Matías, Juan Pablo Chauvin, and Nicolás Herrera L. Rural-Urban Migration at High Urbanization Levels. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002904.

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This study assesses the empirical relevance of the Harris-Todaro model at high levels of urbanization a feature that characterizes an increasing number of developing countries, which were largely rural when the model was created 50 years ago. Using data from Brazil, the paper compares observed and model-based predictions of the equilibrium urban employment rate of 449 cities and the rural regions that are the historic sources of their migrant populations. Little support is found in the data for the most basic version of the model. However, extensions that incorporate labor informality and housing markets have much better empirical traction. Harris-Todaro equilibrium relationships are relatively stronger among workers with primary but no high school education, and those relationships are more frequently found under certain conditions: when cities are relatively larger; and when associated rural areas are closer to the magnet city and populated to a greater degree by young adults, who are most likely to migrate.
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Sakhare, Rahul Suryakant, Jairaj Desai, Jijo K. Mathew, John McGregor, Mischa Kachler, and Darcy M. Bullock. Measuring and Visualizing Freeway Traffic Conditions: Using Connected Vehicle Data. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317751.

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Historically, a network of roadside sensors and cameras have been used to monitor freeway conditions. Although these systems are effective, they are typically not operational in and around work zones. Furthermore, it is often not financially viable to deploy in-road sensors and cameras in rural areas. Connected vehicle trajectory data has emerged as a viable source of data and provides a unique opportunity for monitoring freeways. This monograph describes how these connected vehicles can be used to directly measure queue lengths and travel times and this description is summarized in a graphical format easily used by agencies to make management decisions. Approximately 50 use cases are described to demonstrate these techniques under diverse conditions, such as lane reductions, short term closures, rolling slowdowns, work zone set up, work zone removal and inclement weather. A number of the use cases were selected from Indiana locations that had good ITS camera coverage to provide context-sensitive information to help the reader understand the graphics. In addition, several case studies are presented from selected states around the country to demonstrate the scalability of these techniques.
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Mayne, Alison, Christina Noble, Paula Duffy, Kirsten Gow, Alexander Glasgow, Kevin O’Neill, Jeni Reid, and Diana Valero. Navigating Digital Ethics for Rural Research: Guidelines and recommendations for researchers and administrators of social media groups. DigiEthics: Navigating Digital Ethics for Rural Research, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/22326.

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Social media creates new spaces for connecting people digitally and provides a forum for the exchange of information and discussion. Online spaces such as Facebook groups (FGs) have become part of the fabric of social interaction in many rural areas, with both residents and others living away from the community maintaining a connection in the virtual space. Community FGs are routinely used to share place-based information about resources, events or issues, and to discuss topics of shared interest. In research, these groups allow researchers to connect directly with people who have an interest in what happens within specific communities and offer rich opportunities for participants to likewise engage with research. We can reflect on how FGs in rural communities have the potential to enhance and/or complement existing approaches by making research with dispersed communities more accessible and affordable, while considering challenges around confidentiality and digital inclusion given the characteristics and size of the population. Social media has developed at pace during the last decade, and digital ethics is a shifting methods sub-field that poses challenges to social sciences and humanities researchers. Apart from platforms’ changing terms and conditions, research with and on social media groups has specific ethical challenges (e.g. around anonymity, confidentiality, and data access) that require tailored consideration. In particular, when approaching netnography and similar methods with social media groups, dialogic approaches which aim to engage, respect and protect participants are critical. There is consensus on the need to agree the access conditions with the group administrator as a first step, but there is no guidance on good practice on developing these conditions. To create these guidelines, we have worked collaboratively across disciplines and with administrators of Facebook groups to explore what such process could look like: aspects to address, pros and cons of potential approaches, and potential challenges and solutions.
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Ogwuike, C. Obinna, and Emeka W. Nweke. School-Based Management Committees (SBMCs) and How to Study Them: A Methodological Review of a RISE Research Project. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/042.

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In this Insight Note, the authors provide a detailed explanation of our research strategy and the methodologies and tools we are using to assess the institutional norms and conditions that lead to effective SBMCs. The goal of the note is to show other researchers interested in Nigeria’s SBMCs the type of work we are doing, and exactly how our research team operates in rural Nigeria. The authors hope that this information will be useful to researchers interested in studying Nigeria’s SBMCs, or in the nuances of data collection in rural Nigeria generally.
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