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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural-based livelihoods'
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Ma, Libang, Shichun Liu, Yiwen Niu, and Meimei Chen. "Village-Scale Livelihood Change and the Response of Rural Settlement Land Use: Sihe Village of Tongwei County in Mid-Gansu Loess Hilly Region as an Example." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091801.
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Rural livelihood change has great influence on the scale, structure, and morphology of rural settlement land use, thus bringing new challenges to rural revitalization and settlement reconstruction. Sihe village of Tongwei County in mid-Gansu loess hilly region (China) was taken as an example here. Based on participatory rural appraisal data, we analyzed the structure and allocation of rural households’ livelihood assets as well as their livelihood diversity by using ecological asset, livelihood diversification index, and landscape pattern index models. We aimed to find a response mechanism between rural livelihood change and rural settlement land use change. The results might provide useful information for the selection of new village sites, reconstruction of rural settlements, and creation of livable rural environment. Results indicate that: (1) The total value of the average livelihood assets per household in the Sihe village increased significantly from 0.48 in 1988 to 1.288 in 2016. The four types of livelihood assets including natural, material, manpower, and financial assets changed with time. In 1988, the manpower asset was the most important type of livelihood assets, with value accounting for 76.67% of the total value of livelihood assets. With the extension of time, the proportions of the four types of assets in total livelihood assets became closer to each other. The livelihood diversification index of the Sihe village increased from 2.01 in 1988 to 3 in 2016, indicating the rural livelihoods became diverse; (2) Because of the dual influence of external environmental factors and the rural development policies of the country and the region, the livelihoods changed towards agricultural sector from 1988 to 2008, and the agricultural livelihoods tended to be diverse. The following trend of livelihood strategy change was observed: from diverse non-agricultural production group (IV) to agricultural and non-agricultural production group (III), then to diverse agricultural production group (II) and finally to agricultural production group (I). After 2008, the livelihoods changed towards non-agricultural sector, and the non-agricultural livelihoods tended to be diverse. This trend of livelihood change is opposite to that before 2008; (3) 2008 is the key year of livelihood change. Livelihood change caused changes in the scale, structure, and morphology of rural settlement land use, which eventually led to the change of rural residential land use.
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Misra, Sanchayeeta, Rupak Goswami, Debabrata Basu, and Rabindranath Jana. "Application of Social Network Analysis for Livelihood System Study." Space and Culture, India 2, no. 3 (November 25, 2014): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v2i3.36.
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Social Network Analysis (SNA) has received growing attention among diverse academic fields for studying ‘social relations’ among individuals and institutions. Unfortunately, its application has remained limited in the study of livelihood systems of rural poor. Complexity in rural livelihoods has increased sharply in the face of increased pressure on natural resources and rapid shift in farm-based to non-farm based employments. This poses great challenge to successful livelihood intervention in rural areas. On one hand, rural development/extension needs to cater to diverse information and service need of the rural people; on other hand, rural institutions need to deliver livelihood-sustaining services more efficiently, which often need institutional restructuring at multiple levels. To achieve these challenges, a strong innovative analytical tool is required for understanding the complexity of rural livelihoods and the associated role of rural institutions. SNA provides excellent scope to analyse such complex systems and interactions among their components. This article proposes an outline of using SNA in livelihood system analysis. The analysis can provide answer to many questions of practical importance – Who are the influential actors in a livelihood system? Which are the key institutions contributing towards sustainable livelihoods? How do these actors interact among themselves? This will help rural development administrators to deliver livelihood-supporting services more efficiently through informed targeting and capacity building.
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Pratiwi, Liana Fatma Leslie, Ali Hasyim Al Rosyid, and Maftuh Kafiya. "Sustainable Livelihood Strategies Rural Household in Sanden District Bantul Regency." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.590.
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People living in the countryside mostly have a profession as a farmer. Farming is one of the largest sources of income for rural households. In the district of Sanden, rural communities utilize a variety of land agroecosystems for agriculture. Utilization of various types of agricultural land agroecosystem is one of the household livelihood strategies. Livelihood strategies undertaken by rural communities aim to reduce poverty and improve household welfare. This research aims to (1) describe strategy of rural households to support the achievement of sustainable livelihoods (2) Knowing the inequality of farmers ' income distribution based on livelihood strategies used by rural households. The basic method used is a descriptive analytical method. The research site in Sanden district, Bantul regency was then taken by random farmer owners of 30 people as respondents. Rural household strategy to support sustainable livelihood achievement is calculated using descriptive statistics, and the inequality of farmer's income distribution based on livelihood strategies used by rural households is calculated using the Gini index and the Lorentz curve. The results showed that farmers ' household strategy to support the greatest sustainable livelihoods achievement in the form of consolidated strategies, and inequality of revenue distribution based on households livelihood strategies is moderate distribution inequality.
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Thi Diem Thuy, Doan, Tran Duc Dung, Pham Dang Manh Hong Luan, and Nguyen Thi Thanh Duyen. "Assessment of the livelihood sustainability of rice farmers in the upper floodplains of the Vietnamese Mekong delta." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i1.992.
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Rural areas and rural livelihoods in many countries have been affected by changes in natural and environmental conditions. In areas where livelihoods relied on the floodwater, changes in flood regimes and the natural environment had significantly impacted many farmers' livelihoods. In the Mekong Delta flooded areas, flood patterns changed mainly due to the hydropower development and the climate change. The livelihoods of many farmers, primarily rice farmers, were facing challenges and needed changes to adapt to the sustainable livelihood development. This study used a sustainable livelihood framework of DFID to assess factors affecting the sustainability in agricultural livelihoods in flooded areas of An Giang province, specifically at Phu Hiep and Phu Long communes of Phu Tan district. We interviewed 60 farmers based on the structured questionnaire and conducted two focus group discussions with more than 40 participating farmers. Our results of the Livelihood Capitals Index (LCI) showed that natural and physical capitals had less impact on household livelihoods. Phu Long is less affected than Phu Hiep by assessing five capitals. Farm households' current livelihoods were mainly affected by the lack of human resources and the unstability of market prices. The rate of consensus on transition to sustainable farming models was not high due to many factors. However, the transition is possible if their production and output are secured by the government.
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Maramura, Tafadzwa Clementine, Dovhani Reckson Thakhathi, and Happy Mathew Tirivangasi. "Women and Economic Production: Towards Sustainable Livelihoods in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (July 29, 2021): 1256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.145.
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Persistent drought and economic collapse in Zimbabwe have seen most, if not all, rural women shifting from the receiving end to the giving end. Rural women have since initiated several livelihood activities to make ends meet, as they are the most vulnerable whenever they are left to look after children at home. The paper aims to examine rural livelihoods and how they contribute to economic production in Ward 5 of Bikita district. A mixed design in the form of a case study was employed in this study. Systematic random sampling was used to select 40 households, which provided data for the study out of 409 households in Ward 5. The study used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as data collecting instruments. Several livelihood activities were noted in the ward including seasonal farming, gardening, community-based and money lending and saving schemes (fushai), informal trading, and petty trading as selling thatch grass and firewood, among others. However, climate change and drought, economic crisis, lack of capital and poor soils and poor farming methods were some of the constraints faced in rural livelihoods. The paper concludes with several recommendations for eradicating rural livelihood challenges.
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Yahya, Tahmina, and Sulemani Yahya. "Social Characteristics and Differences of Urban and Rural Communities." Journal La Sociale 1, no. 5 (November 28, 2020): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v1i5.204.
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The study aims at describing urban communities and rural communities. A village community is a society whose inhabitants enjoy a major source of livelihood in the agriculture, fishing, livestock sector, or a combination thereof, and whose cultural and social systems support these livelihoods. The characteristics of village communities include the general life order of the group based on kinship. Meanwhile, the urban community is an association of people who live in the center of economic activity, government, arts, science and so on. Urban people seek their livelihoods on average using sophisticated technology, such as using machine power, computers and others.
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Ngo, Trang Thi Thu, Thi Kim Ho, Thuy Thi Thu Chau, and Long Hoang Dai Ngo. "The livelihood adaptation of Khmer immigrants in Binh Tan district, Ho Chi MinhCity: a case study from Binh Tri Dong B and An Lac wards." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.752.
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Peri-urban areas are characterized by their landscapes of closely mixed rural and urban activities and also by the agglomeration of industrial clusters, going with high labor demand. Binh Tan district is a peri-urban area of Ho Chi Minh City, with a fast urbanization rate, mainly due to significant flows of rural migrants, especially coming from the Mekong Delta region. Data show that Khmer immigrants choose this district to improve their livelihood and incomes, with different livelihood diversification. Nevertheless, most of these livelihood activities belong to the informal employment sector. This paper aims to analyze their livelihood capacity of adaptation in the context of the fast changing peri-urban area of Binh Tan district. The results are based on mixed method of primary data and secondary data analysis. Secondary data was collected from two surveys, conducted in two wards (Binh Tri Dong B and An Lac), with 120 questionnaires and 10 in-depth interviews with multi-stakeholders. The results show that Khmer immigrants adapted gradually to urban life, but still have to face new challenges in the adaptation to new livelihoods. Indeed, Khmer immigrants come originally from rural regions, with livelihoods based on agricultural activities. They also combine specific cultural identities. These reasons lead to different disadvantages in their new livelihoods in a large city. As a result, whereas the structure of their employment and income change in a positive trend, the spiritual life changes in a negative trend. To illustrate this difference more clearly, this paper presents some Khmer immigrants’s portraits, who are working in different types of livelihood in both favorable and adverse aspects of the adaptation to a new life in periurban area.
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Melles, Gavin, and Ethmadalage Dineth Perera. "Resilience Thinking and Strategies to Reclaim Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Cascade Tank-Village System (CTVS) in Sri Lanka." Challenges 11, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe11020027.
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Cascading Tank Village Systems (CTVSs) of Sri Lanka historically provided a resilient community-based social-ecological water management system in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka After being abandoned for many centuries, their restoration is now being pursued by different national and international actors as a key to climate change mitigation and sustainable livelihoods for communities. Rural livelihoods in the dry zone are at risk due to multiple factors, poor access and management of water, economic and health pressures, as well as resource limitations and degradation. Despite recent efforts to restore CTVS systems, no social-ecological approach (SES) nor a sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF)-focused approach to ensuring resilient and sustainable livelihood outcomes has been taken. As part of an on-going PhD project, this paper analyses the background, current challenges and potential for an SES focused resilience thinking approach to CTVS for future sustainable livelihood opportunities and outcomes. The study finds CTVS exhibit all the properties of a complex adaptive SES and that a resilience thinking approach centred on achieving sustainable livelihood outcomes for communities suggests deep institutional changes are needed. CTVS are at a crossroads between restoring the past (system adaptability) or transforming for the future, and a combination of legacy and future market orientation seems the best solution.
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Yazdanpanah, Masoud, Maryam Tajeri Moghadam, Moslem Savari, Tahereh Zobeidi, Stefan Sieber, and Katharina Löhr. "The Impact of Livelihood Assets on the Food Security of Farmers in Southern Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105310.
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The impact of COVID-19 on farmers’ livelihoods and food security is a key concern in rural communities. This study investigates the impacts of the livelihood assets on the food security of rural households during the COVID-19 pandemic and determines those factors related to food security. The population of this study includes rural households in Dashtestan county, Bushehr province, in southern Iran. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, 293 households were selected using the convenience sampling method. To measure food security, the American standard index and ordinal regression are used to analyze the factors. The results of the food security situation show highly precarious and food insecure situations among the studied rural households. The regression analysis shows that the most important assets affecting the food security of rural households under COVID-19 are financial, psychological, physical, and human assets, respectively. The results can help rural development planners and policymakers to improve both livelihoods and food security in rural communities, not just during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also in its aftermath.
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Ofoegbu, Chidiebere, Paxie Chirwa, Joseph Francis, and Folaranmi Babalola. "Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 9, no. 03 (May 15, 2017): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2016-0044.
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Purpose The paper aims to enhance the understanding of the impacts of climate change on rural communities in Africa, including people’s livelihoods, their adaptive capacity, coping practice and ability to engage in sustainable forest use and management of climate change adaptation. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for a desktop review approach, using the forest-based rural communities of South Africa as a case study. Findings This review shows that climate variability and change are affecting rural people and their livelihoods negatively. Forest-based livelihoods are particularly vulnerable. Nevertheless, the people have developed coping mechanisms to cushion the effects of climate variability and change. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of these strategies are greatly constrained by factors that are related mostly to their socioeconomic characteristics (for example, skill level, educational status and health) and the functionalities of infrastructures and services in their communities. Research limitations/implications Given that the study focused on forest-based rural communities and livelihoods, the results may be limited in generalizability. This may have particular implications for other categories of rural communities and livelihoods in Africa and developing countries in other continents. Practical implications The study showed that opportunities for planning and implementing effective climate change adaptation at rural community level in South Africa are reliant on effective strategies to overcome the constraints identified by the study. The authors thus recommend that climate change adaptation initiatives in rural communities of Africa should focus on improving people’s socioeconomic conditions and the overall sustainable development of the community. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study how climate change affects rural forest-based communities and livelihoods.
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Makwindi, Ngonidzashe, and Joram Ndlovu. "Prospects and Challenges of Community-Based Tourism as a Livelihood Diversification Strategy at Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 10(1), no. 10(1) (February 28, 2021): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-104.
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The purpose of this article was to examine the prospects and challenges of community based tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy for people living adjacent to the Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho. The main objective was to explore how rural communities living close to the World Heritage Site shift and diversity their livelihoods from farm to non-farm activities in order to sustain their livelihoods. This study adopted a mixed method approach. Data was collected through surveys (286) and in-depth key informant interviews (11). The results show that local communities support the use of tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy to provide off-farm entrepreneurial opportunities. The greatest challenge is that local communities are often pushed into marginal lands, with harsh climatic conditions resulting in the disruption of local fabric and their economies. The study concludes that the establishment of Sehlabathebe National Park has not significantly improved the status quo of the community. Therefore, local communities should be given opportunities to sell their products and services to tourists and work in partnership with park authorities in conserving the park resources. The paper contributes to the current discourses on the use of community based tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy in rural areas.
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Pankaj, Ashok. "Jeevika, Women and Rural Bihar: Cultural Impact of a Development Intervention." Sociological Bulletin 69, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920923205.
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This article narrates a story of cultural change caused by livelihood intervention in rural Bihar (India). It shows that the impact of Jeevika, a microcredit-based rural livelihood promotion project, goes beyond its call for promoting livelihoods. The article recognises the distinction between structural and cultural aspects of social change and holds that an important impact of Jeevika on rural women of Bihar has been the cultural loosening of the patriarchal noose over their necks. It argues that the sustainability of such an impact is, however, unlikely, as the structural bases of patriarchy, namely, family, caste, land and agriculture, remain largely unaffected. Moreover, the whole process is exogenous—a creation of programme intervention.
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Buechler, Stephanie, and América Lutz-Ley. "Livelihoods with multiple stressors: Gendered youth decision-making under global change in rural Northwest Mexico." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 1096–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619878603.
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Livelihoods in rural communities have become increasingly complex due to rapidly changing socio-economic and environmental forces, with differing impacts on and responses by female and male youth. This study contributes to feminist political ecology through an explicit focus on youth and an examination of the intersections of age and gender in educational choices, livelihood systems, and human–environment interactions. We undertake double exposures analysis to explore female and male youths’ livelihood-related decision-making in Rayón, a semi-arid rural community in Northwest Mexico, undergoing global environmental change and globalization-related shifts in agriculture, climate, water, and socio-economic conditions. Global environmental change exacerbates an already fragile, local ecological context. A focus on gender issues among youth in three age categories (14–15, 16–19, and youth in their 20s) with respect to their decision-making concerning the future is critical to gaining a better understanding of the roles women and men will play in linked agricultural and non-agricultural, rural to urban livelihood systems. Agricultural employment increasingly includes global agribusiness where local youth compete with people from other areas. Access to employment, education, as well as water and land resources varied by gender, age, and social class, and played significant roles in livelihood diversification and migration decisions and outcomes. Mothers’ access to government assistance for their natural resource-based livelihoods positively impacted daughters’ opportunities. Educational curricula failed to link environmental change with local livelihoods and to prepare students for urban careers. This study offers insights related to female and male youths’ needs associated with environmental education, technology access, job training, and child and sibling care in order for them to more successfully confront the future across village, town, and city spaces.
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TIANA, Bam H. R. "Rural Community’s Livelihood Security and Perception of Climate Variability and Change to Better Address Climate Change Adaptation -Case Study in East Central Madagascar." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, no. 9 (September 29, 2020): 634–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep332.
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Madagascar is exposed to a variety of natural hazards, including seasonal cyclones, floods and droughts that have severe impacts on the national economy, mainly dependent on agriculture. Due to these problems, the security of livelihoods is threatened and although Madagascar people had the historic ability to cope with these threats, it is of prime importance to consider climate change adaptation in a more holistic manner in the face of climate change and variability. However, for adaptation to be appropriately enacted there is a need to understand how local context and conditions are. For that, this study aims to understand livelihood security as well as rural community’s perception to climate variability and change and their impacts in order to better address climate change adaptation. The first step is to understand how local livelihoods are characterized, what local conditions are, and how they are related to occurring changes and impacts through a case study in Alaotra Region in East Central Madagascar. An analysis of livelihood resources (human, natural, social, physical and financial capital), livelihood strategies and outcomes was coupled with an investigation of communities’ perception on the climate variability and impacts on their lives and livelihoods. Findings showed that livelihoods of local communities, living mainly from agriculture and fisheries, are threatened by a degrading environment and related impacts, exacerbated by a changing climate. Households are facing climate extremes which directly affect their livelihoods, already characterized by limited assets and entitlements. Outputs from this study are believed to further contribute to understand the factors that need to be considered to better address adaptation strategies based on the current vulnerability and climate variability, both at present time and in the future.
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Pham Thi, Nhung, Martin Kappas, and Heiko Faust. "Improving the Socioeconomic Status of Rural Women Associated with Agricultural Land Acquisition: A Case Study in Huong Thuy Town, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam." Land 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8100151.
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Since the 2000s, agricultural land acquisition (ALA) for urbanization and industrialization has been quickly implemented in Vietnam, which has led to a huge socioeconomic transformation in rural areas. This paper applies the sustainable livelihoods framework to analyze how ALA has impacted the socioeconomic status (SES) of rural women whose agricultural land was acquired. To get primary data, we surveyed 150 affected households, conducted three group discussions and interviewed nine key informants. The research findings reveal that ALA, when applied toward urbanization, has significantly improved the occupational status of rural women by creating non-farm job opportunities that have improved their income, socioeconomic knowledge and working skills. While their SES has been noticeably enhanced, these positive impacts are still limited in cases where ALA is applied toward industrial and energy development, since these purposes do not create many new jobs. Moreover, the unclear responsibility of stakeholders and inadequate livelihood rehabilitation programs of ALA projects have obstructed the opportunities of rural women. To improve the SES of rural women, we recommend that ALA policy initiate a flexible livelihoods support plan based on the purpose of ALA and the concrete responsibilities of stakeholders and investors.
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Lê, Vĩ Quốc, Huyen Thi Thu Dong, Hieu Thi Tran, Thao Thi Phuong Nguyen, Kien Trung Tran, and Thang Viet Nguyen. "THE Application of sustainable livelihood framework for the assessment of living for rural people in Tan Phuoc District, Tien Giang Province." Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 4, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v4i2.528.
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In this study, the approach of a sustainable livelihood framework following the guidance of the Department for International Development (DFID) is used to assess the livelihoods of people in rural areas of Tan Phuoc district, Tien Giang province. This is one of the acid sulphate soil areas of the Mekong Delta. Sustainable livelihood framework according to Department for International Development in the study will consider the assets of Tan Phuoc district people to ensure livelihoods including human capital, physical capital, financial capital, natural capital, and social capital. The results show that most of the capital for developing livelihoods of people in this area is poor (natural capital, human capital, social capital, financial capital), only physical capital is considered to meet the current development needs. They are the basis for proposing development orientations for Tan Phuoc district in the future, including socio-economic development, labor quality improvement and the number of professionally trained people. Besides, there are specific s upport policies for people and there are many sources of capital to help people access policies easily. To solve this problem, first of all, it is necessary to develop development plans of regions according to natural conditions, continue to improve the skills of local communities and provide specific support policies for livelihood activities. Attract many different sources of investment capital for the locality so that people can easily access, improve the income of local people in the future, especially need a population development strategy corresponding to the development conditions of the district. The analysis is based on aggregate collected data on the different types of livelihoods in the province, so they are of great overall value. However, this is also the basis for conducting detailed studies and investigations for further studies with the aim of having accurate information and correct assessment of the current livelihood status of each district and livelihood group.
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Mutunga, Isaac Mutwiri. "Exploring the Effect of Mobile Phone on Smallholder Farmers’ Livelihood." Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 7, no. 2 (July 19, 2018): 173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2017.7.2.173-208.
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This article is based on a sequential exploratory mixed method research which carried in-depth interviews, content analysis, semi-structured participant observation, and administered a survey to 422 smallholder farmers in Machakos County in Kenya. The study was premised on combined concepts of information needs assessment (INAM), Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), and ICT4D value chain analysis models to explore the effect of mobile phones on smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. The study found out that mobile phones are not used by smallholder farmers’ in the same way and therefore its effect on their livelihood is not uniform. On the one hand, mobile phone has negligible effect on subsistence smallholder farmers on-farm activities, and on the other hand, mobile phone usage has huge impact on market-oriented smallholder farming because it improves the relationships and interactions between the farmer and other rural livelihoods stakeholders.
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Nöldeke, Beatrice, Etti Winter, Yves Laumonier, and Trifosa Simamora. "Simulating Agroforestry Adoption in Rural Indonesia: The Potential of Trees on Farms for Livelihoods and Environment." Land 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040385.
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In recent years, agroforestry has gained increasing attention as an option to simultaneously alleviate poverty, provide ecological benefits, and mitigate climate change. The present study simulates small-scale farmers’ agroforestry adoption decisions to investigate the consequences for livelihoods and the environment over time. To explore the interdependencies between agroforestry adoption, livelihoods, and the environment, an agent-based model adjusted to a case study area in rural Indonesia was implemented. Thereby, the model compares different scenarios, including a climate change scenario. The agroforestry system under investigation consists of an illipe (Shorea stenoptera) rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) mix, which are both locally valued tree species. The simulations reveal that farmers who adopt agroforestry diversify their livelihood portfolio while increasing income. Additionally, the model predicts environmental benefits: enhanced biodiversity and higher carbon sequestration in the landscape. The benefits of agroforestry for livelihoods and nature gain particular importance in the climate change scenario. The results therefore provide policy-makers and practitioners with insights into the dynamic economic and environmental advantages of promoting agroforestry.
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Dube, Thulani, Philani Moyo, Moreblessings Ncube, and Douglas Nyathi. "The Impact of Climate Change on Agro-Ecological Based Livelihoods in Africa: A Review." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n1p256.
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<p>Several local studies have been carried out on the impact of climate change on livelihoods and development especially in developing countries. However, there is a general scarcity of literature that makes a comparative appraisal of the impacts of climate change on agro-ecological based livelihoods across the African continent. This paper seeks to address that gap by making a comparative analysis of the effects of climate change on agro-based livelihoods across the African continent, focusing on Eastern, Western, Southern Africa and the Sahel region. A cross continental perspective on this issue is important in informing current global climate change negotiations and response strategies both at global level and national levels. While some studies have been conducted at individual country levels about the projected and recorded impacts of climate change, there remains a dearth of literature that reviews and consolidates these findings to give an overall holistic picture about continental and sub-continental impacts in Africa especially as relating to local agro and ecological based livelihoods. This study finds out that the impact of climate change is invariably negative across the whole of Africa as it leads to failing agricultural yields and a reduction of bio-diversity. The paper recommends an intensification for the support of livelihood diversification strategies in rural development planning. It further recommends policy strategies that particularly targets the poor and vulnerable communities whose livelihoods hinge on agriculture and natural ecosystems as these will suffer the most from the impact of climate change.</p>
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Gregory, Pam, and Michael Mattingly. "Goodbye to natural resource-based livelihoods? Crossing the rural/urban divide." Local Environment 14, no. 9 (October 2009): 879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830903164193.
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Li, Ruida, Hua Zheng, Cuiping Zhang, Bonnie Keeler, Leah H. Samberg, Cong Li, Stephen Polasky, Yongming Ni, and Zhiyun Ouyang. "Rural Household Livelihood and Tree Plantation Dependence in the Central Mountainous Region of Hainan Island, China: Implications for Poverty Alleviation." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020248.
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Plantations support local economies and rural livelihoods in many mountainous regions, where poverty and a fragile environment are often interlinked. Managing plantations sustainably and alleviating poverty is a major challenge. This study reports on the findings of a household livelihood survey in the central mountainous region of Hainan Island, a global biodiversity hotspot. The survey aimed to identify rural household livelihoods, strategies to lift rural households out of poverty and potential environmental consequences of different livelihood strategies. Households were divided into five groups based on their main source of income: plantations, crops, livestock, local off-farm income and remittances. Plantations were the main source of income for 74% of households and provided 46% of the total income. Plantation land area, planting diverse tree species and intercropping were significantly associated with higher income. Reallocating land by family size could increase the proportion of households above the poverty line in the plantation group from 51.3% to 85.3%, while making only 3.3% of households worse off. Lower income households tended to apply more chemicals to plantations, which suggests that they create more strain on the environment. Improving household income through dynamically allocating plantation land and diversifying planted species could therefore be beneficial both socially and environmentally. Our results emphasize the importance of dynamic plantation land allocation and diverse plantation planting in poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.
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Chatterjee, Shankar. "Self-help Group (SHGs) Activities under DAY-NRLM at Kolar district of Karnataka." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 5, no. 3 (December 17, 2016): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v5.n3.p3.
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<em><span>This article is based on field study based carried out in Kolar district of Karnataka by contacting Self-help Group (SHGs) formed under Deendayal Antyaodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)/Aajeevika which is presently in implementation in the country. This DAY-NRLM is the massive self-employment programme which is the off-shoot of restructured scheme of Swarnajayanati Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY). It was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India based on Prof Radhakrishna Committee. </span><span lang="EN-IN">The study reveals that DAY-NRLM is yet to start with full swing in Kolar district, Karnataka. However, by contacting the two SHGs formed and nurtured under DAY-NRLM it was observed that they were matured enough and earning substantially. It is pertinent to mention that initially the name of the programme was National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)/Aajeevika but from 26 February 2016, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India through a notification has rechristened as Deendayal Antyaodaya Yojana so presently it is known as Deendayal Antyaodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM). </span></em>
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Oberhauser, Ann M. "Relocating Gender and Rural Economic Strategies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 7 (July 2002): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34224.
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In recent decades, increasing entrepreneurial activities among women have contributed to shifting livelihood strategies at the household, community, and regional scales. In this paper I examine home-based work in an economic network to highlight the intersection of gender and economic practices in rural Appalachia. The research demonstrates that these livelihood strategies both construct and are shaped by dynamic material conditions and social processes in place. Economic restructuring in the central Appalachian region has led to the reworking of economic strategies, despite a continued reliance by households on homework and informal activities. The case study for this project is an economic network comprised of sixty home-based workers who produce knitwear for regional and national markets. In-depth interviews and extensive fieldwork are used to examine the complexity of shifting economic livelihoods in the rural Appalachian context. The analysis focuses on the (re)negotiation of gender identities by home-based workers in the context of economic restructuring. The discussion also shows how participation in these activities contributes to economic and social empowerment. Overall, this study offers a critical approach to the economy, work, and gender in a way that analyzes diverse economic practices and the construction of gender identity in a rural, economically marginalized region.
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Hasan, Mehedi Mahmudul, Md Abdullah Al Mamun, and Sheikh Zahid Uddin. "Sustainable rural livelihood-based approach on the impacts of climate change on small-scale fish farmers of Noakhali, Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, no. 3 (October 17, 2020): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i3.49789.
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Climate change is a very common phenomenon which may affect rural livelihoods. A sustainable rural livelihoods approach was taken for this study to observe household incomes and any impact of climate to the livelihoods. It was found that there was negative correlation (Pearson value -0.449) to the income of males and females in 2014. Assumption of impact of climate change on income was not statistically significant in male farmers while it was statistically significant (Pearson value 0.332) in the year 2013 for female respondents. This current study suggests diversification in income generating activities and introduction of fair trade for betterment of the fishers
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 418-424
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Liu, Bencheng, and Yangang Fang. "The Nexus between Rural Household Livelihoods and Agricultural Functions: Evidence from China." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030241.
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Understanding the relationship between households’ livelihoods and agricultural functions is important for regulating and balancing households’ and macrosocieties’ agricultural functional needs and formulating better agricultural policies and rural revitalization strategies. This paper uses peasant household survey data obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and statistical analysis methods, to analyze the differences in livelihood assets and agricultural functions of households with different livelihood strategies and the relationship between livelihood assets and agricultural functions. Households are categorized based on their livelihood strategies as full-time farming households, part-time farming I households, part-time farming II households, and non-farming households. The agricultural product supply and negative effects of the ecological service function of full-time farming households are higher than those of part-time farming and non-farming households. Part-time farming I households have the strongest social security function, while non-farming households have the weakest social security function. Non-farming households have the strongest leisure and cultural function, while part-time farming I households have the weakest leisure and cultural function. Households’ demand for agricultural functions is affected by livelihood assets. Effective measures should be taken to address contradictions in the agricultural functional demands of households and macrosocieties.
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Rauf, Khan, Shah, Zada, Malik, Cao, and Sadique. "Poverty and Prosperity: Impact on Livelihood Assets of Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100916.
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In this study, we assessed the impact of the Billion Trees Afforestation Program (BTAP) on the livelihood of local household in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK). BTAP is the largest ban-logging afforestation program in Pakistan, which aims to conserve natural forests, promoting rural livelihoods and reducing poverty. Primary data from 360 local inhabitants were collected and analyzed using descriptive and econometric methodologies that include ordered logit model and ordinary least squares (OLS) respectively. In specific, a wealth index, household income, and five assets of sustainable livelihood have been considered to measure the impact of BTAP. We found that there is a strong and positive contribution of BTAP to the improvement of a rural community’s livelihood. Results showed that BTAP based households earn 4% more income and possess around 35% more assets. These findings suggest that BTAP has considerable effect on increase in livelihood assets. This study continues the discussion with several practical implications of this along with recommendations for future research.
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Rai, Dhyanendra Bahadur. "Changing Rural Livelihood Strategies in the Community of Goljung, Rasuwa." Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education 17 (May 23, 2018): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v17i0.19980.
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Different patterns of livelihood are found in different places within same community or different communities over the generation. Therefore livelihood strategy is a changing process of an individual or a household level of economic and social activities in order to fulfill daily livelihood needs. This paper seeks to explore the changing rural livelihood strategies of a community in mountain region of Nepal. The study is mainly based on primary data collected from field survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII). Questionnaire survey was conducted within 52 households by applying random sampling method. Likewise five KII and three FGDs were conducted and participants belonged to different field i.e. ward chairperson, ward women member, businessmen, wage labor, farmer and social worker. The finding indicates that livelihood strategies are changing rapidly in the rural areas. Similarly, multiple sources of income of a household have resulted into secured livelihood system in Goljung. Despite the fact that the agriculture with livestock farming was an important traditional source of livelihood in the past, the roles of non-agricultural sectors have become significant for livelihood sustaining in the rural community in Goljung, Rasuwa in the present days. After a decade, development of the hydro-electricity projects and trade route between Nepal and China has played the catalyst role for changing rural livelihoods of local people in this village. The Third Pole: Journal of GeographyVol. 17: 20-36, 2017
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TRẦN TIẾN, KHAI. "Interrelation Between Livelihood Assets and Poverty in Rural Vietnam." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 216 (April 1, 2013): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2013.216.05.
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Multi-dimensional poverty approach is currently employed in research worldwide instead of the conventional monetary-based poverty one. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is closely related to multi-dimensional poverty concept in terms of using a complex set of socioeconomic indicators to reflect the accessibility to five livelihood assets of household or individual, that is, the human, social, natural, physical and financial assets. This study aims at exploring interrelations between monetary poverty and other socioeconomic characteristics of rural households in Vietnam relying on livelihood approach and searching relevant socioeconomic indicators for multi-dimensional poverty measurement. Various multivariate analysis methods as Principal Component Analysis, Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis are applied. Data of 6,837 rural households extracted from VHLSS 2008 dataset are used in this study. The results confirm that multi-dimensional poverty of rural household is explained by at least ten dimensions representative of four livelihood assets. Several continuous and categorical variables are extracted as relevant indicators for multi-dimensional poverty measurement. Household classification by multi-dimensional poverty is likely more statistically efficient when homogeneity with group is improved in comparison to basing on expenditure per capita.
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Alare, Rahinatu Sidiki, Erasmus Henaku Owusu, and Kwadwo Owusu. "Climate Smart Agriculture Practices in Semi-arid Northern Ghana: Implications for Sustainable Livelihoods." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 5 (September 18, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n5p57.
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Achieving food security and livelihood development among vulnerable households in the semi-arid regions is challenged by water scarcity and climate change. To alleviate the challenges of water scarcity and climate change impacts, farmers are adopting different climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices. However, there is limited knowledge on the contribution of CSA practices to livelihoods of farmers in semi-arid northern Ghana. Therefore, this paper explored CSA practices adopted by smallholder farmers and assessed the contribution of dry season farming to livelihoods in rural semi-arid Ghana. Using data from 100 households, farm income, household food security and subjective wellbeing (SWB) were compared between dry season farmers and non-dry season ones. The findings showed that socio-economic factors hindered the utilisation of practices with high start-up cost such as rain water harvesting. Farmers also adopted other practices based on the benefits, ease of use and geographical context. Comparing dry season farmers and non-dry season ones, the results showed that dry season farming had great potentials of improving income, food security (66%) and wellbeing (P>0.01) of rural households in semi-arid Ghana. However, adopting CSA practices only without instituting programmes to address other socio-economic challenges faced by smallholder farmers will yield minimal impacts. Complementing CSA initiatives with poverty alleviation programmes will effectively contribute to improved livelihoods in resource poor communities.
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Muchacha, Munyaradzi, and Mildred Mushunje. "The gender dynamics of climate change on rural women's agro-based livelihoods and food security in rural Zimbabwe: implications for green social work." Critical and Radical Social Work 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204986019x15491042559655.
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The impact of climate change is not gender-neutral. In this article, we argue that its impact on rural women's agro-based livelihoods and food security in Zimbabwe is underlined by unbalanced social and power relations and structural factors such as unequal access to the means of production. To that end, we involve green social work as a better positioned framework and practice to address the gendered implications of climate change surrounding rural women's livelihoods and food security in Zimbabwe. Its significance relates to its holistic nature, which can enable social workers to tackle various multidimensional issues that underlie environmental crises, such as gender inequality and poverty. Additionally, green social work has a crucial focus on policy formulation, political engagement, the protection of the environment and strengthening the resilience and coping strategies of communities.
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Kansiime, Monica K. "Community-based adaptation for improved rural livelihoods: a case in eastern Uganda." Climate and Development 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.730035.
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Sun, Zhe, Liang Zhao, Shuyue Wang, Hongyin Zhang, Xinyu Wang, and Zherui Wan. "Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Households’ Livelihood Strategy in a Relation-Based Society: Evidence from Northeast China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041747.
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Although China is experiencing a transition from a relation-based society to a rule-based society, relationships among acquaintances still play an important role in resource allocation, such as the allocation of policy resources. This is particularly true in rural China, where targeted poverty alleviation is prevalent and a relation-based social structure still dominates. However, it is still unknown how relationships affect the livelihood strategy of households in rural China and how poverty alleviation policies plays a role between them. Therefore, this paper embeds poverty alleviation into the relation-based society and explores how households respond to the policy in this specific context. Using grounded theory research method and the sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) framework, this paper contains in-depth interviews and field observations from three poverty-stricken villages in Northeast China. The results show that relationships have a significant impact on the households’ livelihood strategy. In other words, the households’ livelihood strategy is embedded in the relation-based society. The types of relationships induce households to choose maintained or developmental type livelihood strategies, while relationships influence how the poverty alleviation policies affect the livelihood strategy. This study is not only an extension of the SLA in the research context, but also provides a significant perspective for enriching the long-term mechanism of targeted poverty alleviation by building a theoretical model of the relationships between a relation-based society, targeted poverty alleviation and the livelihood strategies of households.
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Pandey, Rishikesh. "Life and Livelihoods in the ‘Forbidden Kingdom’, the Trans-Himalaya, Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 11 (December 31, 2017): 24–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18822.
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Rural livelihoods in Nepal are generally based on ecosystem resources. Despite a large number of studies on the Himalayan livelihoods, representation of the Trans-Himalaya, particularly Upper-Mustang, are rare. Such a scarcity could be associated with the fact that the place was isolated from the rest of the world and mainstream Nepali societies for a long time and also used to be known as ‘forbidden kingdom.’ This paper documents livelihood situation of Upper-Mustang in reference to the data collected in 66 households, in-depth interviews taken with 22 key informants, and focus group discussions conducted in 6 locations. Household livelihood system was studied with reference to five livelihood capitals, which were transformed into Livelihood Capital Index (LCI) at first and Livelihood Sustainability Index (LSI) later. Households in the Trans-Himalaya fulfill their livelihood requirement from multiple sources such as farming and livestock ranching together with small-scale enterprises, remittance and labouring. Overall status of livelihood capital is weak that cannot satisfy households’ food and livelihood requirements. There exists inter-household variation in the status of livelihood capitals.The households with diversified livelihood options have relatively secured livelihood, although such security is relative to the households of Upper-Mustang. Considering the weak status of agro-livestock system, which is mostly associated with unfavorable geographic conditions and lack of agro-livestock service provision, the region has sound scope for tourism industries and production as well as marketing of medicinal and aromatic plants, and fruits. Therefore, there is a plenty of possibility of diversifying livelihoods, however, neither the communities are eager to do so nor the state policies are encouraging. Therefore, together with expansion and advancement of physical infrastructure, effective service delivery and provision for social welfare, government programs should be facilitative for optimum and sustainable utilization of ecosystem resources for the sustainability of household livelihood system.Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11, 2017; 24-59
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Lam, Minh Chau. "Neither survival nor accumulation: Marketisation and rural livelihood diversification in northern Vietnam." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (September 2020): 435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246342000051x.
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Building on ethnographic fieldwork in a northern Vietnamese village, this article explores how rural households have negotiated the opportunities and uncertainties of marketisation (Đổi Mới). I focus on the surprising ways local households have handled the state's push to diversify livelihoods and adopt commercial home-based sidelines: by means of being đa gi năng, a local term that means ‘keeping many livelihood options and never putting all eggs in one basket’. In pursuit of đa gi năng, local households have actively adopted home-based production even when they were doing well with paddy farming and faced no subsistence crisis. However, they have evaded what state officials want most: specialising in a single home-production enterprise in rational maximising ways to accumulate transformational wealth. The idea of đa gi năng calls into question two contrasting universal approaches to rural households’ motivations for livelihood diversification: either a desperate search for survival by passive victims of market forces, or a quest for wealth accumulation by rational maximisers without careful judgement of potential risks to one's family.
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Mubangizi, Betty Claire, and John Cantius Mubangizi. "COVID-19, Rural Livelihoods and Human Rights: A South African Perspective." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.3.18.
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This article describes how the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and worsened the existing social and economic conditions of rural people in South Africa, how their livelihoods have been affected and how their rights have been violated as a result. The rights considered and discussed include those contained in the South African Bill of Rights with a particular focus on socio-economic rights which, by their very nature, have important social and economic dimensions. The implications of these social and economic dimensions on rural people under the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed. The article partly adopts a qualitative research methodology in which information gathered through interviews, webinar discussions, and workshops with various stakeholders and participants are presented and analysed. The paper also discusses the balance between the need to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic through lockdown measures, the impact of these measures on rural livelihoods, and the constitutional requirement to protect human rights. The paper concludes with recommendations, including adopting a human rights-based approach to minimize the impact of COVID-19 on rural livelihoods.
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Zuntz, Ann-Christin. "Refugees’ Transnational Livelihoods and Remittances: Syrian Mobilities in the Middle East Before and After 2011." Journal of Refugee Studies 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 1400–1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab016.
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Abstract Pursuing an ethnographic approach, this article explores how Syrians’ pre-war kinship-based networks have oriented livelihoods strategies for refugees in Jordan after 2011. Drawing on long-term fieldwork (2015–2017) in northern Jordan, I argue that seasonal migration was a livelihoods strategy for Syria’s rural poor long before 2011, serving as their old-age provision and contributing to rural development. Since 2011, conflict-induced displacement and border closures have reshaped Syrians’ transnational kinship-based networks: geographically, but also with regard to the diversification of sources of income and gendered responsibilities. In Jordan, Syrian refugees mobilize pre-war transnational ties to access jobs in agriculture and the humanitarian sector, and distribute their income through kinship-based cross-border networks. These ethnographic findings challenge a localized understanding of refugee livelihoods, demonstrating that the household economies of refugees, migrants, and those left behind, in Syria, Jordan, the Gulf countries, and now Europe, are intertwined. In closing, I provide recommendations about how a networked understanding of refugee livelihoods can inform the COVID-19 emergency response, and help create decent jobs for displaced people in the Global South.
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Wan, Song, Su, Peng, Khatiwada, Zhou, and Deng. "Water Resource Utilization and Livelihood Adaptations under the Background of Climate Change: A Case Study of Rural Households in the Koshi River Basin." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185064.
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In the Koshi River Basin, the effects of climate change have become clear. Agricultural countries, such as Nepal, depend on farmers’ adaptations to climate change for local sustainable development. Limited livelihood options, unequal access to resources and information, and climate change-related floods and droughts have reduced farmer welfare. Few studies have investigated the effects of altitude in rural areas or examined livelihood adaptation strategies in Nepal. Using a survey of farmers in rural areas at high, middle, and low altitudes in Nepal, this article explores the impacts of climate change-related floods and droughts, as well as the water resource utilization, disaster resilience, and livelihood improvement ability of farmers and the influencing factors. This article adopted participatory rural appraisal to obtain survey data from farmers at three altitudes. Through one-way ANOVA and F-tests, farmers’ perceptions of floods and droughts were analyzed, and through field investigations, their production and water consumption patterns were established. Logistic regressions show that college education, farming income, and domestic water consumption have the strongest impacts on households’ disaster resilience, while non-farm income, male laborer rates, and college education have the strongest impacts on households’ abilities to improve livelihoods. Based on our results, we offer countermeasures and suggestions on education, gender equality, and rural infrastructure construction.
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Li, Dan, Tracy Hruska, Shalima Talinbayi, and Wenjun Li. "Changing Agro-Pastoral Livelihoods under Collective and Private Land Use in Xinjiang, China." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010166.
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After the founding of P. R. China, land use in rural China was organized under two successive paradigms: state-directed collectivization from 1958–1984 (the Collective Era), and privatization after 1984 (the Household Land Contract Period, HLCP). Taking Nileke County of Xinjiang as a case study, this research analyzed the livelihood changes of agro-pastoralists over the two periods using quantitative household livelihood assets—financial, physical, natural, human, and social capital—as indicators. Using annual series data of the five livelihood capitals, a comprehensive livelihood assets index (CLAI) was calculated by two-stage factor analysis. Higher CLAI scores meant better living and reduced poverty for agro-pastoralists. Quantitative results were validated and detailed with semi-structured household interviews. The results showed that CLAI slightly increased during the HLCP in comparison to the Collective Era, mainly due to increases in financial and physical capital. In contrast, natural and social capital showed downward trends, indicating that alleviation of poverty came at the cost of natural resources and social justice. Natural capital was the main contributor to agro-pastoralist livelihoods during the Collective Era, but diminished and was replaced by financial capital during the HLCP. Based on the findings, we put forward policy suggestions to improve community land management and sustainable livelihoods as part of future poverty alleviation efforts.
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Guo, Xuesong, and Naim Kapucu. "Examining livelihood risk perceptions in disaster resettlement." Disaster Prevention and Management 26, no. 5 (November 6, 2017): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-06-2017-0121.
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Purpose Although many disaster resettlement programs are implemented throughout the world, their ramifications continue to challenge our understanding of scope, impact, context, and nature of efforts to rebuild livelihoods. The purpose of this paper is to examine involved rural farmers’ livelihood risk perceptions (LRPs) in Southern Shaanxi Disaster Resettlement based on the case of Ziyang County. Design/methodology/approach Utilizing a livelihood risk perspective, this paper identified factors contributing to LRPs. The research categorized the involved rural farmers into groups and explored the factors affecting their LRPs using decision tree (DT). Findings Analyzing LRPs of different groups, this paper derived influential factors and the decision rules followed by groups. Additionally, critical factors were discussed according to their relative importance for decision making and to propose some intervention measures for effectiveness. Originality/value The results and implications enhance understanding on how local community members perceive the problem or risk in disaster resettlement. The application of a DT also provides methodological contributions for risk analysis and disaster preparedness.
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Widiyanto, Dodi. "An Exploration of Food Insecurity, Poverty, Livelihood and Local Food Potentials in Kulon Progo Regency, Indonesia." Forum Geografi 32, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v32i1.5818.
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Kulon Progo has been struggled to cope with the issues of poverty and food insecurity. The provincial and local governments pay a lot of attention to tackling these deprivation problems. The BKPP DIY developed a composite index which concluded that poverty is the primary cause of the deprivation. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the rural deprivation in Kulon Progo by assessing its aspects including poverty, food insecurity conditions, livelihoods, and local food potentials. Several methods, including typology, livelihood calculation, and resource possibility mapping are introduced for the preliminary analysis of this deprivation. The findings show that in Kulon Progo, (1) most of the deprived areas are located in the typology of upland region, (2) based on its of five assets, in general, the livelihood condition in Kulon Progo needs an improvement on financial, natural, and physical capitals, and (3) presenting the local food clusters based on its local food plantation area and production, so that these findings could give alternatives for the decision makers to develop the rural (deprived) areas.
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Tran, Dung Duc, Chau Nguyen Xuan Quang, Pham Duy Tien, Pham Gia Tran, Pham Kim Long, Ho Van Hoa, Ngo Ngoc Hoang Giang, and Le Thi Thu Ha. "Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation Capacity of Rice Farmers under Climate Change and Environmental Pressure on the Vietnam Mekong Delta Floodplains." Water 12, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 3282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113282.
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Agricultural production is the primary source of income and food security for rural households in many deltas of the world. However, the sustainability of farm livelihoods is under threat, due to the impacts of climate change and environmental pressure, including shifting hydrological regimes, droughts, water pollution, land subsidence and riverbank erosion. This study evaluated the livelihood sustainability and vulnerability of triple rice farmers on the floodplains of the Vietnam Mekong Delta (VMD). We focused on the perceptions of rice farmers, based on a survey of 300 farmers. Increasing temperatures, drought, water pollution and sediment shortages were the four factors considered by farmers to have the most impact on their agricultural livelihoods. We analyzed farmers’ capacity to sustain their livelihoods and adapt to the changing environment. Results show relatively low vulnerability of rice farmers overall, though many of those surveyed reported very low incomes from rice production. Factors of most concern to farmers were rising temperatures and more frequent droughts. Farmers were already taking steps to adapt, for example, increasing production inputs and investing more labor time, as well as switching production methods. Yet, our findings suggest that policymakers and scientists have a role to play in developing more sustainable adaptation paths. The research clarifies the livelihood vulnerability of triple rice farmers on the VMD floodplains, while more generally contributing to the body of literature on farming and climate change and environmental pressure.
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Donkor, Felix Kwabena. "Social Learning as a Vehicle for Complementary Strategies in Forest Resource Management." Journal of Asian Research 1, no. 1 (July 4, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v1n1p71.
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<p><em>Cooking is a daily activity often based on energy to satisfy individuals' nutritional requirements. Wood fuels are the main source of fuel in rural areas of Africa with detrimental health, environmental and livelihood effects. The study investigates how heavy dependence on wood fuels and the resultant degradation of scarce forest resources can be addressed employing social learning coupled complementary strategies. The qualitative method was used carry out the research in the West Gonja District of Ghana. The case study approach was complemented with Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques to gather data from key informants, households and focus group discussions. The use of wood fuels is having a negative impact on critical rural resources such as forest ecosystem services which underpin land</em><em>-</em><em>based livelihoods of the study area.</em><em> The continuous knowledge co-production and utilization within the context of social learning is vital for enhancing adaptive capacity of vulnerable livelihoods especially those reliant on forest resources. Moreover it is crucial to integrate complementary knowledge systems as per social learning and harness appropriate technology when introducing interventions that enable communities to shift to alternative fuel sources. This helps to reduce pressure on communal forest resources and enhance forest conservation with spin</em><em>-</em><em>offs for sustainable development.</em><em></em></p>
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Prasad, Sunil, and Dhanpal Singh Chauhan. "Appraising Forest-Based Livelihoods through Assessment of Major NTFPs: A Case Study from Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Economic Plants 7, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2020.0353.
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The state Jharkhand is one of the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) rich states of the country because of diverse physiographic and climatic conditions. It is known for its mineral wealth, tribal population and forests. NTFPs play an important role in supporting rural livelihoods and food security in tribal Jharkhand. The present study was carried out in three distinct villages of Jharkhand to explore the range of livelihood contributions of NTFPs. The study was based on empirical fieldwork using both quantitative and qualitative data. A structured interview schedule was managed for the respondents. Comparing income sources, we found that most of the households collect NTFPs and earn a handsome amount of income from NTFPs ranges from 33% to 59%. We also prioritized potential NTFPs along with their basic value chain.
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Anyango, Stephen Obiero, Biston Mbewe, Velice Shizia Nangavo, and Maurine Mwal. "Towards Sustainable Livelihood Practices in the Indigenous Forests of Zambia’s Central Province: Barriers and Opportunities." Energy and Environment Research 8, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v8n2p1.
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This study was designed with the aim of establishing a comprehensive picture of the problems and needs of local communities in upholding sustainable livelihoods in the face of forest degradation and recommending how their livelihoods may be improved in the short and long term. Thus make them self-reliant by enhancing their resilience. Study Methodology: included a literature review and a household survey for a total of 443 household interviews. In addition, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted with the rural population and other stakeholders respectively. Field visits were made to all the 8 sites in the two districts Serenje and Chitambo. The main constrain of sustainable livelihood in the communities, included, low levels of education and skills, low levels of asset holding, weak local institutions and unfavorable legal and institutional frameworks. But the respondents registered a wide variety of NTFPs based livelihoods obtained from forests resources (15). Most important usage includes land for cultivation, fuelwood, poles for construction, charcoal production and use of NTFPs (collection of mushrooms, wild fruits and nuts, caterpillars, honey production and medicinal plants). The livelihood activities remains largely subsistence and for safety net functions. Trade resulting into incomes generation is minimal, unstructured and therefore unsustainable. In conclusion: commercialization of NTFPS and PES activities may be the solution to sustainable livelihood and forest conservation. A range of specifically forest sector elements would also need to be addressed, including, entrepreneurship, market and skill development for forest product and services delivery; embracing these elements will also require new kinds of enhanced institutional arrangement.
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Castella, Jean-Christophe, and Sonnasack Phaipasith. "Rural Roads Are Paving the Way for Land-Use Intensification in the Uplands of Laos." Land 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030330.
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Road expansion has played a prominent role in the agrarian transition that marked the integration of swidden-based farming systems into the market economy in Southeast Asia. Rural roads deeply altered the landscape and livelihood structures by allowing the penetration of boom crops such as hybrid maize in remote territories. In this article, we investigate the impact of rural road developments on livelihoods in northern Laos through a longitudinal study conducted over a period of 15 years in a forest frontier. We studied adaptive management strategies of local stakeholders through the combination of individual surveys, focus group discussions, participatory mapping and remote-sensing approaches. The study revealed the short-term benefits of the maize feeder roads on poverty alleviation and rural development, but also the negative long-term effects on agroecosystem health and agricultural productivity related to unsustainable land use. Lessons learnt about the mechanisms of agricultural intensification helped understanding the constraints faced by external interventions promoting sustainable land management practices. When negotiated by local communities for their own interest, roads may provide livelihood-enhancing opportunities through access to external resources, rather than undermining them.
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van der Meer Simo, Alexander. "Livelihood Impacts of Plantation Forests on Farmers in the Greater Mekong Subregion: A Systematic Review of Plantation Forest Models." Forests 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111162.
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Background and Objectives: Plantation forests remain a highly contested element of rural development. Successive reviews of large-scale plantations established under land concessions identify predominantly negative impacts on local farmers’ livelihoods. Although concession models of plantation development have been common in the global South, other models characterised by different forms of land tenure, labour arrangements, and plantation design have also emerged. The impacts of these models on the livelihoods of local farmers are likely to be more varied. This paper presents the results of a systematic review on the impacts of different models of plantation forests on the livelihoods of local farmers in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two of more than 1000 publications were identified as meeting review criteria and were assessed systematically to identify how plantation forests impacted on the natural, financial, human, physical, and social assets of proximate rural communities. Plantation models included: state forest plantations; land and land-sharing concessions; land purchase programs; and “enrolled”, contracted, and independent smallholders. Results: The results confirm those of earlier studies that land concessions delivered lasting livelihoods benefits only to few communities. A small number of positive examples among these cases demonstrate, however, that these plantation models are not necessarily detrimental to local livelihoods. Other plantation forest models, based on contract farming, land purchase, and independent smallholders have generally brought economic benefits to local people, although differentially. Research Highlights and Conclusions: Overall, this review suggests that plantation forests are not inherently positive or negative for local livelihoods, and all plantation models have the potential to contribute positively to local livelihoods. Future research on this topic needs to adopt more holistic livelihoods perspectives.
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Bao, Wen. "New Countryside Construction and Sustainable Rural Settlement Development in China." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.897.
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New countryside construction in China is a kind of macroeconomic development strategy aiming at sustainable rural settlement development. More attentions should be paid to caring for farmers’ future livelihoods in the process of sustainable rural settlement development. Based on the analyses and the complexity of China’s rural problems, the authors argue that new countryside construction in China will be an arduous task and a long road.
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Williams, Michelle. "Women in rural South Africa: a post-wage existence and the role of the state." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 37, no. 4 (May 21, 2018): 392–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-05-2017-0110.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider women in rural villages of Keiskammahoek in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. What the author discovered is that some women are carving out a space through a complex, triple relation to the state. The state is distributor of social grants, a midwife of economic activity, and a technocratic system of governance and “service delivery.” The paper asks whether post-wage livelihoods are simply survivalists or have emancipatory potential. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on research conducted in 2013-2015 in the rural villages of Keiskammahoek. The author spent time in the villages informally speaking to women and conducted 39 in-depth interviews. Findings The author found that the women are finding ways to engender non-capitalist relations in new and creative ways within their rural communities. The three sources of state activity (and power) – grants, economic projects, and governance – are engaged and used in different ways, but together create an interesting nexus of livelihoods and survival. What is interesting is the survivalist livelihoods – even if not representing an alternative mode of production – are allowing women a degree of independence, dignity, and self-determination. Originality/value The research has not been published and this argument has not been made before. The manuscript is a new approach to understanding post-wage livelihoods.
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Ylipaa, Josephine, Sara Gabrielsson, and Anne Jerneck. "Climate Change Adaptation and Gender Inequality: Insights from Rural Vietnam." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102805.
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Vietnam is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change impacts, especially from extreme weather events such as storms and floods. Thus, climate change adaptation is crucial, especially for natural resource-dependent farmers. Based on a qualitative research approach using a feminist political ecology lens, this article investigates gendered patterns of rural agrarian livelihoods and climate adaptation in the province of Thái Bình. In doing so, we identify differentiated rights and responsibilities between female and male farmers, leading to unequal opportunities and immobility for females, making them more vulnerable to climate impacts and threatening to reduce their capacity to adapt. This research also shows that demands on farmers to contribute to perpetual increases in agricultural output by the state poses a challenge, since farming livelihoods in Vietnam are increasingly becoming feminised, as a result of urbanisation and devaluation of farming. Past and present national strategies and provincial implementation plans linked to climate change do not consider the burden affecting rural female farmers, instead the focus lies on addressing technical solutions to adaptation. With little attention being paid to an increasingly female workforce, existing gender inequalities may be exacerbated, threatening the future existence of rural livelihoods and the viability of Vietnam’s expansion into global markets.
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Žurovec, Ognjen, and Pål Olav Vedeld. "Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in Laggard Transitional Economies: A Case from Bosnia and Herzegovina." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 6079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216079.
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This study analyzes farm households’ adaptation in a broad livelihood context, showing how both household internal dynamics and broader external factors, such as agro-ecological, climatic, and institutional economic and political frame conditions, influence both the perception of and adaptation to climate variations and change. Nearly a third of the households in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) are engaged in agriculture as one livelihood strategy to cope with the multiple shocks experienced over the past three decades, resulting in economic decline and loss of income opportunities. Based on a household survey, we analyzed the livelihoods of households in three agricultural regions in BH: how they are affected by climate change, their perceptions of climatic change, as well as various household adaptation strategies. The results were discussed in the context of the sustainable livelihoods approach. Our results indicate that rural households are relatively asset poor and highly dependent on agriculture, irrespective of geographical location or wealth. Their access to assets is further constrained by the ongoing changes in economic and political structures and processes. Negative effects of climate change were reported in terms of yield decline and reduced quality of products. On a positive note, the level of adoption of different agricultural practices and technologies indicates signs of an overall intensification strategy of agricultural production in BH, as well as adaptation to the perceived changes in climate and climate variability using the available asset base.