To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rural-based livelihoods; Migrant employment.
Journal articles on the topic 'Rural-based livelihoods; Migrant employment'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Rural-based livelihoods; Migrant employment.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ngo, Trang Thi Thu, Thi Kim Ho, Thuy Thi Thu Chau, and Long Hoang Dai Ngo. "The livelihood adaptation of Khmer immigrants in Binh Tan district, Ho Chi MinhCity: a case study from Binh Tri Dong B and An Lac wards." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.752.
Full textAbstract:
Peri-urban areas are characterized by their landscapes of closely mixed rural and urban activities and also by the agglomeration of industrial clusters, going with high labor demand. Binh Tan district is a peri-urban area of Ho Chi Minh City, with a fast urbanization rate, mainly due to significant flows of rural migrants, especially coming from the Mekong Delta region. Data show that Khmer immigrants choose this district to improve their livelihood and incomes, with different livelihood diversification. Nevertheless, most of these livelihood activities belong to the informal employment sector. This paper aims to analyze their livelihood capacity of adaptation in the context of the fast changing peri-urban area of Binh Tan district. The results are based on mixed method of primary data and secondary data analysis. Secondary data was collected from two surveys, conducted in two wards (Binh Tri Dong B and An Lac), with 120 questionnaires and 10 in-depth interviews with multi-stakeholders. The results show that Khmer immigrants adapted gradually to urban life, but still have to face new challenges in the adaptation to new livelihoods. Indeed, Khmer immigrants come originally from rural regions, with livelihoods based on agricultural activities. They also combine specific cultural identities. These reasons lead to different disadvantages in their new livelihoods in a large city. As a result, whereas the structure of their employment and income change in a positive trend, the spiritual life changes in a negative trend. To illustrate this difference more clearly, this paper presents some Khmer immigrants’s portraits, who are working in different types of livelihood in both favorable and adverse aspects of the adaptation to a new life in periurban area.
2
Ahmed, MT, H. Bhandari, PU Gordoncillo, CB Quicoy, and GP Carnaje. "Factors affecting extent of rural livelihood diversification in selected areas of Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37419.
Full textAbstract:
The study was carried out to investigate the patterns and extent of livelihood diversification in rural Bangladesh. It also identified the major factors affecting extent of livelihood diversification. The study drew a random sample of 500 rural farm households in Bangladesh through a multi-stage sampling technique. The primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical techniques. The results showed that remittance contributed the highest to the household income followed by petty business and rice farming. The estimated values of Simpson Index of Diversification (SID) showed that majority of the rural households had “medium” and “high” level diversified livelihood activities. Tobit regression analysis found that gender of the household head, household size and amount of credit had positive and significant effects; and number of migrant household member, dependency ratio, household assets, education of the household head and amount of savings had negative but significant effects on the extent of livelihood diversification. The small and medium landholding households were more likely to diversify their livelihoods compared to the functionally landless and large landholding households. The study recommended that non-farm employment opportunities should be expanded to combat poor households' vulnerability to shocks and income fluctuations. Functionally landless households should be given more attention to increase and diversify their incomes.SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 7-21 (2018)
3
Zang, Dungang, Fanghua Li, and Abbas Ali Chandio. "Factors of Energy Poverty: Evidence from Tibet, China." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179738.
Full textAbstract:
Energy poverty due to rising energy demand is a matter of global concern. Therefore, examination of the causes of energy poverty and development of effective solutions are urgent concerns. Using survey data on livelihood development in Tibetan farming and pastoral areas in 2019, this study applied logistic and ordinary least squares models to empirically investigate the factors that influence energy poverty in Tibet. We found that energy poverty is (1) unrelated to age, gender, education, marital status, political and village cadre experience, planting, or expenditures related to religious activities; (2) negatively correlated with migrant work, village status, household income, and traffic conditions; (3) positively correlated with employment, area, and breeding; and (4) both positively and negatively affected by family residence altitude. The results offer new insights and empirical evidence for the identification and elimination of energy poverty, improving livelihoods, and promoting rural revitalisation in Tibet.
4
Mukhtar, Umar, Zhong Zhangbao, Tian Beihai, Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer, Amar Razzaq, and Tayyaba Hina. "Implications of Decreasing Farm Size on Urbanization: A Case Study of Punjab Pakistan." Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v5i2.12746.
Full textAbstract:
The rate of urbanization in Pakistan especially in Punjab is quite high. The reason behind this is the high population growth that is about 2.4 percent in the last decade. This causes a burden on the farm size and in rural areas people have no choice except to move in the urban areas for their livelihood. The main objective of this study was to identify the key influential factors that affect the decision to migrate. Study evaluated the impact of economic, social, demographic, natural and climatic factors on the welfare of the migrants and non-migrant’s households. For this purpose, an extensive survey from 504 respondents was carried out in four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Due to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable i.e. migrant and non-migrant, logistic regression was employed on the collected data using Stata. Results revealed that unemployment, educational and health facilities, family conflicts, small farm size for agricultural activities, and greater family size are the main influencing factors affecting migration decision from rural to urban areas. This creates the strong implications i.e. putting burden on the urban areas due to the high rate of urbanization. So, it is however recommended to stem down the rate of migration all necessary facilities should be provided in the rural areas and Agro-based must be set up near the rural areas providing employment opportunities for the rural dwellers.
5
Yang, Bo, and Daniel Zhang Qu. "Rural to urban migrant workers in China: challenges of risks and rights." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2019-0042.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe rapid urbanization of China brings in large number of migrant workers coming from rural areas. With the perspective of social integration, this study reviews the findings about economic livelihood, social integration and health related to migrant workers since China initiated economic reform. We show that (1) though the economic wellbeing of migrant workers has been improved significantly after they moved to cities, their economic standing is still lower than local residents; (2) though there is progress of social integration between migrant workers and local residents, conflicts and challenges due to the competitions in employment and the sharing of community resource are still commonly found; (3) the disadvantaged status of health is very common among migrant workers and (4) women and the new generation in migration have more disadvantages in the social transition. We suggest that issues of equal rights between migrant workers and local residents should be discussed in the future as more migrant workers intend to stay in cities for long-term.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is literature reviews based on the current studies about migrant, migration and policy. The first category of literature is the research field on China's migration and urbanization to describe the whole context of migrant workers. The second is research field on detailed issues about migrant workers and the last field is policy issues about the welfare and needs among migrant workers.FindingsWe find that (1) though the economic wellbeing of migrant workers has been improved significantly after they moved to cities, their economic standing is still lower than local residents; (2) though there are progress of social integration between migrant workers and local residents, conflicts and challenges due to the competitions in employment and the sharing of community resource are still commonly found; (3) the disadvantaged status of health is very common among migrant workers and (4) women and the new generation in migration face more disadvantages in the social transition.Research limitations/implicationsThere are some limitations in the current research: (1) the review focuses on the majority of migrant workers to reveal the general picture about the living, developing and rights among migrant workers, but is still lacking in dealing with some special and disadvantaged groups. (2) More international issues related to migrant workers should be discussed in the future considering that China's labor market is becoming more and more global.Social implicationsFirst, the conclusion about the economic and social integration among migrant workers indicates that more equal welfare services, including resident services, commence services, medical services etc. should be included in the municipal managements considering that Chinese cities will be the combination of local residents and migrant residents. Second, the conclusion about the women and children indicates that the future public services targeted at the disadvantaged population should focus on migrant members due to the second generation of migrant workers will be one of the mainstream population in future China's cities.Originality/valueThis study gives general views on migrant workers in current China. The findings in this review conclude the main development and improvements among tens of millions of migrant workers in Chinese cities. Meanwhile, we also conclude that there are still many disadvantaged and marginalized sub-groups in migration who are suffering from less welfares and rights in urban lives. More detailed and equal rights and public services should be considered and implemented in the fast urbanization taking place.
6
Guo, Shijie, Guichang Liu, Qi Zhang, Fang Zhao, and Guomin Ding. "Improvement in the Poverty Status of Ecological Migrants under the Urban Resettlement Model: An Empirical Study in China." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 8, 2020): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052084.
Full textAbstract:
As a major measure of ecological environment protection, ecological migration addresses the conflict between humans and the ecological environment. The Urban Resettlement Model is a prevalent resettlement model used by the Chinese government to try to alleviate poverty brought about by the ecological environment by promoting migration. This study initially explored the mechanism of influencing the livelihoods of relocated households in the Urban Resettlement Model by analyzing questionnaire data obtained from farmers in the resettlement area of Nangqian County. The coarsened exact matching (CEM) model was used to control the influence of confounding factors in the observation data. Next, a disordered multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze the impact and effect of the Urban Resettlement Model on the livelihoods of the relocated non-agricultural farmers and poor relocated households. The results show that the Urban Resettlement Model has a significant promotion effect on the non-agricultural livelihoods of the relocated farmers. For all relocated households, the presence of medical facilities exhibited a significant promotion effect on the non-agricultural livelihoods of the relocated farmers. For poor relocated households, convenient transportation facilities facilitated the pursuit of non-agricultural livelihoods such as migrant work. However, industrial support, employment support, or training had no statistically significant effects on all relocated households or poor relocated households. The number of family laborers and communication costs were significant promoting influences for all relocated households and poor relocated households to engage in part-time and non-agricultural livelihoods. There was a certain impact of relocation time on livelihood choice for the relocated farmers, but there was no significant impact for poor relocated households. Based on these findings, the following suggestions are proposed. Supporting industries should be provided and industrial transformation and upgrading efforts should be strengthened during the application of the Urban Resettlement Model to create job opportunities for relocated people. Additionally, enhanced construction of basic infrastructure, including transportation, medical care, and communication systems is required. The results of this work should facilitate the effective improvement of administration of the ecological resettlement environmental protection policy system.
7
White, Anne. "Informal Practices, Unemployment, and Migration in Small-Town Poland." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 30, no. 2 (September 9, 2015): 404–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415602056.
Full textAbstract:
The article applies a livelihood strategy approach to understanding how potential migrants in Poland make decisions about finding employment in Poland or abroad, in the context of a Polish labour market characterised by the highest incidence of temporary employment in the EU; regional economic inequality; and local pockets of high unemployment. More specifically, it examines the situation and perspectives of long-term unemployed people in depressed small towns and rural areas. It explores how—in the view of forty interviewees—informal practices influence their lives and prospects. It is well known that unemployment can lead to migration, but not all unemployed people migrate, begging the question of why and when do they do migrate. The article, based on a small sample, cannot provide definitive answers to such questions, but detailed interviews about individual livelihoods can establish some patterns of causation: for example, whether and why interviewees see migration as preferable to informal work in Poland. Interviewees tended to attribute their lack of employment in Poland to not having useful connections who could secure them “decent” work; they felt they were being pushed abroad because the only alternative was local jobs which were informal in the sense of being in breach of labour law. By contrast, many interviewees had more useful contacts abroad than at home; networks represented both escape routes and opportunities. Interviewees often expressed a preference for using informal channels to migrate, though their stories also illustrated the riskiness of depending on networks.
8
Nandi, Debmita, and Sumana Sarkar. "Seasonal Migration as a Livelihood Strategy of Women Agricultural Labourers in Soul Ponamara Mouza of Hirbandh Block, Bankura District, West Bengal." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 3 (November 29, 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i3.886.
Full textAbstract:
Seasonal migration is a common livelihood strategy among marginal and landless people of the western part of West Bengal. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) and Census data have failed to provide information on seasonal migration and livelihoods at the micro-level. The present study focuses on the nature, characteristics and factors of seasonal migration with its importance as a livelihood strategy among women agricultural labourers (WALs) in Soul Ponamara mouza of Hirbandh block at the micro-level. The study is based on primary data collection using a purposive sampling method and a semi-structured questionnaire, personal interview and focus group discussion. This study reveals that seasonal migration from Soul Ponamara to the adjacent agriculturally prosperous districts viz. Purba Bardhaman and Hooghly (4 to 6 times in a year) is a common livelihood strategy among WALs in the study area, and its proportion is almost equal to when compared to male migrants. The small size of agricultural land holding, existing monoculture system, lack of irrigation facilities, a limited job opportunity in the Soul Ponamara mouza and its surrounding area (Amjhuri, Bijardihi, Chaka Doba, Moshiara, Bamni and Rangametia) provoke women labourers to move out in searching of works. In contrast, high wage and massive demand for skilled and semi-skilled agricultural labourers during sowing and harvesting season in the destination area, that is, paddy and potato fields of Purba Bardhaman and Hooghly districts acted as a magnet to absorb these immigrants into the workforce. This study concludes that seasonal migration opted for employment and income generation is the primary livelihood strategy adopted by the rural WALs of this mouza to cope up with the existing poverty and food insecurity.
9
Hellgren, Zenia, and Inmaculada Serrano. "Financial Crisis and Migrant Domestic Workers in Spain: Employment Opportunities and Conditions during the Great Recession." International Migration Review 53, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 1209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318798341.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the impact of the Great Recession on migrant domestic workers in Spain. We argue that the domestic service sector’s relative resistance to job destruction has transformed it to some extent into a refuge activity for unemployed women from other sectors, both migrants and native Spanish workers. This leads to intensified competition over jobs and increasing stratification among domestic workers, with serious consequences both for migrant women’s opportunities to make a living in Spain and for their migration projects at an international level. Based on 90 in-depth interviews with female migrant domestic workers and stakeholders, we find that this group of workers has been seriously affected by unemployment, underemployment, and worsened job conditions. As a consequence, new and already settled migrants find the chances to gain their livelihood in Spain substantially reduced, and many of those who migrated in order to support the family back home through remittances, or to save some money and eventually return, are at present unable to do so.
10
Behera, Minaketan, Sibanarayan Mishra, and Alok Ranjan Behera. "The COVID-19-Led Reverse Migration on Labour Supply in Rural Economy: Challenges, Opportunities and Road Ahead in Odisha." Indian Economic Journal 69, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 392–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211013216.
Full textAbstract:
Migration is a bigger option for earning and livelihood in Odisha either for push factors or pull factors, for which people move to other states in search of work and better wages. But COVID-19 emerged as a crippling blow for which huge reverse migration is being noticed in the state. So the study tried to investigate labour supply and employment opportunity in rural areas due to COVID-19-led reverse migration and to examine the impact of COVID-19 on employment status, income profile and livelihood of returned migrants in Odisha. The study also discusses the possible measures to create alternative livelihood by rebuilding the rural economy after COVID-19. Both secondary and primary data are used in the study. Descriptive statistics and regression model are used in the study to examine the vulnerability of migrants during the period of COVID-19. The study found a sudden rise in labour supply with a huge scale is catch sight of the rural economy of Odisha. Job loss is the biggest problem faced by migrants followed by income loss. The study found that income of migrants, household income excluding migrants and nature of work have significant impact on the vulnerability of migrants. JEL Classification Codes: J21, J22, J46
11
Ashraf, Zeba. "COVID- 19 AND THE CHALLENGES FACED BY THE MIGRANT WORKERS IN INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11813.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19 Pandemic has affected the global economy. The government of India is only concerned with saving the lives of people while no emphasis is being laid on the distorted situation of corers of Migrant workers who are stranded in different states of their work due to the loss of their employment since the lock- down was declared in haste, leading toshut- down of almost all the productive sectors which gave these migrant workers employment. Hence, turning out to be one of the darkest periods in the history of mankind. With Zero productive activity it proved difficult for the employers of the migrant workers to provide them livelihood in one hand and on the other hand the inability to earn the minimum wage for survival and shut - down of all the public transport the migrants were left with nothing to do and no-where to go lading to mouth widening Chaos in the entire nation. In this paper a descriptive study is done on what challenges the migrant workers of India are facing due to the pandemic in nation and how can we counteract these challenges. The study on migrants is based on secondary data taken from census of India, 2011.
12
Wondimagegnhu, Beneberu Assefa, and Mesfin Eshetu Zeleke. "Determinants of Rural Out-Migration in Habru District of Northeast Ethiopia." International Journal of Population Research 2017 (March 14, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4691723.
Full textAbstract:
Migration has become a cause of concern at the global, regional, and national levels. Like the case of many developing countries, Ethiopia has been facing increasing challenges related to rural out-migration. This study aimed to analyze factors that determine rural communities’ decision to migrate to internal and international destinations in Habru district of Northeast Ethiopia. Stratified sampling technique has been employed to select a total of 200 household heads in three agroecologies of the study area. Structured questionnaires have been used as a principal primary data collection method and logistic regression has been employed for analysis. The results of the study showed that intravillage conflict, absence of relief assistant, livestock ownership, farm land size, access to information, and household and individual characteristics including family size, sex, and age of the migrants are the dominant determinant factors for rural out-migration. Migration can have a positive outcome in improving livelihoods if comprehensive and holistic policies and strategies are in place. There is also a need to strengthen the link between rural development policy and the disadvantaged groups by designing and implementing different livelihood alternatives including reducing pressure on scarce resources particularly land, integrating health and education services, and creating nonfarm employment opportunities.
13
Chen, Yong, Yan Tan, and Yong Luo. "Post-disaster resettlement and livelihood vulnerability in rural China." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2016-0130.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Livelihood recovery is a top priority to sustain resettled communities. The purpose of this paper is to assess livelihood vulnerability of those displaced and resettled in the aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China, based on a newly constructed locational adjustable framework. Design/methodology/approach The study takes two resettlement villages in Sichuan Province as case study areas. Face-to-face surveys using a structured questionnaire and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted to collect primary data in 2012-2013. Findings The findings show that distant resettlement of people post the Wenchuan earthquake has resulted in an increased livelihood vulnerability within resettlers and that they face more hazards post-resettlement when compared to host residents in the resettlement areas. Research limitations/implications The indicators considered for the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) are only a subset that represents typical factors applicable in the context of rural settings of China. The LVI may vary if more indicators are incorporated or coefficients obtained using different methods. Social implications Highlights should be placed on livelihood assets and hazards to livelihood of the displaced people. During the transition period there is a pressing need for greater efforts to enhance migrants’ employment skills and assist them to restore viable livelihood activities. Originality/value This paper constructs a locational adjustable framework for analyzing and assessing livelihood vulnerability of disaster-induced resettlers from three aspects: livelihood hazards, livelihood assets and coping strategies.
14
Keopasith, Thiengtham, and Shen Neng. "Then Effects of rural-urban migration on economic status of rural residents." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i6.887.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents. The study utilized a mixed-methods research approach to collect and analyze data, first, data were collected through a questionnaire from households whose family members migrated to urban centers, and interviews were held with various heads of villages in the study area. The study reveals that the majority of the migrants were able-bodied youth who migrated to urban centers to seek employment and education. Migrants’ families at places of origin benefited from migration of their own relations to urban centers mainly through remittances which enabled them to improve their livelihood as the remittances were spent on daily consumption and investment into business activities. The study recommends that government should formulate policies that would create employment for citizens in rural areas, and encourage the private sector to build industries in rural areas to prevent rural-urban migration. Government and the private sector should also empower rural farmers through the promotion of markets for farm produce in order to improve the income of rural farmers, reduce poverty, improve the quality of life and well-being, increase their happiness, satisfaction, and minimize rural-urban migration. The study findings are limited to developing countries where rural-urban migration is a challenge due to the generally low quality of life in rural areas. Further research on the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents should involve a quantitative analysis of the impact of remittances by migrants on poverty reduction in rural areas.
15
Shang, Chunrong. "RURAL MARRIED WOMEN’S NON-AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ LAND SUBCONTRACTING." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1428.
Full textAbstract:
Rural households’ land subcontracting is analyzed in this paper based on the survey of rural migrant workers from Guangdong and Jiangsu, finding that the labor migration mode of “migrant couples going out to work together” (men workers and women workers) has improved the lagging non - agricultural employment of rural women to a certain extent. Non - agricultural employment of men does not necessarily lead to the transfer of land that achieves an increase with the increase of non - agricultural employment of married women. As a result, the original family division (“men to work while women to farm”) is evolved into the intergenerational division (“men and women to work while the elderly to farm”). The agricultural labor supply from the elderly is an important factor influencing rural households’ concurrent business, while the lack of strong labor will become an important reason for the transfer of land. The agricultural feminization and rural households’ concurrent business will decline with an increase in non-agricultural employment of married women. The differentiation of rural households and the development of rural land-transfer market will be further promoted due to the improvement of non-agricultural employment of married women.
16
Jiang, Jinqi, Guangsheng Zhang, Diming Qi, and Mi Zhou. "Can on-the-job training stabilize employment among rural migrant workers?" China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 498–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-09-2015-0113.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Whether training contributes to stabilizing employment among rural migrant workers in cities remains unclear. Based on this gap in the research, the purpose of this paper is to examine how on-the-job training affects rural migrant workers’ job mobility in China. Design/methodology/approach By using randomly sampled survey data on migrant workers in Liaoning province in 2014, the authors applied a logistic model and survival analysis to explore the effect of on-the-job training on migrant workers’ job turnover and understand workers’ job change behaviour after receiving on-the-job training. Findings The results showed that job training provided by employers can significantly reduce migrant workers’ turnover by increasing specific human capital. By contrast, training provided by the government or migrant workers themselves focuses on increasing general human capital and thus fails to reduce job turnover. Moreover, further discussion revealed that, in the trained group, those people with a short tenure and low wage in the first job, people without any skills before migration, male migrant workers, and people that work in medium-sized and large cities have a higher probability of changing jobs. These findings suggest that to tackle the high rate of job mobility among rural migrant workers, firms should entice this labour to train by adjusting their internal training mechanisms, and local governments should subsidize firms that provide on-the-job training for rural migrant workers to help share the costs and risks of training. Moreover, for sake of reducing job changing among those trained workers, firms even should take actions to protect their labour rights of migrant workers and to ensure that they receive equal treatment to their urban counterparts. Originality/value This paper makes three contributions to the field of job mobility in China. First, it explores the mechanism between on-the-job training and rural migrant workers’ job mobility. Second, it empirically analyses the effect of on-the-job training on migrant workers’ job mobility as well as the different effects of general and specific training. Lastly, its results have important policy implications for the employment stability of rural migrant workers.
17
Liao, Wenmei, Jiawei Wang, Ying Lin, and Yao Wang. "Chronic Illness and Income Diversification in Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073350.
Full textAbstract:
Off-farm diversification offers an important pathway out of poverty while health-impaired rural farmers can hardly seize the opportunity in developing countries. This paper investigates how chronic illness shapes livelihood structure and income generation in rural China. Our sample consists of 3850 rural households in Southern China and we rely on instrumental variable regressions to identify causal effects. We find that farmers with chronic illness tend to diversify towards local off-farm employments, rather than migrants, since local off-farm employments are more likely to act in a strategically complementary way to farming. Further analysis shows that income returns of diversification tend to be substantially higher for the health-impaired. While the relationship between diversification and income presents a conventional inverted U shape for the healthy, it is best categorized as upward sloping with diminishing marginal effects for farmers with chronic illness.
18
Mukhtar, Umar, Zhangbao Zhong, Beihai Tian, Amar Razzaq, Muhammad Naseer, and Tayyaba Hina. "Does Rural–Urban Migration Improve Employment Quality and Household Welfare? Evidence from Pakistan." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 4281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114281.
Full textAbstract:
Urban migration unlocks new employment opportunities for rural dwellers in a productive manner. This study assessed the quality of employment of migrant workers, and its effect on rural households’ welfare. To this end, we used primary data collected from the four major districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. These data include 504 immigrant and non-immigrant families in rural areas, and 252 migrant workers in urban destinations. We use IV probit and two-step sequential estimation methods for the empirical analysis. The study provides new insights for migration in Pakistan. First, migrant workers are better off in their new urban settings in terms of improved incomes and living conditions, but their social protection status is still poor. Second, the results of the employment quality models show that migration is a successful strategy for rural households to improve the quality of their employment. In addition, the characteristics of migrants and native households affect the relative improvement in the quality of employment and migrants’ conditions. Third, the results of the propensity score matching technique suggest that migration has a positive impact on rural households’ income, and these impacts are more pronounced in large cities. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should invest in quality education in rural areas, and ensure that social security schemes are provided for migrant workers in urban areas.
19
Meekaew, Nattapon, and Dusadee Ayuwat. "Capital utilization for livelihoods among rural fishing migrant households in the origin area." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.10 (April 2, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.10.10962.
Full textAbstract:
This research paper aims to analyze the capital utilized for livelihoods among the fishing migrant households in the origin area. A qualitative methodological approach, specifically a phenomenological approach was applied in the study, with in-depth interview and participatory observation employed as research tools. Twenty fishing migrant households, located in Bah sub-district, Surin province were selected as the target of the study; the data collection period was during January to June 2017. The research results explored the variety of capital that the fishing migrant households utilized for their livelihoods. The households created their livelihood strategies based on the capital they possessed. The five categories of capital that were identified as resources for creating livelihood strategies included 1) financial capital, which the households used to make life choices in the form of savings and land accumulation, 2) human capital, which was in the form of knowledge and experience applied in their careers in order to sustain the household life. 3) Social capital, which was used to solve household problems, for instance, tracking household members who were missing during fishing work, or participating in community activity, and 4) natural capital and physical capital, which were used as a mechanism in striving to make a living, for instance, collecting wild food items, or using natural materials to construct a house.
20
Mainali, Madhav Prasad. "Nexus of the Remittances and Entrepreneurship in Nepal: Critical Observations from Ilam District." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v2i1.25234.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign employment has provided alternative opportunities for livelihood and contributed for a remittance based economy in Nepal at present. In the context of Nepal, the present study has been carried out with the overall objective to explore the roles of remittances in terms of both monetary and social capital gained from foreign employment in entrepreneurship development, particularly agribusiness enterprises owned by the returnee migrant workers in Nepal. In terms of framework, the study has followed the migration in optimistic perspective. The study has shown that the economic status of the majority of respondents has improved since beginning their agribusiness enterprises. In addition to economic status, the social status of the respondents has also seen improvements through operating their agribusiness. Remittances gained from foreign employment has been an unavoidable factor for entrepreneurship development in the country of origin. But, the important thing is; whether the remittances have been used in the productive sectors, particularly in entrepreneurship development or not. Capital investment, employment creation, research and innovation are seen the opportunities of agribusiness which can lead to the sustainable livelihood of returnee migrant workers. In turn, policy reforms and strategic project interventions from concerned authorities are critically important for the entrepreneurship and productive use of the remittance.
21
Yang, Xin, Tian Kun Fang, and Xiao Ting Tan. "The Employment Differentials of the Industry between Rural Migrant Workers and Urban Local Low Skilled Labors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1659.
Full textAbstract:
Rural migrant workers and urban local low skilled labors are in the urban labor market at the same time. Though with different identities, both bear the characteristics of low degree of education. In order to explore whether there is difference in wages and employment between the two, we made a study based on 519 survey questionnaires in Shenyang City in China. We use the Multinomial logit model to estimate the possible obtained industry, and to examine factors that influence the labor obtained industry, by actual and estimated industry distribution of rural migrant workers and urban local low skill labor, we suggest that employment structure of the two have great disparity for different industries .So the government should deregulate rural rural migrant workers policy, and improve the level of human capital of migrant workers to eliminate the differences.
22
Reddy, A. Amarender. "Involuntary Resettlement as an Opportunity for Development." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 6, no. 2 (May 13, 2018): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024918766590.
Full textAbstract:
The rebuilding of livelihoods in the involuntary resettlement is commonly based on providing compensation to those who are displaced along with the creation of employment and income opportunities to sustain their livelihoods. Unlike rural resettlement, urban resettlement is very complex as it involves providing business opportunities, urban-based employment and income. The article examined the resettlement of displaced families affected by Tehri Hydro Power Project by constructing an entirely new town ‘New Tehri Town’ (NTT) by using impoverishment risks and reconstruction (IRR) framework developed by Cernea (1997, World Development, 25(10), 1569–1587). The result shows that project-affected families (PAFs) are better off in NTT in terms of community amenities, income and employment opportunities and in terms of increase in value of houses, but traditional employment opportunities have been lost, they have to search for new jobs and livelihoods. The R&R policies in urban areas should focus on improving skill sets of the people along with increased income and employment opportunities through the development of market and business opportunities.
23
Czerniejewska, Izabela. "Zakotwiczanie się. Migrantki z Polski w norweskim przedszkolu." Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 45, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/pwe.2019.45.08.
Full textAbstract:
Based on participant observation and ethnographic interviews with Polish women working in kin-dergartens in Norway, this article studies the migrant women’s employment trajectories, including adaptation processes in the workplace and integration into the wider Norwegian society. In this paper, I aim at answering the following questions: How do Polish migrant women go about seek-ing employment in Norwegian kindergartens? How do they adapt to the new work environment? How do they deal with cross-cultural differences in childcare? How did they learn new norms and values within the institutional context of kindergartens? The research indicates that employment in kindergartens was not merely a way to provide for one’s livelihood, but was also a mechanism to establish and develop a closer relationship with members of the Norwegian society, a tool facilitating meaningful connections with the new country.
24
Choi, Susanne YP. "Masculinity and Precarity: Male Migrant Taxi Drivers in South China." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 3 (June 2018): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017018755652.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines how male rural-to-urban migrant taxi drivers’ experience of a loss of control over their working conditions and increasing financial insecurity are driven by state regulation and market reorganization of the taxi industry, and their status as second class citizens in urban China. Precarity, as explored in this article, speaks to feelings of disempowerment, a profound sense of livelihood insecurity and a crisis of social reproduction that has resulted from workplace reorganization that marginalizes workers. The findings contribute to the study of precarity and masculinity by first unpacking how masculine identities are built around men’s access to masculine service niches and their control over working conditions in these niches. It then shows how precariousness negates these male workers’ sense of self by simultaneously taking away the control that distinguishes their work from factory employment and female-dominated service jobs; and undermining their capacity to meet the provider norm.
25
Chatterjee, Shankar. "Self-help Group (SHGs) Activities under DAY-NRLM at Kolar district of Karnataka." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 5, no. 3 (December 17, 2016): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v5.n3.p3.
Full textAbstract:
<em><span>This article is based on field study based carried out in Kolar district of Karnataka by contacting Self-help Group (SHGs) formed under Deendayal Antyaodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)/Aajeevika which is presently in implementation in the country. This DAY-NRLM is the massive self-employment programme which is the off-shoot of restructured scheme of Swarnajayanati Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY). It was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India based on Prof Radhakrishna Committee. </span><span lang="EN-IN">The study reveals that DAY-NRLM is yet to start with full swing in Kolar district, Karnataka. However, by contacting the two SHGs formed and nurtured under DAY-NRLM it was observed that they were matured enough and earning substantially. It is pertinent to mention that initially the name of the programme was National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)/Aajeevika but from 26 February 2016, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India through a notification has rechristened as Deendayal Antyaodaya Yojana so presently it is known as Deendayal Antyaodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM). </span></em>
26
Long, Cuihong, Jiajun Han, and Yong Liu. "Has Rural-Urban Migration Promoted the Health of Chinese Migrant Workers?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041218.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between health and migration has always been an important theme in immigration research. This research develops a new approach to test the healthy migrant hypothesis and the salmon bias hypothesis in China by examining an interaction term combining agricultural hukou and migrant status, non-agricultural employment history, and subsequent area of residence. Based on two Chinese micro-databases, CGSS 2015 and Harmonized CHARLS, we conducted an empirical test on the relationship between migration and health. Our empirical evidence suggests that the initial health advantage among Chinese rural migrant workers was largely due to self-selection rather than migration effects. After controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, this advantage disappeared. After their health deteriorated, migrant workers returned to their original location. This could exacerbate the contradiction between the allocation of medical resources and the demand in rural and urban China, further intensifying the already widening health status gap between rural and urban residents.
27
Kujur, Roshni, and Sumit Kumar Minz. "Proliferation of Tribal Migrants and Repercussion: Case Study from the Tribal Areas of Sundargarh District, Odisha (India)." Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crjssh.4.1.04.
Full textAbstract:
The trends of migration introduce since human history, determined by their socio-economic conditions, culturally connection, political impediments and habitant circumstances. Migration is an inevitable element of human life, mostly believed to take place in search of a better livelihood, employment opportunities etc. But, a country like India, experiences different folds of human mobility due to its acute population, economic disparities and lack of employment opportunities. The study has structured the attitude of Tribal labour migrants of Sundargarh District, Odisha, a highly tribal populated region, a symbol of naturally attached to their land and forest. It has taken effort to trace down different driving factors leading to perpetual tribal migration from their ancestral land to different urban regions of the country. It has further analysed the socio-economic conditions at the place of their origin and destination to understand different nature and trends of migration among the rural tribals. This study has conducted intensive fieldwork in four selected blocks of Sundargarh district of Odisha, and primarily recorded to examine the socio-economic conditions of the tribals and their perception regarding migration. It also reveals some of the experiences of the respondents concerning their migration. The study finally finds that the migration among tribals is more a result of compulsion than a choice to have a better livelihood. Indeed, these poor tribals not only experience a tough life but also often prone to human rights violation in their new destination, just earn to tide over their distress situation, but no ways help to accumulate capital.
28
Singh, Sukhpal. "Promoting Rural Non-Farm Employment: A Case Study of Handicrafts Sector in Gujarat." Paradigm 9, no. 2 (July 2005): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890720050208.
Full textAbstract:
Rural non-farm enterprises and products remained a relatively neglected area of inquiry until recently. But, given the present and potential importance of this sector for rural livelihoods, and the emerging opportunities in terms of new markets for rural non-farm products, it is important to understand the dynamics and issues of this sector. This paper examines the concept and domain of rural non-farm sector in general, and the nature and dynamics of production of and market for handicraft products in particular, with focus on Gujarat. It identifies problems and explores strategies for better organisation of production and marketing of these products. It is argued that the lack of marketing orientation is the major problem in this sector, besides poor backward and forward linkages and lack of capital. Based on empirical evidence, certain solutions to better attend to the problems of the handicrafts sector are suggested.
29
Dasgupta, Aditya, Kishore Gawande, and Devesh Kapur. "(When) Do Antipoverty Programs Reduce Violence? India's Rural Employment Guarantee and Maoist Conflict." International Organization 71, no. 3 (2017): 605–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818317000236.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTheory and extensive evidence connect poverty and underdevelopment to civil conflict yet evidence on the impact of development programs on violence is surprisingly mixed. To break this impasse, we exploit a within-country policy experiment to examine the conditions under which antipoverty programs reduce violence. The roll-out of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme caused a large long-run reduction in Maoist conflict violence, as measured with an original data set based on local-language press sources. These pacifying effects were not uniform, however, but overwhelmingly concentrated in districts with sufficient pre-existing local state capacity to implement the program effectively. The results demonstrate the potential for anti-poverty programs to mitigate violent civil conflict by improving livelihoods, but also highlight the crucial role of state capacity in shaping these effects.
30
Mudefi, Rwadzisai Abraham, Manasa Sibanda, and Evans Chazireni. "The Impact of Climate Change on Migration Patterns of Rural Women in Marange, Zimbabwe. (2006-2016)." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, no. 01 (January 29, 2019): 20574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i01.645.
Full textAbstract:
The paper looks at the impact of climate change on migration patterns of women in Marange, Zimbabwe between 2006 and 2016. Correlational research design was used. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. A sample of 384 households was selected using a systematic deliberate convenience sampling technique. Focus group discussions, direct observation, desk research, a questionnaire survey and key informant interviews were used to collect data. The SPSS version 12 software was used to analyse quantitative data, while themes were developed for qualitative data. The results established that the major push factors for migration were due to the negative impact of climate change, particularly prolonged drought (94%) and hot temperatures (88%). Locally, migrants settled at water sources, wetlands, river banks and pasture lands with the worst affected areas being Mpudzi, Odzi, Burma Valley and Vumba. These new settlements posed social, economic, and administrative challenges and generated natural resource use conflicts at local level. Internationally, migrants settled in Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. It emerged that young and single women (18-25 years) migrate more and permanently than older and married (>25 years) who were seasonal migrants. Women from large families (5-9 members) migrated more than those from smaller families (<3 members). The study concluded that the impact of climate change especially prolonged drought increases migration of young and single women from large families. It recommended an investment in infrastructure that promote irrigation and employment creation for locals in the diamond mining field to diversify their livelihood options and reduce outward migration of women
31
Buechler, Stephanie, and América Lutz-Ley. "Livelihoods with multiple stressors: Gendered youth decision-making under global change in rural Northwest Mexico." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 1096–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619878603.
Full textAbstract:
Livelihoods in rural communities have become increasingly complex due to rapidly changing socio-economic and environmental forces, with differing impacts on and responses by female and male youth. This study contributes to feminist political ecology through an explicit focus on youth and an examination of the intersections of age and gender in educational choices, livelihood systems, and human–environment interactions. We undertake double exposures analysis to explore female and male youths’ livelihood-related decision-making in Rayón, a semi-arid rural community in Northwest Mexico, undergoing global environmental change and globalization-related shifts in agriculture, climate, water, and socio-economic conditions. Global environmental change exacerbates an already fragile, local ecological context. A focus on gender issues among youth in three age categories (14–15, 16–19, and youth in their 20s) with respect to their decision-making concerning the future is critical to gaining a better understanding of the roles women and men will play in linked agricultural and non-agricultural, rural to urban livelihood systems. Agricultural employment increasingly includes global agribusiness where local youth compete with people from other areas. Access to employment, education, as well as water and land resources varied by gender, age, and social class, and played significant roles in livelihood diversification and migration decisions and outcomes. Mothers’ access to government assistance for their natural resource-based livelihoods positively impacted daughters’ opportunities. Educational curricula failed to link environmental change with local livelihoods and to prepare students for urban careers. This study offers insights related to female and male youths’ needs associated with environmental education, technology access, job training, and child and sibling care in order for them to more successfully confront the future across village, town, and city spaces.
32
Overå, Ragnhild. "When men do women's work: structural adjustment, unemployment and changing gender relations in the informal economy of Accra, Ghana." Journal of Modern African Studies 45, no. 4 (November 12, 2007): 539–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0700287x.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTEconomic crisis and structural adjustment in Ghana have put large numbers of formal sector employees and civil servants out of work. This informalisation process has gendered consequences. Unemployed people, rural–urban migrants and school-leavers of both genders seek employment in the urban informal economy, and increasingly take up ‘female’ occupations – particularly in retail trade. Overcrowding in women's economic domains thus occurs. This study examines the livelihood strategies of informally employed men and women in Accra. It is argued that gender ideologies regarding appropriate occupations for women and men are continuously adapted in response to a changing political economy. Thus, even if female traders face competition, declining returns and a heavier dependency burden, frustration with government policies failing to create decent jobs (for men) is more prevalent than gender antagonism and ridicule of those who find gender-atypical ways of eking out a living.
33
Thebe, Vusilizwe. "From South Africa with love: the malayisha system and Ndebele households' quest for livelihood reconstruction in south-western Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 49, no. 4 (November 9, 2011): 647–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x11000516.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIn the 1980s and early 1990s, sending remittances from South Africa posed major challenges for Ndebele migrants. As a result households receiving remittances only did so at irregular intervals. With increased diasporisation into South Africa, it was to be expected that new channels would open up. This article explores what is known as the malayisha system, its role and significance as an informal channel of remittances into Ndebele society. It argues that the system bridged the geographical gap between Matabeleland and Johannesburg, averting food insecurity and poverty for semi-proletarian households in Matabeleland. By facilitating the movement of goods and people between Matabeleland and South Africa, the system became instrumental in the quest of households to reconstruct their livelihoods after the destruction of their rural–urban-based livelihoods in Zimbabwe due to perennial droughts and ESAP. As a result, the services of omalayisha are highly sought-after, by both the migrant community in South Africa and households in Matabeleland.
34
Zhang, Xiao, and Jianglong Zhang. "Managing Migrant Workers and Urban Spatial Planning." Open House International 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2017-b0007.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the conflict between migrant workers and urban social development has become increasingly serious, which has seriously affected the development of the city. Based on this, taking the urban integration of migrant workers as the core, starting from social capital, it was proposed that housing space, employment and public service were the mian reasons for the difficulty of migrant workers' urban integration. Taking the spatial planning of Shenzhen as an example, the spatial distribution of migrant workers in Shenzhen, the impact of three times urban plannings on the agglomeration of farmers, as well as the planning of affordable housing and its existing problems were studied. The space for migrant workers to integrate into cities was constructed. Through the construction of urbanization, urban and rural development can be integrated. This study has a certain theoretical guiding significance for the integration of migrant workers and urban planning, and can indirectly promote the rapid development of the city..
35
Rai, Mohan, Basanta Paudel, Yili Zhang, Narendra Khanal, Pashupati Nepal, and Hriday Koirala. "Vegetable Farming and Farmers’ Livelihood: Insights from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 9, 2019): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030889.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture is the main economic activity in Nepal, and vegetable farming is one of the major agricultural practices of peri-urban farmers in Kathmandu Valley (KV). In this study, it was hypothesized that vegetable farming contributes significantly to the livelihood of farmers by generating cash and providing employment opportunities. The relationship between livelihood and vegetable farming based on the practices, views, and perceptions of vegetable farmers at four different sites in the outskirts of KV was studied. A purposive sample of 140 farm households was surveyed, and key informant interviews were conducted to collect comprehensive data. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the relationships between farmer livelihood and numerous variables related to vegetable farming. It was found that the most of the surveyed farmers are migrants who have spread to different corners of KV at different times. The surveyed farmers cultivate an average area of 2551.5 m2 for vegetable farming. The major vegetable products in the study area are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), carrot (Daucus carota), and green leafy vegetables. The model results indicate a significant positive relationship between vegetable farming and livelihood. The survey results also reveal many constraints (e.g., poor market management and lack of irrigation facilities) and challenges (e.g., haphazard urban growth, price fluctuation, and vegetable diseases). Since vegetable farming has become a major source of livelihood for farmers in the peripheral areas of KV, further interventions should be implemented to strengthen the vegetable sector and sustain this source of livelihood for peri-urban farmers.
36
Koskimaki, Leah. "Youth Futures and a Masculine Development Ethos in the Regional Story of Uttarakhand." Journal of South Asian Development 12, no. 2 (July 25, 2017): 136–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174117711339.
Full textAbstract:
Research on the Uttarakhand region, which became a new state in 2000, has focused largely on agrarian livelihoods, religious rituals, development demands, ecological politics and the role of women in regional social movements. This essay discusses another dimension of the regional imaginary—that of a masculine development ethos. Based on ethnographic research and print media sources, this essay focuses on stories, politics, mobilities and imaginations of young men in the years immediately after the achievement of statehood. Despite increased outmigration of youth in search of employment, many young men expressed the dream of maintaining livelihoods in the familiar towns and rural spaces of Uttarakhand, describing their home region as a source of power and agency. In rallies and in print media, young (mostly upper caste) men expressed their disillusionment with the government and the promises of statehood, arguing that their aspirations for development and employment were left unfulfilled. Gendered stories of the region, told in Hindi in rallies and print media, contained references to local places, people and historical events and were produced through local connections and know-how, fostering a regional youth politics. The article argues that Uttarakhand as a region is shaped by the politics of local actors as well as embodied forms of aspiration, affiliation and mobility.
37
Lin, Kevin, and Pun Ngai. "Mobilizing Truck Drivers in China." South Atlantic Quarterly 120, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-9155337.
Full textAbstract:
In June 2018, a group of Chinese truck drivers, overwhelmingly made up of rural migrant workers, staged wildcat strikes across China to demand better pay from a monopolistic, logistic, app-based platform. The strike wave intersects with two emerging phenomena in China: the rising employment in the logistics industry and the expanding platform-based economy taking over new and traditional sectors. As the locus of the Chinese economy shifts from manufacturing to service, understanding the nature and implications of the logistics workers’ organizing sheds light on China’s ever-evolving labor movement.
38
Wen, Christine, and Jeremy L. Wallace. "Toward Human-Centered Urbanization? Housing Ownership and Access to Social Insurance Among Migrant Households in China." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133567.
Full textAbstract:
For the past few years, China’s urbanization policy has focused on expanding welfare and affordable housing for rural migrants so as to encourage them to put down roots in the city. The international literature disagrees on the relationship between homeownership and welfare—whether the former is a substitute for or a consequence of the latter. Using multilevel logistic regression on a 2015 nationally representative survey, this paper explores the determinants of housing ownership among China’s rural migrant households in their city of residence, focusing particularly on access to urban social insurance. The results show that institutional ties to the city such as enrollment in local pensions and health insurance are associated with higher likelihood of homeownership. This paper argues that policy interventions should target the social security system, as rural migrants are likely unwilling or unable to invest in urban housing due to the increased risk and precarity they typically experience. The findings also suggest that to make urbanization more sustainable, the government should aim at making cities more family-friendly, expanding alternatives to employment-based social insurance schemes, and targeting efforts on interior cities in migrant-sourcing provinces that pose fewer barriers to permanent settlement.
39
Singh, N. K., and Kshitij Parmar. "A study on factors responsible for rural urban migration." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 5, no. 02 (May 25, 2020): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2020.5.2.8.
Full textAbstract:
Rural India is yet a larder of problems like malnourishment, illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, sottishness and lack of basic infrastructure like schools/colleges, hospitals, sanitation, etc. This has pushed to rural youth moving out of villages to work in cities. Present study entitled “A study on factors responsible for rural urban migration” was conducted to explore the causes behind migration. The study was conducted in two industrially backward districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Fatehpur and Banda. From each district one block, from each block four villages and from each village 10 respondents were selected through purposive random sampling from the list of families of rural migrants. Thus the total sample size was of 80 respondents. The data were collected by personal interview through structured schedule and simply analyzed through mean score and rank order. After making an exhaustive list of factors with the consultation of local people, causes were categorized in to five categories viz. economic factors, social factors, natural factors, good facilities of cities and other factors. Results of the study revealed that the major economic factors of migration are employment opportunities, poverty, low agriculture productivity, fragmentation of holding and Indebtedness. Prominent social factors encouraging migration were large size of family, desire to overcome of poverty, better educational opportunities, attraction towards better ways of living and loss of social prestige. Among natural factors exhaustion of natural resources was reported of highest importance. Important good facilities attracting to people are more avenue for earning better livelihood, educational facilities, medical facilities, communication facilities and good electric supply etc. Some other factors reported important by the respondents were lack of basic amenities in rural areas, better working conditions in the urban areas and hope of bright future. At the end, investigators felt that there is much more scope to conduct micro studies on migration process and its consequences to the urban as well as rural areas.
40
Талгар, Мамытбек уулу, and М. Ж. Айбашев. "Меняющиеся модели миграции в Кыргызской республике." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, no. 3 (2021): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-113.
Full textAbstract:
International and internal labor migration is the main source of livelihoods for many citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic. According to rough estimates, one third of the working-age population of the Kyrgyz Republic works abroad, in the host countries- the Russian Federation, Republic Kazakhstan, Turkey, USA, Italy, Korea, Germany, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. However, modern phenomena of labor migration are not exceptional, since the history of Central Asia has always been characterized by the movement of migrants, including internal and external, voluntary and forced, legal and illegal, permanent and temporary, ethnically or economically motivated migration. This article provides an overview of historical and contemporary migration processes with a particular focus on rural areas of the Kyrgyz Republic. It examines the opportunities and challenges faced by labor migrants and their non-migrant family members today. Results based on extensive fieldwork in the Kyrgyz Republic.
41
Amuakwa-Mensah, Franklin, Louis Boakye-Yiadom, and William Baah-Boateng. "Effect of education on migration decisions in Ghana: a rural-urban perspective." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2013-0138.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of education on migration decisions focusing on rural and urban in-migrants by comparing the 2005/2006 and 2012/2013 rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS5 and GLSS6). After correcting for selectivity bias, the authors observed that anticipated welfare gain and socio-economic variables such as sector of employment, sex, experience, age, educational level and marital status significantly affect an individual’s migration decision. Design/methodology/approach – The authors made use of Sjaastad’s (1962) human capital framework as a basis for examining the impact of education on migration. The migration decision equation was based on the Heckman two stage procedure. Findings – While educational attainment is observed to have a positive effect on migration decision in the period 2005/2006, the authors find a negative effect of educational attainment on migration decision in the period 2012/2013. The effect of educational attainment on migration decision in 2005/2006 for urban in-migrant is higher than the effect for rural in-migrant, with its significance varying for the different stages of educational attainment. In absolute terms, whereas the effect of secondary educational attainment on migration decisions for urban in-migrant is higher than that of rural in-migrant, the reverse holds for higher educational attainment during the period 2012/2013. Social implications – Based on the mixed effect of education on migration decision as evident from the study, policies to enhance the educational system in Ghana should be complemented with job creations in the entire country. Moreover, special attention should be given to the rural sector in such a way that the jobs to be created in the sector do not require skilled workers. With quality education and job creation, the welfare of individuals living in urban and rural areas will be enhanced. Originality/value – In spite of the importance of education in migration decisions, there is scanty literature on the rural-urban dimension. To the best of the author’s knowledge there is no literature in the Ghanaian context which examines the rural and urban perspective of the impact of education on migration with a much recent data. Further, the author consider how the determinants of migration decision have changed over time focusing on rural and urban perspectives.
42
Kesavan, P. C., and M. S. Swaminathan. "Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (August 30, 2007): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2189.
Full textAbstract:
The green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s which resulted in dramatic yield increases in the developing Asian countries is now showing signs of fatigue in productivity gains. Intensive agriculture practiced without adherence to the scientific principles and ecological aspects has led to loss of soil health, and depletion of freshwater resources and agrobiodiversity. With progressive diversion of arable land for non-agricultural purposes, the challenge of feeding the growing population without , at the same time, annexing more forestland and depleting the rest of life is indeed daunting. Further, even with food availability through production/procurement, millions of marginal farming, fishing and landless rural families have very low or no access to food due to lack of income-generating livelihoods. Approximately 200 million rural women, children and men in India alone fall in this category. Under these circumstances, the evergreen revolution (pro-nature, pro-poor, pro-women and pro-employment/livelihood oriented ecoagriculture) under varied terms are proposed for achieving productivity in perpetuity. In the proposed ‘biovillage paradigm’, eco-friendly agriculture is promoted along with on- and non-farm eco-enterprises based on sustainable management of natural resources. Concurrently, the modern ICT-based village knowledge centres provide time- and locale-specific, demand-driven information needed for evergreen revolution and ecotechnologies. With a system of ‘farm and marine production by masses’, the twin goals of ecoagriculture and eco-livelihoods are addressed. The principles, strategies and models of these are briefly discussed in this paper.
43
Roy, Shantanu De, and Mampi Bose. "COVID-19 Crisis and Some Contours of the Rural Labour Market in India." Indian Economic Journal 69, no. 3 (June 3, 2021): 479–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211023833.
Full textAbstract:
Indian labour markets are segmented based on caste, gender groups, region, types of workers and types of contractual arrangements. An important feature of the labour markets in India, notwithstanding intersectionalities across segments, is greater access to high-quality work with social security benefits to the privileged sections of the society as compared to the socially oppressed sections, including women. The latter dominate in low-quality, less stable and insecure work in the informal sector.The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have increased the vulnerability of the informal workers, including the migrant workers. The article analyses the features of rural and urban labour markets, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, that had contributed to vulnerability of the workforce. The analysis was based on the National Statistical Office ( NSO, 2020 )—Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) database of 2018–2019, NSSO (2014)—Report of the Situation of Agricultural Households in India, NSSO (2014)—Employment and Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau, and the Economic Survey of India. It also analyses the impacts of the pandemic on the rural labour market based on the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) database. Our analysis reveals that the rural labour market in India was more adversely affected by the lockdown measures than the urban counterpart. In the rural areas, there was collapse of non-farm employment and increased participation in agricultural work was largely an outcome of distress. Furthermore, reverse migration of workers had led to sharp decline in remittances, particularly in the eastern Indian states that are largely agrarian and poor. The article advocates policy initiatives that include expansion of the rural employment programmes for providing relief to the poor and working population in India.
44
Fan, C. Cindy, and Tianjiao Li. "Split Households, Family Migration and Urban Settlement: Findings from China’s 2015 National Floating Population Survey." Social Inclusion 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i1.2402.
Full textAbstract:
For decades, China’s rural migrants have split their households between their rural origins and urban work locations. While the hukou system continues to be a barrier to urban settlement, research has also underscored split households as a migrant strategy that spans the rural and urban boundary, questioning if sustained migration will eventually result in permanent urban settlement. Common split-household arrangements include sole migration, where the spouse and children are left behind, and couple migration, where both spouses are migrants, leaving behind their children. More recently, nuclear family migration involving both the spouse and children has been on the rise. Based on a 2015 nationally representative “floating population” survey, this article compares sole migrants, couple migrants, and family migrants in order to examine which migrants choose which household arrangements, including whether specific household arrangements are more associated with settlement intention than others. Our analysis also reveals differences between work-related migrants and family-related migrants. The findings highlight demographic, gender, economic, employment, and destination differences among the different types of migrant household arrangements, pointing to family migration as a likely indicator of permanent settlement. The increase of family migration over time signals to urban governments an increased urgency to address their needs as not only temporary dwellers but more permanent residents.
45
Hat, Kinga, and Gernot Stoeglehner. "Spatial Dimension of the Employment Market Exposition to Digitalisation—The Case of Austria." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 1, 2020): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051852.
Full textAbstract:
Digitalisation, referred to as the fourth industrial revolution, is gradually becoming part of all areas of life. The progressing digitalisation inspires new business models, restructures production processes and provides new revenue and value-producing opportunities. Simultaneously jobs are becoming abdicable and livelihoods can get threatened. To analyse the spatial context of the susceptibility of regional labour markets to 4.0 technology in Austria, the occupation-based assessment of digitalisation probability was projected on the industry standard classification and linked to the statistical employee data at the municipal level. The outcomes reveal to what extent the economic sections and divisions are exposed to digitalisation. Results representing spatial distribution reveal that digitalisation risks cannot be explicitly assigned to certain spatial structures or localities. Still, it can be stated that urban areas and small towns are relatively less exposed to disappearing of existing jobs. Municipalities with the highest vulnerability to labour replaceability are located mainly in rural areas. The discussion focuses on regional resilience, social vulnerability and possible development paths for different frameworks and spatial context of consequences. The study emphasizes the importance of digitalisation processes for regional development and presents an approach of analysing their territorial dimensions.
46
Neglo, Komikouma Apelike Wobuibe, Tnsue Gebrekidan, and Kaiyu Lyu. "The Role of Agriculture and Non-Farm Economy in Addressing Food Insecurity in Ethiopia: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073874.
Full textAbstract:
In Ethiopia, famine and extreme poverty are a result of insufficient food relief, poor macroeconomic factors, climate shocks, undiversified livelihoods based on low productivity in rain-fed agriculture, coupled with institutional incapacity. To serve as a context, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the conceptual framework of human development and capability paradigm to food security. In addition, it highlights evidence and a comparative analysis of the Asian green revolution experience, and places emphasis on sustainable and intersectoral growth through agricultural transformation and promotion of rural non-farm economy agenda to reverse the trends of protracted food crises in Ethiopia. Rapid, science-led, and employment-intensive agricultural growth, accompanied by the promotion of the rural non-farm sector, is of great importance to the rural economy. These will bring about farm sector competitiveness and enhanced productivity, environmental outcomes, acceleration of human development, new opportunities provided to the small-scale food producers, and desirable changes to the rural landscape. The study further introduces a brief analysis of the prominent role of social protection instruments in strengthening food entitlements and basic capabilities, including individual agencies. It suggests that actualizing sustainable food security and hastening human development under Ethiopia’s exclusive settings require the recognition of the rural economic heterogeneity as well as holistic and pragmatic policies, which promote sustainable and inclusive growth.
47
Ngarava, Saul. "Agricultural Research and Development Expenditure, Productivity and Adoption as a Panacea to Improved Rural Livelihoods; A Review of Literature." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 61 (January 20, 2020): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.61.114.126.
Full textAbstract:
Myriad of studies have been undertaken to evaluate contribution of agricultural research and development to improved rural livelihoods. Whether be it through influencing farm productivity, rural household income, employment creation and consumer welfare, agriculture research and development has been idealised to have a significant impact on livelihoods. This paper reviews past studies that have been undertaken in relation to agricultural research and development expenditure, factor input productivity and adoption by the rural poor in different agricultural aspects. The study identifies that there are some consistencies in reported findings of research and development expenditure having impact on improving agricultural output. Equally so, findings have also been consistent of agricultural productivity increasing at the instigation of research and development as well as the existence of an array of socio-economic factors having major influences on research and development innovation adoption. Despite the existence of spatial as well as temporal variations however, there do appear loopholes within the literature. Expenditure influences on output have appeared aggregated, with few studies, mainly from global research institutes, trying to subdivide how project specific expenditure has tended to influence the specified projects. Furthermore, studies on productivity measures of research and development despite being aggregated, have concentrated on how output has changed vis-à-vis changes in inputs utilised induced by research and development. A short fall however are studies based on the dynamism of the inputs relative to changes in output that they do instigate. Even the socio-economic variables tending to influence research and development output adoption appear to vary from technology to technology, in some instance having a positive influence and in other instances otherwise. Each project is thus unique and no array of diversification of socio-economic variables can be prescribed even though commonality could be identified.
48
Ostavnaia, Alla N. "Problems of Moldovan Migrants in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic." DEMIS. Demographic research 1, no. 2 (2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.2.3.
Full textAbstract:
The migration process is associated with great health risks. The factors of health vulnerability of migrants are: the complexity of the migration route; poor living and working conditions; limited access to health care; linguistic and cultural barriers when interacting with healthcare providers, etc. The COVID 19 pandemic has created new health vulnerabilities for migrants. The combination of political, legal, economic and socio-cultural factors creates vulnerabilities for migrants and increases the likelihood of: being infected with COVID 19; lack of access to adequate care; the occurrence of serious symptoms; poor psychosocial impact; lack of income and livelihood. The content of this study is based on: analysis of bibliographic sources on the health of migrants in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; secondary analysis of the results of studies of Moldovan migrants abroad; analysis of statistical information on the state of incidence of COVID-19 on the territory of the Republic of Moldova; analysis of publications on the topic of Moldovan migrants in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the media; analysis of comments in online groups of the Moldovan diaspora abroad. The legal status of Moldovan migrants in the country of destination, their field of activity, the type of employment contract concluded, as well as the policy of protecting the countries of destination of migrants have become factors of vulnerability of Moldovan migrants abroad in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic. When returning home, Moldovan migrants faced a number of problems and became an object sharp criticism, and stigmatization from their own compatriots. The inability of the country’s leadership to cope with the problems that arose caused a sharp reaction in the ranks of Moldovan citizens abroad and contributed to an unprecedented turnout of the Moldovan diaspora in the presidential elections in November 2020. The victory of the pro-Western candidate Maia Sandu became possible thanks to the support of the diaspora, which made up 1⁄4 of the entire electorate elected president. The study showed that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, international migrants have become a social problem for both receiving countries and donor countries. A timely policy of comprehensive measures to support the health of migrants and their social protection can be a decisive factor in effectively containing the spread of COVID-19 and reducing the emergency and social tensions in both receiving countries and countries that are donor migrants.
49
Huang, Gengzhi, Hong-ou Zhang, and Desheng Xue. "Beyond unemployment: Informal employment and heterogeneous motivations for participating in street vending in present-day China." Urban Studies 55, no. 12 (September 7, 2017): 2743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017722738.
Full textAbstract:
The proliferation of urban street vending in developing countries is generally viewed as being as a result of unemployment. Using a theoretical approach based on mainstream perspectives on informal employment and first-hand material from 200 semi-structured vendor interviews in Guangzhou, we challenge this view by revealing the heterogeneity of people’s motivations for participating in street vending in present-day China. Various types of labourers, including wage workers, farmers, the unemployed and small businesspeople, participate in street vending with diverse motivations, but in a common attempt to improve their livelihoods. Such motivations are driven both by the labourers’ responses to multiple socio-economic forces including unemployment, the low quality of waged jobs, rural poverty, the difficulties of maintaining a formal business and the poor remuneration of jobs in cities, and by their desire to achieve autonomy and flexibility. Street vending is mainly argued to be an effective strategy of ordinary labourers to cope with the unfavourable situations they face amidst socio-economic transformation. It should not be seen as a problem, but a potential part of the solution to the problems arising from socio-economic transformation in post-reform China.
50
Sinthumule, Ndidzulafhi Innocent. "Window of Economic Opportunity or Door of Exclusion? Nandoni Dam and Its Local Communities." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052502.
Full textAbstract:
The construction of Nandoni Dam started in 1998 and was completed in 2005. The main promises made to affected communities living around the dam were that they would receive water and there would be economic opportunities for them. Water-based recreation and ecotourism at the dam were seen as the main vehicle for economic opportunities; it was envisaged that these would not only create local employment but would also improve local lives and livelihoods. The paper focuses on the rhetoric of economic opportunities and poverty alleviation and the perceived reasoning that the creation of the dam is the way forward for rural development. To achieve this aim, the study combined qualitative and quantitative methods. The claim that the creation of the dam would result in increased economic benefits for local residents is firmly rooted in business interests. The adoption of business or economic approach by government through the Department of Water and Sanitation has created conditions for segregation within society. The study also found that the creation of Nandoni Dam benefits those who are rich and elite, government officials, and politicians at the expense of the local population, and this has long-lasting detrimental impacts on their lives and livelihoods. The study concludes by giving an overview of lessons learned from the case study and suggestions for best practice that can enhance the long-term sustainability of dam projects.