Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural areas'
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Möller, Peter. "Young adults in rural tourism areas." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Kulturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-23702.
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This thesis examines how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. Such a study lies at the intersection of research about tourism impacts, adult transition, and rural areas. The aim is to examine how largescale tourism affects the opportunities for young adults living in rural areas; their perception of place and the perceived opportunities and obstacles that tourism provides. The thesis utilizes a mixed method approach. A quantitative study based on micro-data on individuals identifies the patterns and magnitudes of the mechanisms by which tourism affects population change among young adults. Interview methods are used in the case study area, Sälen, to investigate these mechanisms in depth. Finally, the rural–urban dichotomy is explored in a conceptual study that asks how tourism affects the perception of a local village as either rural or urban. Young inhabitants in rural areas are rarely considered in tourism research; therefore, the main contribution of this thesis is that it illuminates how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. The thesis reveals a substantial impact on the adult transition, mainly due to easier access to the labor market and a good supply of jobs during the high season. Further, the large number of people passing through creates flows of opportunities to make friends, get a job, or just meet people. All of these factors contribute to high mobility in these places, and to the perception of them as places where things happen. The high mobility in Sälen implies that fixed migrant categories (such as stayers and leavers) are largely insufficient. The tourism environment creates a space that is always under construction and continually producing new social relations mainly perceived as opportunities. Conceptualizing this as a modern rurality is a way to move beyond the often implicit notions of urban as modern and rural as traditional.
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Berger, Aaron Damien. "A travel demand model for rural areas." Thesis, Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/berger/BergerA1212.pdf.
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Gallatin County has experienced dramatic population growth over the past decade. The Sonoran Institute has been developing land use planning tools to help address the issues arising from this high growth. One of the most serious impacts of high population growth is increased vehicle traffic, typically measured through vehicle miles traveled. The Sonoran Institute's land use planning tools were used to develop two future growth scenarios, one representing growth following current trends and the other representing a higher population density and higher employment/residential mix of development. The project task was to predict the total daily vehicle miles traveled for the two future scenarios using a travel demand model. The project goals were to develop a travel demand model that was simple to run, accurate, sensitive to changes in urban form, and could output daily vehicle miles traveled for future land development scenarios. The project used a literature review to determine expected effects of changes in urban form on travel behavior, and the sensitivity of current travel modeling methods to changes in urban form. For simplicity, the travel modeling method known as the fourstep process was selected for the project with modifications to add sensitivity to urban form. Current literature almost entirely states that the basic four-step model is not sensitive to urban form. One source did indicate that the four-step process might have some sensitivity to changes in urban form, but this sensitivity was not quantified. A basic four-step process model was run for a base year and the two future scenarios. The results indicated that the high density/high mix scenario reduced daily vehicle miles traveled by about 13%. This shows that the basic four-step model is sensitive to urban form. This sensitivity was analyzed through a series of idealized land development scenarios, and the sensitivity of the process to changes in urban form was quantified. The results were then incorporated into a now modified four-step model that produced a 16% reduction in daily vehicle miles traveled between the future scenarios while also providing better comparative accuracy between the two scenarios. This method met the initial objectives of the project.
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Zhang, Mingliu. "Wireless communication for sparse and rural areas." Diss., Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/zhang/ZhangM0807.pdf.
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Koldisevs, Jevgenijs. "Biogas production in rural areas of Mexico." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157816.
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Mexico is highly dependent on fossil fuels. One of the governmental initiatives proposes to investigate the possibilities for biogas production in rural areas. Agricultural producers are highly susceptible to energy price variations and in most cases the steadily growing prices of electricity and fuels are lowering the profits and income of farmers. Environmental concerns about fossil fuels give additional stimulus towards a switch to more sustainable energy sources. Literature research on different types of biogas production technologies was carried out. Various anaerobic fermentation stages and techniques were studied in order to familiarise with particular features and to understand which of them will be more suitable for locations in rural Mexico, also taking into account the local conditions, availability of raw material, energy demands, etc. Mexico's agricultural policies and governmental support schemes were also studied. The agricultural sector in Mexico is strategically important and brings around 6% of the country's GDP. Security and availability of energy for the rural areas is crucial. A lot of improvements need to be done in this field to make this sector attractive for investors and more profitable for people who already work there. Such governmental organizations as SAGARPA - The Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing, and Food - and its support schemes and programs are aimed to help farmers both financially and technically to overcome the difficulties concerning this procedure. A detailed description of a proposed biogas production plant for a case study project at a milk farm in southern Mexico is presented in this study. Different stages and control strategies of biogas production as well as possibilities for biogas utilization in a small-scale CHP unit are assessed. Economical study was aimed to determine the financial flows of the sample project. A simplified economic analysis showed that the electricity produced in the biogas-driven CHP unit can compete with actual grid electricity prices. In addition, comparatively short payback time could be expected and the available governmental support schemes could be efficiency exploited for a commercially viable biogas production.
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Söderlund, Gustaf. "Investigating Mobile Broadband Coverage in Rural Areas." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67883.
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With an increasing demand of mobile data traffic, and a growing assumption of continuous Internet connectivity, it is important to investigate the characteristics of mobile cellular networks. The consequence of insufficient capacity will grow as the cloud and other Internet demanding services, not only makes us dependent, but becomes a way of living. The present study aims to identify areas without mobile network coverage in Värmland County in central Sweden. An additional aim is to find statistical relationships between network performance metrics such as throughput, signal strength and latency. With data collected during an eight month period, network characteristics have been investigated for the three Swedish mobile operators, Tre, Telia and Telenor. The performed data analysis show multiple regions where at least one operator is unable to provide sufficient performance and regions strongly overrepresented by a specific operator. Provided analysis also show a correlation between signal strength and key performance metrics, such as throughput and network delay.
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Nordström, Säfsten Lisa. "Rural as a Frontier : Architecture as a Tool to Strengthen Rural Areas in Rural Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138807.
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The architect in Sweden has a weaker role than ever, participating in a dysfunctional building industry that is not capable of providing the high quality and progressive built environment that we need. There is a need for critical examination to find what could make the role more relevant today. This thesis is in search of that role and how it could contribute to society. To explore this I shall focus on rural Norrland, in particular how architecture can be used to strengthen these areas by implementing strategies that increase self-sufficiency and governance. This research is carried out through four live, collaborative case studies with two communities in rural locations. The first two being set on Holmön exploring permit-free buildings as a means to grow and challenge the municipality as well as a collective project creating benches. The third is exploring how a private project can develop and contribute to the local area through retaining local knowledge. The fourth and most extensive is the creation of a co-funded, community run apartment and community building in Klimpfjäll. Through the reflection on the progress of these projects a methodology of working is discussed to outline a way of working that could impact the building industry, expand the role of the architect and positively impact the rural areas to ultimately create a more socially and environmentally sustainable society.
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Carr, Bridget. "No grey areas : a rural fundamentalist Christian perspective." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Religious Studies, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8120.
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An investigation into the operation of a small rural Fundamentalist Christian Fellowship is the subject of the following thesis.
This field research was undertaken through observing the group for three months by attending Sunday Fellowship meetings. At the completion of that period, eight members were interviewed. Informal discussions during that time, involving approximately thirty members, added to the information accumulated.
Through observation it became apparent this group originated because of their dissatisfaction with the local Christian church. This break-away Fellowship sought to form a version of Christianity that was unstructured, flexible, informal and lacking in hierarchy. As previous research had been carried out with this group, information that might otherwise have remained hidden, such as a disfellowshipped couple, became available.
The scope of this thesis will include: the development of the group, observation of a typical Fellowship meeting, investigations into their 'Biblically-based' attitude and how this related to their everyday existence, as well as information concerning a rift within the Fellowship that resulted in the expulsion of two of its members.
This research led to the conclusion that although the Fellowship fulfilled a desired need within the group, its future seemed uncertain, due in part to the very aims it sought to achieve. The spiritual aspect of this Christian Fellowship was willing and strong but the physical composition, the informal hierarchical structure and format, was weak, and so in the final analysis, I consider this and similar Fellowships will have a finite, continually changing existence. All names and places have been changed, at the request of those involved, to protect the group concerned.
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Stockdale, Aileen. "Residential mobility in rural areas of population growth." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293845.
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Harris, Felicity Anne Lynch. "Dispute processing in the courts in rural areas." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385698.
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Narcy, Deisy. "Accessibility to schooling in South African rural areas." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33879.
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In developing countries rural communities are normally geographically isolated contributing to both poverty levels and the deficiency in the participation of social and economic activities. Accessibility to education constitutes one of the primordial links between the economic growth of a country and the development of high skilled population. Given South Africa's unique history, divisions throughout the landscape incapacitate inhabitants of rural communities in reaching opportunities and services, therefore, aggravating issues related to social exclusion and inequality. This study aims to determine accessibility levels in South African rural regions by looking at different aspects that entangle the theory behind it, specifically: the zone attractiveness and impedance. With that in mind, the investigations carried out are firstly directed towards accessibility at the provincial level and thereafter a focus area is determined. At the provincial level, it was found that the Northern Cape presented the greatest disadvantages. However, given insufficient resources and data related to this province, the Cape Winelands Municipality District was chosen as the area to extend the investigations. When assessing the focus area, the study deployed a GIS-based analysis wherein potential and real accessibility were determined. Initially using the gravity measure, and subsequently using a survey carried out in the region. The study has revealed that Stellenbosch and Robertson are the towns experiencing high accessibility levels. Notwithstanding, most principal towns still experience critically low accessibility indexes. The findings of this study can, therefore, be useful in indicating areas that need further studies or are experiencing disadvantages regarding accessibility.
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Koura, Mbadinga Pauline Joella. "A solar water purification system for rural areas." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2612.
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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.Access to adequate quantities of clean drinking water has become a serious issue on the worldwide level. This is particularly true in arid and rural areas where for the majority of people water is a limited and a vulnerable resource. These water sources which are often highly contaminated are potentially the cause for several diseases (waterborne diseases) and ultimately death especially in infants. Due to poverty and sometimes to the remote conditions of their regions, the population is unable to afford adequate water purification technologies, since they are relatively expensive and energy intensive. It is therefore vital to investigate appropriate water purification technology that people can afford or construct, operate and maintain themselves. A promising technology is solar distillation for the supply of drinking water on a small-scale level. It has proved to be a unique purification method as it can purify almost any type of water by using the high solar energy potential of the affected regions. The most basic form of solar distillation is the use of a single basin single slope solar still. However the downside of this technology is that it presents a low efficiency and productivity. To try to tackle this problem, many studies have been carried out to enhance productivity, effectiveness and efficiency of single-basin solar stills. In this present study, a solar distillation unit was designed, fabricated and experimentally tested. Its performance in terms of distillate output and energy efficiency was analysed under Cape Town conditions and compared to similar stills that have been reported in the literature. The main configuration of the solar still is a double glazed single basin solar still coupled to an external condenser. The study indicated that the performance of the solar still unit can be enhanced by increasing the evaporation rate which is a combined effect of solar radiation, ambient temperature, and the system components temperature. It was concluded that the applied techniques such as the external condenser, double glazing, good insulation and low level of water are effective. The unit was found to have an efficiency ranging between 21 and 29% over the test period and a mean distillate yield of about 2.5 litres per square meter was achieved per day.
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Lehlapa, Kgotsofalang. "Livelihood strategies in rural areas of Makhoaseng village." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18156.
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Despite the establishment of local municipalities, rural villages are still under-developed. Under-development is an economic situation in which there are persistent discriminatory customary laws, high inequality, low levels of income and employment, low consumption, high dependence, weak community structures, little or no access to resources and inadequate services. Rural communities have not reached a satisfactory stage of economic development. This is due to the fact that these communities start from a low developmental base. They require assistance from government and other development agencies, such as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in order to achieve economic stability and a sense that they are living a meaningful life. The fundamental purpose of this study is to gain better understanding of rural livelihoods, and unpack efficiency of policy interventions that assist people in rural areas to pursue livelihood strategies that could help them to reduce poverty. The study mainly used documents from Statistics South Africa and Integrated Development Plan (IDP) documents from Elundini Local Municipality that made it possible to access socio-economic information about the village. The study found that, education levels, hawkership, welfare grants, Expanded Public Works Programme, livestock production and migration are strategies that determine livelihood in Makhoaseng village. The socio-economic conditions such as low levels of education, age, lack of access to basic infrastructure have effect on poverty and kind of livelihoods pursuit in different households. These conditions hinder people in the village to meet their basic needs. On the hand, the agricultural sector has a potential to boost Local Economic Development (LED) in the village. Lack of financial and social support from the government and private sector causes deficiencies in agricultural sector. Moreover, the village has weak structures with strong patriarchal norms. This confirms the need for holistic support from the government because few private sectors are willing to invest in such village. The implications are that, without community interest in education, attainment of better educational qualifications, skills and jobs will remain a challenge in the village. Other sectors of the population such as women will remain disadvantaged if community structures do not abandon patriarchal norms. Rural people are not waiting for government or development agencies to come up with interventions but they are engaging in some economic activities such as hawkership and wool production that enable them to go out of poverty. The government must partner with Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to support community economic initiatives. On-farm activities ought to be intensified by venturing into mutton and beef production in the village. Government and development agencies must support women hawkers by developing them as cooperatives and explore other economic opportunities such as stone brick making and thatch for roofing. Low levels of education worsen the low living standards and create high dependency in the village. These conditions force the majority of the households in the Makhoaseng village to pursue involuntary livelihood strategies, while very few pursue deliberate livelihood strategies.
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Anderson, Joseph Edward. "Simulating epidemics in rural areas and optimizing preplanned quarantine areas using a clustering heuristic." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1474.
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Halewood, David. "Resolving rural discord through collaborative partnership : a study of forestry practice in rural areas." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417247.
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Luca, Claudia Atena. "Memorable experiences in rural tourism : Study of Rural areas from Cluj Napoca County, Romania." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Turismvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28876.
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With the shift nowadays towards an experience economy, the increased attention placed on memorable experiences and how to stage them can be viewed as a major trend which can act as a source of information regarding the stories that people share about themselves and their self-perceptions, as well as helping businesses make a step towards their guests. In this vein, rural tourism is highly consumed by people searching for these unique and memorable experiences, but the knowledge on tourists’ experiences in a rural setting are very limited. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine what memorable experiences tourists encounter in the rural setting, and more importantly, why were they memorable. In order to answer these questions, the researcher undertook a qualitative approach and in depth semi structured interviews were conducted with people who travelled in the Cluj Napoca County from Romania. The findings revealed an amalgam of experiences that people encounter in the rural setting, combined with various reasons why the experiences were considered memorable in the eyes of respondents. The main findings show how the optimal memorable tourism experience is usually comprised of several factors involving multiple experiential dimensions, and an important influence is represented by social interactions alongside positive emotions.
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So, Wai-kong. "The unofficial countryside : ecological management outside protected areas /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34739397.
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Samalenge, Jimmy. "Developing SOA wrappers for communication purposes in rural areas." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/320.
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The introduction of Web Services as a platform upon which applications can communicate has contributed a great deal towards the expansion of World Wide Web technologies. The Internet and computing technologies have been some of the factors that have contributed to the socio-economic improvement of urban and industrial areas. This research focuses on the application of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Web Services technologies in Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) contexts. SOA is a style used to design distributed systems, and Web Services are some of the common realizations of the SOA. Web Services allow the exchange of data between two or more machines in a simple and standardized manner over the network. This has resulted in the augmentation of ways in which individuals in a society and in the world communicate. This research aims to develop a SOA-based system with services that are implemented as Web Services. The system is intended to support communication activities of Dwesa community members. The communication methods identified as the most commonly used in the Dwesa community are Short Message Services (SMSs) and voice calls. In this research we have identified further methods (i.e. Multimedia Message Service, Electronic mail and Instant Messaging) to augment communication activities in Dwesa. The developed system, therefore, exposes SMS Web Service, MMS Web Service, Email Web Service and IM Web Service that are consumed in machine-to-machine, machine-to-person and person-to-person types of communication. We have also implemented a one-stop communication shop, through a web portal which provides interfaces to the different communication modules. Elaborate functional and usability testing have also been undertaken to establish the viability and end-user acceptance of the system respectively. This research has provided the initial validation of the effectiveness of the SOA-based system in ICT4D contexts
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Yu, Yiting. "Energy- and Cost-Efficient 5G Networks in Rural Areas." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-204403.
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Energy- and cost-efficiency is becoming a criteria of ever increasing importance in the design of 5G wireless solutions, especially for suburban and rural areas where the realistic barrier of providing mobile broadband service lies in the economic drawback of low revenue potential. Thus net-work operators are highly sensitive to the energy performance and economic affordability of potential solutions in futuristic 5G wireless network.In this thesis, we investigate the energy performance of 5G wireless networks with two key technical components (massive beamforming and ultra-lean design) in a rural environment for two real-life cases commonly faced by network operators: (1) A hardware upgrade to 5G in existing LTE sites (2) 5G greeneld deployments. The results are compared with a currently deployed LTE network in rural environment. Furthermore, we conduct economic viability evaluations in a study of energy-cost trade-off in rural scenario to derive the condition when the proposed energy-efficient 5G solutions are also cost-efficient. The analysis are performed separately in two cases based on different methods. The simulation results indicate that 5G systems provides much better energy performance compared with LTE systems, achieving maximum 56% and 64% reduction in daily average area power consumption in hardware upgrade case and greenfield deployment case respectively. The significant saving mainly comes from the incorporated effect of beamforming technology and possibility of longer sleep durations. For cost-efficiency, a hardware upgrade to 5G is economically highly motivated in higher energy-pricing regions or in systems with longer sleep durations. In greenfield deployments, the analysis result shows that itis always cost-efficient to deploy 5G solutions other than LTE solutions in rural areas despite of the variation in regional energy prices, network lifetime expectation and the DTX factor in 5G solutions.Energi- och kostnadseffektivitet blir ett kriterium av ständigt ökande betydelse i utformningen av 5G trådlösa lösningar, särskilt för förorts- och landsbygdsområden där den realistiska hinder att ge mobilt bredband ligger i den ekonomiska nackdelen med låg intäktspotential. Således nätverksoperatörer är mycket känsliga för energi och ekonomiska överkomliga till potentiella lösningar i futuristiska 5G trådlöst nätverk. I denna avhandling undersöker vi energiprestanda av 5G trådlösa nätverk med två viktiga tekniska komponenter (massiv strålformning och ultra-lean design) i en lantlig miljö för två verkliga fall som nätverksoperatörerna vanligen står inför: (1) uppgraderingar av maskinvara till 5G i befintliga LTE platser (2) 5G greenfield distributioner. Resultaten jämförs med en idag sköts LTE-nät i lantlig miljö. Dessutom genomför vi ekonomiska utvärderingar i en studie av energikostnader avvägning på landsbygden scenario att härleda villkoret när de föreslagna energieffektiva 5G lösningar är också kostnadseffektivt. Analysen genomförs separat i två fall på olika metoder. Simuleringsresultaten visar att 5G system ger mycket bättre energiprestanda jämfört med LTE system. 5G uppnår en minskning 56 % och 64 % i genomsnittlig daglig område strömförbrukning i hårdvara uppgradering fall och gröna driftsättning fallet respektive. Den betydande besparing kommer främst från den innefattade effekten av strålformning teknik och möjlighet till längre sömn löptider. För kostnadseffektivitet, är en hårdvara uppgradering till 5G ekonomiskt mycket motiverade i högre regionerna energi prissättning eller i system med längre sömn löptider. Greenfield distributioner visar analysresultatet att det alltid är kostnadseffektivt att distribuera andra än LTE lösningar på landsbygden 5G lösningar trots variationen i regionala energipriser, nätverk livstid förväntan och DTX faktor i 5G lösningar.
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Keough, Erin M. "Telecommunications policy communities and policy options for rural areas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23150.pdf.
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Akbar, Haji Ebrahim Zargar. "Reconstruction of war-damaged rural areas of Khuzestan, Iran." Thesis, University of York, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4266/.
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Cueto, Santiago, Enrique Jacoby, and Ernesto Pollitt. "Children's achievement in rural and urban areas of Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/102688.
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This paper presents the results on four tests of students from fourth and fifth grade of eight urban and rural elementary schools. Four of the schools were located in rural Huaraz, two were urban public schools (one in Huaraz and one in Lima), one was a parochial school and one was a privare school (these last two in Lima). The tests measured cognitive processes (coding from the WISC-R) and achievement (reading comprehension, vocabulary and arithmetic). The results favored urban over rural students. Among the urban, the highest scores were for the students of the privare and parochial schools. Girls scored significandy less than men in sorne of the rural schools. Overall, more than gender differences, the results showed a significandy poorer performance for the rural students.Este artículo presenta los resultados en cuatro pruebas de alumnos de cuarto y quinto grado de cuatro escuelas rurales de Huaraz, una escuela estatal de Huaraz, una escuela estatal de una zona urbanomarginal al sur de Lima, una escuela parroquial de Lima y una escuela privada de Lima. Las pruebas fueron de códigos, aritmética, comprensión de lectura y vocabulario. Los puntajes más altos fueron alcanzados por los alumnos de la escuela privada y parroquial y los más bajos por los de escuelas rurales. Analizando las diferencias por sexo, las diferencias se dieron en algunas escuelas rurales y mostraron ventaja para los hombres. En general, más que diferencias de género, los resultados mostraron la pobreza en el rendimiento de los alumnos rurales frente a los urbanos.
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Cirone, B., J. Ellison, and Jodi Polaha. "Mental Health Seeking by Young Adults in Rural Areas." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6642.
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Lee, Chien-Ti. "Taiwanese Adolescent Psychosocial Development in Urban and Rural Areas." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/613.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate Taiwanese adolescent psychosocial development (i.e., autonomy and identity development) based on psychosocial theoretical models developed in western societies. Data were collected from both public senior high and vocational high schools in both urban and rural areas in Taiwan. Adolescent participants, with an average age of 17 years old, included 447 (about 54% were females) from urban areas, and 702 (62% were females) from rural areas. The results of this study revealed that Taiwanese adolescents from both urban and rural areas were similar to adolescent developmental ranges suggested in western theories. There were a few variations revealed in this study, such as scores of internal consistency, average scores of each scale, associations among indicators, and the numbers of youth classified of certain developmental status. In general, the relationships between factors and adolescent psychosocial developmental outcomes did not moderate by regional differences. Identity development of Taiwanese youth from both areas was more likely to be predicted by both situational (e.g., family income and school type) and agential factors (e.g., collectivism, parent attachment, and resiliency) than Taiwanese adolescent cognitive, emotional, and behavioral autonomy. Higher family income level and greater resiliency scores were positively associated with high autonomy and/or achieved identity status. Strong beliefs in collectivism and secure attachments with parents did not significantly correlate with autonomy but did correlate with foreclosure identity status. Across the analysis models in this study, resiliency was the strongest factor which was associated with high autonomous status and identity achievement. Implications and further recommendations for research and practical uses were further discussed.
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Dobson, Nicole A. "Effective Strategies to Sustain Small Businesses in Rural Areas." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5072.
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Compared to their urban counterparts rural small businesses face unique socio-economic and environmental challenges including isolation, lack of resources, poverty, limited networks, and a smaller population of working age adults. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore effective strategies that rural small business managers have used to sustain a business in their area. The population for this study included a purposeful selection of 8 rural small businesses. Institutional theory served as the conceptual framework for this study. Data was collected using semi-structured face-to-face interviews of participants. The data was analyzed and coded by using a modified Van Kaam method which revealed themes: (a) customer satisfaction, (b) advertising, and (c) location. Participants considered customer satisfaction, advertising, and location when creating businesses strategies to remain sustainable beyond 5 years. This study may contribute to positive social change by enabling more rural businesses to remain within the economic cycle of the U.S. economy, and offer a more stable employment outlook, hence supporting more families in rural areas.
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Wagner, Joseph James. "Perceptions of Residents in Rural Areas Toward Law Enforcement." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7517.
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Negative public perceptions toward law enforcement officers (LEOs) have increased in recent years as the result of police shootings of unarmed men. Researchers have focused on urban residents' perceptions toward LEOs, but have not examined the perceptions of rural residents. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between the dependent variable (DV) of rural citizens' perceptions toward LEOs and the independent variables (IVs) of age, gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, sexual orientation, income, employment status, educational attainment, and immigration status. The social judgment theory and the primary socialization theory were used as the theoretical foundations to determine how the IVs affected the DV. A sample of 282 residents from southeastern Colorado completed the Perceptions of Police Scale and a demographics questionnaire. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the relationship between the DV and the IVs. Results indicated that as educational attainment increased, perceptions toward LEOs increased. Residents had a positive perception toward LEOs on a number of scale items: Residents agreed that the police were helpful, provided safety, and protected them. Findings may be used to develop interventions to improve relationships between LEOs and residents living in rural areas who continue to have negative perceptions of the police.
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Taneka, D. "Estimating the performance of rural roads in remote areas." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996.
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Marcille, Lisa Ann. "Loneliness as experienced by women living with chronic illness in rural areas." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/marcille/MarcilleL0509.pdf.
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Chronic illness is often accompanied by multiple life altering challenges for individuals especially those living in rural locations. Rural dwellers generally do not have readily accessible healthcare resources; as a result, there is a risk for poor heath related outcomes. Loneliness is one such outcome. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the existing body of knowledge related to loneliness as experienced by women living with chronic illnesses in rural areas. This was accomplished by identifying and exploring factors related to loneliness. The aims of this study were to: (a) to describe the levels of loneliness, depression, stress, and social support for a group of rural women with a chronic illness; (b) identify the factors associated with loneliness; and (c) explore participants' shared conversations to gain further insight into the rural chronically-ill woman's experience of loneliness. This study was conducted as a secondary analysis of data previously collected by the Women to Women (WTW) research team at Montana State University. The WTW study provided rural women with chronic illnesses computer training and support through an online forum. The data for the secondary analysis were generated by 57 women. The key concepts were: loneliness, depression, stress, and social support. Age, education, degree of rurality, employment status, and length of chronic illness were the demographic characteristics of interest. Degree of rurality was assigned using the MSU Rurality Index. These characteristics and the key concepts were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analytic techniques. Content analysis was the method used to analyze the women's conversations in the online forum. The data were obtained from 12 women who were identified as the most vulnerable to loneliness. Three categories were defined using this method: longing for loved ones, "listening" from the background, and changing relationships. Results of this study supported previous researchers' findings of correlations between loneliness and depression, social support and stress. There was no significant relationship between loneliness and degree of rurality; however, length of chronic illness was significant. Level of education was identified as an area of interest for further nursing research.
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Farnsworth, S. C. "Rural services : spatial theory and patterns of behaviour." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233582.
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Ozdirek, Sibel. "Changing Relationship Between Urban And Rural: The Observed Features Of New Rurality In Rural Areas." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613460/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The new changes such as developments in transportation and communication technology, globalization of markets, intensification of flow of information, ideas and innovations since the 1980s have helped to increase the interaction between urban and rural and this process have had very important impact on the resemblance process of rural areas to urban areas with some characteristics, vice versa. Therefore the process have had an effect on the blurring strict distinction between urban and rural in worldwide.
The new rurality approach has been main approach in the thesis that has tried to explain the new features of rural areas. It has focused on what has been happenning in rural areas and drawn attention to changes in rural areas which was previously ignored or overemphasized. The approach took five main changing features of rural areas as central focus which were non-farm activities, role of women, entrepreneurship, in-migration, division of labour and also urban-rural interaction. Therefore, the observed changes caused to draw attention to the question of is rural still the opposite of urban? In this respect, the effects of the increased relationships between urban and rural on rural areas in terms of getting new characteristics that new rurality approach explained were investigated by handling two case studiesGedelek and Kusç
uali Villages in Turkey.
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QIN, KE. "The Different Consumption Between Rural and Urban Areas in China." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5926.
Full textAbstract:
Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China’s economy began to grow at a high speed for thirty years. In 2007, the GDP of China was 24952.99 billion RMB, which was the fourth one in the world. However, under these achievement, China’s economy was still face with some problems, such as the different consumption between rural and urban areas.
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Jere, Nobert Rangarirai. "A methodological framework for ICT roadmap development for rural areas." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016147.
Full textAbstract:
The use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) can support sustainable development within societies. ICTs have been supported by governments, private companies, non-governmental organisations, academic institutions and individuals. However, technological changes have made most ICT initiatives haphazard due to poor planning. There is no systematic plan on how to deploy services, infrastructure and devices especially in rural areas. For instance, in some cases, computers have been donated to communities in rural areas yet they are not being used, and ICT services have been deployed without the supporting ICT infrastructure. One of the solutions to addressing these ICT challenges is through the use of roadmaps to guide ICT solution implementation. This thesis proposes an ICT roadmap methodological framework to improve ICT roadmap development for rural ICT solutions. A composite methodological approach was employed in this research. This involves the use of qualitative research techniques such as participant observation, design exercises, workshops, focus groups and individual interviews supported by ethnographic studies. The Siyakhula Living Lab in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa was used as the case study. Studies were conducted to identify the current state of ICTs in rural areas, the future of ICTs and overview of roadmap developments. Rural users in South Africa, ICT experts in Europe and Africa, government officials and academic institutions were engaged to understand the current ICT planning, developments and needs. The author found that there are variations in individual ICT services required by rural users but, most ICT services in need fall mainly in the areas of health, education, entrepreneurship, agriculture and employment creation for rural people. These services require ICT devices and infrastructure which include computer peripherals, mobile phones, radios, televisions and wireless infrastructure, mobile infrastructure, satellites and broadcasting infrastructure respectively. It was found that the common future ICT projections expected in rural areas include: growth of mobile usage, social networking, increase internet services and localization of services. The roadmap framework is built based on the current state of ICTs, trends in ICTs, future technological projections and the plans currently been initiated in African continent. The ICT roadmap methodological focuses on how roadmaps could accommodate infrastructure, services and ICT devices to reach rural people. This should help rural users to be able to access public services within their respective communities using available ICT devices. ICT stakeholders could use the designed framework to improve the ICT roadmap development process for rural ICT users in Africa.
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Jackson-Blake, Leah A. "Modelling stream phosphorus in rural areas : improving on current approaches." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75018/.
Full textAbstract:
Process-based, catchment-scale water quality models are important tools to help answer key questions facing water managers today. However, for model results to be useful models must capture the dominant processes, it must be possible to calibrate them using available data and good modelling practice guidelines must be followed. The work presented here contributes to the development of robust phosphorus (P) modelling tools, starting with a detailed examination of one popular and representative model, INCA-P. INCA-P was applied in a Scottish agricultural catchment, where manual calibration and sensitivity testing were combined with auto-calibration and uncertainty analyses to investigate: (J) the suitability ofthe process-representation; (2) whether model parameters could be constrained using available data; and (3) uncertainty in model output. Problems were identified with the particulate P and soil dissolved P processes, leading to the development of a new version of INCA-P, and suggestions were made for simplifications to the model structure. Model calibration using routine regulatory monitoring data led to highly uncertain output, suggesting that the model is (00 complex given the data availability in most areas, reducing its usefulness for water management. The same is likely to be true for other popular water quality models. To investigate issues of over complexity, a new simple model was developed, SimplyP. SimplyP performed as INCA-P in the study catchment, despite substantially simpler process-representation (e.g. 28 parameters, compared to INCA-P's 148), supporting the hypothesis that the current generation of dynamic water quality models are too complex. Simpler models, such as SimplyP, have the potential to be more useful water management and research tools, building blocks for future model development, or performance benchmarks against which more complex models could be evaluated.
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Lange, Katarina. "The migration of women from rural areas in eastern Germany." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131935.
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Groves-Phillips, Sarah-Jayne. "In-migration and economic activity in rural areas of Wales." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2013. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/20050/.
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Rural areas are changing – a population turnaround was first identified in the 1970’s (Beale 1975). Since that time more and more research has uncovered the numbers and types of people moving into rural areas (Boyle 1995, Boyle and Halfacree 1998, Bolton and Chalkley 1998) and the impact of this migration (Bell 1994 Cloke and Goodwin 1992). Keeble and Tyler (1995) began to address the economic capacity of in-migrants highlighting that many rural businesses are owned by in-migrants. Stockdale, Short and Findlay (1999) identified that on average for each self-employed in-migrant 2.4 jobs are created. In recent years the policy focus on rural areas has centred on endogenous development, Stockdale (2006) argues in-migrants are essential for this approach to be successful. This research has combined literature from migration studies, with entrepreneurship literature, to examine the economic activity choices of in-migrants; with a particular focus on self-employment. Migration studies focus on where people choose to migrate to and the impact they then have on the area. Entrepreneurship literature focuses on the types of people who chose to become self-employed and the impact of various factors on their decision making. This research has utilised concepts from both literature sources to examine lifetime migrant’s economic activity in rural areas (defined under the ONS rural – urban classification). Powys and Gwynedd are two local authority areas in rural Wales that have interesting economic and migration patterns. They were selected as study areas as they represent areas of varying degrees of inward migration, self-employment, accessibility to major transport networks and levels of Welsh speaking. This research charts the economic activity of households across these local authorities in order to understand what impact individual, household and area level influences have on in-migrants economic activity. A postal survey of 597 households in the case study areas was used to explore the research questions; ‘what are the differences in the current economic activity of migrants and non-migrants in rural labour markets in Wales; and why do these differences exist?’ The conclusions of this research make three key contributions to knowledge: 1. In-migrants and non-migrants in the case study areas selected have broadly similar levels of economic activity rates. There are no statistically significant differences in economic activity choices between the two groups. 2. Some in-migrants (at similar levels to non-migrants) become self-employed and start a business. These businesses are often different to that of non-migrants, they tend to be largely based from home and prefer to employ family members. 3. Many in-migrants do not move into rural areas with the intention of becoming self-employed this is mobilised often up to a decade after the move. The findings of this research play a key role in understanding why in-migrants make the economic activity choices they do in rural areas. – Through a combination of push and pull factors that centre on the individual (age, nationality, employment history), the household (household structure, tenure) and the area (labour market, levels of Welsh speaking) in-migrants make economic activity choices that for some, result in self-employment. The businesses created by in-migrants differ slightly from that of non-migrant owned businesses. In-migrant owned businesses are most likely to be based from or closer to home than non-migrants. They often employ family member and tend to be younger than non-migrant owned businesses. They do not appear more likely to create jobs than non-migrant owned businesses. This is an important finding given the importance of in-migrant owned rural businesses in much recent rural debate (Bosworth 2008, Bosworth 2010, Stockdale 2006).
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Pretorius, Lizél. "A community-based disability programme for rural areas / Lizél Pretorius." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4276.
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This study was conducted in the Heuningvlei community in the Kgalagadi District
Municipality in the Northern Cape Province. This study was part of the "Tshwaragano
Project" with the general aim of empowering the disadvantaged communities in rural
areas. The aim of this research was to develop, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based disability programme for poverty stricken families in rural areas of the Northern Cape Province. To achieve this aim, the following objectives needed to be attained:
w> To study the interrelation between health, poverty and disability? This
objective was achieved by means of a critical review and analysis of the
relevant literature. It can therefore be concluded that the interrelation between
health, poverty and disability is significant. Poverty makes people more
vulnerable to disability and disability can lead to isolation, lack of support and
lack of resources. Many people still remain ill-fed, ill-housed, under-educated and defenceless to preventable diseases. To establish what the bio-psychosocial needs of the Heuningvlei community with regard to a community-based disability programme are?
The researcher also established a profile on the community members with disabilities in the Heuningvlei community. The study showed that the highest prevalence of disabilities involves physical disabilities, with hearing, blindness
and mental impairments also represented. The causes of disabilities are mostly illness related causes, substance abuse and natural causes. All three aspects which could, on the whole be prevented through general health awareness and a healthier lifestyle. It was also palpable that crucial disability management- and support services lack in this rural area. Partnership working between government organizations and Non Government Organizations (NGO's) seems a foreign affair and the community members with disabilities and their families an elapsed entity. To design and implement a community-based disability programme for rural areas. This programme was presented successfulfy over a stretch of five group sessions to ten community members with the aim to improve their knowledge regarding disability matters. They also received skills to start their own food garden. By means of this programme the members of the group also enhanced their social functioning and showed great interest in disability awareness and management.
To evaluate the effectiveness of this community-based disability programme in empowering community members with disabilities, their
care-takers and the wider community to manage disability related
matters in a poverty stricken area. The evaluation by utilizing a focus group
with the identified key role players in the community. The results obtained
through this evaluation indicated that the programme had brought a significant
change in the lives of the members. It can therefore be concluded that the
programme was very successful and effective in the sense that members felt that there was a transition in their lives. In summary it can be stated that proof has emerged from this research that a
scientifically founded, well-planned community-based disability programme can
undoubtedly be applied to improve the social functioning of poverty stricken rural
families.Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Agbenyegah, Albert Tchey. "Challenges facing rural entrepreneurship in selected areas in South Africa." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9493.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa, unlike other developing countries, is classified as one of the best performing economies in Africa. Unfortunately the economic growth of the country continue to be limited by the general constraints of the small business sector, due to challenges of skills such as managerial skills, lack of global competition and the weak entrepreneurial performance. The primary objective of the study is to investigate the influence of selected challenges on the perceived success of entrepreneurship and small businesses within selected rural areas. The primary objective is aided by other secondary objectives including understanding the concept of entrepreneurship and the identification and assessment of entrepreneurial challenges, amongst others.
The study was conducted using the quantitative process with main focus to identify the challenges that limit entrepreneurship in the study areas of John Taolo Gaetsewe and Frances Baard District Municipalities of the Northern Cape Province. Drawing from the findings of the study, an integrated framework was designed to improve rural entrepreneurship and small businesses. The study identified the dependent and independent variables of typical, business and operational, personal and specific challenges. From the empirical study, it emerged that these challenges bear significant relationship to entrepreneurial success.
An exploratory factor analysis research was conducted using a convenience sample of 282 owner-managers of small businesses to gather relevant data. Besides, a 7- point Likert scale was distributed to owner-managers (entrepreneurs) of small businesses for data. It was revealed that most of the respondents’, who operated most businesses as a sole proprietorship, were male. The majority of the owner- managers (entrepreneurs) ranged between 40 to 49 years old. Most of the small businesses (63.82%) are established in the John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality. It further emerged that only 10.28% of respondents were aged between 20 to 29 years. There is the need to embark on serious entrepreneurial education for the youth in South Africa.
Generally, most of the owner-managers (entrepreneurs) received some formal level of education; data indicated that 23.05% received matric education whilst 22.70% received education that was below the matric level; 18.09% qualified as diplomats and 7.09% received education as university graduates. The empirical study further indicated that most of the small businesses offered full-time employment opportunities to between four to six employees. According to the report, most of the small businesses are able to survive only for a maximum period of 6 years; the annual turnover of these businesses ranged from R30 000 to R50 000.
Throughout the study, all the requirements and the criteria set for a credible study were met. Thus it was possible to realise that the primary and secondary objectives that were set initially for this study were satisfied. As a result, this study provides the owner-managers (entrepreneurs) with different forms of challenges that impact on entrepreneurial activities within rural communities. Drawing from the empirical study, it was also possible to highlight specific recommendations that can be utilised to enhance entrepreneurial success.Thesis (PhD (Business Administration))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Shreeves, Rosamund. "Gender issues in the development of rural areas in Kazakhstan." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/88478.
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Edge, H. M. "Present and future patterns of energy usage in rural areas." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376449.
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Mockford, Stephen. "Narrowband characterisation of UHF mobile radio channels in rural areas." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279747.
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Chatelain, D. "WLAN over GSM for IP access in African rural areas." Tshwane University of Technology, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001076.
Full textAbstract:
In general, rural areas in Africa are seen as unprofitable by operators and hence
these areas do not benefit from typical wired Internet access. Due to the cost
involved, only a small number of people in Africa benefit from the Internet. On the
other hand, the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) has thoroughly
penetrated Africa and in many cases unutilized capacity exists in rural areas. Since
the cost of GSM services is still extremely high when compared to the average
income of African communities, many organizations are now considering alternative
business models for the provision of Internet access to disadvantaged populations.
To try to bridge the digital divide, the aim of this contribution is to show that basic but
affordable Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity can be provided to rural communities by
using spare capacity on GSM networks to carry Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) traffic. Since the main problem with WLAN in Africa is not the last mile, but
rather finding a way to connect the wireless access point to an existing backbone
network, a solution to integrate WLAN with GSM is proposed.
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Thulemark, Maria. "Moved by the mountains : migration into tourism dominated rural areas." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-43914.
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Knaap, Margriet. "Sustainability of early childhood development sites in selected rural areas." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51927.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is guided by the question: what is done to sustain early childhood development (ECD) in South Africa? The research is conducted in is selected rural areas in Namaqualand and the Karoo. A selection of ECD centres is taken as the study material. In depth interviews and workshops were conducted with various role-players connected to ECD to provide case material for analysis. Apart from the findings of this research the study concludes with a number of recommendations of how to address questions of sustainability, self-reliance and development of these centres and the communities they are located in. The study is contextualised within the situation of wide-spread and ingrained poverty amongst the communities living in rural areas in South Africa. The study pleas for explicit educational policy reforms, a stronger role to be played by government institutions on all levels and by community institutions such as churches, the empowerment of . women and the organisational reform of ECD centres. The overall theme is that the education of young people is paramount to the development of communities. The self-reliance of the centres is primarily depended on the sustainability of community life as a network of social and economic relations. The first chapter introduces the research problem, the reasons why this study is deemed necessary and a framework of the research process. It includes a description of the context and methodology of the study. The second chapter outlines the concepts of self-reliance, development and sustainability from the point of view of the progressive and participatory paradigms, the basic requirements for sustainable development, such as lifelong learning for all people and the interdependencies that enhances progress and development. Chapter three is devoted to Early Childhood Development (ECD). A historical overview and the current status of ECD, including government policy, in South Africa is presented. The gaps existing between the different echelons that are directly or indirectly involved in ECD are identified. The fourth chapter deals with ECD sites. Their objectives and the benefits for ECD education as well as care-taking strategies are described and researched. The multidimensional purposes and tasks with respect to children and parents as well as the community are especially highlighted. Chapter five develops the integrating function of ECD sites within community further. The focus is on the various interdependencies and relationships between an ECD site and its environment. The role of parents, women and their ties with ECD and local churches, especially within rural communities, is analysed. Also, the wider community, the different organisations that has relationships with ECD, the practical utility of networks, and the contribution of government structures are dealt with. Chapter six outlines the conditions that will enhance and enable an ECD site to become more sustainable and self-reliant. Finally, chapter seven proposes conclusions and recommendationsflowing from this study. The most basic condition is education and learning. The idea of a culture of lifelong learning for all is stressed and it is proposed that this should start at the youngest possible age. ECDs should therefore have a strong impact on learning. The main contributors to this process are women, local churches, the different tiers of government and lastly, funding organisations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie word gelei deur die vraag: wat word gedoen om die volhoubaarheid van vroeë kinderontwikkeling (ECD) in Suid-Afrika te verseker? Die navorsing is in geselekteerde landelike gebiede van Namakwaland en die Karoo uitgevoer. 'n Seleksie van ECD sentrums is as studiemateriaal gebruik. In diepte onderhoude en werkswinkels is onderneem met verskeie rolspelers in ECD om toepaslike gegewens vir ontleding te verskaf. Afgesien van die bevindinge van die ondersoek wat beskryf word, kom die studie tot gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings oor hoe om die volhoubaarheid, selfvoorsiening en ontwikkeling van hierdie sentrums en die gemeenskappe waarin hulle gevestig is, te verseker. Die ondersoek is gekontekstualiseer binne die situasie van wydverspreide en ingegroeide armoede in die gemeenskappe van landelike gebiede in Suid-Afrika. Dit lewer 'n pleidooi vir uitdruklike opvoedkundige beleidshervormnings, 'n sterker rol deur regeringsinstansies op alle vlakke en deur gemeenskapsinstellings soos kerke, die bemagtiging van vroue en die organisatoriese hervorming van ECD sentrums. Die algehele tema is dat die opvoeding van jong mense allesoorheersend is in die ontwikkeling van gemeenskappe. Die selfvoorsiening van hierdie sentrums is primêr afhanklik van die volhoubaarheid van die gemeenskapslewe as 'n netwerk van sosiale en ekonomiese verhoudings. Die eerste hoofstuk stel die navorsingsprobleem, die redes waarom die ondersoek as noodsaaklik beskou word en 'n raamwerk vir die navorsingsproses bekend. Dit sluit in 'n beskrywing van die konteks en metodologie van die studie. Die tweede hoofstuk bied 'n uiteensetting van die begrippe selfvoorsiening, ontwikkeling en volhoubaarheid. Dit word gedoen vanuit die oogpunt van progressiewe en deelnemende paradigmas. Verder word die basiese vereistes vir volhoubare ontwikkeling, soos lewenslange leer vir alle mense en die interafhanklikhede wat vooruitgang en ontwikkeling sal verhoog, aangedui. Hoofstuk drie is gewy aan vroeë kinderontwikkeling (ECD). 'n Historiese oorsig en die huidige stand van ECD, insluitende die owerheidsbeleid, in Suid-Afrika word aangebied. Die gapings tussen die verskillende vlakke wat direk of indirek betrokke is by ECDword uitgewys. Die vierde hoofstuk handeloor ECD sentrums. Hulle doelstellings en die voordele vir ECD opvoeding sowel as sorg strategieë word beskryf en nagevors. Die multidimensionele oogmerke en take met verwysing na kinders en ouers asook die gemeenskap word veral beklemtoon. Hoofstuk vyf ontwikkel die integreringsfunksie van ECD verder. Die fokus is die verskeie interafhanklikhede en verhoudings tussen 'n ECD sentrum en sy omgewing. Die rol van ouers, vroue en hulle bande met ECD en plaaslike kerke, veral in landelike gemeenskappe, word ontleed. Verder word ook gekyk na die wyer gemeenskap, die verskillende organisasies wat in verhouding staan met ECD, die praktiese waarde van netwerke en die bydrae van die owerheid. Hoofstuk ses gee 'n oorsig van die voorwaardes wat 'n ECD sentrum se volhoubaarheid en selfvoorsiening sal verhoog en bemagtig. Ten slotte stel hoofstuk sewe gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings wat uit die studie spruit, voor. Die mees basies voorwaarde is opvoeding en leer. Die idee van 'n kultuur van lewenslange leer vir almal word beklemtoon en dit word voorgestel dat dit op die vroegs moontlike ouderdom 'n aanvang neem. ECDs behoort daarom 'n sterk impak op leer te hê. Die hoof bydraers hiertoe is vroue, plaaslike kerke, die verskillende vlakke van regering, en ten slotte befondsingsorganisasies.
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de, Fraguier Niels, and Jannik Halfwassen. "Youth empowerment as an educational incentive in Ethiopian rural areas." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23903.
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With a tremendous demographic boom and the high importance of the youth population, Ethiopia is currently dealing with critical challenges to ensure sustainable development within the country. The recent appointment of Abiy Ahmed as prime minister has brought new hope for Ethiopian liberalisation and the improvement of former political systems. Positively impacting the non-governmental sector, concrete measures taken by the federal government are still lacking whereas time is running on the youth generation. Quality education and enrolment rates in schools remain low which has high consequences on the participation of youths in the labour market. Lacking basic skills, youth are not provided with opportunities and trust that are essential for favouring their self-development. Conducted in parts of Ethiopia’s rural areas, this research aims to understand, discuss and elaborate on different youth empowerment methods for educational incentives to contribute to the overall improvement of youth conditions. In collaboration with local and international stakeholders working on policy and field level in the country, this research provides the reader with a clear understanding of the Ethiopian youth sector situation and the need for improvement in order to ensure meaningful youth participation and empowerment towards inclusive sustainable change. The role of the government has been discussed in extent in order to provide the reader with concrete recommendations for policy-making and other issues related to skills-mismatching, access to resources, training, and data, as well as cross-collaboration between youth and other stakeholders to increase awareness about challenges faced. The study concludes with giving clear guidance on youth empowerment in Ethiopia and future research on the overall topic.
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Rhodes, Megan E. "Increased Diversity in Rural Areas: One School's Response to Change." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1305135075.
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Yang, Feng-An. "Three Essays on Access to Health Care in Rural Areas." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu152353045188255.
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Elfving, Gustav, and Emil Jansson. "Modelling extensive solar power production in urban and rural areas." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325004.
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Renewable energy sources, in form of solar power, is a growing source of energy. Not only at an industry level but also at a commercial level. Grid-connected, building-applied solar power has increased rapidly and as the implementation of solar energy grows, so does the importance of being able to evaluate locations that are of interest of installations with respect to its potential production and its impact on the electrical grid. In this thesis the energy production for different future scenarios is modelled for BAPV (Building Applied Photovoltaics) in Uppsala and Herrljunga. This is done by using calculation and simulation programs called MATLAB and ArcGIS. The results regarding Uppsala, are used in a report by BEESG (Built Environment Energy Systems Group) at Uppsala University to the Swedish energy agency. The grid impact of installing extensive solar power as concentrated and dispersed in Herrljunga are simulated and evaluated. Both authors has during the process been equally involved in all parts of the thesis in order to get a thorough understanding of the project as a whole. This due to the fact that the different parts of the thesis were dependent of each other (the second part could not be finished until the first were completed etc).
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Schubert, Taryn. "Food security in rural and urban areas of Ayacucho, Peru." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/37053.
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Nelson, Angela. "Assessing the Effect of Wal-Mart in Rural Utah Areas." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2779.
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Walmart and other “big box” stores seek to expand in rural markets, possibly due to cheap land and lack of zoning laws. In August 2000, Walmart opened a store in Ephraim, a small rural town in central Utah. It is of interest to understand how Walmart's entrance into the local market changes the sales tax revenue base for Ephraim and for the surrounding municipalities. It is thought that small “Mom and Pop” stores go out of business because they cannot compete with Walmart's prices, leading to a decrease in variety, selection, convenience, and most importantly, sales tax revenue base in areas surrounding Ephraim. This shift in sales tax base is assessed using mixed models. It is found that the entrance of Walmart in Sanpete County has a significant change on sales tax revenue, specifically in the retail industry. A method of calculating the loss for each city is discussed and a sensitivity analysis is performed. This project also documents what has been done to assemble the data set. In addition to discussing the assumptions made to clean the data, explanations of area and industry definition exploration are explained and defended.
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Hirsch, Jameson K., and Kelly C. Cukrowicz. "Suicide in Rural Areas: An Updated Review of the Literature." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/701.
Full textAbstract:
Suicide is a significant public health concern at a global level and occurs at a greater rate in rural compared with urban areas. A review of the literature on rural suicide indicates that a growing body of empirical, theoretical, and prevention work has been conducted on the topic, with an increasing number of countries represented and articles written. From an ecological perspective, current data and models suggest that our approach to understanding and preventing rural suicide must be multifaceted, addressing the individual level (e.g., traditional risk factors such as psychiatric illness), as well as the microsystem (e.g., family and peer relations), mesosystem (e.g., the interconnectedness between microsystems), exosystem (e.g., the rural community), and macrosystem (e.g., social norms) levels. Geographic and interpersonal isolation, agricultural or otherwise hazardous vocational demands, environmental and governmental policies, availability of means, lack of access to care and rural ideologies appear to contribute to suicide risk. Interventions must be community-driven, culturally acceptable and feasible within the context of available resources to be effective. Prospective research on risk and protective factors for rural suicide is required, as is development, implementation and assessment of interventions that are originated by, implemented in, and sensitive to the needs of rural communities.
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Burkart, Katrin. "Bioclimate and health in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16386.
Full textAbstract:
Klima und Wetter üben einen tief greifenden Einfluss auf die menschliche Gesundheit aus. Die prognostizierten Folgen des Klimawandels haben Forschung auf diesem Gebiet in den Mittelpunkt des wissenschaftlichen Interesses gerückt. Bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt konnten verschiedene Studien einen Zusammenhang zwischen atmosphärischen Zuständen und Mortalität aufzeigen. Jedoch bezieht sich der Großteil dieser Forschung auf die Industrieländer der Mittelbreiten und Erkenntnisse aus solchen Arbeiten erlauben nur wenige Schlussfolgerungen über die Beziehung zwischen Atmosphäre und Gesundheit in tropischen Entwicklungsländern. Das vorrangige Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Verständnis über atmosphärische Einflüsse auf Sterblichkeit in Bangladesch, einem tropischen Land mit niedrigen sozioökonomischen Standards und starken Urbanisierungsprozessen, zu erweitern. Zentralen Bestandteil der Arbeit bilden umfangreiche Analysen zu atmosphärischen Einflüssen auf Mortalität mittels verschiedener Generalisierter Linearer und Additiver Modelle. Im Allgemeinen zeigt die Studie einen starken Zusammenhang zwischen atmosphärischen Zuständen und Mortalität auf. Mittel- bis langfristige saisonale Effekte ebenso wie unmittelbarere kurz- bis mittelfristige thermische Effekte wurden verdeutlicht. Trotz des tropischen Klimas wurde eine ausgeprägte Übersterblichkeit im Winter und bei niedrigen Temperaturen beobachtet. Dennoch wurde in einigen Fällen ein sekundäres Sommermaximum und ein Anstieg der Mortalität bei erhöhten Temperaturen gefunden. Insbesondere Gesamt- und kardiovaskuläre Mortaliät in Städten zeigte einen starken und lang andauernden Anstieg in Folge von Hitze. Ebenso waren Bevölkerungsgruppen über 65 Jahren stark von hitzebedingter Mortalität betroffen. Intensiven Urbanisierungstendenzen, die Alterung der Gesellschaft, die Zunahme kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen sowie der Anstieg der Temperatur in Folge des Klimawandels legen nahe, dass schädlichen Hitzeeffekte in Zukunft zunehmen werden.Climate and weather have profound effects on human health. With the projected consequences of climate change, research on the health-atmosphere relationship has increasingly been brought into the focus of scientific attention. To date, several studies have established a relationship between atmospheric short- or long -term conditions and human mortality. Nevertheless, the majority of scientific evidence refers to industrialised countries located in the mid-latitudes. The insights gained from these studies permit few conclusions to be drawn about the atmosphere-health relationship in tropical developing countries. The primary objective of this thesis was to advance our understanding of atmospheric effects on mortality in Bangladesh, a tropical country with low socio-economic status and strong urbanisation processes. An extensive analysis of atmospheric short- and long-term effects on mortality was conducted using various generalised linear and additive models. Generally, this thesis revealed a strong association between atmospheric conditions and mortality. Mid- to long-term seasonal effects were demonstrated as well as more immediate short- to mid-term thermal effects. Despite the tropical climate associated with constantly high temperatures, a strong dominance of winter and cold-related excess mortality was observed. Nevertheless, a secondary summer maximum and an increase in mortality with elevated temperatures were observed for several strata. In particular, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in urban areas was found to be subject to intense and long-lasting heat effects. Likewise, the elderly population above 65 years was subject to heat-related mortality. Given the strong urbanisation trends, the ageing of populations, the increase in cardiovascular diseases, and the projected consequences of climate change adverse heat effects are likely to become more prevalent in Bangladesh and other developing countries.