Journal articles on the topic 'Rural areas near'
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Zhildikbaeva, A. N., L. A. Glushan, and S. K. Elemesov. "Organizational and economic mechanism for the land use in rural areas." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-2.2708-9991.20.
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The goal is to consider the problems of institutional and organizational-economic mechanisms for the effective use of lands near the village on the basis of assessment of the existing load of livestock in personal subsidiary plots and the system of its maintenance in various natural and agriultural zones. Objectives – to analyze pasture use in rural settlements and to present the standards for maximum permissible load of grazing of farm animals on the area of pastures in different climatic zones. Results – regions with a shortage of near-aul lands for livestock, high concentration of the rural population, a discrepancy between the livestock number and the level of pasture provi-sion were identified. Areas with a low load of animals on pastures are identified. The ratio of the standards of demand and supply in forage for natural and agricultural zones and animal species is shown. The formula for determining the optimal number of livestock that can be grazed around a settlement, taking into account the feed stock and pasture capacity, is presented. Schemes of pasture rotation are presented and recommendations for their use are developed to preserve the productivity of natural forage areas of zonal types of near-aul pasture lands and to radically improve on the basis of natural economic zoning of the republic. The analysis of the degree of watering of near-village pastures by region is given. Costs per head unit for transition and long-term periods have been calculated. Conclusions – costs for the near future are based on the existing cost structure by item with some amendments. Purchased feed for all types of animals prevails in the cost structure. The degree of maintenance of rangelands in non-State agricultural enterprises within the boundaries of land use, where there is a reserve potential of unused forage lands, has been determined.
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Kulish, I., M. Yankiv, S. Fetko, and V. Liublin. "Environmental security in rural areas near the Ukrainian-Polish border: comparative analysis." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 96 (December 28, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9603.
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A comparative analysis of the ecological safety of rural areas of the Ukrainian-Polish border was conducted. The main statistical indicators characterizing the natural environment on both sides of the Ukrainian-Polish border have been studied. The possibility of using indicators of the state of ecology of rural areas used for statistical purposes in Ukraine and Poland has been studied. The degree of implementation of the provisions of the “Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand” on the unification of statistics was analyzed and found to be incomplete. Indicators used for statistics in Poland (EU) and Ukraine differ significantly, which greatly prevents a full comparison of the environment and living conditions, which a priori determine the quality of life, its duration, the health of residents on both sides of the border. This situation complicates the planning of joint Ukrainian-Polish activities in all areas covered by the concept of “environmental security in the cross-border area”. It was emphasized that Ukraine has undertaken to harmonize the Ukrainian statistical system with the European Statistical System, as well as to support the introduction of a common quality management system in all processes of production and distribution of statistical products, but this activity is very slow. It is revealed that due to this situation the cooperation between the parties within the European Statistical System, namely Eurostat as the EU statistical body, in the field of environmental statistics remains low. It is proved that the presence of a large number of border crossings in border areas are additional (compared to other local areas) centers of agricultural soil pollution: increasing air emissions and solid waste, consuming more water, respectively, increases the amount of wastewater and the load on treatment plants. At the same time, there is a constant threat of transboundary pollution and accidents of water supply systems, and consequently, the release of emissions of varying degrees of danger into water and soil. The need to conduct further research to study the structure of agricultural production of the Ukrainian-Polish borderland with an emphasis on organic production and consumption was noted.
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Banout, Jan, Iva Kucerova, Bohdan Lojka, and Zbynek Polesny. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WOOD-BURNING COOKSTOVES IN RURAL AREAS NEAR PUCALLPA, PERU." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 15, no. 11 (2016): 2421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2016.264.
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Chow, Winston T. L., and Bohumil M. Svoma. "Analyses of Nocturnal Temperature Cooling-Rate Response to Historical Local-Scale Urban Land-Use/Land Cover Change." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 9 (September 2011): 1872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-10-05014.1.
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AbstractUrbanization affects near-surface climates by increasing city temperatures relative to rural temperatures [i.e., the urban heat island (UHI) effect]. This effect is usually measured as the relative temperature difference between urban areas and a rural location. Use of this measure is potentially problematic, however, mainly because of unclear “rural” definitions across different cities. An alternative metric is proposed—surface temperature cooling/warming rates—that directly measures how variations in land-use and land cover (LULC) affect temperatures for a specific urban area. In this study, the impact of local-scale (<1 km2), historical LULC change was examined on near-surface nocturnal meteorological station temperatures sited within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, for 1) urban versus rural areas, 2) areas that underwent rural-to-urban transition over a 20-yr period, and 3) different seasons. Temperature data were analyzed during ideal synoptic conditions of clear and calm weather that do not inhibit surface cooling and that also qualified with respect to measured near-surface wind impacts. Results indicated that 1) urban areas generally observed lower cooling-rate magnitudes than did rural areas, 2) urbanization significantly reduced cooling rates over time, and 3) mean cooling-rate magnitudes were typically larger in summer than in winter. Significant variations in mean nocturnal urban wind speeds were also observed over time, suggesting a possible UHI-induced circulation system that may have influenced local-scale station cooling rates.
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Moreno, Mª Luisa Gómez, and Luis Miguel Rubio Barquero. "Tourism, Development and Protected Areas: Deconstructing the Myth." European Countryside 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 568–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0030.
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Abstract The relation between tourism and rural development has been strengthened by planning frameworks such as rural development (the LEADER programmes) and by the management of protected natural areas. This relation also contributes to the concept of the multifunctionality of agricultural land. However, in the management of protected areas in Spain, the role of tourism and the public use of areas of maximum protection are often prioritised to the detriment of the agrarian societies with a permanent presence in these surroundings. In this paper, we analyse the impact of environmental planning and rural development on the characterisation of private tourist services in the Sierra de las Nieves natural park (near Málaga, Spain), using statistical sources, surveys and interviews with stakeholders. The results obtained show that the geographic distribution of private facilities is largely unrelated to public considerations. We view this outcome as a consequence of the disjunction between the agrarian traditions of local society and the new measures adopted to promote tourist activities.
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Mason, David C., John Bevington, Sarah L. Dance, Beatriz Revilla-Romero, Richard Smith, Sanita Vetra-Carvalho, and Hannah L. Cloke. "Improving Urban Flood Mapping by Merging Synthetic Aperture Radar-Derived Flood Footprints with Flood Hazard Maps." Water 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111577.
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Remotely sensed flood extents obtained in near real-time can be used for emergency flood incident management and as observations for assimilation into flood forecasting models. High-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors have the potential to detect flood extents in urban areas through clouds during both day- and night-time. This paper considers a method for detecting flooding in urban areas by merging near real-time SAR flood extents with model-derived flood hazard maps. This allows a two-way symbiosis, whereby currently available SAR urban flood extent improves future model flood predictions, while flood hazard maps obtained after the SAR overpasses improve the SAR estimate of urban flood extents. The method estimates urban flooding using SAR backscatter only in rural areas adjacent to urban ones. It was compared to an existing method using SAR returns in both rural and urban areas. The method using SAR solely in rural areas gave an average flood detection accuracy of 94% and a false positive rate of 9% in the urban areas and was more accurate than the existing method.
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Malesevic, Krstan. "On the future of local communities in rural areas." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 114-115 (2003): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0315177m.
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When discussing the future of rural areas for rural sociology (which aims at developing a holistic approach), the most important issue is certainly the question of fate of local communities in rural areas. Reviewing the enormous literature on countryside and agriculture, one can notice an overwhelming dominance of articles that focus on the agrarian and economic policy, often written fairly in the form of agro-economic reductionism. The totality of human life in rural communities is often lost in the fragmentary analysis of individual scientific disciplines. That is why there is a lack of knowledge on the meaning and content of (new) rurality, rural relationships, rural values, rural communities, rural ways of life and on integral rural development in conceptual-theoretical as well as in practical-empirical sense. This problem, understandably, affects different aspects of the complex phenomenon of "rurality" in our situation. However, regardless of the evident insufficiency of synthetic knowledge about our countryside as a social community, it is clearly evident that rural areas are in deep crisis. Local communities in the majority of our rural areas are completely marginalised. Great number of these communities are in the process of disintegration and disappearance. They have lost a "spirit of time" and identity and have not acquired a new one. Furthermore, in some rural areas local communities have literally vanished. In other words, it is difficult to find in our society any active rural communities with a clear future prospects. That is why the crucial question for social theory as well as for social practice is: Which are the economic, demographic, technological and especially socio-cultural prerequisites of renewal and development of local communities in the near future? Without their revitalisation there is no development of rural areas and vice versa. In the focus of this renewal there should be an adequate spatial, functional, organic and emotional connection of people living there. In other words, their participation and their self-identification with these communities is a key prerequisite. Although the renewal of our rural communities is an extremely difficult task, filled with many dilemmas, inconsistencies and objective contradictions, it is not unresolvable, at least for one type of these communities. With the well-thought strategy of planning and management of rural development, these processes can be accelerated and channelled in the desired direction. This paper discusses some possible solutions and gives more concrete propositions in relation to this problem.
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Lee, Do-Sung, Byung-ha Chung, Nam-seok Lee, Ho-woo Nam, and Joong-ho Kim. "A survey of helminthic infections in the residents of rural areas near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia." Korean Journal of Parasitology 37, no. 3 (1999): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.145.
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SEKIGUCHI, Yoshitaka. "Risk factors of CVA at the rural areas near the cities in hiroshima prefecture." JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL MEDICINE 36, no. 5 (1988): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2185/jjrm.36.1079.
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Davydenko, Nadiia, Natalia Wasilewska, Svitlana Boiko, and Mirosław Wasilewski. "Development of Rural Areas in Ukraine in the Context of Decentralization: An Empirical Study." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116730.
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Decentralization in Ukraine was actualized due to the inability of the local self-government system to satisfy the needs of the rural population in public services for the comprehensive development of a person, their self-realization, and the protection of their constitutional rights. The purpose of this empirical study is to examine development of rural areas in Ukraine in the context of decentralization. The methodology used was exploratory qualitative in nature and used a multiple case study, wherein data analysis were applied. We have found that the first result of decentralization in 2015–2018 is a slowdown in the decline of the proportion of the rural population, in the rate of decline of the available rural population, and the employment rate of the rural population. Our study refutes the hypothesis that the rural development targets, which were defined at the beginning of decentralization and fixed in the current legislation, have been achieved. Rural development targets have not been achieved, and economic modeling shows that there are no prospects for achieving them in the near future. The research results presented in the paper are of considerable importance for developing economic policy and the social development of rural areas, by addressing the needs of these rural areas.
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Tirziu, Andreea-Maria, and Catalin Vrabie. "Living labs - instruments of social innovation in rural areas." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 325 (March 1, 2018): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v325.42.
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In a country where nearly half the population lives in rural areas, it is difficult to link concepts such as smart cities, Internet of Things to the local government’s priority list. However, lately there have been numerous initiatives to improve access to information using ICT in the rural communities as well. The purpose of this article is not to exhaustively measure the already adopted means, but merely to provide a series of items retrieved as barriers to ICT projects meant to develop these communities. Following the studies conducted so far (in Romania there are about 2,700 communes – the lowest administrative entities of our country), it was observed that the digital divide is found in 100% of these areas. At the urban level – especially in the big cities, pilot projects for developing digital literacy among the elder population had a relatively high success. Such programs have been initiated at the level of the communes whose living standard is higher (the ones that are located near large cities). Their successes, though certainly less visible than in the urban communities, are noteworthy. Most such programs have targeted educational and health fields. The article we propose aims to show these programs’ implementation degree in Romania, providing as examples the most successful cases that help the social innovation process. The intention with which we start this study is to create a list of objectives that the initiators of these programs have to take into account during the preparation of those programs.
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Lubala, Toni Kasole, Olivier Mukuku, Augustin Mulangu Mutombo, Nina Lubala, Frank Nduu Nawej, Paul Makan Mawaw, and Oscar Numbi Luboya. "Infant feeding practices in urban and rural southern Katanga communities in Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Medical Research 2, no. 3 (June 25, 2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2016.2306.
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Introduction: The results of previous scientific studies made in China and Vietnam have shown a big difference in feeding practices of children living in rural areas and those living in urban areas suggesting the influence of economic and socio-cultural factors. The aim of the study is to compare feeding practices of children under the age of five years between urban and rural areas in southern Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa). Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study of 1630 mother infant pairs recruited from 250 randomly chosen households from each of 5 different villages near the town of Lubumbashi and two urban areas (Lubumbashi and Kampemba). Results: The proportions of mothers who initiate breastfeeding within one hour after birth in urban and rural areas were respectively 48.3% and 46.0% (ORa: 1.32; CI95%: 1.01-1.72). 44.2% of the mother in urban areas exclusively breastfed their children until the age of 6 months versus 14.5% in rural areas (p<0.001). The average age of the children when they stopped breastfeeding was 16.4 months in urban areas versus 17.9 months in rural areas (p<0.001). 91.3% of first foods given in urban areas were cereals (p<0.001) versus 86.8% in rural areas. Conclusion: The study showed that mothers living in rural areas breastfeed longer than those who live in urban areas. Moreover, our results show that mother in rural areas use infant formulas and introduce solid, semi-solid or soft food sooner and more often than women in urban areas.
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García, Laura, Lorena Parra, Jose M. Jimenez, Mar Parra, Jaime Lloret, Pedro V. Mauri, and Pascal Lorenz. "Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051693.
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Deploying wireless sensor networks (WSN) in rural environments such as agricultural fields may present some challenges that affect the communication between the nodes due to the vegetation. These challenges must be addressed when implementing precision agriculture (PA) systems that monitor the fields and estimate irrigation requirements with the gathered data. In this paper, different WSN deployment configurations for a soil monitoring PA system are studied to identify the effects of the rural environment on the signal and to identify the key aspects to consider when designing a PA wireless network. The PA system is described, providing the architecture, the node design, and the algorithm that determines the irrigation requirements. The testbed includes different types of vegetation and on-ground, near-ground, and above-ground ESP32 Wi-Fi node placements. The results of the testbed show high variability in densely vegetated areas. These results are analyzed to determine the theoretical maximum coverage for acceptable signal quality for each of the studied configurations. The best coverage was obtained for the near-ground deployment. Lastly, the aspects of the rural environment and the deployment that affect the signal such as node height, crop type, foliage density, or the form of irrigation are discussed.
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LEWANDOWICZ, ELŻBIETA. "ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT LAKE AREAS IN TERMS OF DEVELOPMENT "TOURISM INDUSTRY"." sj-economics scientific journal 24, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v24i1.219.
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The publication raises issues related to the management of the areas near in the shoreline of lakes. This places are a particularly attractive and should be protected and developed so as to enable sustainable development of rural areas with regard to the development of tourism. The aim of the study was doing the evaluation the management of the coastlines of 22 lakes in Olsztyn district. The study included buildings located in buffers of 100 m and 500 m from the shoreline, and the availability to the lake and forms of their management. The results indicate a high foreclosure areas near lakes from of public use, and the devastation of the shoreline, and seizure of land under water.
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Laine, Anne, Juhani Itämies, and Markku Orell. "The Psocoptera of Norway spruce (Picea abies) branches in northern Finland." Entomologica Fennica 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83770.
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The psocid fauna living on spruce branches was studied in northern Finland, both in urban areas near the industrial city of Oulu and in rural surroundings, during the years 1986-88. Samples of about 6000 psocids of 19 species were taken from old and young spruces. The psocid assemblage of the rural area of Taivalkoski differed significantly from other areas according to the pooled data of old spruces. Mesopsocus unipunctatus (Müller), Caecilius burmeisteri Brauer and Trichadenotecnum majus (Kolbe) were most numerous in the most urban areas, Reuterella helvimacula (Enderlein) in the areas characterized by the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes.
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Smith-Tamaray, Michelle, Sarah Verdon, and Laura Hoffman. "Retention in rural speech and language therapy: The impact of rural tertiary education in Australia." Advances in Communication and Swallowing 24, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/acs-210032.
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BACKGROUND: Recruitment and retention of skilled health workers into rural areas is a major challenge to achieving equity in health between rural and urban populations. OBJECTIVE: This study explored the impact of rurally-based tertiary education in promoting the recruitment and retention of speech and language therapists (SLTs) in non-metropolitan areas and intention to remain in the profession. METHODS: Participants in this cohort study were 133 graduates from a rurally-based speech and language therapy course in Australia who completed the course between 1998 and 2018. Data were collected via an online survey. Data were analysed using inferential statistics, ArcGIS mapping software and content analysis in NVivo12. RESULTS: 65.0% of the graduates practiced in rural or remote areas with just 21.1% practicing in major cities. Most participants’ ideal work location was in a rural area. Benefits of rural practice included seeing a mixed caseload, living near family, work/life balance and loving their location. Challenges of rural practice included limited opportunities for specialist caseloads and career progression. In total, 93.2% of the rural graduates intended to remain in the speech and language therapy profession for the next 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that SLTs who are trained in rural areas with a focus on servicing rural populations are highly likely to enter and remain in rural practice, consistent with the rural pipeline model.
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Luan, Qingzu, Qian Cao, Lei Huang, Yupeng Liu, and Fengjiao Wang. "Identification of the Urban Dry Islands Effect in Beijing: Evidence from Satellite and Ground Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040809.
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Urbanization may exert a strong influence on both near-surface and atmospheric moisture. However, studies on the effect of urbanization on atmospheric moisture using remotely sensed observations have been infrequently conducted. To fill this research gap, we used remotely sensed and station-based observations to calculate urban–rural differences in total-column, near-surface, and atmospheric moisture in the Beijing metropolis. Multiple humidity indicators were selected, including precipitation water vapor, relative humidity, water vapor pressure, and absolute humidity. Results showed that both the total-column and near-surface urban dry islands (UDIs) were detected in Beijing. A significant decreasing trend of the near-surface UDIs intensity (i.e., urban minus rural) was found, which was closely related to the expansion of built-up areas (i.e., the moisture reduction in the newly urbanized areas). However, the trend of the total-column UDIs intensity was not significant. A further investigation of the atmospheric urban–rural moisture differences showed that the UDIs effect mainly existed in the near-surface layer, while an urban wet island was found above the 950 hPa pressure level, probably due to enhanced convergence in urban areas. Generally, the UDIs intensity was the strongest in the hot, wet summer and the weakest in the dry, cold winter. However, the UDIs intensity represented by relative humidity was the largest in autumn and showed the strongest correlation with the expansion of built-up areas in Beijing. This study employed satellite observations to understand the UDIs effect and highlighted the significance of urbanization-induced moisture changes on and above the ground. Findings of this study provided new insights into how urbanization affected atmospheric moisture in the boundary layer and paved the way for process-based modeling studies.
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O'Shea, Eamon, Kieran Walsh, and Tom Scharf. "Exploring community perceptions of the relationship between age and social exclusion in rural areas." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 13, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14717791211213580.
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PurposeThis paper aims to explore, for the first time, community perceptions of the relationship between age and social exclusion in rural areas of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.Design/methodology/approachThe paper builds on learning from a previous baseline cross‐border rural ageing study and draws its methodology from a broader ecological multi‐level approach. The research was conducted through focus groups with community stakeholders, which were undertaken in ten communities in different rural settings (village, near‐urban, island, dispersed, and remote) in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.FindingsIn total, four interconnecting thematic areas emerged as important in determining exclusion or inclusion for older people living in rural areas: place, economic circumstances, social provision, and social connectedness. Within these themes, various tipping points emerged as important for pathways into and out of exclusion, most notably local systems of social support and the mindset of older people themselves in relation to participation.Originality/valueThis research lays the foundations for understanding the lived experiences of older people on the island of Ireland and the pathways for their inclusion and exclusion in diverse rural areas, as seen through the lens of community stakeholders.
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Khakian, Reza, Mehrdad Karimimoshaver, Farshid Aram, Soghra Zoroufchi Benis, Amir Mosavi, and Annamaria R. Varkonyi-Koczy. "Modeling Nearly Zero Energy Buildings for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102593.
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The energy performance of buildings and energy-saving measures have been widely investigated in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to buildings located in rural areas. The aim of this study is to assess the energy performance of two-story residential buildings located in the mountainous village of Palangan in Iran and to evaluate the impact of multiple parameters, namely building orientation, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), glazing type, shading devices, and insulation, on its energy performance. To attain a nearly zero energy building design in rural areas, the building is equipped with photovoltaic modules. The proposed building design is then economically evaluated to ensure its viability. The findings indicate that an energy saving of 29% can be achieved compared to conventional buildings, and over 22 MWh of electricity can be produced on an annual basis. The payback period is assessed at 21.7 years. However, energy subsidies are projected to be eliminated in the near future, which in turn may reduce the payback period.
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Heffner, Krystian, and Małgorzata Twardzik. "Rural Areas in Poland – Changes Since Joining the European Union." European Countryside 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 420–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0021.
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Abstract Rural areas are experiencing a dynamic, multidirectional change. It is the result of impact of many processes, including rapid, often spontaneous urbanisation and structural transformation in the agricultural sector and temporary and permanent movements of the population. Changes in the spatial structures of the countryside, on the one hand, influenced by European programmes and measures, linked to the processes of modernisation and organisation of rural settlements and economic systems. On the other hand, rapid economic development and spontaneous investment are resulting in the expansion of the urban forms of land use – not only in the immediate surroundings of the cities and towns, but also in remote, peripheral areas dominated until recently by farming. The paper presents the genesis of contemporary land use in rural areas in Poland, linking the countryside structures with the intensity and forms of residency and user economies in the rural areas. The main drivers of change, significantly affecting the emerging forms of farming villages, are processes of intensive suburbanisation and semi-urbanisation, the phenomenon of progressive peripherisation of large areas in different parts of the country, the depopulation of the countryside and profound changes in the demographic structure of the population, improvement of infrastructure and transport accessibility and economic revival of villages. There are also important issues related to advantages such as natural and cultural values of the village. The aim of the article is to present the main directions of functional and spatial transformations of rural areas in Poland from the beginning of the 21st century. The main hypothesis is that the development of rural areas in Poland proceeds in two directions: Urban “colonization”, which involves the invasion of both single- and multi-family housing in the surroundings of traditional villages and in areas previously used for agricultural purposes, is becoming increasingly widespread; this follows restructuring and diversification (spatial and functional) in urbanized rural areas. Much indicates that the rational development and use of rural areas will be one of the main challenges of Poland in the near future.
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Lugovskoy, Sergey Ivanovich. "Assessment of the impact of housing construction factors on rural development." KANT 41, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2021-41.12.
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The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the factors of housing construction affecting the development of rural areas, identifying their relationships, as well as the specifics of the implementation of the program of preferential rural mortgages in the regions and the damage of its impact on the village. The scientific novelty of the work carried out consists in confirming the hypothesis of the insignificance of the impact of the preferential rural mortgage program in the improvement of housing in remote rural areas and the acceleration of the process of deurbanization. As a result, using the example of the subjects of the Russian Federation and specifically the Stavropol Territory, it is demonstrated that factors of housing construction and home improvement affect the development of only large rural settlements located near administrative centers.
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Muhammadu, Masin Muhammadu. "Solar Pumping System for Rural Areas Water Supply in Nigeria." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.811.
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Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources, both conventional and renewable, which can potentially provide the country with a sufficient capacity to meet the ambitions of both urban and rural Nigerians of a full, nationwide electrification level. Yet, Nigeria has one of the lowest consumption rates of electricity per capita in Africa. With the demand superseding the generation, there is inequitable access of rural communities to the electricity service in the country. There are inherent obstacles militating against the effective implementation of an orderly energy policy in Nigeria. The inefficiencies over shadowing the allocation of energy resources coupled with the near depletion of fossil fuels, make it imperative for the country to exploit its huge natural renewable resources to avoid a worsening energy supply scenario and provide feasible solar water pump to rural dwellers. This paper presents the applications of solar water pumping which are already quite significant and are growing at steady rate. Solar energy is suitable for small-scale water pumping in remote areas where the demand is regular, such as for drinking water, but it may also be used for irrigation. Most areas in Nigeria have climates suitable for solar pumping. A review is given of the use of solar energy for water pumping to improve the living conditions of the population in rural areas and to develop techniques for utilization of solar energy in a tropical environment condition. Results, suggests that, solar powered water pumping must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated by full scale in Nigeria.
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Lira, Jarosław. "The impact of the economic infrastructure on the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas of the Wielkopolskie Voivodship." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, no. 5 (May 25, 2016): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0997.
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The article presents the analysis of the dynamics of change and spatial diversity in the availability and density of economic infrastructure and their relation to the distance from Poznan, entrepreneurship and population density in rural areas of Wielkopolskie Voivodship. Powiats located near Poznan characterize the greatest availability of rural population to infrastructure services. Furthermore, the increased distance from Poznan influenced the decline in business, expressed by indicators of entrepreneurship for newly registered and for operators entered in the register REGON total. Both the availability of economic infrastructure in 2013 as well as the dynamics of infrastructure in 2004—2013 in rural areas have a statistically significant impact on the number of economic entities per 10 thousand people at the working agein Wielkopolskie Voivodship.
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Harrington, James R. "Retaining Science Teachers in Rural School Districts: Examining the Unintended Consequences of the No Child Left Behind Act." Global Journal of Educational Studies 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/gjes.v3i1.10698.
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Previous case studies find that rural school districts have been struggling to recruit and retain high quality teachers after the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Scholars and practitioners argue this labor market problem is even more dire in hard-to-recruit subject areas such as science and mathematics. While there is ample antidotal evidence, there is still no empirical studies that have leveraged a longitudinal dataset to estimate the impact of NCLB on teacher retention in rural school districts. To better examine the intended and unintended consequences of NCLB, this study leverages a longitudinal statewide panel dataset at the district level to examine the capability of rural school districts to recruit and retain science teachers. We find that rural school districts near metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas employed fewer science teachers after the NCLB passage, while remote rural school districts did not experience a decline. This article highlights that rural school districts have differential effects on their ability to recruit and retain science teachers based on their proximity to urban areas.
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Sorensen, Lucy C., and Moontae Hwang. "The Importance of Place: Effects of Community Job Loss on College Enrollment and Attainment Across Rural and Metropolitan Regions." AERA Open 7 (January 2021): 233285842199717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858421997170.
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Youth living in remote rural communities face significant geographic barriers to college access. Even those living near to a postsecondary institution may not have the means for, or may not see the value of, pursuing a college degree within their local economy. This study uses 18 years of national county-level data to ask how local economic shocks affect the postsecondary enrollment and attainment of rural students, as compared to students in metropolitan and metropolitan-adjacent regions. Results from an instrumental variables analysis indicate that each 1 percentage point increase in local unemployment increases local college enrollment by 10.0% in remote rural areas, as compared to a 5.2% increase in metropolitan-adjacent areas and no detectable increase in metropolitan areas. The rise in rural college enrollment is driven primarily by students enrolling in or continuing in associate degree programs, and by students transferring from 2-year to 4-year programs.
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Husain, Syed Zahid, Stéphane Bélair, and Sylvie Leroyer. "Influence of Soil Moisture on Urban Microclimate and Surface-Layer Meteorology in Oklahoma City." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 1 (January 2014): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0156.1.
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AbstractThe influence of soil moisture on the surface-layer atmosphere is examined in this paper by analyzing the outputs of model simulations for different initial soil moisture configurations, with particular emphasis on urban microclimate. In addition to a control case, four different soil moisture distributions within the urban and surrounding rural areas are considered in this study. Outputs from the Global Environmental Multiscale atmospheric model simulations are compared with observations from the Joint Urban 2003 experiment held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and the relevant conclusions drawn in this paper are therefore valid for similar medium-size cities. In general, high soil moisture is found to be associated with colder near-surface temperature and lower near-surface wind speed, whereas drier soil resulted in warmer temperatures and enhanced low-level wind. Relative to urban soil moisture content, rural soil conditions are predicted to have larger impacts on both rural and urban surface-layer meteorological conditions. Dry rural and wet urban soil configurations are shown to have a strong influence on the urban–rural temperature contrast and resulted in city-induced secondary circulations that considerably affect the near-surface wind speed. Dry rural soil in particular is found to intensify the nocturnal low-level jet and significantly affect the thermal stability of nocturnal near-neutral urban surface layer by altering both thermal and mechanical generation of turbulence.
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Tiller, KG, LH Smith, RH Merry, and PM Clayton. "The dispersal of automotive lead from metropolitan Adelaide into adjacent rural areas." Soil Research 25, no. 2 (1987): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870155.
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About 600 surface samples and key horizons of 240 soil profiles from a 90 x 20 km study area extending from the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia, to its rural hinterland, were analysed for lead. Atmospheric fallout was collected monthly at 19 locations for 2 years, and up to 3 years at fewer sites in the same area. Lead in atmospheric fallout showed little year-to-year variation and tended to be seasonally controlled with highest values in winter. Collection of lead in fallout was unaffected by the filtering action of vegetation. The lead content of surface soils and atmospheric fallout showed that part of petrol-lead emitted within Adelaide from automotive exhausts has measurably contaminated the rural landscape to about 50 km downwind of the city. The variation in lead content of surface soils in the agricultural region near Adelaide can be largely explained in terms of accessions of aerosol-lead of automotive origin. This research complements previous investigations which showed that the lead isotopic compositions of selected soils were close to the composition of the lead tetraethyl used in South Australia. An environmental budget showed that only 3% of the lead in petrol burned in Adelaide has been dispersed via the atmosphere beyond the immediate highway zone, and deposited on the land surface within 50 km of the city centre. On the assumption that no more than 35% of the lead is retained within the vehicle, and that about half of the total burned lead is deposited near the roadway, the 30% of the total lead which cannot be accounted for (about 200 t at the time of this study) has probably dispersed beyond the study region and should be viewed as a contribution to continental and global pollution. Lead levels measured in rainfall, air and soils were low in relation to the accepted standards and experience. Although the lead levels were low, this investigation indicates the likely dispersal pattern of other pollutants with similar atmospheric residence times, and thus provides guidance to planning decisions concerning placement of polluting industries, and in relation to possible industrial accidents which cause pollution.
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Tonini, Marj, Joana Parente, and Mário G. Pereira. "Global assessment of rural–urban interface in Portugal related to land cover changes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 6 (June 13, 2018): 1647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1647-2018.
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Abstract. The rural–urban interface (RUI), known as the area where structures and other human developments meet or intermingle with wildland and rural area, is at present a central focus of wildfire policy and its mapping is crucial for wildfire management. In the Mediterranean Basin, humans cause the vast majority of fires and fire risk is particularly high in the proximity of infrastructure and of rural/wildland areas. RUI's extension changes under the pressure of environmental and anthropogenic factors, such as urban growth, fragmentation of rural areas, deforestation and, more in general, land use/land cover change (LULCC). As with other Mediterranean countries, Portugal has experienced significant LULCC in the last decades in response to migration, rural abandonment, ageing of population and trends associated with the high socioeconomic development. In the present study, we analyzed the LULCC occurring in this country in the 1990–2012 period with the main objective of investigating how these changes affected RUI's evolution. Moreover, we performed a qualitative and quantitative characterization of burnt areas within the RUI in relation to the observed changes. Obtained results disclose important LULCC and reveal their spatial distribution, which is far from uniform within the territory. A significant increase in artificial surfaces was registered near the main metropolitan communities of the northwest, littoral-central and southern regions, whilst the abandonment of agricultural land near the inland urban areas led to an increase in uncultivated semi-natural and forest areas. Within agricultural areas, heterogeneous patches suffered the greatest changes and were the main contributors to the increase in urban areas; moreover, this land cover class, together with forests, was highly affected by wildfires in terms of burnt area. Finally, from this analysis and during the investigated period, it appears that RUI increased in Portugal by more than two-thirds, while the total burnt area decreased by one-third; nevertheless, burnt area within RUI doubled, which emphasizes the significance of RUI monitoring for land and fire managers.
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Almaktoof, Ali M., Atanda K. Raji, Mohammed T. E. Kahn, and Mohamed Ali Ekhlat. "Batteryless PV desalination system for rural areas: A case study." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 4 (April 5, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v26i4a2091.
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The use of photovoltaics (PVs) to power reverse osmosis (RO) desalination can potentially break the dependence of this desalination process on conventional energy sources (oil, coal, electricity from national grid), reduce operational costs, and improve environmental sustainability. In this paper, a methodology for the optimal sizing and performance evaluation of a stand-alone PV system to power an RO desalination unit is presented. This unit covers the water needs of inhabitants of a small isolated village called Mrair-Gabis, near the Ajdabiya city in north-eastern Libya. A photovoltaic-reverse osmosis (PV-RO) system offers good possibilities for satisfying this need. Due to the many technical problems with batteries, as well as their high cost, the system studied in this paper will not consider the use of batteries; the viability of a batterryless system is facilitated by the high solar radiation at the selected site, and long daily average insolation duration. From the water consumption records it was noticed that during some days in summer the water produced by the RO unit does not meet the water demand; on the other hand, during some days of the month there will be an excess of water production. The above considerations led to the design of a freshwater tank, to cover the potable water needs for people in cases of the desalination unit breaking down, either due to technical problems or on the cloudy days. The purpose of the water tank is therefore to store excess water when production exceeds supply. Simulations were carried out using MATLAB Software to size and assess the performance of a stand-alone PV system. The computer program can be applied to any site with different weather conditions.
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Maja, Pontsho William, Johan Meyer, and Suné von Solms. "Smart Rural Village’s Healthcare and Energy Indicators—Twin Enablers to Smart Rural Life." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 12466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912466.
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Poverty in rural areas remains rife and high despite the rapid societal developments and technological advancements the world is riding on, brought about by the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Most communities and individuals in many rural areas of the world often face near zero to limited access to basic services such as access to energy and healthcare. The study’s objective is to develop linkages between smart rural health indicators and smart rural energy indicators. This is achieved by using a six-stage method developed over a two year period. The method uses sustainable development goals as a point of departure; however, in this study, the focus is on healthcare and energy access. The following indicators has been derived: the number of patients in a village monitored remotely, the number of persons having access to a mobile health clinic powered by a renewable energy source, the number of network routers powered by renewable energy to enable drone usage in a village, and the accessibility of a patient’s database by the village surgeon remotely due to reliable and accessible servers powered by a mixture of sustainable and renewable energy. The paper concludes that a sustainable, renewable energy mix acts as the enabling link that renders healthcare services in rural villages accessible to all.
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Shen, Jing, Rung-Jiun Chou, Rong Zhu, and Shun-He Chen. "Experience of Community Resilience in Rural Areas around Heritage Sites in Quanzhou under Transition to a Knowledge Economy." Land 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122155.
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With the transition to a knowledge economy becoming an important aim, this qualitative study examines rural communities (Yongning and Xunpu) near heritage sites in Quanzhou, China. “Pu Jing” and exhibition space are connected with the inheritance and creation of intangible cultural heritage in order to form a knowledge economy with unique local characteristics around these sites. Beliefs and customs that reconstruct social values are integrated with heritage conservation. Economic competition and social capital restructuring strengthen social identification and benefit building community resilience. Combining with the “Local Tourism Alliance” activities organized by local organizations is important when developing innovative education and tourism activities. The innovation-oriented rural revitalization strategy has promoted community resilience in rural areas around the heritage sites, enhanced local area values, and encouraged social and economic efficiency.
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Mukhtar, Umar, Zhong Zhangbao, Tian Beihai, Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer, Amar Razzaq, and Tayyaba Hina. "Implications of Decreasing Farm Size on Urbanization: A Case Study of Punjab Pakistan." Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v5i2.12746.
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The rate of urbanization in Pakistan especially in Punjab is quite high. The reason behind this is the high population growth that is about 2.4 percent in the last decade. This causes a burden on the farm size and in rural areas people have no choice except to move in the urban areas for their livelihood. The main objective of this study was to identify the key influential factors that affect the decision to migrate. Study evaluated the impact of economic, social, demographic, natural and climatic factors on the welfare of the migrants and non-migrant’s households. For this purpose, an extensive survey from 504 respondents was carried out in four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Due to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable i.e. migrant and non-migrant, logistic regression was employed on the collected data using Stata. Results revealed that unemployment, educational and health facilities, family conflicts, small farm size for agricultural activities, and greater family size are the main influencing factors affecting migration decision from rural to urban areas. This creates the strong implications i.e. putting burden on the urban areas due to the high rate of urbanization. So, it is however recommended to stem down the rate of migration all necessary facilities should be provided in the rural areas and Agro-based must be set up near the rural areas providing employment opportunities for the rural dwellers.
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Mumford, David B., Khalid Saeed, Imtiaz Ahmad, Shazia Latif, and Malik H. Mubbashar. "Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 5 (May 1997): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.5.473.
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BackgroundThe prevalence of psychiatric disorders in rural Punjab is unknown. Previous studies in rural areas elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent have yielded widely differing estimates.MethodFirst-stage screening of a village near Gujar Khan used the Bradford Somatic Inventory and Self Reporting Questionnaire. Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.ResultsIt is estimated that 66% of women and 25% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Levels of emotional distress increased with age in both genders. Women living in unitary households reported more distress than those living in extended or joint families. With younger men and women, lower levels of education were associated with greater risk of psychiatric disorders. Social disadvantage was associated with more emotional distress.ConclusionsThis study in rural Punjab confirms the findings of a previous study in Chitral, northern Pakistan, of high levels of emotional distress and psychiatric morbidity among women in rural areas of Pakistan.
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Газетдинов, Миршарип, Mirsharip Gazetdinov, Ольга Семичева, Ol'ga Semicheva, Шамиль Газетдинов, and Shamil Gazetdinov. "FEATURES OF RURAL TERRITORIES DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF MODERNIZATION OF ECONOMY." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5db98b0c862ba8.00690321.
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The article explores the impact of economic modernization on the social and economic situation of rural residents. It justifies the need to develop mechanisms to regulate the activities of business entities taking into account the fundamental interests of the rural population, such as improving and leveling the social and economic conditions of life in order to freely develop the personality of each resident of rural areas. It is alleged that rural areas have their own specifics, which is associated with traditions, culture and relatively low population density. The specificity is manifested in the fact that the rural economy can be simultaneously represented by agriculture and forestry, industrial production, tourism and recreation, and other industries. These areas of activity can become complementary to the main specialization of entrepreneurship in a particular rural area. Two features of the development of rural territories in the near future are distinguished: due to the effective use of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress and the improvement of technological processes in modern agricultural units, the need for labor resources is reduced; a decrease in the demand for labor resources from agriculture leads to a deterioration in the social and economic situation, and, as a consequence, to an outflow of the population from rural areas. The need for the development of a special social-targeted block in any comprehensive modernization programs is argued. This block should contain requirements that ensure a well-defined character and sequence of social changes in work.
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Bogdański, Marcin, and Marcin Janusz. "Small Towns’ Functions as a Determinant of the Standard of Living in Rural Areas—An Example from Poland." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 13254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013254.
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Rural areas, due to their importance for the economy and society, have always been a subject of efforts to understand and model the growth drivers in these areas as well as to improve the standard of living (SoL) of rural populations. One of the most important factors shaping the functioning of rural areas is the presence of small towns and the number of functions they provide for surrounding areas. The significance of this factor is especially high in peripheral regions, such as the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship in Poland. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to analyze how the number and structure of functions performed by small towns in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie region affected the standard of living of rural residents in the years 2008–2020. The first part of the analysis was concerned with calculating the number and structure of functions performed by small towns in the region, using methods developed in the framework of urban economic base theory. The TOPSIS method was then used to quantify living standards in rural areas. Finally, the results of the two analyses were compared against each other. The results of the studies show that the standard of living in rural areas usually improved with an increase in the number of functions performed by the small towns. Additionally, the structure of these functions influenced the living conditions of the rural population. However, considering the relative rigidness of the urban network within the regional socio-economic system, it leads to the conclusion that existing disparities in the standard of living will be difficult to reduce in the near future.
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Li, Jing, Meng Guo, and Kevin Lo. "Estimating Housing Vacancy Rates in Rural China Using Power Consumption Data." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 5722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205722.
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Village hollowing is a growing policy problem globally, but accurately estimating housing vacancy rates is difficult and costly. In this study, we piloted the use of power consumption data to estimate the vacancy rate of rural housing. To illustrate the method used, we took power consumption data in 2014 and 2017 in an area of rural China to analyze the change in housing vacancies. Results indicated that the rural vacancy rates were 5.27% and 8.69%, respectively, while underutilization rates were around 10% in 2014 and 2017. Second, there was significant spatial clustering of vacant rural housing, and the hotspots were mainly distributed in western mountainous areas, whereas villages near urban areas had lower vacancy rates. Third, rural vacancies increased from 2014 to 2017. Compared with other methods, our method proved to be accurate, very cost-effective and scalable, and it can offer timely spatial and temporal information that can be used by policymakers to identify areas with significant village hollowing issues. However, there are challenges in setting the right thresholds that take into consideration regional differences. Therefore, there is also a need for more studies in different regions in order to scale up this method to the national level.
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Bar, Doron. "Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine." Harvard Theological Review 98, no. 1 (January 2005): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816005000854.
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In Palestine, Christian monasticism began early in the fourth century C.E. The first monks known to us by name are Hilarion of Thavata, who lived in the region of Gaza; Epiphanius, who settled near Eleutheropolis, in the Shephelah; and Chariton, a native of Iconium in Asia Minor who became the founder of monasticism in the Judean Desert. The monastic movement spread throughout Palestine during the Byzantine period (324–642 C.E.), and the remains ofmonasteries have been found in diverse areas. Many monasteries were establishedin or around large cities, or at holy places and sites of pilgrimage, while others were set in desert areas.
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Méndez Serrano, Luceli, José Pedro Juárez-Sánchez, Benito Ramírez-Valverde, and Laura Caso Barrera. "Social impact analysis of cultural tourism in rural areas of Tlaxcala, Mexico." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 53, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.031.
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Alternative tourism, specifically cultural tourism, has gained worldwide importance. This is reflected in the growing number of people preferring this type of leisure activity. However, and even though archaeological and religious contexts represent hubs of attraction for pilgrims and tourists, their development seems to generate social issues. The objective of this research is to analyse the social impact of cultural tourism, from the perspective of tradesmen living in the rural municipality of Tlaxcala, Mexico. Information was collected by surveys. Sample size was calculated using the non-probabilistic method (snowball), and 54 tradesmen owning establishments near tourist attractions, were interviewed. Results evidenced that tradesmen do perceive social problems including traffic congestion, increasing living costs, pollution, street vendors, and augmented competition between businesses. However, they appreciate the benefits of providing tourists with low-cost catering services, considering tourism to be positive or very positive. The conclusion is that economic benefits outweigh the social impacts generated by tourism. Highlights: The influx of pilgrims and tourists is generating some social problems in the receiving rural spaces. Tourism service providers derive little benefit due to the low-cost services in accommodation and meal offer to tourists. Social problems are increasing (road traffic, higher cost of living, pollution, street vendors) and greater competition between businesses. Tourist activity is considered good or very good since it contributes to local development.
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Rahman, MH, and S. Rana. "Animal Health Services: Extent of Availability in Some Selected Rural Areas of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 2 (December 22, 2014): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21281.
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The main objective of the study was to assess the nature and extent of availability of animal health services received by the rural livestock farmers. The research was conducted in four upazilas namely Companyganj of Sylhet, Modhukhali of Faridpur, Mathbaria of Pirojpur and Mithamoin of Kishoreganj districts. Data were collected by using both quantitative and qualitative methods from a sample of 480 farmers during April to September 2010. Almost all of the farmers had high level of availability of veterinary services in relation to treatment of diseases and availability of medicine. Only few(6 percent) received services regarding artificial insemination. Percentage of respondents receiving services on vaccination (32 percent) and surgery and obstetrics (22 percent) were also moderate. The MFTS project beneficiaries received all services with higher frequencies than those of the non-beneficiaries except from the availability of medicine.The farmers living near upazila headquarter received better services than those living far from the upazila headquarters.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21281 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 173-177
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Juschten, Maria, Christiane Brandenburg, Reinhard Hössinger, Ursula Liebl, Martina Offenzeller, Andrea Prutsch, Wiebke Unbehaun, Fabian Weber, and Alexandra Jiricka-Pürrer. "Out of the City Heat—Way to Less or More Sustainable Futures?" Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010214.
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Rural alpine areas are affected by climate change in multiple ways. Today, many lower regions already face challenges in winter. However, several authors indicated new potentials for near-metropolitan areas in summer. As the first study for a metropolitan area, this paper discusses results of a large-scale quantitative survey (n = 877) from Vienna (Austria) to evaluate the intentions of urban residents to seek refreshment in nearby mountainous regions. The results regarding their adaptation behavior confirm the likely increase in demand to escape to nearby refreshing areas during heatwaves. This trend could lead to (re-)vitalization potential for rural near-metropolitan areas in Eastern Austria, which are often characterized by depopulation and degradation of infrastructure. A closer look at the respondents’ mobility behavior, reveals a high risk for unsustainable developments. Although the high and increasing share of car-free households in Vienna would suggest a strong demand for public transport, the likelihood to travel by car towards such destinations is high even among this group. Focusing predominantly on on-site mobility offers would be recommended since many travelers did not use their car within the destination. At last, the attractiveness of climate-friendly travel options is discussed considering mobility-related needs and preferences of three touristic motive groups.
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Francisco, Rodrigues P., Antonio M. Hoguane, Rosa L. Simbine, and Humberto S. Mabota. "Household dependence on fish-based farming systems in the Bons Sinais Estuary in Mozambique." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, no. 1/2021 (December 23, 2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.si2021.1.3.
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Households in estuarine deltas of the Western Indian Ocean depend on small-scale fishing, farming in flood-recession and adjacent areas, and mangrove forest products for food security, energy and an income in so-called deltaic fish-based farming (FBF) systems. It was hypothesized that the relative importance of household activities would depend on location along the Bons Sinais Estuary in Mozambique, diversifying in peri-urban settings. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken at five sites, including rural sites near the estuary mouth and upstream, and peri-urban settings near Quelimane city. Fishing contributed the most to FBF livelihoods (54 %) followed by farming (15 %), small business operators (14 %), collection and use of mangrove products (6 %) and other activities such as wage-earning or formal employment (10 %). The highest diversity of activities was at a peri-urban site, Chuabo Dembe, which differed from all other sites in Cluster and Principal Components Analyses. Fishing dominated activities at four of five sites, with the highest preponderance near the estuary mouth. Women played an important role in generating household income, mainly through farming and operating small businesses in peri-urban areas. The education level declined in rural settings. Overexploitation and degradation of natural ecosystems to provide for an increasing urban population around Quelimane threaten estuarine functioning, making deltaic FBF systems vulnerable. Rural development programmes should focus on improving education levels and the efficiency of food production, processing and distribution systems.
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Mason, David C., Ian J. Davenport, Jeffrey C. Neal, Guy J. P. Schumann, and Paul D. Bates. "Near Real-Time Flood Detection in Urban and Rural Areas Using High-Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar Images." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 50, no. 8 (August 2012): 3041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2178030.
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Yauk, C. L., J. E. Smits, J. S. Quinn, and C. A. Bishop. "Pulmonary Histopathology in Ring-Billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) from Colonies near Steel Mills and in Rural Areas." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no. 5 (May 2001): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280045.
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Yauk, C. L., J. E. Smits, J. S. Quinn, and C. A. Bishop. "Pulmonary Histopathology in Ring-Billed Gulls ( Larus delawarensis ) from Colonies near Steel Mills and in Rural Areas." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-001-0045-7.
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Langinen, Alexei. "Sparsely populated and rural areas in the United Kingdom: measures to solve governance challenges." Socium i vlast 6 (2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-6-29-39.
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Introduction. The problems of state and local governance in sparsely populated and rural areas is relevant for the Russian Federation due to the presence of depressed areas, depopulation of the countryside, small towns, monotowns, migration of the rural population to large cities, regional capitals, other regions and abroad. These processes are typical for many other modern states. Solving the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas includes providing socially significant services, protecting the health and safety of residents, developing education, creating and maintaining social infrastructure, and creating jobs. The purpose of the article is to identify the most important management problems in rural and sparsely populated areas and reveal possible solutions to these problems using the example of Great Britain. Methods. The research is based on a systematic approach to management in rural and sparsely populated areas. Analysis of factual data, legal sources, published survey results, foreign Internet sources. Comparative analysis of problems and measures of state policy in different states. Scientific novelty of the research. The author highlights the current measures taken in the UK at the central, local levels in order to overcome the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas. These activities as a basis for developing practical recommendations may be important for solving similar problems in Russian regions, including in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic and economic problems in the near future. Results. As a result the author identifies problems in the field of management in rural and sparsely populated and hard-to-reach areas, as well as possible directions of state policy in the UK and Russia to overcome these problems. Conclusions. The most important direction of state policy for solving the problems highlighted in the study is the development of local interests of the community, the integration of state support measures and local events. As measures aimed at solving social and infrastructural problems of sparsely populated areas in the UK, one can single out government programs implemented at the national and regional levels with the participation of industrial enterprises and businesses, a grant mechanism for the implementation of financial support, combined with the empowerment of local communities. There is no such policy in Russia yet.
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Ko, Shane Htet, and Hiroshi Sakai. "Water sanitation, hygiene and the prevalence of diarrhea in the rural areas of the delta region of Myanmar." Journal of Water and Health 20, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.192.
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Abstract Myanmar is an agriculture-based country with 70% of the total population residing in rural areas. Around half of the total population in Myanmar has to consume water from unimproved sources. The prevalence of diarrhea due to contaminated drinking water is high even in urban areas. The urban community may expect the provision of municipal water supply in the near future if the current revolution against military dictatorship succeeds. However, the rural areas have less or no chance to get quality water because of a lot of other prioritized tasks. Household water treatment is encouraged to be implemented as one of the national water safety plans for rural water supply in Myanmar. This study explored the diarrhea prevention awareness of the rural community using a questionnaire survey. The microbial quality parameters of drinking water sources were also examined. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in all examined drinking water sources. A significant association was found between drinking untreated water and the occurrence of diarrhea. The percentage of people who applied the diarrhea preventive measures was low. Even if they knew how to prevent the disease, very few people applied the measures in reality. Therefore, measures to cause behavioral change should be initiated, together with awareness raising, to promote diarrhea prevention in the community.
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Khugaeva, L. M., L. Z. Basieva, A. A. Pekh, and A. K. Kozyrev. "Socio-economic prerequisites for sustainable development of rural areas in the Right-Bank region of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2202-05.
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The article considers the issues of sustainable development of rural settlements in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania on the example of the Right-Bank municipal district. The social and economic features of the functioning of the territory are investigated in this paper. The authors made a demographic forecast based on the dynamics of the number of residents for the past 5-6 years. The paper also considers the monitoring of the economic efficiency of the land administration system based on payments of individual gratuitous payments to land owners, and a forecast for the land administration system in 2020-2021 and for the near future. It is established that social prerequisites for sustainable development of rural areas exist for Zilginsky and Novobatakoyevsky rural settlements (population growth of 2.93% and 0.98%; average in this district – 0.46%). At the same time, the coefficient of economic efficiency of the land management system is the highest in Novobatakoyevsky and Khumalag rural settlements (2.3 and 1.08; the average in the district in 2019-2020 – 1.07, in 2020-2021 – 1.01).
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Sookramoon, K. "80 kW Updraft Gasifier Performance Test using Biomass Residue Waste from Thailand Rural Areas." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 6349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3820.
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This research presents the combustion test of Kanchanaburi’s residue waste used in an 80kW updraft gasifier as biomass fuel. Three types of selected biomass were considered: corncob, bagasee, and straw. The 80kW updraft gasifier was designed, fabricated, and experimentally studied. In the gasifier, a variable speed centrifugal fan acted as a forced convection unit, which was installed near the combustion chamber and transferred air volume to the updraft gasifier stove. The experimental results show the temperature in each zone of the thermochemical processes. The gasifier was evaluated by comparing the performance of the 3 different biomass fuels. The average producer gas from the burning of corncob, bagasee, and straw was 2.31m3/kg, 2.15m3/kg, and 2.11m3/kg respectively in the updraft gasifier. The recorded stove running times (h) for were 1.24, 1.2 and 1.05, respectively. The producer gas can be used to run a local cooking stove kiln with at normal rated heat generation successfully.
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Novikov, Vladimir Gennadievich, Elena Ivanovna Semenova, Andrey Gennadievich Paptsov, and Elena Vladimirovna Shestakova. "Rural multifunctional social centers and their investment potential: from foreign experience to domestic practice." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2102-06.
Full textAbstract:
Other features of the modern Russian rural society include the weakening of the position of agriculture itself, the increasing diversity of rural employment, the formation of rural-urban labor markets, all of which are directly related to the saturation of rural areas with urban residents, which gives impetus to the use of innovative forms of investment activity in the social sphere of emerging rural agglomerations. At the same time, the tasks set in the new State Program "Integrated Development of Rural Territories" (the beginning of implementation of which falls on January 2020) are not large-scale both to the existing networks of rural social services, and to the system of rural settlement and the nature of demographic processes in rural areas of Russia. There is an institutional imbalance, in which the management of the infrastructural development of the rural sociosphere is extremely difficult, and requires the introduction of new mechanisms, including related. The purpose of the study is to summarize the domestic and foreign experience of creating multifunctional public centers in rural areas, as well as to identify the possibility of realizing their investment potential. It is shown that the functioning of multifunctional public centers is an effective method for improving the quality of life of the rural population in the socio-cultural, socioeducational, social and leisure, social and household, tourist and educational spheres. The generalization of foreign experience allows us to distinguish centers by their functions (on the basis of educational institutions, cultural institutions, leisure centers); by spatial solution (in one building or several buildings); by location in a settlement (in the center of a settlement, near a transport hub, in an inter-settlement equidistant space). The domestic experience of providing multidisciplinary services to the rural population is primarily associated with two integrated approaches, when the resource-based approach.
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Jacobs, Stephanie J., Ailie J. E. Gallant, and Nigel J. Tapper. "The Sensitivity of Urban Meteorology to Soil Moisture Boundary Conditions: A Case Study in Melbourne, Australia." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 8 (August 2017): 2155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0007.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe sensitivity of near-surface urban meteorological conditions to three different soil moisture initialization experiments under heat-wave conditions is investigated for the city of Melbourne, Australia. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is used to simulate a domain over Melbourne and its surrounding rural areas. The experiments employ three suites of simulations. Two suites initialize the model with soil moisture from the top layer of the ERA-Interim soil moisture data with a 3-month and 24-h coupled spinup period, respectively. The third suite initializes the model with the arguably more realistic soil moistures from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP), which are an order of magnitude drier than the ERA-Interim data, again using a 24-h spinup period. The simulations employing the AWAP data are found to have smaller errors when compared with observations, with biases in urban maximum temperature reduced by 4.1°C and biases in the skin temperature reduced by 3.0°C relative to the biases of the 3-month-spinup experiment. Despite urban areas only having a small proportion of soil-covered surfaces, the results show that urban soils have a greater influence on urban near-surface temperatures at night, whereas rural soils have a greater influence on urban near-surface temperatures during the daytime.