Academic literature on the topic 'Rural areas near'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rural areas near"
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Zhildikbaeva, A. N., L. A. Glushan, and S. K. Elemesov. "Organizational and economic mechanism for the land use in rural areas." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-2.2708-9991.20.
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The goal is to consider the problems of institutional and organizational-economic mechanisms for the effective use of lands near the village on the basis of assessment of the existing load of livestock in personal subsidiary plots and the system of its maintenance in various natural and agriultural zones. Objectives – to analyze pasture use in rural settlements and to present the standards for maximum permissible load of grazing of farm animals on the area of pastures in different climatic zones. Results – regions with a shortage of near-aul lands for livestock, high concentration of the rural population, a discrepancy between the livestock number and the level of pasture provi-sion were identified. Areas with a low load of animals on pastures are identified. The ratio of the standards of demand and supply in forage for natural and agricultural zones and animal species is shown. The formula for determining the optimal number of livestock that can be grazed around a settlement, taking into account the feed stock and pasture capacity, is presented. Schemes of pasture rotation are presented and recommendations for their use are developed to preserve the productivity of natural forage areas of zonal types of near-aul pasture lands and to radically improve on the basis of natural economic zoning of the republic. The analysis of the degree of watering of near-village pastures by region is given. Costs per head unit for transition and long-term periods have been calculated. Conclusions – costs for the near future are based on the existing cost structure by item with some amendments. Purchased feed for all types of animals prevails in the cost structure. The degree of maintenance of rangelands in non-State agricultural enterprises within the boundaries of land use, where there is a reserve potential of unused forage lands, has been determined.
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Kulish, I., M. Yankiv, S. Fetko, and V. Liublin. "Environmental security in rural areas near the Ukrainian-Polish border: comparative analysis." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 96 (December 28, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9603.
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A comparative analysis of the ecological safety of rural areas of the Ukrainian-Polish border was conducted. The main statistical indicators characterizing the natural environment on both sides of the Ukrainian-Polish border have been studied. The possibility of using indicators of the state of ecology of rural areas used for statistical purposes in Ukraine and Poland has been studied. The degree of implementation of the provisions of the “Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand” on the unification of statistics was analyzed and found to be incomplete. Indicators used for statistics in Poland (EU) and Ukraine differ significantly, which greatly prevents a full comparison of the environment and living conditions, which a priori determine the quality of life, its duration, the health of residents on both sides of the border. This situation complicates the planning of joint Ukrainian-Polish activities in all areas covered by the concept of “environmental security in the cross-border area”. It was emphasized that Ukraine has undertaken to harmonize the Ukrainian statistical system with the European Statistical System, as well as to support the introduction of a common quality management system in all processes of production and distribution of statistical products, but this activity is very slow. It is revealed that due to this situation the cooperation between the parties within the European Statistical System, namely Eurostat as the EU statistical body, in the field of environmental statistics remains low. It is proved that the presence of a large number of border crossings in border areas are additional (compared to other local areas) centers of agricultural soil pollution: increasing air emissions and solid waste, consuming more water, respectively, increases the amount of wastewater and the load on treatment plants. At the same time, there is a constant threat of transboundary pollution and accidents of water supply systems, and consequently, the release of emissions of varying degrees of danger into water and soil. The need to conduct further research to study the structure of agricultural production of the Ukrainian-Polish borderland with an emphasis on organic production and consumption was noted.
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Banout, Jan, Iva Kucerova, Bohdan Lojka, and Zbynek Polesny. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WOOD-BURNING COOKSTOVES IN RURAL AREAS NEAR PUCALLPA, PERU." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 15, no. 11 (2016): 2421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2016.264.
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Chow, Winston T. L., and Bohumil M. Svoma. "Analyses of Nocturnal Temperature Cooling-Rate Response to Historical Local-Scale Urban Land-Use/Land Cover Change." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 9 (September 2011): 1872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-10-05014.1.
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AbstractUrbanization affects near-surface climates by increasing city temperatures relative to rural temperatures [i.e., the urban heat island (UHI) effect]. This effect is usually measured as the relative temperature difference between urban areas and a rural location. Use of this measure is potentially problematic, however, mainly because of unclear “rural” definitions across different cities. An alternative metric is proposed—surface temperature cooling/warming rates—that directly measures how variations in land-use and land cover (LULC) affect temperatures for a specific urban area. In this study, the impact of local-scale (<1 km2), historical LULC change was examined on near-surface nocturnal meteorological station temperatures sited within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, for 1) urban versus rural areas, 2) areas that underwent rural-to-urban transition over a 20-yr period, and 3) different seasons. Temperature data were analyzed during ideal synoptic conditions of clear and calm weather that do not inhibit surface cooling and that also qualified with respect to measured near-surface wind impacts. Results indicated that 1) urban areas generally observed lower cooling-rate magnitudes than did rural areas, 2) urbanization significantly reduced cooling rates over time, and 3) mean cooling-rate magnitudes were typically larger in summer than in winter. Significant variations in mean nocturnal urban wind speeds were also observed over time, suggesting a possible UHI-induced circulation system that may have influenced local-scale station cooling rates.
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Moreno, Mª Luisa Gómez, and Luis Miguel Rubio Barquero. "Tourism, Development and Protected Areas: Deconstructing the Myth." European Countryside 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 568–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0030.
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Abstract The relation between tourism and rural development has been strengthened by planning frameworks such as rural development (the LEADER programmes) and by the management of protected natural areas. This relation also contributes to the concept of the multifunctionality of agricultural land. However, in the management of protected areas in Spain, the role of tourism and the public use of areas of maximum protection are often prioritised to the detriment of the agrarian societies with a permanent presence in these surroundings. In this paper, we analyse the impact of environmental planning and rural development on the characterisation of private tourist services in the Sierra de las Nieves natural park (near Málaga, Spain), using statistical sources, surveys and interviews with stakeholders. The results obtained show that the geographic distribution of private facilities is largely unrelated to public considerations. We view this outcome as a consequence of the disjunction between the agrarian traditions of local society and the new measures adopted to promote tourist activities.
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Mason, David C., John Bevington, Sarah L. Dance, Beatriz Revilla-Romero, Richard Smith, Sanita Vetra-Carvalho, and Hannah L. Cloke. "Improving Urban Flood Mapping by Merging Synthetic Aperture Radar-Derived Flood Footprints with Flood Hazard Maps." Water 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111577.
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Remotely sensed flood extents obtained in near real-time can be used for emergency flood incident management and as observations for assimilation into flood forecasting models. High-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors have the potential to detect flood extents in urban areas through clouds during both day- and night-time. This paper considers a method for detecting flooding in urban areas by merging near real-time SAR flood extents with model-derived flood hazard maps. This allows a two-way symbiosis, whereby currently available SAR urban flood extent improves future model flood predictions, while flood hazard maps obtained after the SAR overpasses improve the SAR estimate of urban flood extents. The method estimates urban flooding using SAR backscatter only in rural areas adjacent to urban ones. It was compared to an existing method using SAR returns in both rural and urban areas. The method using SAR solely in rural areas gave an average flood detection accuracy of 94% and a false positive rate of 9% in the urban areas and was more accurate than the existing method.
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Malesevic, Krstan. "On the future of local communities in rural areas." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 114-115 (2003): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0315177m.
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When discussing the future of rural areas for rural sociology (which aims at developing a holistic approach), the most important issue is certainly the question of fate of local communities in rural areas. Reviewing the enormous literature on countryside and agriculture, one can notice an overwhelming dominance of articles that focus on the agrarian and economic policy, often written fairly in the form of agro-economic reductionism. The totality of human life in rural communities is often lost in the fragmentary analysis of individual scientific disciplines. That is why there is a lack of knowledge on the meaning and content of (new) rurality, rural relationships, rural values, rural communities, rural ways of life and on integral rural development in conceptual-theoretical as well as in practical-empirical sense. This problem, understandably, affects different aspects of the complex phenomenon of "rurality" in our situation. However, regardless of the evident insufficiency of synthetic knowledge about our countryside as a social community, it is clearly evident that rural areas are in deep crisis. Local communities in the majority of our rural areas are completely marginalised. Great number of these communities are in the process of disintegration and disappearance. They have lost a "spirit of time" and identity and have not acquired a new one. Furthermore, in some rural areas local communities have literally vanished. In other words, it is difficult to find in our society any active rural communities with a clear future prospects. That is why the crucial question for social theory as well as for social practice is: Which are the economic, demographic, technological and especially socio-cultural prerequisites of renewal and development of local communities in the near future? Without their revitalisation there is no development of rural areas and vice versa. In the focus of this renewal there should be an adequate spatial, functional, organic and emotional connection of people living there. In other words, their participation and their self-identification with these communities is a key prerequisite. Although the renewal of our rural communities is an extremely difficult task, filled with many dilemmas, inconsistencies and objective contradictions, it is not unresolvable, at least for one type of these communities. With the well-thought strategy of planning and management of rural development, these processes can be accelerated and channelled in the desired direction. This paper discusses some possible solutions and gives more concrete propositions in relation to this problem.
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Lee, Do-Sung, Byung-ha Chung, Nam-seok Lee, Ho-woo Nam, and Joong-ho Kim. "A survey of helminthic infections in the residents of rural areas near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia." Korean Journal of Parasitology 37, no. 3 (1999): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.145.
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SEKIGUCHI, Yoshitaka. "Risk factors of CVA at the rural areas near the cities in hiroshima prefecture." JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL MEDICINE 36, no. 5 (1988): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2185/jjrm.36.1079.
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Davydenko, Nadiia, Natalia Wasilewska, Svitlana Boiko, and Mirosław Wasilewski. "Development of Rural Areas in Ukraine in the Context of Decentralization: An Empirical Study." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116730.
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Decentralization in Ukraine was actualized due to the inability of the local self-government system to satisfy the needs of the rural population in public services for the comprehensive development of a person, their self-realization, and the protection of their constitutional rights. The purpose of this empirical study is to examine development of rural areas in Ukraine in the context of decentralization. The methodology used was exploratory qualitative in nature and used a multiple case study, wherein data analysis were applied. We have found that the first result of decentralization in 2015–2018 is a slowdown in the decline of the proportion of the rural population, in the rate of decline of the available rural population, and the employment rate of the rural population. Our study refutes the hypothesis that the rural development targets, which were defined at the beginning of decentralization and fixed in the current legislation, have been achieved. Rural development targets have not been achieved, and economic modeling shows that there are no prospects for achieving them in the near future. The research results presented in the paper are of considerable importance for developing economic policy and the social development of rural areas, by addressing the needs of these rural areas.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural areas near"
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Eliasson, Åsa, and Monica Larsson. "Ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för omvårdnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-117021.
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Bakgrund: Det är långa avstånd i Västerbottens inland och 11 av 14 ambulansstationer har genomsnittliga transportsträckor som överstiger 90 km per uppdrag. De avstånd som förekommer i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd innebär långa framkörningstider till patienten och längre tid innan ankomst till närmsta vårdenhet eller sjukhus, än i tätort eller storstäder. Tidigare studier har visat att det var bättre med “ scoop and run” än “stay and play” om transporttiderna till närmsta akutsjukhus var korta. När det däremot var långa transporttider eller om det prehospitala arbetet utspelade sig i glesbygd och i tätortsnära landsbygd, fanns det behov av mer avancerad teknik i ambulansen och att de medicinska behandlingarna påbörjades. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta inom ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd. Metod: Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer, med 7 ambulanssjuksköterskor som hade erfarenhet av ambulanssjukvård i minst 2 år i Västerbotten, södra Lappland, som analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 2 huvudkategorier; Ett stort ansvar och Resurser –en tillgång. Att arbeta i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd var ett utmanande och kravfyllt arbete. Hjälp från övriga resurser som andra ambulanser och ambulanshelikopter fanns att tillgå, men många gånger var dessa resurser bristfälliga på grund av de långa avstånden och väderförhållanden. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis förefaller ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd som ett kravfyllt jobb med ett utökat ansvar. Emellanåt krävdes mycket planering kring patienten vad gällde logistik och samordning. Trots detta upplevdes arbetssituationen som tillfredställande och utvecklande. Med denna studie ses dock att det kan finnas anledning att forska vidare för att belysa eventuella skillnader att arbeta i storstad och glesbygd. En utveckling av den tekniska utrustningen vad gäller visuell teknik inom ambulanssjukvården kan också ses som behövligt. Ett förbättrat samarbete och fördjupning i ambulanssjukvård i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd, tillsammans med glesbygdsmedicinskt centrum som finns i primärvården i Västerbotten och mellan jourläkare och läkare med högre medicinsk kompetens, skulle kunna leda till ytterligare kvalificerade bedömningar och adekvata åtgärder på ett ännu tidigare stadium.Background: Västerbottens interior and 11 of the 14 ambulance stations have average distances exceeding 90 km per mission. The distance that exists in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas means long run-up times for the patients and even longer time before arrival to the nearest health care unit or hospital. There are long distances, especially in the Earlier studies has shown that it`s better with the "scoop and run" than "stay and play" when the journey time to the nearest emergency hospital was short. However, when it was long transport times or if the prehospital work took place in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas, there was a need for more advanced technology in the ambulance and that the medical treatment will be started. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe ambulance nurses experiences of working in the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas. Method: Seven registered nurses with experience of having worked in the ambulance for at least 2 years in Västerbotten in south Lapland were interviewed by qualitative research. The transcript was analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in 2 categories; A great responsibility and Resources- an asset. Working in rural and near-urban rural areas was a challenging job with a lot of solitary work. Help from other resources as other ambulances and ambulance helicopters were available, but many times were these resources inadequate because of the long distances and weather conditions. Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas was a requirement filled job with great responsibility and occasionally a lot of planning around patient, concerning the logistics and coordination. Despite this perceived was working at a satisfactory level and fulfilling. However, the result of this study shows that there might be reason to dig deeper to develop investigate further in order to highlight any differences to work in big cities and rural areas. A development of the technical equipment in terms of visual technology for the ambulance service can also may need to be procured. Improved cooperation and specialization in emergency medical services in rural and near-urban rural areas, together with the rural medical center, in the primary care, Västerbotten, and between emergency physicians and physicians with higher medical expertise, could lead to more qualified assessments and appropriate action at an even earlier stage
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CHUANG, YUAN-CHIEH, and 莊淵傑. "Ambient air pollutants sources study at a rural residential area near Taichung Thermal Power Plant and Industrial Park." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/227gt4.
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碩士弘光科技大學
環境工程研究所
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This study focuses on the collection of ambient air particulates as pollutants at sampling sites in Longjing during Oct. 2014 ~ Mar. 2015, and focuses on the concentrations of metallic elements and dry deposition, determined using PS-1 (TSP) and a dry deposition plate. In this study Lung Ching Elementary School (LCHES) has the nearest distances to the Taichung Thermal Power Plant (TTPP) and Taichung Harbor Kwan-Lien Park (THKLP). In addition, Chung-Hsing bridge is the main road which connect with THKLP and Taichung downtown area. However, Long Cyuan Elementary School (LCYES) was the sampling site with low developed area. Thus, it has the lowest pollutants concentrations when compared with LCHES and Long Shan Primary School (LSPS) sampling sites. In addition, this studied also find the sources of pollutants by back trajectory analysis, and the result indicate that the major pollutants sources were come from China especially in January. These pollutants will come to Taiwan along with dust storm accompany with exhausted gas from TTPP and THKLP. And the highest particulates bound mercury was occurred in January. In addition, China is the largest atmospheric mercury (Hg) emitter in the world. Thus, the above factor along with the dust storm prevailing spring season will results in the high particulates bound mercury Hg(p) concentrations measured in the spring season of Taiwan. Moreover, PCA results also show that the factor loading values > 0.7 frequency for metallic elements Mn, Fe, Zn and Hg(p) were greater the other metallic elements. Thus, we conclude that the major pollutants were mainly from steel factory and vehicles emissions at THKLP and TTPP sampling site. It has significant health impacts at the Longjing sampling site for this study. Moreover, the average metallic elements concentrations at Longjing (Taichung, central Taiwan) were improved when compared with those of the previous year metallic elements concentrations in the same area.
Books on the topic "Rural areas near"
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs (1993- ). Providing habitable living quarters for teachers, administrators, other school staff, and their households in rural areas of Alaska located in or near Alaska native villages: Report (to accompany S. 1905). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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Providing habitable living quarters for teachers, administrators, other school staff, and their households in rural areas of Alaska located in or near Alaska native villages: Report (to accompany S. 1905). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs (1993- ). Providing habitable living quarters for teachers, administrators, other school staff, and their households in rural areas of Alaska located in or near Alaska native villages: Report (to accompany S. 1905). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs (1993- ). Rural Teacher Housing Act: Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, on S. 1905, to provide habitable quarters for teachers, administrators, other school staff, and their households in rural areas of Alaska located near Alaska native villages, March 16, 2003, Anchorage, AK. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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Hundloe, Tor, and Christine Crawford, eds. Value of Water in a Drying Climate. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643106635.
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Are we making the best use of water? How do we judge this? Are there trade-offs between upstream and downstream water use? What are these and how are they resolved?
Disputes over water allocations are, second to climate change, the dominant environmental and public policy issues of the present era. We are called upon to resolve such controversies using the principles of sustainable development, which integrates ecology, economics and ethics. This timely book establishes a template for all types of resource allocation disputes, whether in Australia or overseas.
An expert team of ecologists, economists and sustainability experts spent three years interviewing people in the Little Swanport catchment, seeking answers to the optimal allocation of water on the Tasmanian East Coast. The hinterland of this area produces some of the most valuable merino wool in the world, the estuary grows mouth-watering oysters, and much of the land is in near-pristine condition, providing very valuable biodiversity resources.
The book is written in an easy-to-read style and gradually evolves to become the story of everyday life of one small Australian catchment. It is about people living in rural settings in the upper catchment with soils and rainfall suitable for farming; people residing in coastal settlements in the lower catchment; people working and relaxing in the estuary where fishing and aquaculture occur; and people and their business in adjacent towns.
Book chapters on the topic "Rural areas near"
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Catry, Thibault, Cécile Vignolles, Serge Olivier Kotchi, Stéphanie Brazeau, Antoinette Ludwig, Nicholas H. Ogden, Dominique J. Bicout, Richard A. Fournier, and Dirk Werle. "Mosquito-borne diseases." In Earth observation, public health and one health: activities, challenges and opportunities, 11–92. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621183.0002.
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Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted identification and monitoring of vector populations as an important component of global vector-borne disease surveillance efforts. EO and RVF map data could play a crucial role in identifying risk locations for mosquito-borne diseases globally on the basis of habitat and climate variables. EO and RVF map data are also useful for measuring or mapping a range of environmental parameters that help determine mosquito vector occurrence and abundance and the rate of development of mosquito-borne parasites and pathogens in mosquito vectors. The EO and RVF map data have been sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution, applied research could develop weather-based and environment-based forecasting of high-risk locations and time periods for mosquito-borne diseases using statistical models. The maps generated by this project indicate and outline the RVF risk areas associated with surface water ponding, mosquito breeding, and cattle grazing for a test area in Senegal. This strategy could include the following recommendations to effectively mitigate the exposure of cattle to RVF, and thus to minimise infection risk for humans: establish a joint communication strategy by integrating information of the forecasted risk bulletins into the National Information System of Surveillance of Epidemics used by the Ministry of Livestock in Senegal and the Headquarters of the Directorate of Veterinary Services of Senegal and its local representatives in rural districts, relocate livestock grazing areas away from risk zones, with warning signs in local languages posted near the ponds to inform breeders to keep their animals at least 500 m away from the ponds, and issue regular bulletins so the Directorate of Veterinary Services of Senegal can organise and optimise vaccination campaigns in the riskiest zones.
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Inoue, Nozomu, Shigeru Matsumoto, and Minoru Morita. "Inequalities in the Impact of the Carbon Tax in Japan." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 217–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_12.
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Abstract Although Japan’s current carbon tax rate is much lower than the rates applied in European countries, the Japanese government may increase the tax rate in the near future, in order to strengthen measures to combat global warming. Since a country’s carbon-pricing policy does not distort its economy, it is considered to be an efficient policy measure. However, the burden of carbon pricing varies across regions and across households. Since low-income households generally allocate a larger proportion of their disposable income to energy costs than high-income households, the burden of carbon taxes on low-income households tends to be higher than for high-income households. In addition, households in cold regions spend more money for space heating, and those in rural areas spend more money for gasoline. Unless the government objectively analyzes the impact of carbon pricing and proposes convincing countermeasures to deal with these unequal impacts, the government is unlikely to obtain public support for a carbon tax increase. In this study, we analyze microlevel data from the Japanese National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFE) collected from 1989 to 2014, and examine how past energy price changes affected the welfare of different types of households. We then propose countermeasures to address the problems arising from the regressive nature of taxing energy use.
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Rowntree Jones, Carol, Caroline Scothern, Heather Gilbert, and Sue Anderson. "Creating a Forest for Learning." In High-Quality Outdoor Learning, 367–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04108-2_21.
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AbstractThe National Forest in the English Midlands has developed a model based on a five-point outdoor learning plan, to enable every schoolchild within the Forest area to regularly experience outdoor-based learning within their school curriculum. The Forest began in the early 1990s, with the aim of transforming a post-industrial landscape and its communities through the planting of trees. Extending over 200 square miles and with a population of around 200,000, the National Forest’s project ‘Creating a Forest for Learning’ has developed from three decades of environmental education work with rural, urban and nearby inner city schools. The project funds staff training and grounds work, to make it easier to embed the practice in the school improvement plan. The chapter discusses the drive behind developing the project, to embed a love for and understanding of trees and woodlands in the generation of children growing up in a young forest, and to realise one of the original ambitions in creating a forest near where people live and work: to transform lives as well as the landscape, and to offer children a range of high-quality learning experiences, where 21st-century skills such as resilience, communication and adaptability come to the fore. By improving their connection to nature, the young people are building resources for their own health and wellbeing. This can only help them become active citizens as society moves to a green recovery from Covid-19, and equip them to take a positive standpoint in addressing the climate crisis. The chapter presents the progress, obstacles and successes experienced by this unique project, where education underpins aspirations to embed sustainable living.
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Martin, Philip. "Development and Rural–Urban Migration." In The Prosperity Paradox, 16–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867845.003.0003.
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Economic development is associated with rural–urban migration. Low rural wages provide a supply push to move to urban areas, while higher urban wages act as a demand pull attraction. Lewis believed that the marginal productivity of many workers employed in agriculture was near zero, so that workers could leave agriculture and hold down urban wages while the remaining farmers maintained the supply of food, justifying government neglect of agriculture in favor of industry. Todaro emphasized that high urban wages encouraged rural residents to move to cities without guaranteed jobs. Schultz argued that the best government policy was to improve education and health care in rural areas to ensure that rural residents are productive whether they stay in rural areas or move to cities. Most countries agricultural systems obey 80–20 rules: 80 % of farms are small and account for 20% of farm output, while 20% of farms are large and account for 80 % of farm output.
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Sokoni, Cosmas, and Verdiana Tilumanywa. "Exploring Long-Term Changes in People’s Welfare on the Uporoto Highlands, Mbeya District, Tanzania." In Prosperity in Rural Africa?, 293–314. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0014.
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Changes to villages near to Mbeya in the Uporoto Highlands show a mixture of changing fortunes. New cash crops such as potatoes and trees have arrived. But there has been a decline in pyretheum. And some stands of planted trees make neighbouring lots less productive. There have also been restrictions on access to land in state farms and new conservation areas. Herd growth, whilst there are indications of an improved standard of living in some instances, is patchy. Other domestic units are losing capabilities particular as they age. Poorer households have not been able to build assets easily.
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Duram, Leslie Aileen, and J. Clark Archer. "Contemporary Agriculture and Rural Land Use." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0033.
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The Contemporary Agriculture and Rural Land Use (CARLU) Specialty Group was organized in 1985 (Napton 1989) to provide a forum for researchers who identify, describe, and explain the geographical patterns of agricultural activity and rural land use. Indeed, rural and agricultural geographers study many aspects of rural land use, including rural settlement, rural environmental management, the globalization of primary industries (i.e. agriculture, forestry, and mining), and also utilize spatial technologies for rural systems analysis. The various dimensions, consequences and policy implications of long-term sustainability of rural landscapes in industrialized, capitalist countries and particularly in North America, have been matters of special attention (Pierce 1994; Troughton 1995; Ilbery 1998). The early Jeffersonian ideal of a nation populated predominately by rural freeholders remains a popular and persistent theme in American culture. The country craft motifs of cows, chickens, and apples adorn many urban kitchens. Nearly all children know Laura Ingalls Wilder’s popular stories about a Farmer Boy (Wilder 1933) or a Little House on the Prairie (Wilder 1935). But the agrarian conditions Wilder describes in these stories near the start of the twentieth century bear little resemblance to the conditions faced by farmers in rural areas at the start of the twenty-first century due to social and agricultural change (Bell 1989; Baltensperger 1991; Roberts 1996; Lang et al. 1997; Lawrence 1997). Likewise, the quaint scenes of chickens and pigs printed on paper towels do not hint at current environmental and social concerns with large-scale livestock production in the US (Furuseth 1997; Hart and Mayda 1997). In many ways these historically imbedded ideals clash with the current reality of rural areas. Rural and agricultural researchers provide insight into how rural North America evolved to look like it does today. Their research helps describe the cultural, economic, environmental, political, and social forces that influenced and continue to influence rural places. This research often suggests what alternatives are available for rural areas in the future. Following the introduction, this chapter is organized according to four main research themes: rural regions, agricultural location theory, rural land-use change, and agricultural sustainability.
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Bernstein, Jared. "Improving Economic Opportunity in the United States." In United States Income, Wealth, Consumption, and Inequality, 61–89. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518199.003.0004.
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This chapter examines barriers to economic opportunity and mobility in the United States and offers near- and long-term policies to reduce these barriers. These barriers include high levels of income inequality, unequal access to educational opportunities, residential segregation by income, inadequate investments in children and certain areas, and disparities between economic conditions in rural relative to metro areas. In the near-term, running tight labor markets, infrastructure investment, direct job creation, healthcare and other work supports, and apprenticeships could reduce these barriers. Longer term solutions invoke policy interventions targeting inequality, inadequate housing, income and wage stagnation, nutritional and health support, the criminal justice system, and educational access. It is also crucial to avoid policies that keep opportunity barriers in place, such as reducing the provision of public healthcare, regressive tax cuts, and budget cuts to programs that help low- and moderate-income families.
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Szilágyi, Róbert, and Miklós Herdon. "Augmented Reality (AR) Applications in Agriculture." In E-Innovation for Sustainable Development of Rural Resources During Global Economic Crisis, 65–79. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4550-9.ch007.
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The new ICT technologies are not only quickly developing but they are also giving birth to newer ICT systems and tools. Using the Internet by means of mobile appliances increases the possibilities. The Internet network has a become essential communication tool in business processes recently. Nowadays the Internet-based applications are more and more successful in agriculture and different parts of the food industry. There are several application areas, such as extension services, precision agriculture, e-commerce, and information services, where the Internet is essential. While studying the use of Augmented Reality technology, it can be concluded that different types of services offer different possibilities. Mobile systems develop very dynamically both in regards to the speed of data transmission and services. New devices like tablets and new services like Cloud Computing, Augmented Reality, and Near Field Communication (NFC) have great potential in agriculture. Cloud Computing provides better resource management and effective cost control. Augmented Reality expands the control, and the NFC gives better personalized information exchange. However, the business assessment of these technologies must not be done only on the basis of the technology and taken out of its environment randomly, since the whole area is very complex. In this chapter, the authors show Augmented Reality and try to highlight the possibilities in agriculture.
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Kalogeropoulos, Nikolaos, Harry Mitchell, and Guillermo Rein. "k-PERIL: probabilistic creation of trigger boundaries for rural communities evacuating from a wildfire." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 273–82. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_43.
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Evacuation is a critical part of wildfire emergencies. Emergency managers must be prepared to issue evacuation notices to areas that could be in the path of a wildfire to protect lives. There are methods of establishing when an evacuation should be called for any given urban area. One option is the creation of trigger boundaries around populated areas. This boundary is formed so that, should the wildfire cross it, a triggered evacuation will be complete before the wildfire becomes a threat to the area by threatening the community. Models already exist for calculating the trigger boundary around an area, and each have their strengths and limitations. WUIVAC by Li et. al. (2015) is a robust tool that can calculate the trigger boundary of an urban area, for any one simulated fire. However, it can only model trigger boundaries for one wildfire at a time and thus cannot capture the susceptibility of the area to any possible wildfire. Ramirez et. al. (2019) created a tool to calculate the probabilistic trigger boundary of an area by simulating all possible fires that may threaten the urban area. This tool is effective for management and planning, but is incredibly resource-intensive and limited in terms of letting the user specify which area is most likely to suffer from a wildfire. To address this, the k-PERIL algorithm was developed to calculate the trigger boundary of an urban area, as an upgraded version of the PERIL algorithm (Mitchell et. al, 2019). The user can load a single simulated wildfire, through software like FARSITE, and an evacuation time and get an exact trigger boundary for a specified urban area. The user can also load multiple wildfire simulation results for a given area, and K-PERIL will then generate a probabilistic trigger area. The user can then choose to retrieve a singular boundary of the area based on a probability value; It was made as part of the WUINITY project, by Ronchi et. al (2020), a self-contained wildfire simulation and evacuation planning tool. To introduce k-PERIL as a tool of calculating trigger boundaries, this paper presents the a study on creating trigger boundaries for Roxborough Park, an urban area near Denver, CO, USA. A fire ignition area was specified and a number of wildfires with varying weather inputs were created, and a probabilistic boundary was created. The testing program allowed the user to specify the average weather values and standard deviations of their area of interest, specify an area where ignition is most likely, and specify the number of simulated wildfires. Testing for single-wildfire boundaries will be conducted in the full paper. The results show that the results follow the current understanding of wildfire propagation. The resulting shapes are more accurate when more test cases are loaded, and are wider when the input variables are more varied. K-PERIL can thusly be used to create both specific and probabilistic boundaries around an inhabited area, either for immediate response or long-term planning.
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Visconti, Paolo, Daniele Romanello, Giovanni Zizzari, Vito Ventura, and Giorgio Cavalera. "Design, Measurements and Characterization of Smart Electronic Board for PV Streetlight based on LED and High Intensity Discharge Lamps." In Advanced Instrument Engineering, 153–65. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4165-5.ch012.
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This work presents an electronic board for driving and control of High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps and Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps. The proposed electronic board is able to drive HID or LED lamps by means of a reconfigurable output. This feature allows using the ballast in lighting systems that currently use traditional discharge lamps, as well as keeping the same ballast when discharge lamps are replaced by LED modules in the near future, when LED street lighting systems will be more affordable. Additionally, since the lighting system is designed to be used in rural areas where there is no public electricity, each lighting point incorporates a system to convert solar energy into continuous voltage by means of photovoltaic panels. In this work, energy saving issues are taken into account.
Conference papers on the topic "Rural areas near"
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Rajotte, Y., J. De Seve, J. Fortin, R. Lehoux, and G. Simard. "Earth potential rise influence near HV substations in rural areas." In 18th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2005). IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20051000.
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Duerrast, H. "1D Resistivity Surveys for Infrastructure Related Groundwater Investigations in Rural Areas – An Example from Southern Thailand." In 3rd Asia Pacific Meeting on Near Surface Geoscience & Engineering. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202071102.
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Pavlić, Ivana, Ana Portolan, and Barbara Puh. "IMAGE FORMATION IN RURAL TOURISM DESTINATION." In Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021: ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.38.
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Purpose – Tourism can be an efficient factor of quality and sustainable development especially in the countryside. Nowadays many rural communities are facing agriculture decline and tourism can enable a new concept of economic development. Rural tourism is multifaceted since it can consolidate agriculture, forestry, farming, heritage with numerous and various tourism activities far away from urban center and mass tourism. Forming positive tourism image in such destination is essential. The focal purpose of this paper is to empirically test a concept of rural tourism destination image formation which did not fully commercialize their potential as a tourism destination and to define the relationship between different parameters and the image of rural tourism destination. Methodology – For the purpose of identification the relationship amidst different parameters and rural tourism destination image empirical research has been conducted applying accessible deliberate sample of tourists (600) who had visited rural areas near famous world tourism destination - Dubrovnik, Croatia in a period June 2017 - January 2018. 534 questionnaires were found to be fulfilled correctly and were used in further analysis. Data were analyzed in three steps. First, to detect the sub dimensions of affective and cognitive determinants of image exploratory factor analysis was enforced. Secondly, to test validity of the dimension of the different image components, confirmatory factor analysis was used. Thirdly, structural equation modeling was used to examine which dimension has important influence on the rural tourism destination overall. Findings – The findings suggest several differences among various analyzed image dimensions. The affective dimension of the image has an important aspect in image formation and has significant influence on the rural tourism destination overall image. Contribution – The results of this paper have provided useful strategic direction for the rural tourism destination in order to improve their competitiveness. To upgrade the current image into the marketing strategy, affective image dimension of the rural tourism destination such as experience should be presented in the further marketing communication of the regional and national tourist boards.
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Borodin, Allan, Omer Lev, Nisarg Shah, and Tyrone Strangway. "Big City vs. the Great Outdoors: Voter Distribution and How It Affects Gerrymandering." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/14.
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Gerrymandering is the process by which parties manipulate boundaries of electoral districts in order to maximize the number of districts they can win. Demographic trends show an increasingly strong correlation between residence and party affiliation; some party’s supporters congregate in cities, while others stay in more rural areas. We investigate both theoretically and empirically the effect of this trend on a party's ability to gerrymander in a two-party model ("urban party" and "rural party"). Along the way, we propose a definition of the gerrymandering power of a party, and an algorithmic approach for near-optimal gerrymandering in large instances. Our results suggest that beyond a fairly small concentration of urban party's voters, the gerrymandering power of a party depends almost entirely on the level of concentration, and not on the party's share of the population. As partisan separation grows, the gerrymandering power of both parties converge so that each party can gerrymander to get only slightly more than what its voting share warrants, bringing about, ultimately, a more representative outcome. Moreover, there seems to be an asymmetry between the gerrymandering power of the parties, with the rural party being more capable of gerrymandering.
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VASILE, Diana Marinela, Mihnea Cristian POPA, Florentina TOMA, Daniel Constantin DIACONU, and Daniel Constantin DIACONU. "Flash Flood Assessment Using GIS and the Frequency Ratio Bivariate Statistical Model – Case Study, Codlea, Romania." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2021 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2021_06.
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Floods are one of the biggest natural disasters, causing significant economic and human losses. Regardless of the degree of development of urban or rural systems, floods account for about a third of all-natural disasters globally. Identifying areas vulnerable to floods is essential for better management and mitigation of their effects. The research aims to identify areas vulnerable to floods in the city of Codlea, Brașov County. Annually, the city records significant floods, one of the determining factors being its location, near the southern slope of the Perșani Mountains. The research proposes the Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) computation by combining GIS techniques with the Frequency Ration bivariate statistical model. The correlation of various flash-flood conditioning variables allowed us to compute the FFPI. The methodological approach could represent an essential tool for local authorities for better flood risk management.
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William, Zuo. "Multi-scale Spatial Layout Structure System Experiences of Shanghai Mega City Spatial Planning." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/vbsy8828.
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As one of the leading factors of China's economic growth, Shanghai has ranked atop of global metropolitan. Recently, Shanghai has just completed the compilation of a new version of Shanghai 2035 Master plan. Under the guidance of ‘outstanding global city’ of Shanghai, one of the most remarkable changes is the redefinition of cities and regions. This master plan introduces a five-level spatial layout structure system of 'Central Activity Zone-Main City Zone-Suburban Town Circle-Near Shanghai Collaborative Zone-Yangtze River Delta Regional Urban Agglomerations'. The Central Activity Zone is the core area of the main city, the Main City Zone is the key upgrading area around the main city, the Suburban Town Circle is the suburban development complex composed of the suburban New city-new town-ordinary town and village. the Near Shanghai Collaborative Zone emphasizes the strategic coordination and interactive promotion between Shanghai and its surrounding areas, and the Yangtze River Delta Regional Urban Agglomerations refers to Shanghai driving more than ten cities in the Yangtze River Delta to form a world-class metropolis area. In different spatial scales, this pattern has given a coordinated and unified spatial planning arrangement for urban and rural areas and different regions, which provides a guideline for the world's megacities' spatial planning. The disadvantage is that the multi-scale spatial governance system matched with the multi-scale spatial layout structure system has not yet matured in Shanghai and its surrounding areas, resulting in difficulties in planning and implementation. Now, China is commencing a large-scale reform of its spatial planning system, which offers a great opportunity for the implementation of new planning concepts.
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Songbai, Li, and Guo Shumei. "Notice of Retraction: Research on rural retirement migration near metropolitan areas in China: Take Yangtze River Delta as an example." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5881577.
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Mason, D. C., I. J. Davenport, J. C. Neal, G. J.-P. Schumann, and P. D. Bates. "A near real-time algorithm for flood detection in urban and rural areas using high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar images." In 2011 2nd International Conference on Space Technology (ICST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspt.2011.6064673.
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Lee, Joshua D., and Leila Sai Srinivasan. "Reducing Carbon and Improving Thermal Comfort for an Orphan Village in Rural Liberia." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.16.
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Liberia experienced two devastating civil wars during the 1990s and early 2000s that resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths and nearly total destruction of its electrical and water infrastructure systems. The loss of these systems has been especially acute and persistent in rural areas where power is generally provided by small, inefficient, gas-powered generators to power lighting and electric fans. Thus, it is imperative that buildings in Liberia reduce their carbon footprint while improving thermal comfort by employing a variety of passive strategies. The project presented in this paper tested a variety of strategies and adapted them to the specific program, climate, society, materials, and methods of construction currently available in rural Liberia. The team used a series of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to assess the best combination of ventilation strategies for thermal comfort. Based on the previous research these simulations were focused on increasing air speeds to improve thermal comfort in this hot and humid climate. A comparison of the baseline design against interventions such as wind funnels and angles of the slats in jalousie windows show the way the wind speeds and patterns of wind movement thereby enabling informed decision making. These recommendations were then constructed and tested in the first built prototype, a communal home for orphans on a new eco-village near Buchanan City. This made it possible to calibrate subsequent simulation models with the actual ventilation metrics and airflow patterns onsite as the campus expands. An iterative process of simulations and physical site measurements has led to a number of important insights for this development and those in the surrounding area as elements of this work are already being copied in the area, creating a new, more sustainable, lower carbon vernacular for rural Liberia.
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Freire, Juan, and Cesar Guevara. "Application of Decision Tree to Banking Classification Model." In Human Systems Engineering and Design (IHSED 2021) Future Trends and Applications. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001131.
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In this research, we will focus on INSOTEC NGO, an entity dedicated to granting microcredits to entrepreneurs with limited economic resources. This company is present in rural areas of Ecuador, increasing its income in recent years. The organization plans to become a bank in the long term and expand its operations to near countries such as Colombia and Peru. However, the entity's customer classification processes have had many drawbacks because it is currently a manual procedure that generates a high operational burden, slow response times to customers, huge inefficiency rates, and a great problem to continue growing. This project proposes to model an artificial intelligence algorithm that classifies the organization's clients based on the different variables that are considered convenient for the analysis. The method selected to meet this objective is a Random Forest, a supervised learning method that builds models that are easy to interpret. Its implementation complexity is very low, it allows continuous and categorical values, and it handles noise from data from different sources very well. This new process will guide the organization to implement these models in other areas such as risk, finance, auditing, and operations.
Reports on the topic "Rural areas near"
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Herbert, Sian. Women’s Meaningful Participation in Water Security. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.063.
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This rapid literature review explores gender transformative practices and the meaningful participation of women in water security. There is large and growing literature base on gender and water, with most of it coming from a health, or sanitation and hygiene perspective, and most focussing on access, quality, and women as vulnerable water users and or women and water in rural communities (de Silva, Veilleux & Neal, 2018). There has been a growth in focus on women’s participation in water governance, and particularly a more recent focus on meaningful participation. However, as yet, the literature is much more limited in this latter area, and the practical advances in women’s meaningful participation (“gender transformative processes”) in water security have also been more limited than progress in other areas (Ozano, et al., 2022). This rapid review found a lot of literature focusses on a few countries including: Kenya, India, and Nepal. As de Silva, et al. (2018, p.212) explain in their work on transboundary water, there is limited evidence on “the role of women as agents of change within a decision-making, transboundary water context and almost every paper that promised to do so in some way, ended up focusing on specific developing countries and women as direct water users”. As for the effectiveness of certain practices over others, and over different timeframes, there is little empirical information on this, yet there are a lot of critical reflections in the literature on the broad barriers to meaningful participation. And there are general recommendations for how to make progress on this agenda. This rapid review is indicative of the most commonly discussed issues in the literature, but is not inclusive of all of the many related issues.
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Over, Thomas, Riki Saito, Andrea Veilleux, Padraic O’Shea, Jennifer Sharpe, David Soong, and Audrey Ishii. Estimation of Peak Discharge Quantiles for Selected Annual Exceedance Probabilities in Northeastern Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/16-014.
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This report provides two sets of equations for estimating peak discharge quantiles at annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) of 0.50, 0.20, 0.10, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.002 (recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively) for watersheds in Illinois based on annual maximum peak discharge data from 117 watersheds in and near northeastern Illinois. One set of equations was developed through a temporal analysis with a two-step least squares-quantile regression technique that measures the average effect of changes in the urbanization of the watersheds used in the study. The resulting equations can be used to adjust rural peak discharge quantiles for the effect of urbanization, and in this study the equations also were used to adjust the annual maximum peak discharges from the study watersheds to 2010 urbanization conditions. The other set of equations was developed by a spatial analysis. This analysis used generalized least-squares regression to fit the peak discharge quantiles computed from the urbanization-adjusted annual maximum peak discharges from the study watersheds to drainage-basin characteristics. The peak discharge quantiles were computed by using the Expected Moments Algorithm following the removal of potentially influential low floods defined by a multiple Grubbs-Beck test. To improve the quantile estimates, regional skew coefficients were obtained from a newly developed regional skew model in which the skew increases with the urbanized land use fraction. The skew coefficient values for each streamgage were then computed as the variance-weighted average of at-site and regional skew coefficients. The drainage-basin characteristics used as explanatory variables in the spatial analysis include drainage area, the fraction of developed land, the fraction of land with poorly drained soils or likely water, and the basin slope estimated as the ratio of the basin relief to basin perimeter. This report also provides: (1) examples to illustrate the use of the spatial and urbanization-adjustment equations for estimating peak discharge quantiles at ungaged sites and to improve flood-quantile estimates at and near a gaged site; (2) the urbanization-adjusted annual maximum peak discharges and peak discharge quantile estimates at streamgages from 181 watersheds including the 117 study watersheds and 64 additional watersheds in the study region that were originally considered for use in the study but later deemed to be redundant. The urbanization-adjustment equations, spatial regression equations, and peak discharge quantile estimates developed in this study will be made available in the web-based application StreamStats, which provides automated regression-equation solutions for user-selected stream locations. Figures and tables comparing the observed and urbanization-adjusted peak discharge records by streamgage are provided at http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165050 for download.
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Follow-up household survey in Agra District. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1041.
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This follow-up household survey in Agra District, India, was conducted with funding from USAID under the Population Council’s Asia and Near East Operations Research and Technical Assistance (ANE OR/TA) Project. The main objective of this study, as noted in this report, is to assess changes in the program indicators of family welfare activities, including some of the selected reproductive health indicators, from 1995 (before method-specific targets were withdrawn) and 1997 (30 months after targets were withdrawn). The study’s objectives are to detect changes in FP knowledge and use among currently married women in rural areas; detect changes in level of unmet need for spacing and limiting births; detect changes in use of health services by pregnant and postpartum women; identify the differential use of FP methods, antenatal and postnatal services, child immunization, and other reproductive health services; assess reproductive tract infections among ever-married women in rural areas as reported by them; and assess the level of unwanted pregnancies, incidence of abortions, and post-abortion services.
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Follow-up household survey in Sitapur District. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1042.
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This follow-up household survey in Sitapur, India, was conducted with funding from USAID under the Population Council's Asia and Near East Operations Research and Technical Assistance (ANE OR/TA) Project. The main objective of the study, as noted in this report, is to assess changes in the program indicators of family welfare activities, including some of the selected reproductive health indicators, from 1994–95 (before the method-specific targets were withdrawn) and 1997 (30 months after the targets were withdrawn). The study has the following immediate objectives: detect changes in family planning (FP) knowledge and use among currently married women in rural areas; detect changes in level of unmet need for spacing and limiting births; detect changes in use of health services by pregnant and postpartum women; identify the differential use of FP methods, antenatal and postnatal services, child immunization, and other reproductive health services; assess reproductive tract infections among ever-married women in rural areas; and assess the level of unwanted pregnancies, incidence of abortions, and post-abortion services.