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Journal articles on the topic 'Rural and remote health'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Wakerman, John, John S. Humphreys, Robert W. Wells, Pim Kuipers, Philip Entwistle, and Judith Jones. "Improving rural and remote health." Medical Journal of Australia 186, no. 9 (May 2007): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01014.x.

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2

Gregory, Gordon. "Progressing rural and remote health research." Australian Journal of Rural Health 18, no. 4 (August 2, 2010): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2010.01144.x.

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3

Munjal, Naveen Kuma, and Shiv Ratan Singh. "REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM FOR RURAL AREAS." International Journal of Technical Research & Science 5, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30780/ijtrs.v05.i06.001.

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4

Wakerman, John. "Rural and remote health: a progress report." Medical Journal of Australia 202, no. 9 (May 2015): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja15.00398.

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5

Clark, Steve. "Networking rural and remote communities for health." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2, no. 1 (March 2, 1996): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633961929448.

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6

Godden, DJ, and HM Richards. "Health Research in Remote and Rural Scotland." Scottish Medical Journal 48, no. 1 (February 2003): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693300304800103.

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7

Togno, John, and Joe Hovel. "RURAL AND REMOTE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES." Australian Journal of Rural Health 3, no. 2 (May 1995): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.1995.tb00157.x.

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8

Maute, Manfred F., and Julia Richardson. "Rural and Remote Health Care in Canada: Rural and Urban Perspectives." International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review 6, no. 10 (2007): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9524/cgp/v06i10/50289.

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9

Nicholson, Laura Anne. "Rural mental health." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14, no. 4 (July 2008): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005009.

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A significant proportion of people live and work in rural areas, and rural mental health is important wherever psychiatry is practised. There are inherent difficulties in conducting rural research, due in part to the lack of an agreed definition of rurality. Mental health is probably better in rural areas, with the exception of suicide, which remains highest in male rural residents. A number of aspects of rural life (such as the rural community, social networks, problems with access, and social exclusion) may all have particular implications for people with mental health problems. Further issues such as the effect of rural culture on help-seeking for mental illness, anonymity in small rural communities and stigma may further affect the recognition, treatment and maintenance of mental health problems for people in rural areas. Providing mental health services to remote and rural locations may be challenging.

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10

Gregory, Gordon N. F. "The 4th Rural and Remote Health Scientific Symposium." Medical Journal of Australia 201, no. 10 (November 2014): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja14.01280.

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11

Walker, Judi. "Partnerships to Improve Rural and Remote Health Care." Australian Journal of Public Administration 58, no. 3 (September 1999): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.00109.

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12

Judd, Fiona K., and John S. Humphreys. "MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES FOR RURAL AND REMOTE AUSTRALIA." Australian Journal of Rural Health 9, no. 5 (June 28, 2008): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2001.tb00431.x.

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13

Phillips, Andrew. "Health status differentials across rural and remote Australia." Australian Journal of Rural Health 17, no. 1 (February 2009): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2008.01029.x.

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14

Judd, Fiona K., and John S. Humphreys. "Mental health issues for rural and remote Australia." Australian Journal of Rural Health 9, no. 5 (October 2001): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2001.00417.x.

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15

Sutarsa, I. Nyoman, Lachlan Campbell, and Malcolm Moore. "Rural Proofing Policies for Health: Barriers to Policy Transfer for Australia." Social Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090338.

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A ‘rural proofing’ framework, which offers assessment of the potential impacts of policies on rural and remote communities, has been advocated for by state governments and interest groups throughout Australia. It is argued that rural proofing can be used to redress health inequities between urban and rural and remote communities. While implementation of rural proofing in some countries shows promising results, there are many social and spatial contexts that should be considered prior to its adoption in Australia. Rural proofing is not the best option for rural health policy in Australia. It has been imported from communities where the urban/rural divide is minimal. It is based on a rigid urban/rural binary model that targets disparity rather than accommodating the diversity of rural communities. Rural proofing concentrates on tick-the-box activities, where rural communities are not sufficiently consulted. There is no unified federal ministry in Australia with responsibility for rural and remote affairs. Considering potential shortcomings of rural proofing for health policies, it is imperative for Australia to have a specific rural health policy at both federal and state levels.

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16

Dale, Laura, Samantha Hartley-Folz, Fionna Blackman, Barbara Dobson, and Carolyn Gotay. "Men in Rural and Remote Locations." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, no. 7 (July 2016): e279-e280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000780.

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17

Bourke, Sharon L., Claire Harper, Elianna Johnson, Janet Green, Ligi Anish, Miriam Muduwa, and Linda Jones. "Health Care Experiences in Rural, Remote, and Metropolitan Areas of Australia." Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care 21, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v21i1.652.

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Background: Australia is a vast land with extremes in weather and terrain. Disparities exist between the health of those who reside in the metropolitan areas versus those who reside in the rural and remote areas of the country. Australia has a public health system called Medicare; a basic level of health cover for all Australians that is funded by taxpayers. Most of the hospital and health services are located in metropolitan areas, however for those who live in rural or remote areas the level of health service provision can be lower; with patients required to travel long distances for health care. Purpose: This paper will explore the disparities experienced by Australians who reside in regional and remote areas of Australia. Method: A search of the literature was performed from healthcare databases using the search terms: healthcare, rural and remote Australia, and social determinants of health in Australia. Findings: Life in the rural and remote areas of Australia is identified as challenging compared to the metropolitan areas. Those with chronic illnesses such as diabetes are particularly vulnerable to morbidities associated with poor access to health resources and the lack of service provision. Conclusion: Australia has a world class health system. It has been estimated that 70% of the Australian population resides in large metropolitan areas and remaining 30% distributed across rural and remote communities. This means that 30% of the population are not experiencing their health care as ‘world-class’, but rather are experiencing huge disparities in their health outcomes. Keywords: rural and remote, health access, mental health issues, social determinants DOI: https://doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v21i1.652

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18

Rasmussen, Bodil, Karen Wynter, Helen A. Rawson, Helen Skouteris, Nicola Ivory, and Susan A. Brumby. "Self-management of diabetes and associated comorbidities in rural and remote communities: a scoping review." Australian Journal of Primary Health 27, no. 4 (2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20110.

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Chronic health conditions are more prevalent in rural and remote areas than in metropolitan areas; living in rural and remote areas may present particular barriers to the self-management of chronic conditions like diabetes and comorbidities. The aims of this review were to: (1) synthesise evidence examining the self-management of diabetes and comorbidities among adults living in rural and remote communities; and (2) describe barriers and enablers underpinning self-management reported in studies that met our inclusion criteria. A systematic search of English language papers was undertaken in PsycINFO, Medline Complete, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Complete, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, searching for literature indexed from the beginning of the database until 6 March 2020. Essential key concepts were diabetes, comorbidities, self-management and rural or remote. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Six of these reported interventions to promote self-management for adults with diabetes in rural and remote communities and described comorbidities. These interventions had mixed results; only three demonstrated improvements in clinical outcomes or health behaviours. All three of these interventions specifically targeted adults living with diabetes and comorbidities in rural and remote areas; two used the same telehealth approach. Barriers to self-management included costs, transport problems and limited health service access. Interventions should take account of the specific challenges of managing both diabetes and comorbidities; telehealth may address some of the barriers associated with living in rural and remote areas.

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19

Burke, David, Ayse Burke, and Jacqueline Huber. "Psychogeriatric SOS (services-on-screen) – a unique e-health model of psychogeriatric rural and remote outreach." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 11 (July 29, 2015): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001131.

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Mental health service delivery to rural and remote communities can be significantly impeded by the tyranny of distance. In Australia, rural and remote mental health services are characterized by limited resources stretched across geographically large and socio-economically disadvantaged regions (Inderet al., 2012; Thomaset al., 2012). Internationally, rural and remote area mental health workforce shortages are common, especially in relation to specialist mental health services for older people (McCarthyet al., 2012; Bascuet al., 2012).

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20

Regmi, Kiran, and Kapil Amgain. "Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities in Establishing and Maintaining Medical Education in Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS)." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i2.25165.

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The constitution of Nepal (2015), article 35 (Right relating to health) stated that every citizen shall have the right to free basic health services from the State, and no one shall be deprived of emergency health services. According to the World Bank report (collection of development indicators compiled from various official sources, 2016), Nepal has 81% rural and remote populations. Health service delivery is a complex reality for the rural and remote populations and faces enormous challenges. One of them is insufficient and uneven distribution of health workforce. The World Health Report concluded that "the severity of the health workforce crisis is in some of the world's poorest countries, of which 6 are in South East Asia out of 57 countries having critical shortages of health workforce."1Even after 13 years situation has not much improved. Nepal faces a critical shortage of trained health workforce, especially in rural and remote areas. Health workforce recruitment and retention in rural and remote areas is a difficult task challenged by the preferences and migration of health workforce to urban areas in country, or even abroad for better life and professional development.2 One of the most effective strategies for health workforce recruitment and retention for rural and remote areas could be that of establishing and maintaining Medical Education in rural and remote areas decentralized from urban academic medical centers.

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21

Arthur, Lucy, Lorraine Sheppard, and Rose Dare. "Redefining rural and remote physiotherapy practice." Australian Journal of Rural Health 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1854.2004.00650.x.

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22

Gwynne, Kylie, and Michelle Lincoln. "Developing the rural health workforce to improve Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health outcomes: a systematic review." Australian Health Review 41, no. 2 (2017): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15241.

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Objective The aim of the present study was to identify evidence-based strategies in the literature for developing and maintaining a skilled and qualified rural and remote health workforce in Australia to better meet the health care needs of Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (hereafter Aboriginal) people. Methods A systematic search strategy was implemented using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and checklist. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied, and 26 papers were included in the study. These 26 papers were critically evaluated and analysed for common findings about the rural health workforce providing services for Aboriginal people. Results There were four key findings of the study: (1) the experience of Aboriginal people in the health workforce affects their engagement with education, training and employment; (2) particular factors affect the effectiveness and longevity of the non-Aboriginal workforce working in Aboriginal health; (3) attitudes and behaviours of the workforce have a direct effect on service delivery design and models in Aboriginal health; and (4) student placements affect the likelihood of applying for rural and remote health jobs in Aboriginal communities after graduation. Each finding has associated evidence-based strategies including those to promote the engagement and retention of Aboriginal staff; training and support for non-Aboriginal health workers; effective service design; and support strategies for effective student placement. Conclusions Strategies are evidenced in the peer-reviewed literature to improve the rural and remote workforce for health delivery for Australian Aboriginal people and should be considered by policy makers, funders and program managers. What is known about the topic? There is a significant amount of peer-reviewed literature about the recruitment and retention of the rural and remote health workforce. What does this paper add? There is a gap in the literature about strategies to improve recruitment and retention of the rural and remote health workforce for health delivery for Australian Aboriginal people. This paper provides evidence-based strategies in four key areas. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings of the present study are relevant for policy makers, funders and program managers in rural and remote Aboriginal health.

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23

Strasser, Roger P. "Australian Rural Health Research Institute: Serving rural and remote Australia through health information and research." Medical Journal of Australia 162, no. 5 (March 1995): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb139870.x.

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24

Inoue, Kazuo, Shun Matoba, Yoshihiro Sugita, and Masataka Okuno. "A Comparative Study of Rural Clinics in Remote Islands and Inland Areas." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 12, no. 1 (January 2000): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950001200105.

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The social and professional isolation of physicians remains an important issue in rural areas. However, few studies have investigated the involvement of geographic factors in the isolation. This study investigates rural public clinics in inland and remote island locations and attempts to objectively compare the isolation of these physicians. A mailed questionnaire was sent to rural clinics where graduate physicians from Jichi Medical School were working in 1994 and 1995. Among the 198 clinics with one or more full-time physicians, 185 (93 percent) responded to the inquiry. Geographic and demographic factors of the communities were compared between 43 clinics located in remote islands and the other 142 rural inland clinics. Rural clinics in remote islands have smaller subject populations, fewer part-time physicians, a longer journey to the nearest city, and a longer distance and travel time to the base hospital than rural inland clinics. Physicians in remote island clinics had less medical training and are more isolated than other physicians. More than half of the clinic physicians in remote islands have no regular training schedule, in contrast to less than a quarter of the inland clinic physicians. Almost all clinics (97.7%) in remote islands do not have a part-time physician, whereas about 20 percent of the rural inland clinics do. Physicians in remote island clinics are more socially and professionally isolated than those in inland clinics. Strategies to reduce these problems should be given priority in rural health policy and measures tailored to rural clinics in remote islands. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(1): 22-26

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25

Rudnick, Abraham, and John Copen. "Rural or Remote Psychiatric Rehabilitation (rPSR)." Psychiatric Services 64, no. 5 (May 2013): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.640108.

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26

Bardenhagen, Chris J., Courtney A. Pinard, Rich Pirog, and Amy Lazarus Yaroch. "Characterizing Rural Food Access in Remote Areas." Journal of Community Health 42, no. 5 (April 17, 2017): 1008–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0348-1.

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27

Jiwa, Moyez. "Rural and Remote Health a Theme for AMJ 2009." Australasian Medical journal 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2009): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4066/amj.2009.39.

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28

Burmeister, Oliver K., and Edwina Marks. "Rural and remote communities, technology and mental health recovery." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 14, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-10-2015-0033.

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Purpose This study aims to explore how health informatics can underpin the successful delivery of recovery-orientated healthcare, in rural and remote regions, to achieve better mental health outcomes. Recovery is an extremely social process that involves being with others and reconnecting with the world. Design/methodology/approach An interpretivist study involving 27 clinicians and 13 clients sought to determine how future expenditure on ehealth could improve mental health treatment and service provision in the western Murray Darling Basin of New South Wales, Australia. Findings Through the use of targeted ehealth strategies, it is possible to increase both the accessibility of information and the quality of service provision. In small communities, the challenges of distance, access to healthcare and the ease of isolating oneself are best overcome through a combination of technology and communal social responsibility. Technology supplements but cannot completely replace face-to-face interaction in the mental health recovery process. Originality/value The recovery model provides a conceptual framework for health informatics in rural and remote regions that is socially responsible. Service providers can affect better recovery for clients through infrastructure that enables timely and responsive remote access whilst driving between appointments. This could include interactive referral services, telehealth access to specialist clinicians, GPS for locating clients in remote areas and mobile coverage for counselling sessions in “real time”. Thus, the technology not only provides better connections but also adds to the responsiveness (and success) of any treatment available.

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29

Boxall, Anne-marie. "The Top End of remote and rural health need." Australian Journal of Rural Health 23, no. 4 (July 27, 2015): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12220.

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30

Roberts, Russell. "A health commission for regional, rural and remote Australia." Australian Journal of Rural Health 25, no. 2 (April 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12356.

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31

Brooke, Fiona. "The rural and remote health workforce of the future." Australian Journal of Rural Health 25, no. 4 (August 2017): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12383.

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32

Perkins, David, Jane Farmer, Luis Salvador‐Carulla, Hazel Dalton, and Georgina Luscombe. "The Orange Declaration on rural and remote mental health." Australian Journal of Rural Health 27, no. 5 (September 12, 2019): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12560.

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33

Not Available, Not Available. "Innovative Health Education Oriented Towards Rural and Remote Communities." Education for Health: Change in Learning & Practice 17, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576280410001711094.

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34

Armitage, Sue, and Rose McMaster. "RURAL AND REMOTE MENTAL HEALTH PLACEMENTS FOR NURSING STUDENTS*." Australian Journal of Rural Health 8, no. 3 (June 2000): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2000.00244.x.

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35

Hays, Richard. "Australia's Rural and Remote Health. A social justice perspective." Australian Journal of Rural Health 12, no. 4 (August 2004): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1854.2004.00593.x.

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36

Jennings, Natasha, Grainne Lowe, and Kathleen Tori. "Nurse practitioner locums: a plausible solution for augmenting health care access for rural communities." Australian Journal of Primary Health 27, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20103.

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With 2020 being designated the Year of the Nurse and Midwife, it is opportune to acknowledge and recognise the role that nurses undertake in primary care environments. Nurses and midwives play a pivotal role in the delivery of high-quality health care, particularly in geographically challenged areas of Australia, where they may be the only provider of care within their communities. Rural and remote health services require strategic planning to develop and implement solutions responsive to the challenges of rural and remote communities. Maintenance of health services in rural and remote areas is a challenge, crucial to the equity of health outcomes for these communities. Many small communities rely on visiting medical officers to provide the on-call care to facility services, including emergency departments, urgent care centres, acute wards and aged care facilities. It is increasingly difficult to maintain the current rural workforce models, particularly the provision of after-hours ‘on-call’ care necessary in these communities. An alternative model of health care service delivery staffed by nurse practitioners (NP) is one proposed solution. NPs are educated, skilled and proven in their ability to provide an after-hours or on-call service to meet the expectations of rural and remote communities. Achievement of high-quality health care that is cost-efficient, safe and demonstrates improved patient outcomes has been reported in NP-led health care delivery impact evaluations. The value of an NP locum service model is the provision of a transparent, reliable service delivering consistent, equitable and efficient health care to rural and remote communities.

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37

Perkins, David A., Lesley Barclay, Kim M. Browne, Lou-Anne Blunden, Lyn J. Fragar, Brian J. Kelly, Tony Lower, et al. "The Australian Rural Health Research Collaboration: building collaborative population health research in rural and remote NSW." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 22, no. 2 (2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb10067.

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38

Osadolor, Obehi O., Aisosa J. Osadolor, Owens O. Osadolor, Eunice Enabulele, Ezi A. Akaji, and Davidson E. Odiowaya. "Access to health services and health inequalities in remote and rural areas." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 10, no. 2 (August 28, 2022): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v10i2.47868.

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ABSTRACT Access to health care includes the availability, accessibility, awareness, accommodation or adequacy, affordability, and acceptability of health services. Scarce health facilities, long distances to health facilities, shortages of medicine, level of poverty, shortages of doctors, dentists, and other health professionals, level of education and knowledge among populace on orthodox treatment practices are factors that affects access to health care. Level of awareness among the populace of preventive and curative services offered by health facilities, absence of health insurance, and inability to afford the cost of health services are obstacles limiting rural people from recognizing and achieving the health and social related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), that requires that access to good quality healthcare is improved significantly in rural areas and under-served population. Health inequalities exist both between and within developed and developing countries, both between and within urban, semi-urban and rural areas. Health inequalities are determined by various socioeconomic factors: such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, income, social status, unemployment and place of residence of the population. The factors that give rise to, and worsen, inequalities in health are multidimensional. Interventions in addressing health inequalities would involve economic policies, strategic health planning, health education on avoidable risk factors for poor health, use of telemedicine/tele dentistry, and reduction of unmet healthcare needs among various population groups. Other interventions are poverty eradication interventions especially in remote and rural areas, healthcare financing through budgetary allocation, and improving access to health service through universal health coverage, with an organized and efficient health system.

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39

Sutarsa, I. Nyoman, Rosny Kasim, Ben Steward, Suzanne Bain-Donohue, Claudia Slimings, Sally Hall Dykgraaf, and Amanda Barnard. "Do General Practitioners in a Visiting Medical Officer Arrangement Improve the Perceived Quality of Care of Rural and Remote Patients? A Qualitative Study in Australia." Healthcare 10, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061045.

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Background: In rural and remote Australia, general practitioners (GPs) provide care across the continuum from primary to secondary care, often in Visiting Medical Officer (VMO) arrangements with a local hospital. However, little is known about the role of GP-VMOs in improving the perceived quality of care and health outcomes for rural and remote communities. Methods: We collected qualitative data from three GP-VMOs (all aged >55 years) and 10 patients (all aged over 65 years) in three local health districts of New South Wales, Australia. Thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted between October 2020 and February 2021. We employed thematic analysis to identify key roles of GP-VMOs in improving the perceived quality of care and health outcomes of rural and remote patients. Results: Our study advances the current understanding regarding the role of GP-VMOs in improving the perceived quality of services and health outcomes of rural and remote patients. Key roles of GP-VMOs in improving the perceived quality of care include promoting the continuity of care and integrated health services, cultivating trust from local communities, and enhancing the satisfaction of patients. Conclusions: GP-VMOs work across primary and secondary care creating better linkages and promoting the continuity of care for rural and remote communities. Employing GP-VMOs in rural hospitals enables the knowledge and sensitivity gained from their ongoing interactions with patients in primary care to be effectively utilised in the delivery of hospital care.

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40

Patterson-Kane, Lisa, and Frances Quirk. "Within the boundary fence: an investigation into the perceptions of men’s experience of depression in rural and remote areas of Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 2 (2014): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py12106.

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This is a study exploring perceptions of men’s experience of depression in rural and remote areas of Australia. The purpose of this investigation was to generate ‘new’ information that can inform models of diagnosis and primary care for the treatment of depression in men in rural and remote areas. Men and women were recruited from two North Queensland sites to participate in semistructured interviews in both an individual and focus group format and completing a series of questionnaires. A combination of grounded theory and content analysis was adopted to analyse the qualitative data, and develop theory around men’s experience of depression in rural and remote areas. The findings of this study suggest that men’s experience of depression within a rural context is defined by a process of ‘internal compound’ whereupon emotional distress can represent itself in avoidant and dulling behaviours along with self-reliant attempts to ‘fix’ the situation. From this study a language has been provided to give explanation to the experience of depression in men in rural and remote areas. The findings of this study have implications for, and provide opportunity for reform in, how we approach the recognition, diagnosis and treatment of depression for men in rural and remote areas.

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41

Sheppard, Lorraine. "WORK PRACTICES OF RURAL AND REMOTE PHYSIOTHERAPISTS." Australian Journal of Rural Health 9, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2001.tb00398.x.

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42

Nichols, Anna, Mary-Jane Streeton, and Marita Cowie. "Astralian College of Rural and Remote Medicine." Australian Journal of Rural Health 10, no. 5 (June 28, 2008): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2002.tb00043.x.

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43

Dunbar, James A. "Building capacity for rural and remote research." Australian Journal of Rural Health 18, no. 4 (August 2, 2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2010.01146.x.

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44

Sheppard, Lorraine. "Work practices of rural and remote physiotherapists." Australian Journal of Rural Health 9, no. 2 (April 2001): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2001.00340.x.

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45

Wronski, Ian. "Rural and remote medicine: comes of age." Australian Journal of Rural Health 11, no. 4 (August 2003): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2003.00538.x.

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46

Sheppard, Lorraine, and Ilsa Nielsen. "Rural and remote physiotherapy: Its own discipline." Australian Journal of Rural Health 13, no. 3 (June 2005): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1854.2005.00697.x.

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Pavloff, Michelle, Pamela M. Farthing, and Elsie Duff. "Rural and Remote Continuing Nursing Education: An Integrative Literature Review." Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care 17, no. 2 (November 16, 2017): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v17i2.450.

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Background: Rural and remote nursing has unique practice requirements that create a need for distinct education and practice preparation. Preparing registered nurses (RNs) to work in rural and remote communities is essential for the support and advancement of rural and remote health, as there is a shortage of rural and remote health care providers. Purpose: An integrative literature review was conducted to identify the current continuing education needs of rural and remote RNs internationally. Sample: Eight studies were included in the integrative review of the literature. Countries reported in the literature included Canada (n = 2), Australia (n = 2), Sweden (n = 1) and the United States (n = 3). Method: An integrative literature review on rural and remote nursing practice continuing education was conducted using Torraco’s (2005) guidelines, in addition to Whittemore and Knafl’s (2005) methodological strategies. A search strategy was created, tested, and approved by the research team.Themes were extracted, collated, analyzed, and knowledge synthesized. Findings: Rural and remote RNs identified areas requiring enhanced ongoing training. The identified training areas were summarized into the following four themes: 1) Comprehensive specialized nursing practice for direct patient care, 2) Unanticipated events, 3) Non-direct patient care, and 4) Advanced specialty courses. Conclusion: The autonomy, competency, and expertise that is expected of RNs working in rural and remote locations requires educational supports. Rural and remote nursing continuing education is required in the areas of: comprehensive specialized nursing practice for direct patient care, unanticipated events, non-direct patient care, and advanced specialty courses. Keywords: continuing education, integrative review, registered nurse(s), remote, rural Acknowledgements: The authors thank Saskatchewan Polytechnic for partial funding of this review through the Seed Applied Research Program. The authors also thank their research team member Chau Ha and research assistant Devendrakumar Kanani for their contributions to this integrative review.

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Moffatt, Jennifer J., and Diann S. Eley. "The reported benefits of telehealth for rural Australians." Australian Health Review 34, no. 3 (2010): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09794.

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Objective.A literature review was conducted to identify the reported benefits attributed to telehealth for people living and professionals working in rural and remote areas of Australia. Data sources.Scopus and relevant journals and websites were searched using the terms: telemedicine, telehealth, telepsychiatry, teledermatology, teleradiology, Australia, and each state and territory. Publications since 1998 were included. Study selection.The initial search resulted in 176 articles, which was reduced to 143 when research reporting on Australian rural, regional or remote populations was selected. Data synthesis.A narrative review was conducted using an existing ‘benefits’ framework. Patients are reported to have benefited from: lower costs and reduced inconvenience while accessing specialist health services; improved access to services and improved quality of clinical services. Health professionals are reported to have benefited from: access to continuing education and professional development; provision of enhanced local services; experiential learning, networking and collaboration. Discussion.Rural Australians have reportedly benefited from telehealth. The reported improved access and quality of clinical care available to rural Australians through telemedicine and telehealth may contribute to decreasing the urban–rural health disparities. The reported professional development opportunities and support from specialists through the use of telehealth may contribute to improved rural medical workforce recruitment and retention. What is known about the topic?An extensive international literature has reported on the efficacy of telehealth, and to a lesser extent the clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of telemedicine. Systematic reviews conclude that the quality of the studies preclude definitive conclusions being drawn about clinical and cost-effectiveness, although there is some evidence of effective clinical outcomes and the potential for cost-benefits. Little attention has been paid to the benefits reported for people who live in rural and remote Australia, despite this being a rationale for the use of telehealth in rural and remote locations. What does this paper add?Patients in rural and remote locations in Australia are reported to benefit from telehealth by increased access to health services and up-skilled health professionals. Health professionals are reported to benefit from telehealth by up-skilling from increased contact with specialists and increased access to professional development. The review findings suggest that one strategy, the increased use of telehealth, has the potential to reduce the inequitable access to health services and the poorer health status that many rural Australians experience, and contribute to addressing the on-going problem of the recruitment and retention of the rural health workforce. What are the implications for practitioners?The use of telehealth appears to be a path to up-skilling for rural and remote practitioners.

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Pacza, Tom, Lesley Steele, and Marc Tennant. "DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL HEALTH TRAINING FOR RURAL AND REMOTE ABORIGINAL HEALTH WORKERS." Australian Journal of Rural Health 9, no. 3 (June 2001): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2001.00294.x.

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Ramkumar, Vidya, Roopa Nagarajan, Selvakumar Kumaravelu, and James W. Hall. "Providing Tele ABR in Rural India." Perspectives on Telepractice 4, no. 1 (March 2014): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/teles4.1.30.

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This paper discusses the challenges in conducting real time diagnostic Tele-Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing in remote rural locations, based on our experience with testing over 100 infants and young children in a community based hearing screening program. Two methods of tele-ABR, one using satellite connectivity in a mobile tele-van and other using broadband internet connectivity in a non-government organization at the remote location is used in the program. Advantages and disadvantages related to the two methods, challenges with respect to training technicians for telepractice, training village health workers for remote assistance, and other practical and logistic considerations in conducting tele-ABR in remote site is detailed.

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