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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rural and remote health services

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Academic literature on the topic 'Rural and remote health services'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rural and remote health services"

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Kruger, Estie, Irosha Perera, and Marc Tennant. "Primary oral health service provision in Aboriginal Medical Services-based dental clinics in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 16, no. 4 (2010): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py10028.

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Australians living in rural and remote areas have poorer access to dental care. This situation is attributed to workforce shortages, limited facilities and large distances to care centres. Against this backdrop, rural and remote Indigenous (Aboriginal) communities in Western Australia seem to be more disadvantaged because evidence suggests they have poorer oral health than non-Indigenous people. Hence, provision of dental care for Aboriginal populations in culturally appropriate settings in rural and remote Western Australia is an important public health issue. The aim of this research was to compare services between the Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS)-based clinics and a typical rural community clinic. A retrospective analysis of patient demographics and clinical treatment data was undertaken among patients who attended the dental clinics over a period of 6 years from 1999 to 2004. The majority of patients who received dental care at AMS dental clinics were Aboriginal (95.3%), compared with 8% at the non-AMS clinic. The rate of emergency at the non-AMS clinic was 33.5%, compared with 79.2% at the AMS clinics. The present study confirmed that more Indigenous patients were treated in AMS dental clinics and the mix of dental care provided was dominated by emergency care and oral surgery. This indicated a higher burden of oral disease and late utilisation of dental care services (more focus on tooth extraction) among rural and remote Indigenous people in Western Australia.

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Burke, David, Ayse Burke, and Jacqueline Huber. "Psychogeriatric SOS (services-on-screen) – a unique e-health model of psychogeriatric rural and remote outreach." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 11 (July 29, 2015): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001131.

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Mental health service delivery to rural and remote communities can be significantly impeded by the tyranny of distance. In Australia, rural and remote mental health services are characterized by limited resources stretched across geographically large and socio-economically disadvantaged regions (Inderet al., 2012; Thomaset al., 2012). Internationally, rural and remote area mental health workforce shortages are common, especially in relation to specialist mental health services for older people (McCarthyet al., 2012; Bascuet al., 2012).

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Pong, RW, M. DesMeules, D. Heng, C. Lagacé, JR Guernsey, A. Kazanjian, D. Manuel, et al. "Patterns of Health Services Utilization in Rural Canada." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 31, supplement 1 (September 2011): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.31.s1.01.

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Canadians value ease of access to their health services. Although many studies have focused on accessibility to health services in Canada, few have examined rural-urban differences in this aspect, particularly from a national perspective. Yet disparities in access to health services exist between rural and urban populations, as do the challenges of delivering health care to more remote areas or to those with small populations. “Canada’s Rural Communities: Understanding Rural Health and Its Determinants” is a three-year research project co-funded by the Canadian Population Health Initiative (CPHI) of the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). It involves investigators from the Public Health Agency of Canada, the Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research (CRaNHR) at Laurentian University, and other researchers. The first publication of the research project was How Healthy Are Rural Canadians? An Assessment of Their Health Status and Health Determinants;Footnote 1a1a this, the second publication, is a descriptive analysis of the utilization patterns of a broad range of health services by rural residents compared to their urban counterparts.

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Osadolor, Obehi O., Aisosa J. Osadolor, Owens O. Osadolor, Eunice Enabulele, Ezi A. Akaji, and Davidson E. Odiowaya. "Access to health services and health inequalities in remote and rural areas." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 10, no. 2 (August 28, 2022): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v10i2.47868.

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ABSTRACT Access to health care includes the availability, accessibility, awareness, accommodation or adequacy, affordability, and acceptability of health services. Scarce health facilities, long distances to health facilities, shortages of medicine, level of poverty, shortages of doctors, dentists, and other health professionals, level of education and knowledge among populace on orthodox treatment practices are factors that affects access to health care. Level of awareness among the populace of preventive and curative services offered by health facilities, absence of health insurance, and inability to afford the cost of health services are obstacles limiting rural people from recognizing and achieving the health and social related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), that requires that access to good quality healthcare is improved significantly in rural areas and under-served population. Health inequalities exist both between and within developed and developing countries, both between and within urban, semi-urban and rural areas. Health inequalities are determined by various socioeconomic factors: such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, income, social status, unemployment and place of residence of the population. The factors that give rise to, and worsen, inequalities in health are multidimensional. Interventions in addressing health inequalities would involve economic policies, strategic health planning, health education on avoidable risk factors for poor health, use of telemedicine/tele dentistry, and reduction of unmet healthcare needs among various population groups. Other interventions are poverty eradication interventions especially in remote and rural areas, healthcare financing through budgetary allocation, and improving access to health service through universal health coverage, with an organized and efficient health system.

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Moffatt, Jennifer J., and Diann S. Eley. "The reported benefits of telehealth for rural Australians." Australian Health Review 34, no. 3 (2010): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09794.

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Objective.A literature review was conducted to identify the reported benefits attributed to telehealth for people living and professionals working in rural and remote areas of Australia. Data sources.Scopus and relevant journals and websites were searched using the terms: telemedicine, telehealth, telepsychiatry, teledermatology, teleradiology, Australia, and each state and territory. Publications since 1998 were included. Study selection.The initial search resulted in 176 articles, which was reduced to 143 when research reporting on Australian rural, regional or remote populations was selected. Data synthesis.A narrative review was conducted using an existing ‘benefits’ framework. Patients are reported to have benefited from: lower costs and reduced inconvenience while accessing specialist health services; improved access to services and improved quality of clinical services. Health professionals are reported to have benefited from: access to continuing education and professional development; provision of enhanced local services; experiential learning, networking and collaboration. Discussion.Rural Australians have reportedly benefited from telehealth. The reported improved access and quality of clinical care available to rural Australians through telemedicine and telehealth may contribute to decreasing the urban–rural health disparities. The reported professional development opportunities and support from specialists through the use of telehealth may contribute to improved rural medical workforce recruitment and retention. What is known about the topic?An extensive international literature has reported on the efficacy of telehealth, and to a lesser extent the clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of telemedicine. Systematic reviews conclude that the quality of the studies preclude definitive conclusions being drawn about clinical and cost-effectiveness, although there is some evidence of effective clinical outcomes and the potential for cost-benefits. Little attention has been paid to the benefits reported for people who live in rural and remote Australia, despite this being a rationale for the use of telehealth in rural and remote locations. What does this paper add?Patients in rural and remote locations in Australia are reported to benefit from telehealth by increased access to health services and up-skilled health professionals. Health professionals are reported to benefit from telehealth by up-skilling from increased contact with specialists and increased access to professional development. The review findings suggest that one strategy, the increased use of telehealth, has the potential to reduce the inequitable access to health services and the poorer health status that many rural Australians experience, and contribute to addressing the on-going problem of the recruitment and retention of the rural health workforce. What are the implications for practitioners?The use of telehealth appears to be a path to up-skilling for rural and remote practitioners.

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Regmi, Kiran, and Kapil Amgain. "Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities in Establishing and Maintaining Medical Education in Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS)." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i2.25165.

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The constitution of Nepal (2015), article 35 (Right relating to health) stated that every citizen shall have the right to free basic health services from the State, and no one shall be deprived of emergency health services. According to the World Bank report (collection of development indicators compiled from various official sources, 2016), Nepal has 81% rural and remote populations. Health service delivery is a complex reality for the rural and remote populations and faces enormous challenges. One of them is insufficient and uneven distribution of health workforce. The World Health Report concluded that "the severity of the health workforce crisis is in some of the world's poorest countries, of which 6 are in South East Asia out of 57 countries having critical shortages of health workforce."1Even after 13 years situation has not much improved. Nepal faces a critical shortage of trained health workforce, especially in rural and remote areas. Health workforce recruitment and retention in rural and remote areas is a difficult task challenged by the preferences and migration of health workforce to urban areas in country, or even abroad for better life and professional development.2 One of the most effective strategies for health workforce recruitment and retention for rural and remote areas could be that of establishing and maintaining Medical Education in rural and remote areas decentralized from urban academic medical centers.

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Jennings, Natasha, Grainne Lowe, and Kathleen Tori. "Nurse practitioner locums: a plausible solution for augmenting health care access for rural communities." Australian Journal of Primary Health 27, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20103.

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With 2020 being designated the Year of the Nurse and Midwife, it is opportune to acknowledge and recognise the role that nurses undertake in primary care environments. Nurses and midwives play a pivotal role in the delivery of high-quality health care, particularly in geographically challenged areas of Australia, where they may be the only provider of care within their communities. Rural and remote health services require strategic planning to develop and implement solutions responsive to the challenges of rural and remote communities. Maintenance of health services in rural and remote areas is a challenge, crucial to the equity of health outcomes for these communities. Many small communities rely on visiting medical officers to provide the on-call care to facility services, including emergency departments, urgent care centres, acute wards and aged care facilities. It is increasingly difficult to maintain the current rural workforce models, particularly the provision of after-hours ‘on-call’ care necessary in these communities. An alternative model of health care service delivery staffed by nurse practitioners (NP) is one proposed solution. NPs are educated, skilled and proven in their ability to provide an after-hours or on-call service to meet the expectations of rural and remote communities. Achievement of high-quality health care that is cost-efficient, safe and demonstrates improved patient outcomes has been reported in NP-led health care delivery impact evaluations. The value of an NP locum service model is the provision of a transparent, reliable service delivering consistent, equitable and efficient health care to rural and remote communities.

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Owen, Cathy, Christopher Tennant, Deslee Jessie, Michael Jones, and Valerie Rutherford. "A Model for Clinical and Educational Psychiatric Service Delivery in Remote Communities." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 3 (June 1999): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00578.x.

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Objective: A model of intermittent psychiatric service provision to rural and remote New South Wales communities by metropolitan psychiatrists and mental health professionals has been evaluated. The services provided included peer support to lone mental health and generic health workers, direct psychiatric care to clients in their own environment and skills development education sessions to general health staff and other professionals affiliated with health care (e.g. police and ambulance officers). Method: There were 10 visits of teams made up of a psychiatrist and another mental health professional to six rural and remote locations. Outcomes of the services delivered were examined including clinical services and teaching skills training sessions. Indirect outcome measures included changes to Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prescription patterns in areas serviced and data regarding transfer of clients for psychiatric care in regional centres. Difficulties in evaluation are discussed. Results: The feasibility of intermittent service provision was demonstrated. Education packages were well received and a positive change in workers' attitudes toward mental health practice was found. Conclusion: Intermittent psychiatric services in remote settings add value to health care delivery particularly when dovetailed with skills-based education sessions.

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Nicholson, Laura Anne. "Rural mental health." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14, no. 4 (July 2008): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005009.

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A significant proportion of people live and work in rural areas, and rural mental health is important wherever psychiatry is practised. There are inherent difficulties in conducting rural research, due in part to the lack of an agreed definition of rurality. Mental health is probably better in rural areas, with the exception of suicide, which remains highest in male rural residents. A number of aspects of rural life (such as the rural community, social networks, problems with access, and social exclusion) may all have particular implications for people with mental health problems. Further issues such as the effect of rural culture on help-seeking for mental illness, anonymity in small rural communities and stigma may further affect the recognition, treatment and maintenance of mental health problems for people in rural areas. Providing mental health services to remote and rural locations may be challenging.

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Hanna, Liz. "Support Funding for Australian Rural and Remote Health Workforce: A Medical - Nursing Mismatch." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 1 (2001): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01002.

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Successive Australian federal governments have introduced numerous strategies aimed at reducing the differentials in health status between rural and remote populations and their metropolitan counterparts. Foremost among these strategies have been those focused on increasing the numbers of medical practitioners in rural and remote areas (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1998a). The paper challenges the prioritisation of this strategy, identified as a "planning priority" by the Commonwealth government. The 1999-2000 Federal Budget allocated $171 million to "significantly improve access to services in rural and remote areas of Australia and to strengthen the rural workforce". Nurses provide 90% of the health services to these populations yet receive only 0.9% of funding in direct role specific support. This systematic neglect of nursing services results in high turnover as nurses desert their posts, frustrated by lack of organisational support, and subsequent inability to provide adequate care in the difficult circumstances in which they must function. Interruptions to clinical health care provision and health promotion activities diminish health enhancement opportunities for the communities with demonstrated high levels of need (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 1999; Commonwealth Department of Health & Aged Care, 2000; Kreger, 1991; NSW Health Department, 1998).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural and remote health services"

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Prior, Maria E. "Added-value roles and remote communities an exploration of the contribution of health services to remote communities and of a method for measuring the contribution of institutions and individuals to community stocks of capital /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=33408.

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Nimegeer, Amy. "Considering community engagement for remote and rural healthcare design in Scotland : exploring the journey from rhetoric to reality." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2013. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/considering-community-engagement-for-remote-and-rural-healthcare-design-in-scotland(9418ba56-720c-41b6-b97f-f345cfad0ffa).html.

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The way healthcare services are delivered in remote and rural Scottish communities is in a state of reconfiguration. At the same time the NHS faces pressure to plan these new services in partnership with communities themselves. Evidence, however, suggests that this is not necessarily being done well. This study considered the contextual aspects of remote and rural Scottish communities that may impact on healthcare-related engagement, and examined current understanding of what constitutes a ‘good’ engagement process. It then went on to consider a two-year action research project (RSF) that took place in four remote and rural Scottish communities to engage local residents in an anticipatory process co-designing their own future healthcare services. Finally, this study examined ways in which individuals were able to wield power within the engagement described in the RSF project, by using a combination of participant observation and Foucauldian Discourse Analysis. As well as making a number of practical recommendations for future engagement practice in a remote and rural context, this study makes three key contributions. Firstly, it contributes further contextual knowledge about the challenges of engaging with remote and rural Scottish communities for local healthcare service design; a topic about which little has been written. Secondly, it contributes a novel method for anticipatory healthcare budgeting aimed at a remote and rural Scottish context, namely the RSF Game. Thirdly, it draws the conclusion that individual (non-elite) community members have the ability to use French and Raven’s bases of social power to impact the engagement process at all stages, and also posits that discourse can be used within rural engagement as a new ‘base of power’, which contributes to the debate around individual power and agency within remote and rural community engagement for healthcare, which few studies have examined.

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Heaney, David. "Organisational change and remote and rural health care delivery : identifying the attributes of successful innovation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=211425.

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Aims To investigate the impact of organisational change on the delivery of health services in remote and rural Scotland using, as an example, changes in the organisation of out of hours primary care, and to identify the attributes of successful innovation in remote and rural health provision. Methods The thesis comprised a thematic literature review; in depth interviews with key stakeholders, and case studies based in remote communities. Results The literature review identified recurring attributes of successful innovation. Interviews with remote and rural GPs showed that working out of hours had been, or still was, an integral part of life as a GP. Most agreed there had been an impact on family life. Advantages and challenges of remote and rural working were identified; many GPs could not envisage a better way of delivering services. This was contested by managers. There were divergent views of the 2004 GMS contract. The GPs who opted out of 24 hour responsibility experienced a transformational change in working life. All in all, there was a lack of understanding, and trust, between organisations. NHS 24 and Scottish Ambulance Service were criticised. There had been little change in out of hours service delivery since 2005, and the present configuration was seen as expensive and unsustainable. Despite these acknowledged difficulties, the view was that difficult decisions had been avoided, and a long-term solution that fits the area was required. The case studies added detail and contextual understanding of delivery of services. This could vary even within a practice area. Service delivery on islands was different, with a stronger tie between community and practice, governed by transport logistics, and difficult to understand from an outside perspective. Conclusions. The delivery of out of hours services in remote and rural Scotland has been a difficult and contested issue. Context can have different impacts, even within a very small area. Failure to innovate was associated with lack of collaboration, lack of strategy, lack of understanding of local context, and avoidance of difficult decisions. The organisational change literature demonstrated that receptive contexts for change were not present.

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Porter, Suzette Adela Tindal. "Dental effectiveness in rural and remote Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35843/1/35843_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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This research was stimulated by the knowledge that dental services to rural and remote consumers in Australia are unpredictable and will remain so into the future. Rural and remote consumers are disadvantaged in their access to dental services due to distance, scarcity of dentists, lack of choice· and variable quality of treatment and facilities. Nonetheless, it is clear that some rural and remote consumers are able to achieve sound oral health. This study examined these dental consumers in order to identify characteristics which may contribute to their success. Providing appropriate and adequate dental services to rural and remote towns is predicted to become more difficult and require greater travel due to both a reduction in the number of dentists and a smaller population base. Encouraging rural residents to become more effective as dental consumers may result in improved preventive practices, more positive attitudes to oral health and better dental status. Dental effectiveness is improved when the dentist-patient relationship is sound and when there is a source of routine and continuing dental care, features which should form part of public health policies and training of rural dentists.

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Daly, Clare Louise. "Mental health services and social inclusion in remote and rural areas of Scotland and Canada : a qualitative comparison." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2014. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/mental-health-services-and-social-inclusion-in-remote-and-rural-areas-of-scotland-and-canada(2dba9227-469b-4fd5-be05-acdaae19f92a).html.

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Mental health has become an increasingly importantly focus in the UK policy landscape because of its social and economic impact. However, most research to date has focused on living with mental health issues, or providing mental health services, in urban settings. There is limited understanding of the experiences of rural dwellers with mental health issues or the role of the voluntary sector in terms of its contribution to mental health service provision in rural areas. Thus, this PhD explores the experiences of rural mental health service users and providers in Scotland and Canada, and also considers the contribution of mental health voluntary organisations in helping to overcome the challenges of social exclusion for service users, as identified in previous research. Two theoretical lenses were used to frame the research questions. First, the concept of social inclusion provided a lens to analyse the processes by which service users achieve, or not, a sense of belonging and connection in society (Philo 2000). Second, Putnam's (2000) theory of social capital provided a further analytical lens by which to explore the contribution of rural voluntary organisations. Social capital focuses on the features of populations such as social networks, trust and norms of reciprocity that shape the quality and quantity of social interactions (McKenzie & Harpham 2006). The aims of the research were to: To explore the impact of rural life for mental health service users' daily life and access of services To understand the contribution of rural mental health services to tackling social exclusion for service users The five research questions used in this thesis were: What does it mean to experience mental health problems in remote and rural areas? What are the challenges that service providers face in remote and rural areas? What benefits are there for service users attending voluntary groups in remote and rural areas?

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Muriti, Andrew John Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "A biomechanical analysis of patient handling techniques and equipment in a remote setting." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Safety Science, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22002.

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Remote area staff performing manual patient handling tasks in the absence of patient lifting hoists available in most health care settings are at an elevated risk of musculoskeletal injuries. The objective of this project was to identify the patient handling methods that have the lowest risk of injury. The patient handling task of lifting a patient from floor to a chair or wheelchair is a common task performed in a remote health care setting. The task was performed utilising three methods, these being: (1) heads/tails lift, (2) use of two Blue MEDesign?? slings and (3) use of a drawsheet. The task of the heads/tails lift was broken down into two distinctly separate subtasks: lifting from the (1) head and (2) tail ends of the patient load. These techniques were selected based on criteria including current practice, durability, portability, accessibility, ease of storage and cost to supply. Postural data were obtained using a Vicon 370 three - dimensional motion measurement and analysis system in the Biomechanics & Gait laboratory at the University of New South Wales. Forty reflective markers were placed on the subject to obtain the following joint angles: ankle, knee, hip, torso, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. The raw data were converted into the respective joint angles (Y, X, Z) for further analysis. The postural data was analysed using the University of Michigan???s Three-Dimensional Static Strength Prediction Program (3D SSPP) and the relative risk of injury was based on the following three values: (1) a threshold value of 3,400 N for compression force, (2) a threshold value of 500 N for shear force, and (3) population strength capability data. The effects on changes to the anthropometric data was estimated and analysed using the in-built anthropometric data contained within the 3D SSPP program for 6 separate lifter scenarios, these being male and female 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles. Changes to the patient load were estimated and analysed using the same computer software. Estimated compressive and shear forces were found to be lower with the drawsheet and tail component of the heads/tails lift in comparison to the use of the Blue MEDesign?? straps and head component of the heads/tails lift. The results obtained for the strength capability aspect of each of the lifts indicated a higher percentage of the population capable of both the drawsheet and tail end of the heads/tails lift. The relative risk of back injury for the lifters is distributed more evenly with the drawsheet lift as opposed to the heads/tails (tail) lift where risk is disproportionate with the heavier end being lifted. The use of lifter anthropometrics does not appear to be a realistic variable to base assumptions on which group of the population are capable of safely performing this task in a remote setting. This study advocates the use of the drawsheet lift in a remote setting based on the author???s experience and the biomechanical results obtained in this study. The drawsheet lift is both more accessible and provides a more acceptable risk when more than two patient handlers are involved, in comparison to the other lifts utilised lifting patients from floor to a chair.

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Chaiyakae, Sonngan, Nobuyuki Hamajima, Pajjuban Hemhongsa, Yoshitoku Yoshida, and Tawatchai Yingtaweesak. "ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICE IN THASONGYANG, TAK PROVINCE, THAILAND." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18473.

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Murphy, Angela University of Ballarat. "When urban policy meets regional practice : Evidence based practice from the perspective of multi-disciplinary teams working in rural and remote health service provision." University of Ballarat, 2004. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12747.

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"In the main, contemporary research on Evidence Based Practice (EBP) has taken place within metropolitan locations, and has offered urbocentric solutions and insights. However the transferability of these developments to rural services is untested empirically. In addition, evidence development and studies on the implementation of this evidence have tended to be discipline-stream-specific; there has been very little research into either the development of multi-disciplinary evidence guidelines or the implementation of EBP from the perspective of individual practitioners working within multi-disciplinary teams. This research shortfall has provided the rationale for this study...."
Doctor of Philosophy

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Murphy, Angela. "When urban policy meets regional practice : Evidence based practice from the perspective of multi-disciplinary teams working in rural and remote health service provision." University of Ballarat, 2004. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14586.

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"In the main, contemporary research on Evidence Based Practice (EBP) has taken place within metropolitan locations, and has offered urbocentric solutions and insights. However the transferability of these developments to rural services is untested empirically. In addition, evidence development and studies on the implementation of this evidence have tended to be discipline-stream-specific; there has been very little research into either the development of multi-disciplinary evidence guidelines or the implementation of EBP from the perspective of individual practitioners working within multi-disciplinary teams. This research shortfall has provided the rationale for this study...."
Doctor of Philosophy

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Clark, R. A. "Chronic Heart Failure Beyond City Limits: An Analysis of the Distribution, Management and Information Technology Solutions for People with Chronic Heart Failure in Rural and Remote Australia." Thesis, University of South Australia, 2007.

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Books on the topic "Rural and remote health services"

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Australia's rural and remote health: A social justice perspective. 2nd ed. Croydon, Vic: Tertiary Press, 2007.

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Scottish Health Service Advisory Council. Working Group on Health Care Services in Remote and Island Areas. Health care services in remote and island areas in Scotland. Edinburgh: HMSO, 1995.

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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rural, regional and remote health: A guide to remoteness classifications. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2004.

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Mental health in remote, rural developing areas: Concepts and cases. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.

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Bullock, Sally. A snapshot of men's health in regional and remote Australia. Canberra: Australia Institue of Health and Welfare, 2010.

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Strong, Kathleen. Health in rural and remote Australia: The first report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare on rural health. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1998.

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Victoria. Department of Human Services. Remote area nurses: Emergency guidelines 2005. Melbourne: Dept of Human Services, 2005.

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Phillips, Andrew. Rural, regional and remote health: A study on mortality. 2nd ed. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2007.

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Watson, David S. Health care for remote communities: A solution by satellite? [Albany, W.A: D. S. Watson], 2006.

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Dolea, Carmen. Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention: Global policy recommendations. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rural and remote health services"

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Rosenberg, Sebastian, and Russell Roberts. "Models of Service Delivery and Funding of Mental Health Services." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5012-1_8-1.

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Rosenberg, Sebastian, and Russell Roberts. "Models of Service Delivery and Funding of Mental Health Services." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 163–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6631-8_8.

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Jackson, Fay, Tim Heffernan, Mark Orr, Robert Butch Young, Cherie Puckett, and Susan Daly. "Peer Work in Rural and Remote Communities and Mental Health Services." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5012-1_21-1.

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Capps, R. Elizabeth, Kurt D. Michael, J. P. Jameson, and Kasey Sulovski. "Providing School-Based Mental Health Services in Rural and Remote Settings." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 1–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5012-1_27-1.

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Jackson, Fay, Tim Heffernan, Mark Orr, Robert Butch Young, Cherie Puckett, and Susan Daly. "Peer Work in Rural and Remote Communities and Mental Health Services." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 435–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6631-8_21.

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Capps, R. Elizabeth, Kurt D. Michael, J. P. Jameson, and Kasey Sulovski. "Providing School-Based Mental Health Services in Rural and Remote Settings." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 579–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6631-8_27.

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Funnell, Sarah, Timothy A. Carey, Sara J. Tai, and Debra Lampshire. "Improving Access to Psychological Services in Remote Australia with a Patient-Led Clinic." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 253–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6631-8_38.

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Funnell, Sarah, Timothy A. Carey, Sara J. Tai, and Debra Lampshire. "Improving Access to Psychological Services in Remote Australia with a Patient-Led Clinic." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 1–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5012-1_38-1.

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Carey, T. A., and J. Gullifer. "Maintaining Control: The Importance of Self-Care to Effective and Enduring RRvR Mental Health Service Provision." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 1–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5012-1_23-1.

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Carey, Timothy A., and Judith Gullifer. "Maintaining Control: The Importance of Self-Care to Effective and Enduring RRvR Mental Health Service Provision." In Handbook of Rural, Remote, and very Remote Mental Health, 491–510. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6631-8_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rural and remote health services"

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Mulliner, S. J. "Research study into the impact of telemedicine on rural GP practices." In IEE Colloquium on Technologies Supporting the Remote Delivery of Health and Care Services. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19970190.

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MacCarty, Nordica, and Kenneth (Mark) Bryden. "Modeling Technology Strategies for Thermal Energy Services in Rural Developing Communities." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46806.

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Approximately 40% of the world’s population lives in energy poverty, lacking basic clean energy to prepare their food, heat water for washing, and provide light in their homes. Access to improved energy services can help to alleviate this poverty and result in significant improvements to health and livelihoods, yet past strategies for meeting the needs of this large and diverse population have often been top-down and focused on single intervention or solution, leading to limited success. Using a systems-based approach to examine residential thermal energy needs, this paper explores five intervention strategies to provide energy services for a remote off-grid village in Mali. The five intervention strategies are (1) general improved biomass cookstoves, (2) advanced biomass cookstoves, (3) communal biomass cookstoves, (4) LPG cookstoves, and (5) solar water heaters. Using a probabilistic multi-objective model that includes technical, environmental, economic, and social objectives, the potential net improvements, critical factors, and sensitivities are investigated. The results show that the factors with the most impact on the outcome of an intervention include the rate of user adoption, value of time, and biomass harvest renewability; in contrast, parameters such as cookstove emission factors have less impact on the outcome. This suggests that the focus of village energy research and development should shift to the design of technologies that have high user adoption rates. That is, the results of this study support the hypothesis that the most effective village energy strategy is one that reinforces the natural user-driven process to move toward efficient and convenient energy services.

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Noko, Ofentse, Ariel Lashansky, Giancarlo Beukes, and Sudesh Sivarasu. "An Open Source Biometric Patient Identification System for Low Resource Setting." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3477.

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It is estimated that as many as 1.5 billion people globally do not possess any form of identification [1]. Most of these people currently live in Africa and Asia. The lack of identification prevents them from accessing the basic rights and services afforded to them. In healthcare, proof of identity is required to access basic health services, and accurately monitor one’s diagnosis and treatment. This enables health care facilities to provide quality services. Without any identification, governments and development organisations cannot cater to the basic needs of these individuals. This is a key factor in the increased adoption of digital information systems in healthcare. These systems assist with validating patients’ identities. Additionally, these systems store information about patients’ medical history to allow for more effective treatment practices [2]. Digital information systems have proven to be more reliable than paper-based systems currently used in many health facilities in developing countries. Health service providers are now seeking ways to integrate these systems into their daily operations. Electronic health record systems could potentially solve many problems these facilities face. This includes issues related to data management and patient identification. These systems, when paired with biometric technologies, can remove the need for patients to carry physical identification to gain access to medical services. This would be a great benefit to rural communities. It could also assist with reducing the prevalence of fraud in these communities. Cases where individuals make use of stolen identification cards and multiple identities to access health benefits are known to occur in these areas. Existing biometric identification solutions are not designed specifically for the rural environment. Therefore, an open source biometric patient identification system was developed. The system was developed specifically for a hospital located in a rural setting. The aim was to leverage off existing technologies, and adapt it accordingly to suit the conditions faced by health service providers in these areas.

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Islam, Mazharul, A. K. M. Sadrul Islam, and M. Ruhul Amin. "Small-Scale Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems for the Remote Communities of the Developing Countries." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50068.

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About 2 billion people of the world, mostly in rural areas of the developing countries, do not have access to grid-based electricity. The most critical factor affecting their livelihoods is access to clean, affordable and reliable energy services for household and productive uses. Under this backdrop, renewable and readily available energy from the nature can be incorporated in several proven renewable energy technology (RET) systems and can play a significant role in meeting crucial energy needs in these remote far flung areas. RETs are ideal as distributed energy source and they can be incorporated in packages of energy services and thus offer unique opportunities to provide improved lighting, health care, drinking water, education, communication, and irrigation. Energy is also vital for most of the income-generating activities, both at the household or commercial levels. Access to energy is strongly connected to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set targets for poverty reduction, improved health, and gender equality as well as environmental sustainability. Environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in the above-mentioned unserved or underserved areas in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. This is important in the context of sustainable development in: (i) poverty alleviation, (ii) education, (iii) gender equity and empowerment, (iv) health including other benefits like improved information access through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) centers, (v) better security, and (vi) increase in social or recreational opportunities. It is evident that proliferation of renewable energy resources through implementing their applications for meeting energy demand will promote all the three dimensions namely, social, economic and environmental of sustainable development in the developing countries. Several small scale enabling RET systems have been suggested in this paper in the light of above-mentioned issues of energy sustainability and they can significantly contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of the remote impoverished rural communities of the developing countries. With the current state of technology development, several RET systems (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and microhydro) have become successful in different parts of the world. In this paper, an exhaustive literature survey has been conducted and several successful and financially viable small-scale RET systems were analyzed. These systems have relevance to the economies of the developing countries that can be utilized for electrification of domestic houses, micro enterprises, health clinics, educational establishments and rural development centers.

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Chaudhari, Kalpana, and P. T. Karule. "WiMAX network based E health service and telemedicine applications for rural and remote populations in India." In 2014 International Conference on Medical Imaging, m-Health and Emerging Communication Systems (MedCom). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/medcom.2014.7006041.

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Fahmy, Faten H. "A High Standard Isolated Insolated Photovoltaic Egyptian Safari Rest Red Sea Area." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54362.

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Where renewable energy sources, solar, hydro, wind are available the remote communities and businesses can be provided with the most reliable and affordable source of electrical energy. This paper presents a model of safari rest contains all the necessary services for the interested tourists who visit the safari Sinai desert. The PV energy system provides the rural energy needs of remote communities. A photovoltaic renewable energy system is designed to feed the global Ac and Dc electrical required load of this safari rest. The benefits of photovoltaic renewable energy at rural applications are its versatility and convenience. This model of safari rest must be taken in consideration by Egyptian Government as it will provide the tourism plane by new interested tourism field which put a big spot on Red sea area: El Ghordaka.

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Shuliang, Zhao. "Health Services Workforce in Rural China: Baseline Description." In 2014 International Conference on Public Management (ICPM-2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpm-14.2014.56.

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Po-Hsun Cheng, Jer-Junn Luh, Ming-Fong Shyu, Heng-Shuen Chen, Sao-Jie Chen, Jin-Shin Lai, and Feipei Lai. "A Healthcare Pattern Collection for Rural Telemedicine Services." In HEALTHCOM 2006 8th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/health.2006.246424.

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MERKYS, Gediminas, Daiva BUBELIENE, and Nijolė ČIUČIULKIENĖ. "SATISFACTION OF RURAL POPULATION WITH PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE REGIONS: ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.154.

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The key idea of the well-being concept strives to answer the question about how well the needs of people in a society are met in different spheres of social life - the physical, economic, social, educational, environmental, emotional, and spiritual – as well as individuals’ evaluations of their own lives and the way that their society operates (Gilbert, Colley, Roberts, 2016). One of the possible suggestions for answering the question: “How well are the needs of people in a society met?” could be the monitoring of citizen’s satisfaction with public services while applying a standardized questionnaire for population covering 193 primary indicators (health, social security, culture, public transport, utilities, environment, recreation and sport, public communication, education, etc). Even 23 indicators are about education that makes educational services a considerable part of all social service system. As the researchers aimed to analyze satisfaction of rural population with public services stressing the education issue, indicators about education dominated in the survey. The data were collected in 2016 - 2017 in 2 regional municipalities: municipalities: Jonava and Radviliskis (N=2368). The results of the analysis demonstrate that rural residents' satisfaction with formal general education services is relatively high. The only negative exception is the "the placement of a child in a pre-school institution based on the place of residence". Furthermore, rural residents poorly evaluated educational services that are related to non-formal education, adult education, the education of children with disabilities, child safety, meaningful xtracurricular activities of children and young people during all day, preventive programs. These major conclusions let the researchers state that local self-governmental institutions are not capable to cope with the quality challenges of some educational services without special intervention policy of the central government and the EU responsible structural units. A negative impact is also reinforced by a rapidly deteriorating demographic situation in Lithuanian rural areas.

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Essien, Eyo E., and Edem E. Williams. "E-health services in rural communities in the developing countries." In Technology (ICAST). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icastech.2009.5409722.

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Reports on the topic "Rural and remote health services"

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Totten, Annette, Dana M. Womack, Marian S. McDonagh, Cynthia Davis-O’Reilly, Jessica C. Griffin, Ian Blazina, Sara Grusing, and Nancy Elder. Improving Rural Health Through Telehealth-Guided Provider-to-Provider Communication. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer254.

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Objectives. To assess the use, effectiveness, and implementation of telehealth-supported provider-to-provider communication and collaboration for the provision of healthcare services to rural populations and to inform a scientific workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health Office of Disease Prevention on October 12–14, 2021. Data sources. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of Ovid MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We searched for articles published from January 1, 2015, to October 12, 2021, to identify data on use of rural provider-to-provider telehealth (Key Question 1) and the same databases for articles published January 1, 2010, to October 12, 2021, for studies of effectiveness and implementation (Key Questions 2 and 3) and to identify methodological weaknesses in the research (Key Question 4). Additional sources were identified through reference lists, stakeholder suggestions, and responses to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Our methods followed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide (available at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/cer-methods-guide/overview) and the PRISMA reporting guidelines. We used predefined criteria and dual review of abstracts and full-text articles to identify research results on (1) regional or national use, (2) effectiveness, (3) barriers and facilitators to implementation, and (4) methodological weakness in studies of provider-to-provider telehealth for rural populations. We assessed the risk of bias of the effectiveness studies using criteria specific to the different study designs and evaluated strength of evidence (SOE) for studies of similar telehealth interventions with similar outcomes. We categorized barriers and facilitators to implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and summarized methodological weaknesses of studies. Results. We included 166 studies reported in 179 publications. Studies on the degree of uptake of provider-to-provider telehealth were limited to specific clinical uses (pharmacy, psychiatry, emergency care, and stroke management) in seven studies using national or regional surveys and claims data. They reported variability across States and regions, but increasing uptake over time. Ninety-seven studies (20 trials and 77 observational studies) evaluated the effectiveness of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural settings, finding that there may be similar rates of transfers and lengths of stay with telehealth for inpatient consultations; similar mortality rates for remote intensive care unit care; similar clinical outcomes and transfer rates for neonates; improvements in medication adherence and treatment response in outpatient care for depression; improvements in some clinical monitoring measures for diabetes with endocrinology or pharmacy outpatient consultations; similar mortality or time to treatment when used to support emergency assessment and management of stroke, heart attack, or chest pain at rural hospitals; and similar rates of appropriate versus inappropriate transfers of critical care and trauma patients with specialist telehealth consultations for rural emergency departments (SOE: low). Studies of telehealth for education and mentoring of rural healthcare providers may result in intended changes in provider behavior and increases in provider knowledge, confidence, and self-efficacy (SOE: low). Patient outcomes were not frequently reported for telehealth provider education, but two studies reported improvement (SOE: low). Evidence for telehealth interventions for other clinical uses and outcomes was insufficient. We identified 67 program evaluations and qualitative studies that identified barriers and facilitators to rural provider-to-provider telehealth. Success was linked to well-functioning technology; sufficient resources, including time, staff, leadership, and equipment; and adequate payment or reimbursement. Some considerations may be unique to implementation of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural areas. These include the need for consultants to better understand the rural context; regional initiatives that pool resources among rural organizations that may not be able to support telehealth individually; and programs that can support care for infrequent as well as frequent clinical situations in rural practices. An assessment of methodological weaknesses found that studies were limited by less rigorous study designs, small sample sizes, and lack of analyses that address risks for bias. A key weakness was that studies did not assess or attempt to adjust for the risk that temporal changes may impact the results in studies that compared outcomes before and after telehealth implementation. Conclusions. While the evidence base is limited, what is available suggests that telehealth supporting provider-to-provider communications and collaboration may be beneficial. Telehealth studies report better patient outcomes in some clinical scenarios (e.g., outpatient care for depression or diabetes, education/mentoring) where telehealth interventions increase access to expertise and high-quality care. In other applications (e.g., inpatient care, emergency care), telehealth results in patient outcomes that are similar to usual care, which may be interpreted as a benefit when the purpose of telehealth is to make equivalent services available locally to rural residents. Most barriers to implementation are common to practice change efforts. Methodological weaknesses stem from weaker study designs, such as before-after studies, and small numbers of participants. The rapid increase in the use of telehealth in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to produce more data and offer opportunities for more rigorous studies.

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Waid, Chelsea, Sebastian Steven, Laleah Sinclair, Liam Priest, Sam Petrie, Dean B. Carson, and Paul A. Peters. • Report: Interventions for Rural and Remote Youth Mental Health. Spatial Determinants of Health Lab, Carleton University, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/sdhlab/2019.4.

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Mendoza, Irma, and Ricardo Vernon. Promoting reproductive health services in rural communities in Honduras. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1160.

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Roberts, Jay B., and Ashok Bapat. Rural Health, Center of Excellence for Remote and Medically Under-served Area (CERMUSA). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada604497.

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Mahling, Alexa, Michelle LeBlanc, and Paul A. Peters. Report: Rural Resilience and Community Connections in Health: Outcomes of a Community Workshop. Spatial Determinants of Health Lab, Carleton University, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/sdhlab/2020.1.

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Canadians living in rural communities are diverse, with individual communities defined by unique strengths and challenges that impact their health needs. Understanding rural health needs is a complex undertaking, with many challenges pertaining to engagement, research, and policy development. In order to address these challenges, it is imperative to understand the unique characteristics of rural communities as well as to ensure that the voices of rural and remote communities are prioritized in the development and implementation of rural health research programs and policy. Effective community engagement is essential in order to establish rural-normative programs and policies to improve the health of individuals living in rural, remote, and northern communities. This report was informed by a community engagement workshop held in Golden Lake, Ontario in October 2019. Workshop attendees were comprised of residents from communities within the Madawaska Valley, community health care professionals, students and researchers from Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, and international researchers from Australia, Sweden, and Austria. The themes identified throughout the workshop included community strengths and initiatives that are working well, challenges and concerns faced by the community in the context of health, and suggestions to build on strengths and address challenges to improve the health of residents in the Madawaska Valley.

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Reddy, P. H. A qualitative study of quality of care in rural Karnataka. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1018.

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The Third Five-Year Plan (1961–66) aimed at reducing the crude birth rate in India to 25 per 1,000 population by 1973, however this goal has not been achieved. Several other demographic goals were set later, to be achieved by specified years, but they were deferred or revised. One major reason for the failure to achieve these goals was thought to be the lack of adequate infrastructural facilities for the family welfare program, thus it was decided to improve the institution–population ratio. The primary objective of this study is to assess the quality of interaction between clients and providers, and the quality of family welfare services. More specifically, the study examines how family welfare program personnel interact with clients in a given setting, the quality of interaction, how frequently such interaction takes place, the provider's view of, and satisfaction with, the information and quality of family welfare services provided, and the client's view of, and satisfaction with, the information and quality of family welfare services received. The focus of the investigation is on the family welfare program—the maternal and child health and family planning programs.

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Shey Wiysonge, Charles. Which outreach strategies increase health insurance coverage for vulnerable populations? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608142.

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Health insurance refers to a health financing mechanism that involves the pooling of eligible, individual contributions in order to cover all or part of the cost of certain health services for all those who are insured. Health insurance scheme coverage in low-income countries is low, especially among vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, women, low-income individuals, rural population, racial or ethnic minorities, immigrants, informal sector workers, and people with disability or chronic diseases. Consequently, thousands of vulnerable people suffer and die from preventable and treatable diseases in these settings.

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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.027.

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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.

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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.025.

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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.

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Agarwal, Smisha, Madhu Jalan, Holly C. Wilcox, Ritu Sharma, Rachel Hill, Emily Pantalone, Johannes Thrul, Jacob C. Rainey, and Karen A. Robinson. Evaluation of Mental Health Mobile Applications. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb41.

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Background. Mental health mobile applications (apps) have the potential to expand the provision of mental health and wellness services to traditionally underserved populations. There is a lack of guidance on how to choose wisely from the thousands of mental health apps without clear evidence of safety, efficacy, and consumer protections. Purpose. This Technical Brief proposes a framework to assess mental health mobile applications with the aim to facilitate selection of apps. The results of applying the framework will yield summary statements on the strengths and limitations of the apps and are intended for use by providers and patients/caregivers. Methods. We reviewed systematic reviews of mental health apps and reviewed published and gray literature on mental health app frameworks, and we conducted four Key Informant group discussions to identify gaps in existing mental health frameworks and key framework criteria. These reviews and discussions informed the development of a draft framework to assess mental health apps. Iterative testing and refinement of the framework was done in seven successive rounds through double application of the framework to a total of 45 apps. Items in the framework with an interrater reliability under 90 percent were discussed among the evaluation team for revisions of the framework or guidance. Findings. Our review of the existing frameworks identified gaps in the assessment of risks that users may face from apps, such as privacy and security disclosures and regulatory safeguards to protect the users. Key Informant discussions identified priority criteria to include in the framework, including safety and efficacy of mental health apps. We developed the Framework to Assist Stakeholders in Technology Evaluation for Recovery (FASTER) to Mental Health and Wellness and it comprises three sections: Section 1. Risks and Mitigation Strategies, assesses the integrity and risk profile of the app; Section 2. Function, focuses on descriptive aspects related to accessibility, costs, organizational credibility, evidence and clinical foundation, privacy/security, usability, functions for remote monitoring of the user, access to crisis services, and artificial intelligence (AI); and Section 3. Mental Health App Features, focuses on specific mental health app features, such as journaling and mood tracking. Conclusion. FASTER may be used to help appraise and select mental health mobile apps. Future application, testing, and refinements may be required to determine the framework’s suitability and reliability across multiple mental health conditions, as well as to account for the rapidly expanding applications of AI, gamification, and other new technology approaches.

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