Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rupture de tolérance immune'
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Le, Saout Cécile. "Rupture de la tolérance périphérique en conditions de lymphopénie : coopération entre les cellules T CD8+ et CD4+." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20097.
Full textThe onset of autoimmunity in patients as well as experimental rodent models frequently correlates with a lymphopenic state. In this condition, the immune system has evolved compensatory homeostatic mechanisms that induce quiescent naive T cells to proliferate and differentiate into memory-like lymphocytes even in the apparent absence of antigenic stimulation. Since memory T cells have less stringent requirements for activation than naïve cells, we hypothesized that auto-reactive T cells that arrive to secondary lymphoid organs in a lymphopenic environment could differentiate and bypass the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Utilizing a transgenic mouse system in which a model antigen is expressed in the pancreas, we have shown that potentially auto-reactive memory-like CD8+ T cells, generated under lymphopenic conditions, are not sufficient to induce auto-immunity because they are tolerized in the draining lymph nodes of the pancreas. Induction of self-reactivity required antigen-specific CD4+ T cell help. These helper cells promoted the further differentiation of memory-like CD8+ T cells into effectors in response to antigen cross-presentation with subsequent migration to the tissue of antigen expression where autoimmunity ensued. We also found that this effect is mediated by IL-2, a cytokine mainly produced by CD4 helper T cells. Thus, the cooperation between self-reactive memory-like CD4+ and CD8+ T cells under lymphopenic conditions overcomes cross-tolerance resulting in autoimmunity. These studies raise new perspectives, notably on cancer immunotherapy and the development of promising strategies optimizing anti-tumor T cell responses
Guffroy, Aurélien. "Etude des mécanismes de rupture de tolérance lymphocytaire au cours des déficits immunitaires primitifs de l'adulte avec manifesations auto-immunes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ012.
Full textThe association between primary immune deficiency (PID) and autoimmunity may seem paradoxical when PID is considered only as an immune response defect against pathogens and autoimmunity only as an excess of immunity. Nevertheless, far from being simple immune defects increasing the risk of infections, DIPs are frequently associated with autoimmunity. Even more, autoimmunes manifestations can sometimes reveal a PID. Thus, epidemiological data from registers or large series of patients with PIDs agree on an overall prevalence of 25 to 30% of autoimmune complications (with auto-immune cytopenias as first causes). Several hypotheses have been proposed with different underlying mechanisms to explain the tolerance breakdown in PIDs. We can cite : 1°) a severe disturbance of lymphocyte homeostasis, for example in severe combined immunodeficiencies ; 2°) an impaired B-cell developpement with earlystage defects of tolerance ; 3°) a dysregulation of T cells (developpement or activation impairments) ; 4°) a dysfunction of T-reg (or B-reg) ; 5°) an excess of production of proinflammatory cytokines. These hypotheses are especially true for early-onset PIDs (in infancy). In this work (PhD), we explore the mechanisms of tolerance breakdown involved in adults PIDs. We use several approaches to describe the pathways leading to autoimmunity, focusing on the most common PID in adult : CVID (common variable immunodeficiency). This syndrome is not well defined on the genetic and physiopathological level. It is still a therapeutic challenge when complicated by autoimmunity (requiring immunosuppressive therapy)
Peter, Elise. "Mécanismes immunopathologiques des dégénérescences cérébelleuses paranéoplasiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10329.
Full textBackground: Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) are rare autoimmune disorders affecting an otherwise immune-privileged site: the central nervous system. This autoimmunity is associated with the presence of a cancer and is satellite of the anti-tumor immune response, the B-cell response originating a secretion of autoantibodies that are diagnostic hallmarks of these disorders. These autoantibodies are directed against a protein expressed both in the tumor and in the CNS, the so-called onconeural antigen. The triggers of the immune tolerance breakdown and the exact relationship between the tumor, the immune system and the neurological symptoms are still not totally understood. Recent studies have allowed to show that in some tumors associated with paraneoplastic syndromes (namely ovarian and breast cancers associated with Yo syndrome), the onconeural antigen is overexpressed due to the presence of a gain or amplification in the gene locus and may present mutations while in others, none of these alterations of the onconeural antigen are present (e.g. lung cancers in Hu syndrome). The objectives of this thesis work are to further analyze the link between the tumor and the paraneoplastic autoimmunity by comparing two syndromes associated with the same type of cancer (Ri and Yo syndrome associated with breast cancers, RGS8 and DNER syndrome associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and to search for antigen alterations in another syndrome (Ri syndrome).Methods: we conducted two studies within the frame of this thesis work. A first study on a clinical and pathological cohort of breast cancers associated with Ri-syndrome using clinicopathological data, DNA-sequencing, and whole-transcriptome analysis. A second analysis on three patients with RGS8-syndrome using clinicopathological data and Phage Immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-seq).Results: Ri breast cancers were a subtype different than one observed in Yo with uncommon genetic features that singularize them among their subtype. Neither overexpression nor genetic alteration of the Ri onconeural antigens were found in Ri breast cancers. Conversely, the anti-tumor immune reaction in Ri breast cancers was similar to the one found in Yo: an atypical intratumoral B-cell infiltration.Concerning RGS8 paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, two patients presented with a Hodgkin lymphoma of the rare specific subtype called nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, whereas DNER is associated with the classical nodular-sclerosing form. Autoantibodies detected in all patients enriched the same epitope on the RGS8 protein, which is an intracellular protein physiologically expressed in Purkinje cells but also ectopically expressed specifically in lymphoma cells of patients with RGS8-syndrome.Conclusion: each paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with a specific histomolecular subtype of cancer with uncommon genetic features, which provides the first evidence of a tight link between oncogenesis and paraneoplastic immunity. Alterations of the antigen (overexpression, copy number variation and mutation) may be the mechanism of immune tolerance breakdown in several different syndromes but are not ubiquitous. The antitumor immunity seems to be an atypical B-cell response in several subtypes irrespective of the tumor type and antigen alterations. These results are a step forward in our understanding of paraneoplastic immunity and provide clues on potential predictive markers of paraneoplastic immunity that may be of use in personalizing medical decision of immunotherapy in the field of oncology
Villagrán-García, Macarena. "Clinical-immunological characterization and immune tolerance breakdown in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes associated with Hu antibodies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10259.
Full textHu antibodies, the most common in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), strongly indicate small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). The clinical spectrum of Hu-PNS is diverse, most patients develop multifocal central, peripheral, and/or autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Despite extensive research, questions remain, namely regarding the immunological basis of clinical heterogeneity and why only a minority of SCLC patients develop Hu-PNS. Our PhD project aims to phenotype Hu-PNS patients, explore the immunogenetics and humoral responses underlying neurological phenotypes, and the genomic and transcriptomic features of their SCLC. First, we described 466 Hu-PNS patients. Hierarchical clustering identified three groups: patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement; isolated neuropathy; and mixed CNS/peripheral phenotypes. Overall survival was similar across groups, primarily determined by cancer, but dysautonomia, present in 26% of patients, significantly influenced neurological mortality. Prominent CNS dysfunction led to fatal cardiovascular dysautonomia or central hypoventilation, while peripheral involvement was associated with gastrointestinal or secretomotor alterations, without increased mortality risk. We also characterized patients who developed neurological syndromes with Hu antibodies after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. These patients were clinically indistinguishable from spontaneous cases and shared a strong association with SCLC, suggesting ICIs may induce Hu-PNS. Second, we immunologically investigated neurological phenotypes using two approaches. HLA genotyping of 100 patients confirmed an association with the DR3~DQ2 haplotype, particularly in patients with sensory neuropathy, and absent in those with only CNS involvement. Phage immunoprecipitation sequencing was used to evaluate Hu antibody epitope reactivity and other autoantibodies in serum and/or CSF of 210 patients. We found no direct clinical association with the Hu dominant epitope, but epitope reactivity differed between serum and CSF in 75% of patients with paired samples. This variation correlated with sample timing and phenotype: CSF from patients with differing serum/CSF epitopes was collected later after PNS onset, while patients with serum/CSF consistent epitope reactivity always had CNS phenotypes. In addition, we identified reactivities to other proteins, some more specific to serum or CSF, and a subset linked to specific phenotypes. Third, we examined SCLC molecular features of Hu-, GABAbR-PNS and control patients. Next-generation sequencing, copy number variation analysis, and bulk-RNA sequencing revealed no mutations, gains, deletions, or overexpression in the Hu gene family of Hu-PNS SCLC. However, a distinct transcriptomic profile with upregulated genes largely related to immune system processes characterized these tumors. We also identified specific genes upregulated in the SCLC of patients with sensory neuropathy, some of which were linked to axonogenesis and neuropathy development. Our findings suggest multiple factors contribute to Hu-PNS clinical variability, particularly a broad range of additional autoantigens. These may be partly driven by gene expression patterns in SCLC, as some upregulated genes in patients with sensory neuropathy were linked to axonogenesis. Genetic predisposition may also favor specific phenotypes, as the DR3~DQ2 haplotype was associated with sensory neuropathy. Compartmentalization within the nervous system could further contribute, as most patients targeted different Hu epitopes in serum and CSF, and some autoantigens were more specific to CSF. Finally, Hu genes alterations in SCLC are unlikely causes of neoantigenicity, while a distinct immune-related gene profile and ICIs could contribute to immune tolerance breakdown. This work advances understanding of Hu-PNS complexity and paves the way for further studies into the immunological and molecular drivers of paraneoplastic immunity
Soulas-Sprauel, Pauline. "Autoréactivité B lymphocytaire : de la tolérance à sa rupture." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR1A002.
Full textIn most transgenic (tg) murine models expressing an autoantibody on B cells, the autoreactive B cells are eliminated physically or functionally. These data do not account for clinical observations made in humans, specially concerning Rheumatoi͏̈d Factors (RF, autoantibody against Fc portion of IgG) : high frequency of RF producing B cells in normal individuals and tolerance breakdown in some pathological situations. To understand this paradox, we produced tg mice expressing IgM only, or IgM/IgD chimeric RFs (human variable regions, murine constant regions) : Smi, a natural polyreactive low affinity RF, and Hul, a monoreactive high affinity RF. Analysis of B cell tolerance in these tg models show that : 1) Smi RF B cells are not deleted after antigen peripheral encounter. 2) IgM-only Hul RF B cells are deleted after peripheral encounter with human IgG (hIgG), but IgM/IgD mature B cells are protected from deletion. 3) Smi RF B cells are positively selected by constitutive expression of chimeric cIgG with human Fcg. 4) Smi and Hul RF B cells are in a state of immunological ignorance. These data reproduce the physiological situation. We next studied the role of inhibitory receptor FcgRIIB in maintaining this state of immunological ignorance. Hul FcgRIIB-/- RF B cells are activated by hIgG in vitro but hIgG injection in Hul FcgRIIB-/- mice doesn't induce a production of RF. We can therefore assume that FcgRIIB is not the preferential mechanism which maintain Hul RF B cell tolerance. Could an infectious disease break B cell tolerance ? We infected RF Smi and Hul tg mice, with or without autoantigen cIgG expression, with Borrelia burgdorferi. FR Smi and Hul tg mice infection induce a tolerance breakdown, with FR production, specific for autoantigen. These data could explain the association between infection and autoimmune diseases
Condamine, Thomas. "Caractérisation de nouvelles molécules impliquées dans la tolérance immune." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=7ae11d03-0c92-4e1e-a1a5-0c1a174b07a0.
Full textA better understanding of immune mechanisms involved in allograft rejection or tolerance has to be considered as a major research goal. This knowledge could lead to the design of new therapeutical approach that could be used in the future to replace immunosuppressive treatment. In the first part of this thesis, we have study the potential role of two molecules upregulated in a model of cardiac allograft tolerance in the rat: The Follistatin-Like 1 (FSTL1) and TORID. We have shown that FSTL1 is produced by graft infiltrating CD8+ T cells in this model and that FSTL1 could induce a prolonged allograft survival in association with inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL6, IL17 and IFNγ. In the study of the molecule TORID, we have been able to show a role of this molecule in the maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and a role on the regulation, of previously described, immunomodulatory enzymes in myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). In addition, in a model of skin graft tolerance induction involving MDSC, we have shown that we can not induce a tolerance in TORID deficient mice. In the second part of this thesis, we have study the expression and regulation of the molecule Schlafen-3 (SLFN3) in the immune system and in particular in regulatory T cells (Tregs). We have been able to show that this molecules was strongly expressed in Tregs in comparison to effectors T cells and that, following stimulation, the expression of SLFN3 is downregulated in Tregs but increased in effectors T cells
Halbout, Philippe. "Rôle de l'insuline dans la rupture de tolérance chez la souris NOD." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066173.
Full textDiet, Stéphane. "Mécanismes de rupture des côtes et critères de tolérance thoracique en choc automobile." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers - ENSAM, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00568920.
Full textYaacoub, Agha Hassan. "Tolérance aux défauts initiaux : application à une fonte G.S. en fatigue." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066828.
Full textWoods, Anne. "Infection et autoimmunité : Approches expérimentale des mécanismes de rupture de la tolérance B lymphocytaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/WOODS_Anne_2007.pdf.
Full textAutoimmune diseases are associated with genetic and environmental factors. Among the latter, infections have been particularly implicated. However, the mecanisms of such an association between infections and autoimmune diseases are still unknown. We have tried to understand those mecanisms by using transgenic mouse models expressing chimeric rheumatoid factors (RF) in the presence or in the absence of their autoantigen (human IgG). In these models, RF B cells are ignorant towards their autoantigen. However, infection of RF trangenic mice with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) breaks this state of tolerance thanks to the formation of Bb/anti-Bb human IgG immune complexes that induce a synergic signal between the BCR and a receptor recognising Bb antigens (probably a Toll-like receptor, TLR). This tolerance breakdown needs T cell help. On the other hand, infection with influenza virus does not break RF B cell tolerance in our tg model although this infection is able to induce type I IFN production, otherwise often associated with autoimmune diseases, and even when the transgene is expressend on an autoimmune background, NZBxNZW(F1). Bb infection induces a polyclonal B cell activation. Ce phenomenon is not well known, it has consequences on the immune response against infections and on the production of potentially harmfull autoantibodies. The infection of MyD88 deficient mice (considered at first to understand the role of TLR in the RF B cell tolerance breakdown) showed that this protein is important for polyclonal B cell activation. MyD88 inhibits the development of a Th2 immune response, thus probably preventing an increased production of IL-4 that can directly and excessively activate B cells
Comarmond, Chloé. "Rupture de la tolérance immunitaire au cours des vascularites cryoglobulinémiques associées au virus de l'hépatite C." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066469.
Full textHepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia vasculitis (HCV-CV) is characterized by an abnormal clonal expansion of anergic CD27+IgM+CD21-/low memory B cell (Bm21-), a quantitative defect in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th1 profile. Interferon-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) proved to be very effective in patients with HCV-CV but their mechanisms of action and their effects on cellular immunity remain poorly defined. Our results indicate that DAAs effectively normalizes many of the disturbances in peripheral B- and T-lymphocyte homeostasis of HCV-CV patients, by reducting Bm21- and T follicular helper expansion and promoting Tregs. Then, we investigated the effects of Bm21- on T-cell subpopulations and study the reactivities of their B-cell receptors. We show that CpG-stimulated Bm21- promote the secretion of IFNγ by effector T cells and induce their proliferation. Conversely, stimulated Bm21- reduce the proliferative capacity of regulatory T cells. Bm21- B-cell expansions show intraclonal diversity of highly mutated IgM antibodies that were shape by an antigen-driven maturation process. Bm21- antibodies possess rheumatoid factor activity but are neither polyreactive nor recognize ubiquitous autoantigens. No crossreactivity of Bm21- antibodies against several HCV antigens was observed. We also identify a transcriptional signature in CpG-stimulated Bm21- revealing a phenotype sufficient to break the immune tolerance. Thus, these results strongly suggest a major role for Bm21- in defective tolerance of HCV-CV patients, both through CpG stimulation leading to reactivation of anergic Bm21-, and through the clonal expression of IgM antibodies with RF activity
Chen, Ting. "Similarities and differences of the early immune responses to tumor or embryo implantation." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066127.
Full textSaves, Saint Germes Cyrille. "Amélioration des méthodes de prévision en tolérance aux dommages de structures complexes." Toulouse, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAT0048.
Full textGomez, de Agüero Tamargo Mercedes. "Rôles des cellules de Langerhans épidermiques dans l'induction et la rupture de la tolérance immunitaire aux allergènes cutanés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10312.
Full textInduction of peripheral tolerance to potentially allergenic molecules in contact with the skin is essential to prevent the development of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). During my PhD, I contributed to the identification of the mechanisms and actors responsible for the induction of skin tolerance and clarified the respective roles of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the breakdown of skin tolerance leading to the priming of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and developpement of ACD. Using a mouse model of cutaneous tolerance to a model weak allergen, we show that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are essential to induce CD8+ T cell tolerance and prevent the development of ACD. Indeed, following the epicutaneous delivery of the weak allergen/hapten DNTB, LC were found to migrate from skin to draining lymph nodes to present the allergen to CD8+ T cells. Depletion and adoptive transfer experiments revealed that LC protect from development of ACD by preventing the priming of allergenspecific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells via two complementary mechanisms: i) anergy/deletion of allergen-specific CD8+ T cells and ii) activation of highly suppressive Foxp3+ regulatory T cells expressing ICOS. We identified DNTB skin delivery conditions that allow for CD8+ T cell priming and initiation of ACD. Breakdown of tolerance to this weak allergen was associated with i) phenotypic modifications of epidermal LC, ii) recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the skin and iii) allergen presentation to CD8+ T cells by both LC and dermal Langerin- DC. In addition, LC are involved in tolerance breakdown as their depletion prior to skin immunization abrogated induction of CD8+ effector cells and ACD. These results demonstrate that LC are essential for both the induction of skin tolerance to weak skin allergens and for the induction of ACD, and suggest that their tolerogenic versus immuno-stimulatory function is likely dictated by signals from the skin microenvironment after penetration of the allergen
Menan, Frédéric. "Influence de la corrosion saline sur la tolérance aux dommages d'un alliage d'aluminium aéronautique 2XXX." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Menan-Frederic/2008-Menan-Frederic-These.pdf.
Full textThis project focuses on the characterization of the aluminum alloy 2024 in fatigue crack propagation in saline solution. The first aim is the characterization of the synergistic effects between the cyclic loading, the metallurgy of the alloy and the environmental attack, and their influence on the corrosion fatigue crack propagation. Those effects are shown to be controlled by rise time, and are discussed in terms of a competition between passivation of the crack tip and hydrogen embrittlement enhanced by anodic dissolution. The second aim is the analysis of the difference between a permanent immersion and an alternate immersion in saline solution during fatigue crack propagation. A net increase in the crack growth rates can be observed when the alloy is exposed to an alternate immersion, compared to a permanent immersion. For the two first aims, the possible contribution of stress corrosion cracking is quantified, as a function of the mechanical loading and the environment. The last aim of this study is the examination of the applicability of the results obtained on the 2024 alloy to other aeronautical aluminum alloys
Villard, Marine. "Rôle de la profération induite par la lymphopénie dans la rupture de la tolérance périphérique des lymphocytes T CD8+." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20172/document.
Full textThe immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms of peripheral tolerance to control CD8+ T cell responses and to prevent autoimmunity. However, they also represent a barrier for the development of cytotoxic responses against tumors. Lymphodepleting protocols are currently used as adjuvants for adoptive cytotoxic T cell immunotherapy because they enhance their potency. These protocols are thought to promote the breakdown of peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance. Under acute lymphopenic conditions, naive T cells proliferate, in the apparent absence of antigenic stimulation at least in part due to a greater availability of the cytokine IL-7. Proliferating CD8+ T cells acquire a phenotype and functionality that is similar to memory cells and are termed memory-like cells. Since memory cells have a lower activation threshold than naïve cells, it has been proposed that differentiation of potentially autoreactive CD8+ T cells into memory-like cells under lymphopenic conditions could drive the breakdown of peripheral tolerance. Here we studied whether lymphopenia induced proliferation and differentiation are required for the breakdown of CD8+ T cell cross-tolerance in irradiated transgenic mice expressing a model antigen in the beta cells of the pancreas. Surprisingly, we found that blocking lymphopenia-induced proliferation and differentiation into memory-like cells did not prevent self-reactivity. CD8+ T cells that did not differentiate into memory-like cells still became effectors upon antigen cross-presentation and migrated to the site of antigen expression. Nonetheless, LIP did enhance CD8+ T cell mediated self-reactivity at low T cell frequencies. This effect could not be explained by a Treg imbalance but by a net increase in autoreactive CD8+ T cell numbers. Thus, although LIP enhances CD8+ T cell anti-self responses, differentiation into memory-like cells is not essential for the breakdown of cross-tolerance under the lymphopenic conditions provided by irradiation
Marquez-Campos, Maria Elena. "Etude des mécanismes d'adaptation des lymphocytes T CD8+ dans la tolérance périphérique." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066220.
Full textMartin, Mickael. "Expression de ZAP-70 dans les lymphocytes B non tumoraux : implications dans la rupture de tolérance et la transformation néoplasique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ079.
Full textZAP-70 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with BCR hypersignalling and autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) occurrence. Non tumoral B cells also express ZAP-70, which is correlated with those in tumoral B cells and AIC. We have shown that these non tumoral B cells ZAP-70+ are polyclonal, without molecular link between each other and tumoral B cells, and without BCR stereotypy. These cells are however enriched in autoreactive BCR. Our mouse model knock in Zap-70+/- // Mb1-Cre+/- revealed that a high and early ZAP-70 expression is associated with medullar selective advantage, enrichment in potential autoreactive B cells of marginal zone subtype, partial block for peripheral maturation and differentiation, along with some LLC characteristics: hypogammaglobulinemia, enrichment in circulating auto-antibodies, increase in cellular activation and proliferation. These results open new opportunities involving ZAP-70 in the understanding of B cell development and physiopathology of tolerance breakdown and neoplastic transformation
Beriou, Gaëlle. "Etude des mécanismes d'induction et de maintien de la tolérance dans des modèles d'allogreffe et de maladie auto-immune chez le rat." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT07VS.
Full textThe comprehension of the immunological mechanisms leading to allograft- and self- tolerance represents a major issue to improve the success of organ transplantation and the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans. During this Ph. D, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms responsible for tolerance in two experimental rat models. First, in a cardiac allotransplantation model, we demonstrate that a new immunosuppressant, LF15-0195, induces donor specific tolerance without any sign of chronic rejection, notably by favoring the generation of antigen-specific CD4 regulatory T cells. We then demonstrate that the injection of autologous immature dendritic cells in combination with a suboptimal treatment with LF15-0195 also induces donor-specific tolerance. Second, in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we demonstrate that LF15-0195 induces long term protection by favoring the generation of CD4 regulatory T cells
Bartolo, Laurent. "Réponses immunitaires et induction de tolérance pour la thérapie génique rAAV du muscle basée sur le ciblage des hépatocytes : induction de tolérance et mécanismes immunitaires liés à la transduction des hépatocytes Liver-based tolerance induction of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells responses in rAAV muscle gene therapy." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB198.
Full textIt is increasingly realized that immune responses to rAAV gene therapy treatments, not only to the vector capsid but also to reparative transgenes can cause adverse effects of importance in the case of muscle gene delivery in monogenic muscle disorders. These responses to "foreign" sequence elements of the reparative transgene that are not initially present or insufficiently expressed in the host represent a threat which can eliminate the transduced cells of interest. It is therefore highly desirable to design immune tolerance protocols able to impose transgene-specific immunological unresponsiveness. We explored here how liver-based recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) mediated expression of foreign transgene imposes immune tolerance after immunogenic rAAV muscle transduction. We found that liver transgene expression driven with the hAAT hepatocyte specific promotor is effective to promote robust muscle-associated transgene expression, nullifying transgene-specific CD8+ T cell responses as well as humoral responses. Liver transgene expression equally promotes immune tolerance to subsequent rAAV muscle injections despite the presence of transgene-specific memory responses. Importantly, the CD8+ T cell tolerization process leads to partial deletion and conversion into PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, a hallmark of T cell exhaustion. Likewise, CD4+ T cell responses elicited in muscle do not compromise liver-based tolerance induction. Our results demonstrate that liver transduction with rAAV vectors using hepatocyte specific hAAT promotor imposes immune tolerance to transgene-specific T cells elicited from the naïve T cell repertoire after muscle transduction. Confronting our results with others, we suggest that CD8+ T cell depletion occurs after antigen recognition through direct capture and internalization of T cell corpses by hepatocyte in a mechanism already described and referred to as suicidal emperipolesis. Alternatively, BIM-dependent apoptotic process may also occur as a result of T cell-hepatocyte interactions. Regarding transgene-specific CD4+ T cells, we presume that they undergo phenotypic conversion such as Treg conversion as evidenced in multiple sclerosis models. Our results also suggest that the retention time and affinity of transgene-specific T cells next to transduced hepatocytes is critical for their fate. Last, considering applications for muscle gene therapies, control of local muscle immune response is of crucial importance in the treatment of several muscular dystrophies including Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. In this context our liver-based tolerance induction protocol is relevant, provided that the transgene of interest does not alter hepatocytes functions and is beneficial against adverse immune responses
Sicard, Antoine. "Des antigènes particulaires synthétiques pour manipuler les fonctions anticorpsindépendantes des lymphocytes B : intérêt dans les stratégies d’induction de tolérance allo-immune." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1126.
Full textAllograft tolerance has been obtained in experimental models with adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded regulatory T cells (Treg) specific for donor antigens. Preclinical data have shown that Treg specific for indirectly presented alloantigens (indirect Treg) are mandatory for long-term tolerance. However, the ex vivo expansion of indirect Treg faces limitations,related essentially to the source of autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) used to stimulate T cells in vitro. B cells are (i) potent regulatory cells and (ii) APCs able to establish a privileged crosstalk with CD4+ T cells. However, the use of B cells as APCs is made problematic due to their inability to internalize and present non-cognate antigens. We have developed a novel nanobiotechnology-based approach to turn autologous polyclonal B cells into potent stimulators of antigen-specific T reg.Synthetic particulate antigens (SPAg) were generated by immobilizing (i) monoclonal antibodies directed against a framework region of B cell receptor (BCR) kappa-light chains and (ii) model antigens on fluorescent nanospheres of 400 nm in diameter.SPAg behaved like genuine particulate antigens when incubated in vitro with polyclonal murine B cells. SPAg bound to surface BCR of any kappa-positive B cells, triggered activation signal and were internalized in late endosomal compartment of B cells. SPAgloaded B cells induced activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells. This approach was transposable to humans’ cells. Importantly, regulatory properties could be conferred toSPAg-loaded B cells by CpG stimulation. SPAg-loaded regulatory B cells prevented proliferation of effector CD4+ T cells and induced proliferation of antigen-specific Treg in vitro.Autologous polyclonal B cells loaded with SPAg appear as an innovative platform to expand Treg ex vivo. This approach may improve the efficiency and costs of current procedures
Lopez, Robles Maria Dolores. "Étude de CLEC-1, un récepteur lectin-like de type C dans la fonction des cellules dendritiques et la tolérance immune." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1025.
Full textDendritic cells (DCs) represent essential antigen-presentingcells that are critical for linking innate and adaptive immunity,and influencing T-cell responses. Among pattern recognitionreceptors, DCs express C-type lectin receptors triggered byboth exogenous and endogenous ligands, therefore dictatingpathogen response, and also shaping T-cell immunity. Wepreviously described in rat, the expression of the orphan Ctypelectin-like receptor-1 (CLEC-1) by DCs anddemonstrated in vitro its inhibitory role in downstream Thelper 17 (Th17) activation. In this study,we examined theexpression and functionality of CLEC-1 in human DCs, andshow a cell-surface expression on the CD16+ subpopulation ofblood DCs and on monocytederived DCs (moDCs). CLEC-1expression on moDCs is downregulated by inflammatorystimuli and enhanced by TGF- β. Moreover, we demonstratethat CLEC-1 is a functional receptor on human moDCs andthat although not modulating the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)dependent canonical nuclear factor-kB (NFкB) pathway,represses subsequent Th17 responses. Importantly, usingCLEC-1–deficient rats, we showed that disruption of CLEC-1signaling led to an enhanced Il-12p40 subunit expression inDCs, and to an exacerbation of downstream in vitro and invivo CD4+ Th1 and Th17 responses. Collectively, our resultsestablish a role for CLEC-1 as an inhibitory receptor in DCsable to dampen activation and downstream effector Thresponses. As a cell-surface receptor, CLEC-1 may representa useful therapeutic target for modulating T-cell immuneresponses in a clinical setting
Loirat, Delphine. "Rupture de la tolérance à l'antigène de surface du virus de l'hépatite B par l'immunisation génétique : modèle d'étude pour l'immunothérapie des hépatites B chroniques." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077215.
Full textMeliani, Amine. "Prevention and inhibition of adverse humoral immune response to gene therapy mediated by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS051.
Full textGene therapy aims to achieve sustained expression of the therapeutic transgene by the introduction of vector cargo into target tissue. To date, viral vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) represent the leading gene delivery tools in vivo. However, immune responses against AAV vector represent the biggest challenge for the widespread use of AAV-based products. In this PhD project, we aimed at the inhibition and prevention of humoral immune responses to AAV capsid. Using nanoparticles containing rapamycin (SVP[Rapa]) given at the time of vector administration, we demonstrated complete abrogation of anti-capsid humoral and cellular immune responses in antigen-specific manner. Using this strategy, we further demonstrated successful vector re-administration in murine models and in non-human primates. Our data also demonstrated elimination of pre-existing antibodies to AAV vector using a combination of SVP[Rapa] and bortezomib. In this PhD thesis project, we also developed and tested the ability of AAV vectors associated with extracellular vesicles (exo-AAV vectors) to enhance AAV vector potency. Using exo-AAV vectors, we demonstrated higher and sustained transgene expression at low vector doses. Exo-AAV vectors also exhibited resistance to neutralization by pre-existing anti-capsid neutralizing antibodies. Thus in this PhD project, powerful strategies have been developed to prevent and control immune responses against AAV vectors, enabling successful AAV vector re-administration
Charaix, Jonathan. "La cytokine lymphotoxine α et le facteur de transcription Aire régulent la signature suppressive des lymphocytes T régulateurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0507.
Full textRegulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) with a Foxp3+ phenotype inhibits in the periphery autoreactive immune responses, thus preventing the emergence of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Promising clinical trials based on Treg injection currently remain limited by the required quantity of cells and thus, necessitate the identification of molecules that promote Treg suppressive activity in order facilitate their use in therapy. Preliminary results from my research team indicate that Treg highly express the cytokine lymphotoxin α (LTa), suggesting a crucial role of this molecule in Treg biology. My results demonstrate that Treg from Lta-deficient mice exhibit a highly suppressive activity and attenuates efficiently the development of various inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. Therefore, LTα represents a new therapeutic target to increase Treg suppressive activity. The transcription factor Aire partially controls the thymic recirculation of peripheral Treg. However, the role of Aire in the biology of these cells remains unknown. My results indicate that Aire regulates the proliferation and the suppressive signature of recirculating Treg throughout life. Therefore, recirculating Treg in the thymus of Aire-deficient mice show a diminished suppressive activity and are unable to attenuate the emergence of a multi-organ autoimmunity.Results obtained during my PhD tend to identify new therapeutic stratégies based on Treg in order to cure several inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies
Meliani, Amine. "Prevention and inhibition of adverse humoral immune response to gene therapy mediated by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS051.
Full textGene therapy aims to achieve sustained expression of the therapeutic transgene by the introduction of vector cargo into target tissue. To date, viral vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) represent the leading gene delivery tools in vivo. However, immune responses against AAV vector represent the biggest challenge for the widespread use of AAV-based products. In this PhD project, we aimed at the inhibition and prevention of humoral immune responses to AAV capsid. Using nanoparticles containing rapamycin (SVP[Rapa]) given at the time of vector administration, we demonstrated complete abrogation of anti-capsid humoral and cellular immune responses in antigen-specific manner. Using this strategy, we further demonstrated successful vector re-administration in murine models and in non-human primates. Our data also demonstrated elimination of pre-existing antibodies to AAV vector using a combination of SVP[Rapa] and bortezomib. In this PhD thesis project, we also developed and tested the ability of AAV vectors associated with extracellular vesicles (exo-AAV vectors) to enhance AAV vector potency. Using exo-AAV vectors, we demonstrated higher and sustained transgene expression at low vector doses. Exo-AAV vectors also exhibited resistance to neutralization by pre-existing anti-capsid neutralizing antibodies. Thus in this PhD project, powerful strategies have been developed to prevent and control immune responses against AAV vectors, enabling successful AAV vector re-administration
Zambelis, Georges. "Étude en tolérance aux dommages des joints de colle sur les bords d’attaques d’hélicoptères. Cas de défauts sollicités en modes I et II, en statique et fatigue dans différentes conditions environnementales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC063.
Full textThis thesis explains the analysis of damage propagation in a metallic/composite hybrid structure, assembled with structural adhesives. The chosen approach is based on the experimental identification of the energies release rates for a solicitation in mode I and II. The DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) specimen, which design was first adapted in order to adequately represent the hybrid structure, allows the construction of the R-Curve (evolution of G versus the crack length, a) and the study of the crack speed propagation under dynamic solicitations. The same study was carried out on the ENF specimen (End Notched Flexure).A testing machine was created in order to perform quasi-static and dynamic tests. A thermal chamber was designed to carry out temperature tests and observe the impact of the latter on the fracture mechanics properties of the adhesives. Performing dynamic tests with an imposed ΔG, which allows one to overcome the dependence of G to the damage length in mode I, is what makes this work original.The obtained results highlight the variation of the speed propagation in different environmental conditions, for mode I and II, on composite/metal bonded assemblies
François-Brazier, Joël. "Caractérisation de la tolérance à l'endommagement et de la durabilité des composites ciment-verre par des essais de flexion avec des cycles de chargement-déchargement." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10093.
Full textJung, Sophie. "Agents infectieux et rupture de tolérance lymphocytaire B : étude des processus de maturation d'affinité et de différenciation plasmocytaire au cours d'une infection bactérienne dans un nouveau modèle knock-in autoréactif." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ067.
Full textAutoimmune diseases, affecting more than 5% of the population, reflect a loss of tolerance to selfantigens. These multifactorial diseases result from the combined effect of several susceptibility alleles and different environmental factors. Infectious agents have been particularly incriminated but there is no clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. B lymphocytes, that appear central to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, may be activated by several mechanisms during infectious processes and this activation can encompass autoreactive cells. Whether or not the lattercan induce the production of high-affinity pathogenic IgG isotype auto-antibodies from the naturally present low-affinity self-reactive B cells is still unknown. To gain further insight into this question, we created a new intermediate affinity autoreactive mouse model called SWHEL X HEL2X. In these mice, knock-in B cells express a B cell receptor highly specific for Hen-Egg Lysozyme (HEL) that recognizes HEL2X mutated auto-antigen with intermediate affinity. This model, generated on a non-autoimmune-prone genetic background, allows the following of anti-HEL B cells affinity maturation process in presence of their auto-antigen during Borrelia burgdorferi chronic bacterial infection. The infection leads to lymph nodes lymphoproliferation and B cell activation including anergic cells. Some autoreactive clones are able to form germinal centers, toswitch their immunoglobulin heavy chain and to introduce somatic mutations in the heavy chain variable regions on amino-acids forming direct contacts with HEL2X, suggesting an auto-antigen-driven selection process. Despite increased levels of IgM autoantibodies, infected mice are unable to generate IgG autoantibody secreting plasma-cells. These observations suggest the existence of intrinsic peripheral tolerance mechanisms operating mainly at the level of germinal centers. The first checkpoint eliminates switched autoreactive B cells with increasing affinity mutations while a secondcheckpoint avoids IgG+ plasma-cell differentiation. Thus, in genetically non predisposed individuals, tolerance mechanisms may be set-up to prevent the development of pathogenic autoimmunity during the course of an infection
Chocat, Rudy. "Évaluation de la fiabilité en tolérance aux dommages pour les composants de moteurs spatiaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2435.
Full textTo succeed their mission, the design of space engines must prevent the whole failure modes following dedicated design rules. The damage tolerance has to ensure the mechanical strength of the component considering the potential presence of a undetected defect which is, in a conservatve way, defined as a crack. To avoid the addition of unknown margins, uncertainties, implied by the use of numerical model, can be treated in the probabilitic framework. The goal of this work is to propose a methodology to assess the reliability (probability of failure), of damage tolernace for space engine components. The small rate of flights, the low targeted probability of failure and the use of models, possibly time consuming, which provide a mixed information respectively quantitative, or qualitaive, for a safe, or failed, component limit the use exting approaches. This work firstly present an orignal method to identify significant variables with a unavailable gradient in the failure region. Then, a reliability assessment methodology is proposed coupling regression and classification to compute low probabilities reducing the number of damage tolerance simulations. Finally, this contribution is applied to academical and damage tolerance test cases to lead to a complex space engine case
Espinosa, Carrasco Gabriel. "L'activation des cellules T CD8+ et T CD4+ en réponse aux auto-antigènes : du tissu lymphoïde à l'organe cible." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT026.
Full textThe immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms of peripheral tolerance to control CD8+ T cell responses. Under particular conditions that are not yet well understood, potentially autoreactive T cells may override tolerance and differentiate into effector cells capable of targeting the own components of the organism resulting in self-reactivity. Utilizing transgenic mice expressing a model antigen in the beta cells of the pancreas, I have studied two important processes involved in CD8+ T cells differentiation in response to self-antigens. 1) Role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) translocation in the breakdown of CD8+ T cell tolerance. It has been previously shown in our laboratory that lymphodepleting protocols, such as total body irradiation, promote breakdown of peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance. Irradiation induces translocation of commensal bacteria LPS, a potent innate immune system activator, into the bloodstream. My data demonstrated that LPS translocation correlated with systemic activation of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC), in particular CD8+ DC, responsible for pancreatic self-antigen cross-presentation, in lymphoid tissue. While antibiotic treatment of mice before irradiation prevented LPS translocation, DC activation was only partially affected, and onset of autoimmunity and breakdown of CD8+ T cell tolerance could not be prevented.2) Intra-vital visualization of effector CD8+ and CD4+ T cell cooperation in beta cell destruction in the pancreas. Using two-photon microscopy, I have been able, for the first time, to simultaneously analyze dynamics of fluorescently tagged autoreactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells as they infiltrated the pancreas and induced autoimmune diabetes. I found that T cell infiltration promoted extracellular matrix remodeling in the pancreas, which in turn served as a scaffold for T cell migration. In addition, I showed that MHC class II dependent arrest of effector CD4+ T cells, due to interactions with antigen presenting cells, occasionally also implicating CD8+ T cells, provided help to effector CD8+ T cells in maintaining their effector functions
Chaix, Fabien. "Contributions aux processeurs multi-coeurs massivement parallèles en technologie en rupture : routage tolérant aux fautes de réseau d'interconnexion et auto-adaptabilité des applications." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951424.
Full textLapalud, Priscilla. "Etude du répertoire épitopique et isotypique des anticorps anti-facteur VIII chez les patients atteints d'hémophilie A." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20173/document.
Full textFactor VIII (FVIII) plays a critical role in blood coagulation. When FVIII s genetically defective, a serious hemorrhagic disease occurs: congenital hemophilia A (HA). The main complication of the management of these patients is the appearance of alloantibodies (alloAbs) directed against administred therapeutic FVIII. therefore, the only effective treatment is the immune tolerance induction (ITI), which aims to eradicate these alloAbs. However, this treatment fails in up to 30% of cases, without any factor currently able to predict the failure of this constraining and expensive treatment. Immunological factors predictive to the efficacy of ITI were investigated in 25 patients by analysis of epitopic and isotypic IgG profile of anti-FVIII Abs using x-MAP technology. Individual biomarkers (anti-FVIII A1 and -A2 Abs), and original combinations were identified (0,841 < AUC < 0,946). Hemorrhagic manifestations can occur in non-hemophiliac patients, due to anti-FVIII autoAbs (acquired HA). In some patients, the autoAbs appear in postpartum period but few data are available on the immune response due to the rarity of the disease. In a second study of 73 cases, we found a different immunological profile between patients with postpartum HA and the other acuired HA patients. IgG profiles of anti-FVIII we have established are promising for predicting the effectiveness of ITI and generate an accurate mapping of autoimmune response in patients with acquired HA
Faugaret, Delphine. "Effet de l'acide mycophénolique sur les voies de signalisation activées par des agents pro-inflammatoires dans la cellule dendritique humaine." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR3303/document.
Full textImmunosuppressive drugs, initially developed to inhibit T cell activation, are also known now to affect dendritic cell (DC) functions. Previous works from our laboratory showed that mycophenolic acid (MPA) induced a resistance to maturation in human DC, however its mechanism of action in DC, remains elusive. In this study, we found that MPA inhibited p38MAPK phosphorylation independently. This p38MAPK inhibition resulted in a decrease phenotypic maturation upon tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) stimulation and in a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion upon either lipopolysaccharide or TNF-a activation. MPA also decreased allostimulatory ability after both stimuli suggesting that inflammatory cytokine inhibition was predominant over co-stimulation marker reduction to inhibit the DC allostimulatory ability. We also showed that MPA only inhibited the TNFa-induced ERK phosphorylation. Thus, the microenvironnement of the DC might influence its ability to response to MPA
Pouchy, Charlotte. "Étude et modulation de l’homéostasie et de la fonction des lymphocytes T régulateurs dans le modèle murin de l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066764.
Full textRegulatory T cells CD4+ Foxp3+, guardians of homeostasis, contribute to the maintenance of immune tolerance. Their expansion and function stimulation is tightly regulated by a set of complex mechanisms dependent of the tissue environment. My thesis work has highlighted the critical role of TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) in the control of the central nervous system inflammation by regulatory T cells (Treg). In the murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we showed that the anti-TNF treatment at the first clinical signs of disease worsen the symptoms and is associated with a decrease percentage of regulatory T cells in the target tissue. The generation of a mouse model of specific deficiency has allowed us to prove that TNFR2 is necessary for the accumulation and function of Treg cells in the central nervous system for disease control. These results could explain the failure of anti-TNF treatment in multiple sclerosis and open the perceptive therapies using agonists TNFR2. In a second study, we have revealed the potential of tolerogenic vaccine adjuvants. Administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, the new generation adjuvant causes the activation and proliferation of regulatory T cells. In addition, certain adjuvants confer complete protection against the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our data reveal that this prevention may be due to a new Treg suppression mechanism through alteration of the migration capacity of pathogenic effector T lymphocytes. This work initiate the use of pro-Treg adjuvants in the design of immunization against autoimmune diseases
Giraud, Sébastien. "Stratégies de préservation et d'immunoprotection du greffon dans un modèle de transplantation d'îlots pancréatiques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT1405/document.
Full textOrgan and tissue transplantation is affected by a shortage of grafts, leading to enlargement of donor criteria. Consequently, these new marginal organs are more susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). IRI increases primary graft dysfunctions and contributes to increase graft immunogenicity and consequently the occurence of acute and chronic rejection. Our objectives were : firstly, the necessity to limit I/R damages and preserve graft integrity, secondly, the importance to reduce graft immunogenicity and control the graft rejection while maintaining an immunocompetent recipient. To limit IRI we evaluated the new SCOT preservation extracellular type solution containing PEG 20kDa 30g/L in a murine model of pancreatic islets isolation and transplantation. The improvement of conservation with SCOT permitted to maintain the islets integrity and to reduce graft immunogenicity, due to the immunoprotective properties of PEG 20kDa (effects obtained with PEG 20kDa at 10 to 30g /L). In this same model our second objective was to establish a peripheral immunological tolerance of the graft by transient depletion of alloreactive T cells. This depletion of T cells in division was induced at the time of islet allotransplantation by an administration of an inducible nucleosidic analogue during 14 days. Transient alloreactive T cells depletion induced a dominant immunotolerance marked by the emergence of a persistent regulatory T cells CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ population. Thus, regulation of homeostatic balance between effector and regulatory T cells could open an interesting way to control the immune reaction against allograft
Lamendour, Lucille. "Modulation des fonctions des cellules dendritiques humaines par des fragments d'anticorps." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3303/document.
Full textThe immune system protects an organism from the development of pathogens and actively participates in maintaining immune tolerance. Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized cells in the balance and anti-inflammatory immune response. DC play an important role in many pathological contexts, including organ transplantation, oncology and inflammatory diseases. Various factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, can modulate. Because they are capable to inducing a tolerogenic response, these cells represent interesting targets for the immune response in the context of organ transplantation and in inflammatory pathologies. Some pathogens use mechanisms of escape to the immune system by promoting the induction of immune tolerance. This modulation is achieved by targeting the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) present on the surface of DC, inducing the synthesis of an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, one of the main inducers of immune tolerance. Our strategy was to construct a bispecific antibody targeting two different PPRs from an anti-PRR antibody library. Our work shows that this bispecific antibody is able to direct the DC to a pro-tolerogenic profile. This bispecific antibody induces a semi-mature DC phenotype with a secretion profile of pro-tolerogenic cytokines such as IL-10 and few inflammatory cytokines. The immune tolerance profile of these DC remains to be explored. Our work opens interesting perspectives on the association of PRRs in order to obtain the modulation of the cells of the immunity
Dupaty, Léa. "Evaluation in vivo de protéines immunorégulatrices dérivées de CTLA-4 et de PD-L1 pour leur capacité à inhiber les réponses immunitaires dans le contexte de la thérapie génique musculaire par AAV." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR133/document.
Full textGene therapy consist into introducing genetic material into cells to treat genetic disorders. Most gene therapies use viral vectors to carry the gene within target cells. In case of monogenic disorders, adeno-associated viruses (AAV) has become a vector of choice because of its lack of pathogenicity, its large tropism and its capacity to transduce quiescent cells. The use of AAV is approved in Europe to treat a rare lysosomal storage disease and has recently been approved by the FDA to treat a genetic cause of blindness. However, most clinical trials face immune responses directed against AAV components which may be highly immunogenic. This deleterious immunogenicity often lead to the trial failure. In addition, transgenic protein can also be immunogenic, aimaing to the destruction of transduced cells and ultimatly to gene therapy failure. In clinic, immunosuppressive drug remain the only option to counteract unwanted immune responses. These drugs possess infectious and tumorigenic side effects, therefore strategies aiming to rather capable to induce tolerance toward the transgenic protein are being developped and needed. The objectif of this work was to implement a new strategy aiming to study the immunoregulatory and tolerogenic effect of fusion proteins derived from CTLA-4 and PD-L1. We used a murin model recapitulating the immunes responses induced by an AAV coding for an immunogenic model protein, ovalbumin (Ova) presented in previous studies by our group and others. Then, we synthesized AAV coding for our newly designed immunoregulatory protein and injected them into mice along with AAV-Ova. This strategy of vectorized immunoregulation (VIR) allowed to evaluate the intrinsic capacity of each individual proteins to modulate immune responses against Ova directly in vivo. Eventually, this work allow to 1) assess the benefits and limits of the VIR strategy, 2) the deletrious long-term effects of CTLA-4/Fc on central and peripheral Tregs in mice, 3) to demonstrate the interest of new molecules specifically derived from PD-L1/Fc over the immune tolerance through the long-term persistance of Ova transgene
Alonso, Ramirez Ruby. "Caractérisation in vivo de la réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs spécifiques d'un néoantigène à différents stades du développement tumoral." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB099.
Full textDuring tumor development, the immune system is persistently exposed to tumor-associated antigens, frequently in a non-inflammatory context, favoring the establishment of tolerance. Passive (ignorance, anergy or deletion of tumor-specific T cells) or active mechanisms mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be involved in tolerance. CD4+ T cells are the main source of Tregs but they also display indirect and direct antitumor activity. So far, the contribution of CD4+ T cells during tumor development has been mainly addressed in murine transplanted tumor models. However, in these models the artificial inflammation associated with the presence of dying tumor cells at the time of tumor inoculation favors a long-lasting MHC-II-restricted tumor antigen presentation in an artificial inflammatory context. Here, we addressed this issue using two different models: a transplanted one in which the MHC-II neoantigen (DBY) is induced long after tumor implantation and a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model of lung adenocarcinoma also expressing the DBY epitope, in which malignant transformation results from both the expression of an oncogene and the deletion of a tumor suppressor gene. Tumor-specific CD4+ T cell response was followed by transfer of naive DBY-specific Marilyn CD4+ T cells. In the transplanted tumor model, we found that the appearance of a neoantigen in established tumors was not ignored by the immune system. On the contrary, the neoantigen reached the tumor-draining lymph node (TdLN) and induced efficient priming of Marilyn cells that proliferated, produced IFN-γ, and recirculated to the tumor site. However, despite efficient induction of a tumor-specific CD4+ T cell response, tumors were not rejected. In the GEM model, we found that starting at the early tumor stages, neoantigens were expressed and reached the TdLN in sufficient amount to induce activation and proliferation of naive Marilyn T cells. However, this priming was suboptimal and resulted in a weak migration to the tumor site. Instead, some of the activated Marilyn cells acquired the expression of FOXP3 and a Treg gene signature while the remaining FOXP3- cells displayed a CD44hiCD73hiFR4hi anergic phenotype. CpG administration did not revert the Marilyn Treg conversion despite reinforcing dendritic cell maturation in the lung and the TdLN. Depletion of the host Treg compartment however, inhibited this conversion and favored Marilyn cell activation into full-blown effector cells able to migrate to the tumor site. Finally, Marilyn cells that were primed at distance of the TdLN, escaped tumor induced inhibition and became full effectors. Thus, in a tumor model reproducing the natural development of slowly growing human tumors, a tumor-associated dominant tolerance is established in the lymph node draining the tumor. This state of unresponsiveness is highly dependent on the presence of Treg cells in the TdLN, conferring tolerance to incoming tumor-specific naive CD4+ T cells
Daniel, Lauren. "Les lymphocytes T CD8 innés, une nouvelle population T non conventionnelle (re)programmée en transplantation rénale." Thesis, Poitiers, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021POIT1403.
Full textInnate CD8 T-cells are a non-conventional αβ-T-cell population recently described in our laboratory. We call them “non-conventional” because of their expression of markers from both adaptive immunity (transcription factor Eomesodermin and memory T-cell phenotype) and innate immunity (Natural Killer cell receptors, response to innate-like cytokine stimulation). The functions of innate CD8 T-cells are not well-known, although there are strong arguments for their involvement in anti-infectious and anti-tumor immunity.It has been reported that immunosenescence and/or chronic antigenic stimulation (induced, for example, by chronic viral cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections) result(s) in NK marker expression by T-cells. This phenotype is therefore similar to that of our cells of interest. To study the influence of chronic antigen stimulation on CD8 T-cells, and especially their innate component, we chose organ transplantation as a model. In this domain, research has been focused on immune cell populations that may play a role in graft tolerance or rejection. Among them, innate CD8 T-cells deserve special attention due to their effector/cytotoxic innate functions. We presumed their being reprogrammed by graft and/or viral chronic stimulation during organ transplantation. This hypothesis was tested in a cohort of patients with kidney-transplants for more than ten years, under minimized immunosuppressive treatment (ciclosporin A (CsA) monotherapy), without any clinical and biological sign of rejection. First, our work revealed a more accentuated senescent phenotype (increased frequency of CD27(-)CD28(-) cells) in innate CD8 T-cells from healthy donors (HD) than in their conventional counterpart. Moreover, the frequency of the innate T-cell population, unlike that of conventional CD8 T-cells, did not correlate with age.In the cohort of transplant patients, we observed an increased frequency of innate CD8 T-cells, accompanied by an exacerbated senescent and terminal effector (CD45RA(+)CCR7(-)) phenotype, compared to HD cells. Patients with positive CMV serology had an increased senescent phenotype compared to patients with negative serology.By altering TCR signaling, CsA immunosuppressive therapy could also facilitate the (re)programming of CD8 T-cells in favor of their innate counterpart. In agreement with this hypothesis, in vitro modeling of CsA effects on CD8 T-cells from HD in the presence of IL-15 and TCR stimulation enabled us to document an increased innate CD8 T-cell pool to the detriment of the naive CD8 T-cell pool, accompanied by an enhancement of their functions (innate production of IFN-γ).Conversely, in transplant patients, innate CD8 T-cells were dysfunctional, with decreased innate IFN-γ production, which may result from their decreased membrane expression of the IL-15 receptor, a cytokine essential for innate CD8 T-cells. This dysfunction, which cannot be attributed to cellular exhaustion or cancer history, raises the question of the role of chronic allo-specific stimulation.All in all, this work suggests that the context of renal allogenic transplantation leads to reprogramming and aging-like phenotype of innate CD8 T-cells, linked (at least partially) to immunosuppressive treatment. This hypothesis requires confirmation by a precise analysis of the direct allo-specificity of innate CD8 T-cells against the graft
Mestrallet, Guillaume. "Propriétés immunitaires des kératinocytes humains et de leurs précurseurs Human Keratinocytes Inhibit CD4+T-Cell Proliferation Through TGFB1 Secretion and Surface Expression of HLA-G1 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoints." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL052.
Full textHuman skin protects the body from infection and injury. It involves immune cells and epithelial cells, but their interactions remain to be explored. Here, we address this point showing that keratinocytes inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferation even under inflammatory conditions. This is done through secretion of soluble factors such as TGF-β as well as cell-surface expression of immune checkpoints such as HLA-G and PD-L1. In this regard, we describe for the first time the expression of HLA-G in healthy human skin and its role in tissue keratinocyte-driven immunomodulation. Overexpression of HLA-G with an inducible vector increases the immunomosupressive properties of keratinocytes, opening perspectives for their use in cell therapy in allogeneic settings.Stem cells are essential for the maintenance and renewal of tissues, but their ability to be protected from immune reactions remains unclear. Here, we show that keratinocyte precursors of the interfollicular epidermis are able to inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferation. The immune escape of keratinocyte precursors may be explained by an overexpression of HLA-G and PD-L1 immune checkpoints. These results indicate prospects for investigating immune escape in skin cancer and autoimmune pathologies
Mahay, Guillaume. "Etude de l'initiation de la tolérance de l'immunothérapie spécifique aux venins d'hyménoptères par ultra-rush Ultra-rush venom immunomotherapy induces basophils inhibition by a lower surface expression of FcεRI and leads to early change in innate and adaptive immune response." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR091.
Full textHymenoptera venom immunotherapy (VIT) is a treatment that prevents sting inducing anaphylaxis in allergic patient. Fast-up dosing schedule are often used at the initial phase of VIT. This fast dosing schedule well tolerated, but the mechanisms behind this good tolerance have not yet been elucidated, as well as its consequences on the rest of the immune systems. The aim of this study is to describe early immune system change during initial phase of VIT We included 29 patients undergoing VIT by 3h30 ultra-rush up dosing phase. Blood puncture was performed before the beginning of the treatment, at 1h30 and just before the last venom injection. Blood tryptase evolution was measured. Basophils phenotype and FcεRI surface expression were analyzed by flow cytometry at each step of the ultra-rush. To assess basophils responsiveness evolution, basophils activation test (BAT) was also perform. Myeloid and T lymphocytes population’s evolution were analyzed by flow cytometry. We have shown a significantly lower concentration of blood tryptase at the end of ultra-rush, and a significantly lower basophils activation and FcεRI expression. Surprisingly, BAT has shown a significantly higher in vitro response to venom extract at the end of ultra-rush. We also found significantly increase in blood dendritic cells concentration and lower blood Natural Killer (NK) Cells. We observed higher lymphocytes population in blood except for naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, ultra-rush fast up dosing is well tolerated thanks to a basophils inhibition involving lower FcεRI surface expression. Ultra-rush also leads to early change in innate and adaptive immune response
Kakwata-Nkor, Deluce Nora. "Induction de sous-populations de cellules dendritiques humaines pro-tolérogènes par des fragments d’anticorps bispécifiques." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR3805.
Full textDendritic cells (DCs) have a central role in immunity and induce both specific immunity and immune tolerance thanks to their surface pathogen receptors (PPRs). The immune tolerance induced by tolerant DCs (Tol-DCs) appears as an interesting way to explore in order to improve the long-term transplantation outcome. Four DC subsets, at least, have been identified including conventional DCs (BDCA-1; BDCA-3), plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), Inflammatory DCs(MoDC) and Langerhans cells (LC). For each DC subset, an array of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified on their surface. The PRRs profile differs between DC subsets providing an individual responsiveness to target specific pathogens as well as to trigger and modulate immunological responses. The aim is to target DC subset PRRs by bispecific antibodies (BsAb) in order to induce physiological tolerance. Monocyte derived DC (moDC) and monocyte derived Langerhans DC (moLC) were obtained from CD14+ cells. The plasmacytoïd DC (pDC) were purified from an enriched DC cells fraction obtained by Percoll® gradient of PBMCs. The moDC, pDC and moLC subsets were analyzed by phenotype labelling and FACS. A Bispecific Ab (tandem scFv) were built to target PRR on DC subsets. The tandem is made of 2 scFv of 55KDa. The BsAb were produced using insect S2 (BIC05) or CHO cell (BIC15 or BIC25) and purified by protein L column. Each scFV recognize a PRR on DC. Each BsAb have been evaluated on its DC target and on PBMC at the phenotypic and functional levels by evaluating the maturation markers (CD83, CD86, CD25 and HLA-DR), cytokine secretions (IL-10, IL-12p70 and IFN- ) and the capacity to activate naïve T-cell as well as to induce regulatory T-cell (Treg)
Lepiller, Quentin. "Rôle de l'indoléamine-2,3-dioxygénase dans la persistance des infections virales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ008/document.
Full textIndoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme that plays a dual role during infectious diseases by contributing to the innate defenses against pathogens and by regulating the immune response. IDO is expressed in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the molecular mechanism of IDO induction in HCV infection and its role in the antiviral immune response remain unknown. Using primary human hepatocytes, we have shown that HCV infection stimulates IDO expression. IDO gene induction was transient and coincided with the expression of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in HCV-infected hepatocytes. IDO expression was also stimulated when the hepatocytes were incubated with IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells. Expression of IDO prior to HCV infection significantly impaired HCV replication in hepatocytes, suggesting that IDO limits the spread of HCV in the liver. By using siRNA-mediated IDO knockdown experiments, we have shown that IDO contributes to the IFN-α-antiviral effect on HCV replication. IDO expression was regulated by IRF-1 and STAT-1 in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Hepatic IDO expression also had a significant inhibitory effect on CD4+ T cell proliferation, suggesting an immunoregulatory role of IDO during HCV infection. Our data suggest that hepatic IDO plays a dual role during HCV infection by retarding viral replication and also regulating host immune responses. This work paves the way for in vivo experiments and clinical studies aiming to determine the relevance of pharmacological inhibition of IDO during HCV infection
Sadissou, Ibrahim Abiodoun. "Influence de l’antigène leucocytaire humain (HLA-G) sur la sensibilité au paludisme chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P628.
Full textThe general objective of this thesis was to study the role of soluble HLA-G protein (sHLA-G) in the variability of individual response to malaria during pregnancy and during the first 2 years of infant life. Actually, we assessed the relationships between sHLA-G and malaria infection in peripheral and placental blood. We also investigated the effect of polymorphisms in the 3’UTR region of HLA-G gene in 400 mothers and their infants on the kinetic of sHLA-G expression three times during pregnancy and at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 months of life in a context of malaria infection. Our results showed that high levels of sHLA-G increased the risk of malaria at the subsequent trimester in infants and were associated with low birth weight. We also showed a strong correlation between the plasmatic sHLA-G level of the mothers at delivery and those of newborns in cord blood. We found that the risk of developing malaria in mothers was respectively three fold higher in the HLA-G (++) (OR=3.47; p=0.001) and HLA-G(+-)(OR=3.14, p=0.008) groups compared to HLA-G (--) group. Besides, we described eight polymorphic sites in the 3’UTR corresponding to six haplotypes (UTR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and showed in mothers, an association between the allele T at position +3001 (C/T) and a higher frequency of sHLA-G expression. However, the allele C at position +3003 (T/C) and UTR-4 were associated to a lower frequency of sHLA-G expression. In infants, no association was observed between alleles or haplotypes and expression of the soluble protein. Overall, these results suggest that sHLA-G is implicated in malaria susceptibility. This could be partly, related to the inhibition of P. falciparum-specific antibody responses. Therefore, sHLA-G might be useful as a bio- marker of malaria susceptibility during pregnancy and during the first years of infancy
Rossi, Axel. "Intracellular fate of AAV particles in human Dendritic Cell and impact on Gene Transfer." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN028.
Full textVectors derived from the Adeno-associated virus (AAV) have emerged as an efficient system for in vivo gene transfer. However, despite their low immunogenicity and good tolerance in vivo, a better characterization of the host-AAV interaction is required to be able to fully exploit AAV’s potential fora gene therapy or gene vaccination. In this PhD project, we have used an in vitro directed evolution strategy to select an AAV capsid variant able to transduce human dendritic cell (DC), a non-permissive cell type which plays a critical role in the initiation of immune responses and, consequently, on the persistence of the expression of transgene in vivo. This procedure allowed us to identify an AAV variant characterized by a decreased stability of the capsid in vitro. The use of this mutant as a vector to transduce human DC resulted in an improved uncoating of the vector genome in the cell nucleus, thus identifying this step as major barrier toward DC transduction. Interestingly, the selected variant also displayed an increased transduction efficiency not only in DC but also in different primary human and animal cell types, poorly or non-permissive to AAV. Finally, when injected in mice, this AAV variant resulted in a higher expression of the transgene, associated to a low level of immune responses, suggesting the induction of tolerant state. The remarkable features suggest that our selected variant capsid is a promising candidate for medical applications
Yang, Heng. "TRPM4, a non selective cation-permeable channel regulates Foxp3+ regulatory T cells suppressive function and survival trough modulating calcium influx." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114840.
Full textTRPM4, a Ca2+-activated non-selective cation ion channel is an important regulator of Ca2+ signaling and cell activation in conventional T cells, but its role in Foxp3+ Tregs function remains unknown. Using a model in which Trpm4 gene was selectively invalidated in Foxp3+ Tregs population (Foxp3(YFP)Cre+Trpm4flox/flox mice) we have shown in different in vivo models of acute and chronic inflammation that TRPM4 is an important regulator of Tregs functions and survival. In a model of primary carcinogenesis induced by methylcholantrene (3-MCA) or implanted fibrosarcoma (MCA205 model), in which Tregs role has been documented, lack of TRPM4 expression and function induced significantly decreased incidence and tumor growth. We found that within chronic inflammatory and hypoxic tumor microenvironment, TRPM4 protected Tregs from ATP-induced cell death and therefore promoted tumor initiation and progression. In contrast, TRPM4 deficiency in Tregs favored IFN-g-mediated spontaneous anti-tumor immune response. Thus, through inhibiting Ca2+ influx, TRPM4 acts as a negative modulator of Tregs suppressive functions and protects Tregs from activation-induced cell death
Ouallet, Jean-Christophe. "Encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale : expression neuronale du TNFalpha, expression du système FAS/FAS-L et apoptose des cellules immunes chez le rat DA : thérapies de tolérance immune par injections intraveineuses de peptides immunodominants de la MOG chez le primate ouistiti/marmoset commun : sclérose en plaques." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066280.
Full textBensussan, Philippe. "Approches mécaniques globale et locale de l'amorçage et de la propagation de fissures par fluage dans l'alliage léger aluminium-cuivre 2219." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112360.
Full textAn experimental and theoretical study of creep crack initiation and growth in 2219 aluminum-copper allow at 150-200°C is presented. The application of “Global Approach” methodologies based on elasto-viscoplastic fracture mechanics concepts has led to the introduction of load parameters such as K, J, C*… in order to establish eventual unique correlations with the times to initiation and the crack growth rates. These approaches are shown to be of very limited practical use since fracture mechanics cannot provide unique correlations in all the stages of creep cracking. “Local Approach” methodologies have thus been extended to creep cracking. These latter methodologies rely on damage models, on the one hand, and ion crack tip stress and strain fields, on the other hand. The application of local approach methodologies is clearly shown to be very promising, although additional tests and finite element simulations must be performed, on round notched specimens for example, in order to determine multiaxial constitutive and damage laws
Fontaine, Mathieu. "Alarmine S100A9 : de la théorie du danger aux infections nosocomiales après un choc septique : approche clinique et expérimentale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10038.
Full textSeptic shock remains a serious disease with high mortality and increased risk of hospital-acquired infection. The prediction of outcome is of the utmost importance for selecting patients for therapeutic strategies aiming to modify the immune response. Immune system, typically activated by external agents, can also be activated by endogenous mediators induced by various types of stress (trauma, infection, burns). S100 proteins are part of the alarmins family. The aim of this study was to assess the capability of S100A9 messenger RNA in whole blood from patients with septic shock to predict survival and the occurrence of hospital-acquired infection. We also investigate the regulation of S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA expressions in an ex vivo model of endotoxin tolerance which partially reproduces sepsis-induced innate immune alterations. S100A9 messenger RNA is increased in septic shock and its delayed overexpression is associated with the occurrence of secondary hospital-acquired infection. Ex vivo, S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA expressions are increased during endotoxin tolerance. IL-10 blockade and rIFN-γ treatment partially abrogated S100A8/A9 mRNA increases in this model. Pending confirmation in larger, independent clinical studies, these preliminary results suggest that S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA levels might be used as surrogate markers of endotoxin tolerance and as evaluation tools for immune dysfunctions in septic shock patients. These patients could be selected for therapeutic aiming to restore immune functions