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Hui, Seewai. "Running." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2020. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/928.
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Running is a short pilot presentation setting up the story of a young woman who has just lost both of her parents. In the midst of grieving, she discovers her grandmother’s travel diary. She’s inspired by her grandmother’s story of finding herself during her travels and decides to take off on a journey of her own.
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Moore, Isabel Sarah. "Running self-optimisation : acute and short-term adaptations to running mechanics and running economy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13622.
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The intuitive link between a runner’s gait and their metabolic cost of running, or running economy (RE), has led to many trying to compare the running mechanics of economical runners to those of less economical runners. However using this approach has created controversy about whether running mechanics meaningfully contribute to RE. Additionally only a limited number of studies use a broad, explorative, inter-disciplinary approach, encompassing physiological parameters, flexibility, kinematics, kinetics and muscular activity. The purpose of this thesis was to primarily assess ‘self-optimisation’ through considering acute and short-term adaptations to running mechanics and RE. To assess the biomechanical and physiological mechanisms behind changes to RE three studies were conducted, in addition to a fourth study which investigated biomechanical familiarisation. Study one investigated whether there were any biomechanical or physiological changes in beginner runners after 10 weeks of running and whether any of these changes contributed to a change in RE. There was an 8.4% improvement in RE (224 24 vs. 205 27 mL.kg-1.min-1) and an increase in treadmill time-to-exhaustion (16.4 3.2 vs. 17.3 2.7 min), but no change in ̇ 2max, minute ventilation or heart rate. Several kinematic, kinetic and flexibility measures were found to change over time, but joint moments and stiffness remained similar, with knee extension at toe-off, rearfoot velocity at touch down and timing of peak dorsiflexion explaining 94.3% of the variance in change in RE. Results from study one suggested that changes in muscular activity might have contributed to kinematic differences, and subsequently an economical gait. Specifically, as joint moments were unchanged after 10 weeks it is possible that muscular coactivation may have changed since varying levels of agonist-antagonist activation can produce the same joint moment. Consequently study two examined the relationship between muscular coactivation and the metabolic cost of running, as thus far there was conflicting evidence. Results showed that in trained, recreational runners greater thigh coactivation was associated with a greater metabolic cost of running. Furthermore, the speed of running was found to affect the level of coactivation at the shank and of the flexor-flexor muscle pair, with less coactivation reported at faster submaximal speeds. The final part of the thesis focused on a manipulation investigation into barefoot (BFT), minimalist shod (MS) and shod (SH) running. Applying the novel findings from studies one and two to this topical area would hopefully provide new insight into the 3 BFT running debate. Prior to applying this knowledge of kinematic and muscular activity changes in relation to RE whilst running BFT, an investigation into the time required to become familiar with barefoot treadmill running was needed. Results revealed that barefoot familiarisation was characterised by less plantarflexion and greater knee flexion at touch down, whilst stride length appeared to be adopted instantaneously. Reliability (intra-class correlations) and accuracy (standard error of mean) of the kinematic data appeared strongest once individuals had been running for 20 mins. Furthermore there were no significant differences in the kinematics after 20 mins of running. The final study considered how changing the levels of proprioception and cushioning (BFT, MS and SH) influenced RE and the potential running mechanics that contributed to any changes in RE. The ramifications of such changes on injury risk were also considered by investigating impact accelerations, effective mass and pronation. Additionally, the effect of naturally changing stride length from a shorter BFT stride to a longer SH stride on RE were examined. Heightened proprioception and no external cushioning (BFT running) appeared to improve RE by at least 5% regardless of stride length, when compared to SH running with a SH stride length. However less proprioception and no external cushioning (MS running) only improves RE, compared to SH running with a SH stride length, when runners run with their SH stride length, rather than their shorter BFT stride length (~2.5% shorter). Improvements in RE are attributed to a lower vertical oscillation and effective mass, greater dependency on efficient, Type I muscles i.e. tibialis anterior, and less plantarflexion at toe-off. However higher impact accelerations, earlier heel off and low pronation angles, suggest there may be an increase in injury risk. Therefore the findings from this thesis have demonstrated that runners naturally selfoptimise the way they run. This is seen both as an acute (changes in footwear) and short-term (10 weeks) response to changing running gait. Study two demonstrated that economical runners appear to use different muscular strategies, with study one and four showing they also adopt specific movement patterns that may promote efficient storage and release of elastic energy. Additionally study three found that runners can become familiar with BFT treadmill running in 20 minutes. It is also important to note that economical biomechanical adjustments do not always favour a reduction in injury risk. But the thesis findings seem to suggest that perhaps performance denominates in terms of self-optimisation, rather than injury prevention.
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McGruer, David. "Inclined treadmill running economy and uphill running performance." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61922.
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Keith, Karin. "Running Records." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1001.
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Abad, Catalina. "COMPARISON OF VARIABILITY IN TREADMILL RUNNING VS OVERGROUND RUNNING." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565870473460403.
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Ratz, Michael. "Running neutrino masses." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965203654.
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Ringrose, Robert P. (Robert Parsons). "Self-stabilizing running." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10300.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-131).
by Robert P. Ringrose.
M.S.
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Rowntree, Miriam R. "Running a Family." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115149/.
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This thesis contains two parts. the preface theorizes memory and examines the author’s own experience writing her identity. Part II is a memoir framed with the process of training for a marathon. the marathon acts as a narrative thread that pulls together scenes of memory from the author’s childhood which features the author running away from home on several occasions. Running a marathon and running away from home intertwine to allow the writer to draw conclusions about her life and her family.
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Rose-Cohen, Elizabeth Elaine. "Running with DuBois." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523540980667996.
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Paulsson, Christian. "Dasher the running robot." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9596.
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O'Neill, Jennifer Anne. "The act of running." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Winke, Molly Rebecca. "PRECOOLING AND RUNNING ECONOMY." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/563.
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Precooling, or a reduction in core temperature (Tc) has been demonstrated to be a potent enhancer of endurance running performance, however there is no known mechanism for this improvement. By holding the exercise workload constant, changes in variables such as running economy (RE), heart rate, and ventilation (VE) can be determined as a result of precooling. Improved running economy, or a reduced oxygen cost of a specific workload, is linked to improved exercise performance. Purpose: To determine the changes in flexibility, RE, heart rate, VE, and Tc during running at a constant workload following cool water immersion and to determine any sex-specific responses. Methods: Fourteen well-trained runners (8 males and 6 females) completed four treadmill runs at a sex-specific velocity (8.0 mph for females and 8.6 mph for males). The first two runs served as accommodation trials. The third and fourth runs were preceded by either cool water immersion (24.8oC) for 40 minutes or quiet sitting. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, Tc, VE, and flexibility were measured during both experimental trials. Results: Running economy did not change as a result of the precooling treatment, whereas Tc and heart rate were reduced by 0.4oC and 5 beats per minute, respectively. Minute ventilation was reduced in the female subjects only (1.4 liters/min). Sex differences were apparent in Tc, heart rate, VE, and flexibility response. Conclusion: While the precooling procedure was effective in reducing Tc and heart rate, RE did not change. Thus, improvements in RE cannot explain the dramatic enhancements of endurance running performance that often occur post-cooling. Differences between male and female subjects in response to precooling were identified, most notably in VE.
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Fallad, Jose Luciano. "The running of bulls." FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3163.
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THE RUNNING OF BULLS is a collection of short fiction. The book has seven tales, each of which explores the passions that bind, and sometimes, separate men. The stories question the roles of men as they try to reconcile masculine values such as honor, courage, and friendship, in a world where traditional social prerogatives sometimes clash with the contemporary evolution of the culture.
The characters range from a young boy lured into his first sexual experience in the story "Maria," to an aging matador seeking vengeance on his protege in "The Running of Bulls," and a drug-dependant police officer on a quest for salvation in "Esperanza."
The plots are linear, told in lyrical prose, reminiscent of Cormac McCarthy's in All the Pretty Horses, his novel of a young man coming of age. The theme of men being tested, both emotionally and physically, is central to the core of the book.
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Seok, Haerim. "Running for Orchestra (2012)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1352402092.
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Mott, Andrea Lynn. "Running Wild, Running Free?: Changing Perceptions of Wild Horses in the American Landscape." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27381.
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Since the 1930s, wild horses have become a subject of public concern. They are often showcased as symbols representing the historic past of the western United States. More recently they have become symbols of a mythic, or imagined, west. Writers, scholars, politicians, advocates, ranchers, and land managers are among the few groups who have taken a role in the livelihood of these animals living freely on public rangelands. The protection movement that began in the 1950s and carried over into the 1970s ultimately resulted in the passage of the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. This act placed all wild horses living on public rangelands under the protection of the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. Before this legislation individuals in the West could round up wild horses without interference. Afterwards, only the federal government and appointed contractors were allowed to do this. As a result of all the policy changes people in the general public began learning more about the wild horse situation in the United States.
Perceptions regarding wild horses have undergone some change since the passage of the 1934 Taylor Grazing Act. Case studies contained in this dissertation provide examples of perceptions in different parts of the country. The personal narratives gathered from these areas are analyzed as essential pieces to the wild horse dilemma. They help provide an additional lens through which scholars can examine the changing perceptions regarding wild horses. The second section of this dissertation delves into the developmental stages of wild horse protection in the United States. Advocates, activists, and politicians sometimes view the subject in varying ways and those are examined. Legislation, slaughter, holding facilities, and adoption methods are a few of the main areas analyzed within this section. As times have changed it has become necessary to reform and adapt under the Act of 1971. Doing this could ensure the future of wild horses living in the United States. Perceptions about them have changed, and it is still a subject wrought with emotion, but American identity is still connected to their aesthetic appeal.
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Andersson, Matilda. "Analysis of Changes in Running Technique Between a Shod and Barefoot Running Condition." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31064.
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Background: Lately, barefoot running has become popular and there is a debate on the pros and cons of barefoot running with regards to running injuries. Many factors are causing injuries and one of the factors discussed is the fact that we run in shoes. When we run in shoes the biomechanics of the running technique may and therefore be a possible cause to injury. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess how the foot strike pattern, angle of the knee and ankle joint at time of initial contact, as well as the step length changes between a shod and barefoot running condition in habitually shod runners when running in a pace equivalent to their running pace over ten kilometers. Method: Twenty-seven healthy runners (18 male, 9 female) were included in the study. The study took place at the fitness center of Halmstad University. Subjects ran on a treadmill, in an individual pace equivalent to their running pace over ten km, both in a shod and barefoot running condition. Two-dimensional analysis of the sagittal plane kinematics of the knee joint, ankle joint and foot position to horizontal, foot strike pattern and step length was done. Participants ran for ten minutes with shoes and for five minutes barefoot. Running technique was videotaped using an Iphone 6 camera and landmarks were marked with white tape to ease the analysis. Results: Changes in foot strike pattern was observed. When running barefoot 63% of the subjects adopted a non-heel strike pattern compared to 18.5% when shod (p=0.001). Knee flexion was increased at IC for the barefoot condition, with 164°±6 relative knee angle compared to 167°±6 when shod (p=0.001). Ankle angle at IC did not show a statistical significant difference between conditions (p=0.657). When barefoot the angle was 117°±8 compared to 115°±8 when shod. Foot angle to horizontal showed a flatter foot placement at IC with a less dorsiflexed foot for the barefoot condition (-4°±8) compared to shod (-12°±8), (p=0.001). Step length was decreased for the barefoot condition (0.82m ±0.15) compared to shod (0.85m ±0.13), (p=0.008). Conclusion: Results are consistent with previous findings that barefoot running in some cases change the running technique with a flatter foot placement, an increased knee flexion at IC and a decreased step length. However, caution must be taken when habitually shod runners transition to barefoot running in regards to the biomechanical changes that may occur. To benefit from barefoot running a non-heel strike pattern is required. Further, the running technique may be the more important factor, regardless of wearing shoes or not.
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Candelaria, Norma G. "The acute effect of treadmill running on overground running mechanics in a barefoot condition." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Schaal, Courtney. "Caloric expenditure and substrate utilization in underwater treadmill running versus land-based treadmill running." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003088.
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Jamari, J. "Running-in of rolling contacts." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2006. http://doc.utwente.nl/55835.
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Lakinger, Donna. "Motivational factors of marathon running /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131436229.pdf.
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Lao, Yin, and 劉然. "Image matching of running vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30278806.
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Millbern, Ryan S. "Running down the ghosts : stories." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1337200.
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The four short stories in this collection all take place in Galvin, a rural Midwestern town plagued by its reluctance to acknowledge the problems that are destroying it: methamphetamines, unemployment, and a dwindling police force to name a few. The characters in this collection realize that stasis eventually becomes paralysis, and that escape is both necessary and inevitable, whether it is through uprooting, obsession, or substance abuse. Each character experiences alienation and struggles with the way their past decisions have shaped the trajectory of their lives. There is a sense of danger throughout the collection for the next generation of the town's inhabitants, as small children are usually in trouble or under the guidance of adults who are still struggling to untie the knots of their own lies. These characters are all running down ghosts—of the loved ones they've lost or abandoned, of the innocence they've surrendered, of the lives they lived before regret.Department of English
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Rowell, S. L. "The aetiology of running injuries." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234742.
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Bhatti, Jawaad. "Foot placement for running robots." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678855.
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Rubble-strewn corridors, stairs and steep natural terrain all present a challenge for wheels and tracks. Legs are a solution in these cases because foot placement allows the traversal of discontinuous terrain. Legged robots, however, currently lack the performance needed for practical applications. This work seeks to address an aspect of the problem, foot placement while running. A novel hopping height controller for a spring-loaded legged robot is presented. It is simple and performs well enough to allow control of the ballistic trajectory of hops and therefore foot placement. Additionally, it can adapt to different ground properties using the result from previous hops to update control gains. A control strategy of extending the leg at a fixed rate during the stance phase and modulating the rate of extension on each hop was used to control the hopping height. The extension rate was then determined by a feed-forward + proportional control loop. This performed sufficiently well allowing the ballistic trajectory of hops to be controlled. In simulation, the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model was extended to include actuation and losses due to friction. The control strategy was developed using this model then, in a planar simulation, the controller was run to perform foot placement while running over a series of platforms which vary in their horizontal and vertical spacing. To experimentally validate and further develop the control strategy, a one-legged hopping robot, constrained to move vertically, was used. The leg had 2 links, hydraulically actuated hip and knee joints and a spring-loaded foot. Results showed that the controller developed could be used to perform hops of randomly varying size on grounds with different properties and while running on a treadmill at different speeds. As an aside, the dynamics of hydraulic actuators presented a problem for foot repositioning during flight using a simple PID controller. This was solved through the novel implementation, in hydraulics, of a `zero-vibration' (ZV) filter in a closed-loop. Simulation and experimental results demonstrating this are presented.
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Jackson, Megan Renee, and Megan Renee Jackson. "Running Bodies: Contemporary Art's Histories." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621284.
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The basic, universal movement of the running body has been repeated and made visible in aesthetic, scientific, and political debates. Such debates of the body may depend on live movements in real space-time, movements articulated by motion capture devices, or movements that exercise in imagination: a head of state who uses the running body to manipulate his political subject, for example, or a series of images taken from an optical motion capture system that simultaneously represents and dissects movement patterns of the body in its swiftest motions, or a sound art installation that voices the familiar dynamics of running steps and heavy breathing. In each instance, the bodily practice of running is extracted from its seemingly unmediated everyday, placed instead within aesthetic methodologies and technologies to scrutinize the movement and its complex of meanings. This action is meant to reveal that real experience-that nonfictional movement, as it were-of the body running, to see into the rhetorical, cultural productions of our public, bodily realities. I begin this inquiry by defining the term "running body" and examining the manner in which that body was scientifically observed and aesthetically codified in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Then, the running body is investigated in experimental choreography, visual arts, and political demonstrations in the 1960s and 1970s. Thirdly, I will address the use of the actual running body within contemporary art exhibitions, as either an intervention or interruption to accustomed meaning-making within traditional spaces for art. At the dissertation's end will be an exploration of the running body as a critical method for reorienting the narrative of contemporary history with image technologies, art installation devices, and the moving body. This study demonstrates that if, at the very base of our existence, our bodies move the world and, in turn, the world around us moves our body, this same reciprocity can hold true in shaping historical consciousness and self-consciousness.
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Jernigan, Hunter Jason Alexander. ""Running from My Youth": Essays." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609123/.
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Running From My Youth: Essays is a collection of nonfiction essays that explore important moments and experiences from the narrator's youth, and how he has addressed and remembered them in the years since. Some of the essays explore the narrator's time as a distance-runner, while others explore the awkwardness and discomfort onset by religion and nudity.
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Aulin, V., T. Zamota, S. Lysenko, A. Hrinkiv, В. В. Аулін, Т. М. Замота, С. В. Лисенко, and А. В. Гриньків. "Enabling tribotechnology of running-in." Thesis, PolyLux, 2017. http://dspace.kntu.kr.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/7298.
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Brinegar, Jennifer Lynn. "Self-control with running reinforcement." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01042008-104048/.
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Smoljanic, Jovana. "The Independent Influence of Aerobic Fitness and Running Economy on Thermoregulatory Responses During Treadmill Running." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31589.
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The independent influence of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and running economy (RE) on thermoregulatory responses during treadmill exercise have not been isolated due to the complex interactions between VO2max, RE, body mass, body surface area (BSA), and metabolic heat production (Hprod). The purpose of the thesis is to determine whether large differences in VO2max and/or running economy independently alter thermoregulatory responses during running in a neutral environment. Seven aerobically unfit (LO-FIT: ~ 40 mlO2·kg-1·min-1) and sevn aerobically fit (HI-FIT: ~ 60 mlO2·kg-1·min-1) males, matched for body mass and BSA ran at 1) a fixed metabolic heat production of 640 W (FHP trial) and 2) 60%VO2max (REL trial). Also, seven high RE (HI-ECO: ~ 185 mlO2·kg-1·km-1) and seven low RE (LO-ECO: ~ 220 mlO2·kg-1·km-1) males, matched for body mass, BSA and VO2max (~ 60 mlO2·kg-1·min-1) ran at a 1) fixed Hprod of 640 W (FHP trial) and 2) fixed running speed of 10.5 km·h-1 (FRS trial). All trials were performed in a thermoneutral environment. The data was analyzed using a two-way mixed ANOVA, with the significance level set at an alpha of 0.05 for all comparisons. It was hypothesized that thermoregulatory responses (i.e., core temperature and sweating), during exercise will not be independently altered by VO2max, but will be altered by any differences in heat production and running economy. The FHP trial resulted in similar changes in esophageal temperature (∆Tes), changes in rectal temperature (∆Tre), and WBSL between the HI-FIT and LO-FIT groups, despite vastly different %VO2max. Whereas the REL trial resulted in greater ΔTeso, ΔTre, and WBSL in the HI-FIT group, in parallel with their greater Hprod. In groups greatly differing in RE, the FHP trial elicited similar ∆Tes, ∆Tre, and WBSL; however the HI-ECO group had to run faster to achieve the same heat production as their LO-ECO counterparts. Moreover, a FRS of 10.5 kmh-1 produced a greater Hprod, ∆Tes, ∆Tre, and WBSL in the LO-ECO group. In conclusion, thermoregulatory responses are determined by Hprod and RE, not VO2max, when differences in mass and BSA are eliminated between groups. Thus, these findings support the initially stated hypotheses.
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McDougall, Justin John. "The impact of three different footwear conditions on individual biomechanical, physiological and perceptual responses during running." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019988.
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Background: Despite the introduction of running footwear in the 1970’s, running injury rates continue to be unacceptably high. The subsequent revival of barefoot running and the introduction of minimalist footwear occurred, in an attempt to reduce injury rates and increase performance. There is much contention in the literature around the effectiveness of these footwear conditions. Furthermore individual responses have recently been proposed to provide more accurate and reflective conclusions than the use of mean data. Objectives: Twofold: a) to compare the biomechanical, physiological and perceptual responses between the shod, minimalist and barefoot footwear conditions and b) to assess and compare individual responses under these footwear conditions. Methods: 26 well-trained, male, habitually shod endurance runners, aged between 18 - 30 years completed three experimental sessions on an indoor runway and motorized treadmill. Each session was completed in either the shod, minimalist or barefoot condition, running at 15km.h-1. Variables assessed included stride rate, stride length, impact peak, vertical impact and average loading rate and strike time (biomechanical); heart rate, oxygen consumption and electromyography (physiological); and rating of perceived exertion and body discomfort (perceptual). Results: Biomechanics – Stride rate and stride length showed a significant (p<0.001) increase and decrease respectively when running in the minimalist or barefoot conditions versus shod. Running barefoot versus the minimalist and shod conditions resulted in a significantly (p<0.001) greater vertical impact loading rate. Strike time was significantly (p=0.008) reduced running in the minimalist and barefoot conditions versus shod. Physiology – Running barefoot versus shod resulted in a significantly (p=0.02) reduced heart rate and Tibialis Anterior activity (p=0.005). There was a large variability in individual responses for many variables, with responders and non-responders seen. Conclusion: The study suggests that there are significant differences between all three forms of running for some variables. It was further noted that there is support for the proposal that individual responses are highly variable and should be analysed accordingly
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Bakken, Bjorn. "The influence of lower body compression clothing on markers of running economy during submaximal treadmill running." Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/bakken/BakkenB0511.pdf.
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The benefit of wearing lower-body compression clothing for individuals experiencing circulatory disorders has been well documented, yet little is known about benefits of wearing such clothing during endurance exercise. This was an investigation of the influence of lower-body compression clothing (stockings and shorts) on markers of running economy. METHODS: Eleven endurance runners (Mean±SD: 33±7 yrs, 67.9±15.5 kg) completed treadmill tests on three separate lab visits. First, subjects performed a running test to volitional exhaustion to measure maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂MAX) and heart rate at lactate threshold (HR LT). During the next visit, subjects ran for 90-mins at a speed that elicited 85% of HR LT (Mean±SD: 6.9±0.6 miles/hr for men and 6.7±0.5 miles/hr for women) while wearing one of two lower-body clothing conditions: compression shorts and stockings or running shorts. Subjects ran 90-mins again for the last visit at the same speed wearing the second clothing condition, the order of which was counterbalanced. During the 90-min runs, measures of oxygen uptake (VO₂), heart rate (HR), left-thigh accelerometry (AC), and blood pressure (BP) were summarized at the sixth minute of each successive 10-min time interval (T1-T9). Blood lactate (LA) was measured at the end of each time interval. Blood samples were also collected pre- and 24-hrs post-test to measure blood creatine-kinase (CK), an indicator of muscle damage. Values of VO₂ and HR were also summarized as the change for each subject from their T1 values (DeltaVO₂ and DeltaHR, respectively). Dependent variables were evaluated using a multivariate 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA with planned contrasts for post-hoc analyses. Comparisons were performed at the 0.05 alpha-level. RESULTS: Measures of VO₂, HR, BP, DeltaVO₂, DeltaHR, and CK were statistically similar at each time interval between conditions (P>0.05). Conversely, AC was significantly lower when wearing compression clothing during all time intervals (P<0.05). Measures of LA were significantly higher at T6 when wearing compression clothing (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: While wearing compression clothing, subjects experienced less movement of the thigh musculature (i.e., less AC), but no improvements in economy (i.e., lower VO₂ or DeltaVO₂) were observed. These results do not indicate any advantage to wearing lower-body compression clothing during endurance exercise.
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Watkins, Leo. "A reversal theory examination of running experiences and the experiential advertising of three leading running brands." Thesis, University of East London, 2017. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5963/.
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Context & Objective This research examines three distinct phases of consumption linked to the experiential advertising of three leading brands in the running shoe industry. Novel application of reversal theory is used to aid understanding of running experiences presented in three adverts, consumer responses to them, and the lived experiences of runners. Design & Method A mixed methods approach was applied across three studies. In study 1, reversal theory was used to identify the metamotivational profiles of each advert. In study 2, a questionnaire comprising the Reversal Theory State Measure and the Positive And Negative Affect Schedule was administered in a within-subjects design to assess advert effects. In study 3, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten ultra-runners to triangulate the findings of study 1 and examine the phenomenology of ultra-running. Results Findings from study 1 demonstrate the utility of reversal theory as an effective framework for auditing experiential advertising; the adverts studied shared narrow metamotivational profiles dominated by autic-mastery but differing across the telic and paratelic states. Findings from study 2 revealed similar effects in viewers across the three adverts, and provided strong empirical support of the concept of metamotivational reversals. In study 3, reversal theory provided an effective framework for unpacking ultra-running experiences, with the concept of psychodiversity proving to be key. Conclusions & Implications Findings of the research suggest that running brands should develop more diverse representations of running in their experiential advertising to better reflect the lived experiences of runners and appeal to a wider range of consumers.
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Sjöholm, Therese. "Changes in Running Technique At Shod and Barefoot Running Condition : - An analysis of Muay Thai Fighters." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40561.
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Background: everal studies mean that individuals accustomed to running barefoot and habitually barefoot individuals choose a fore foot or mid foot strike rather than a rear foot strike when running. This is partly to do with the proprioceptive feedback given from the soles of the feet. The common denominator of the barefoot runner and the Muay Thai fighter would be this proprioceptive feedback due to general bare foot training. A contributing factor to a non heal strike pattern could perhaps also be found in the sport specific movement pattern of Muay Thai where the athlete is trained to execute several actions from the fore foot. Aim: The first aim was to analyse differences in angles of the knee, ankle and foot at initial contact while running shod compared to barefoot in Muay Thai fighters accustomed to training barefoot. A second aim was to investigate if there was a difference in running technique regarding foot strike pattern when running shod compared to bare foot. The foot strike pattern is defined as heal strike, mid foot strike or forefoot strike. Method: Seventeen Muay Thai fighters (13 male 4 female) volunteered to participate in the test of the cross- sectional experimental study. The study took place at PT-Studion Halmstad. The participants performed 2x3minutes of running shod and barefoot respectively at a subjective speed equal to a 12 on the Borg scale. Both conditions were video recorded from a sagittal plane using an iPhone 6. The dominant leg defined as the non-weight bearing leg at the preferred boxing stance was analysed. Data was collected two-dimensionally of the angels of the knee, ankle and foot position to horizontal. Foot strike pattern was also determined. Landmarks were marked to ease the analysis. T-tests of paired samples were used to examine whether there were any differences between the angle of the knee, ankle and foot at barefoot and shod conditions. The significance level for this study was set to be statistically significant if p ≤ 0.05. Foot strike frequency distributions were compared between shod and barefoot runners using chi-square (X2) analysis. Result: A significant difference at the angle of the foot (p=0,034) at initial contact with the ground while running between shod (12 ± 9) and barefoot (17 ± 9) was found. No significant difference in the angle of the knee (p=0,076) or ankle (p=0,081) was found. Changes in foot strike pattern were observed. At shod condition 88% used a rear foot strike, 6% used a mid foot strike and 6% used a forefoot strike. At barefoot condition 41% used a rear foot strike, 0% used a mid foot strike and 59% a fore foot strike. Conclusion: This study shows that the there is a significant difference in foot strike pattern when running shod and barefoot which confirms previous studies. The test group have in common that they train Muay Thai although; their sport specific training doesn’t appear to in this case have any impact on the foot strike pattern.Bakgrund: Flera studier menar att individer vana att springa barfota samt individer som lever barfota väljer en framfota insättning vid löpning snarare än en hälisättning. Detta har delvis att göra med den proprioceptiva återkopplingen från fotsulan. Den gemensamma nämnaren mellan barfotalöparen och Muay Thai atleten skulle kunna vara denna feedback beroende av barfotaträning. En bidragande faktor till en icke hälisättning skulle kunna förklaras av det idrottsspecifika rörelsemönstret i Muay Thai där flera moment utförs stående på den främre delen av foten. Syfte: Ett syfte var att analysera skillnader i knä, ankel och fotvinklar vid initial kontakt i löpsteget vid skodd och barfota löpning av i Muay Thai-fighters vana vid träning barfota. Ett andra syfte var att undersöka eventuella skillnader i fotisättning vid barfotalöpning samt löpning med skor. Fotisättning definieras som framfot, mellan fot eller bakre/häl-isättning. Metod: Sjutton (17) Muay Thai atleter (13manliga 4kvinnliga) ställde frivilligt upp att delta i tvärsnittsstudien. Studien ägde rum på PT-Studion Halmstad. Testpersoner utförde 2x3minuter av löpning med och utan skor vid en subjektiv hastighet lika med en 12 på Borg skalan. Båda förhållandena filmades i sagitalplan med iPhone 6. Det dominanta benet definierat som det icke viktbärande benet vid den föredragna boxningspositionen analyserades. Tvådimensionell analys av förändringar i fotisättning, vinklar i knäled, ankelled och fotens position till det horisontella samt fotisättning dokumenterades. Landmärken markerades för att underlätta analysen. T-test användes för att undersöka om det fanns några skillnader i vinkeln av knäled, fotled och ankel vid löpning med skor och barfota. Signifikansnivån för denna studie bestämdes vara statistiskt signifikant om p <0,05. Frekvensen av fotisättningen fördelning jämfördes via chi-square (X2) analys. Resultat: En signifikant skillnad (p=0,034) i fotvinkeln vid initial kontakt med marken under löpning med skor (12 ± 9) och barfota (17 ± 9) hittades, men inga signifikanta skillnader i knäets vinkel ((p=0,076) eller ankel (p=0,081) hittades. Med skor vald 88 % en hälisättning, 6 % en mittfotsisättning och 6 % en främre fotisättning. Vid löpning barfota valde 41 % en hälisättning, 0 % en mittfotsisättning och 59 % en främre fotisättning. Slutsats: Studien visar att det finns en signifikant skillnad i fotisättningen mellan löpning barfota och med skor vilket bekräftar tidigare studier. Testgruppen har gemensamt att de tränar thaiboxning, dock kan inte den sportspecifika träningen förklara det valda fotisättningsmönstret.
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Sjöberg, Sören. "On the running-in of gears." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Machine Elements, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12750.
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The general trend in gear industry, today, is an increased focus on gear transmission efficiency. Gear transmission efficiency losses arise from loaded and unloaded gear contacts, seals, lubricant and bearings. One way of minimising the losses is to lower the lubricant viscosity. This will reduce the speed dependent losses. However, the load dependent losses might increase. To avoid this, the ratio between lubricant film thickness and surface roughness must be maintained, which can be fulfilled by producing smoother gear surfaces. As a starting point for this realisation process, the present manufacturing processes, the design tools and the characteristics of the gear flank interface must be further investigated and developed. This must be achieved with an emphasis on economic production.
This thesis focuses on our understanding of how different gear manufacturing methods —particularly the contribution of the running-in process—affect the surface characteristics, with the view of increasing gearbox efficiency. The thesis consists of a summary and three appended papers.
Paper A and paper B discuss the relationship between design parameters and real gear wheel surfaces manufactured with different manufacturing methods. The research hypothesis was that the contact area ratio is a descriptive parameter for the contact condition. Paper A deals with the influence of manufacturing method on the initial contact conditions and also serves as a validation of the simulation program used. The emphasis in Paper B is the changes that occur during running-in, and to correlate these changes to design requirements. Paper C approaches the influences of manganese phosphate-coating and lubricants with respect to friction and the risk of scuffing at the initial contact.
The main conclusions of this thesis are that the contact area ratio presents a descriptive measure of how surface topography influences the contact, seen at both a global (form deviation) and local (roughness) level. The surface topography caused by the manufacturing method has a significant influence on the contact area ratio. This is an important result, since neither national standards nor commercially available gear evaluation programs handle surface topography on the local scale. Shaving was found to have the highest contact area ratio, and should therefore be the best choice if deviations from case hardening could be minimised. It is also confirmed that gear-like surfaces coated with manganese phosphate have a low coefficient of friction, and raise the limiting load for scuffing failure enormously compared to the ground equivalent.
QC 20100518
KUGG
Sustainable gear transmission realization
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Hammer, Moritz. "How To Touch a Running System." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-101923.
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Stacoff, Alex Peter. "Skeletal lower extremity motions during running." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0012/NQ34702.pdf.
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Brinegar, Jennifer Lynn. "Self-Control Choices Using Running Reinforcement." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01042008-104048/.
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Rats were given a choice between two amounts of a run-reward after responding on one of two equidistant levers. Responding on one lever resulted in the delivery of a smaller, immediate access to a running wheel (Impulsive) while responding on the other lever resulted in the delivery of larger but delayed access to a running wheel (Self-control). A variable inter-trial-interval was used to control the session duration regardless of the distribution of choices made by the subject. The results demonstrate that the use of a wheel-running reinforcer results in a significant self-control choice bias. This suggests that the use of a wheel-running reinforcer can be used alongside food and water reinforcers without having to undergo caloric deprivation. This study demonstrates that the use of a running reinforcer may be a potentially powerful motivator in choice studies among rats.
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Wensink, Jeff. "Five-link planar bipedal running mechanism." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/25120.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 84 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-73). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Schmidt, Michael Andreas. "Running neutrino masses and flavor symmetries." kostenfrei, 2008. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/doc/652827/652827.pdf.
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Greenspan, Lisa Cheryl. "Running head : opportunities for personal growth." Thesis, City University London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546735.
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Chung, Hiu-fai Felix, and 鍾曉輝. "Running economy in Hong Kong children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31257185.
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Draper, Stephen B. "VO2 kinetics in severe intensity running." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2002. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/799/.
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This thesis aimed to investigate and model the vo2, response to exhaustive constant intensity running of a short duration. Study I was a Douglas bag based study that compared the vo2, response of physically active subjects to 2, 5 and 8 minute bouts of constant intensity exhaustive exercise performed in both cycling and running. Nine male subjects took part and each completed a ramp test in addition to the three constant intensity tests in both modes of exercise. In the 5 and 8minute tests the subjects achieved 97.0 ± 4.2 and 97.5 ± 2.0 % for cycling, and 98.5 ± 1.8 and 99.2 ± 2.3% for running, of the ramp test Vo,peak. In the 2 minute test, a significantly lower percentage was attained (89.9 ± 5.5% and 91.8 ± 2.5% for cycling and running respectively). In cycling VO, was still increasing over the final minute of the test, whereas in running there was no difference between the last two 30 second samples (P~0.98). It was concluded that in severe intensity exercise of a short duration VO2 may not achieve its maximum and· that in running it may plateau at this sub-maximal rate. Study 2 validated the QP9000 for the measurement of vo2, during running on a breath-by-breath basis. Six male subjects performed a ramp test and tests at rest and at moderate and severe intensities. Each test was performed twice, once using the QP9000 and once using a Douglas bag system. No difference was found for VO, between the two systems (P~0.358). The SD of the differences between the systems across exercise intensities was 97 ± 57 ml.min·1 It was concluded that the QP9000 provides a valid measure of VO, at all exercises intensities. Study 3 investigated the vo2, response of trained runners to 800 m pace running, following a track based time trial. Eight male subjects (Vo,max 68.8 ± 5.6 m1.kg·'min-') took part in the study. That vo2, reached a plateau below Vo, was confirmed by a gradient of -29 ± 275 ml.min-' during the final 30 seconds of exercise. The asymptotic vo2, was only 85.3 ± 6.6 % of the Vo,peak from a ramp test and the response was shown to be extremely fast (time constant (T) of 10.7 ± 3.4 seconds). These breath-by-breath data confirmed the response indicated in Study I. Study 4 explored the single exponential model used to describe the vo2, response and the nature and level of breath-by-breath noise in severe intensity running. Five male subjects performed a ramp test to determine the speed at anaerobic threshold (AT). Each subject then performed five 8-minute runs at a speed corresponding to 90% of the AT and five exhaustive runs at a speed that would elicit exhaustion in about 2-minutes. Analysis of the noise to signal ratio of the severe intensity data showed that the noise was Gaussian and that averaging data over repeated transitions reduced this ratio. Computer simulations of noise equivalent to the noisiest subject's data demonstrated that the use of two repeated severe intensity transitions would give 95% confidence limits of < ± 1.2 seconds for T. Study 5 examined the effect of prior supra AT exercise on the VO, response to exhaustive severe intensity running. Ten middle and long distance runners each completed a ramp test to determine AT and Vo,peak. Subjects then ran exhaustive transitions, lasting approximately 2-minutes, that were preceded by moderate (90% AT) or heavy (50% of the difference between AT and Vo,peak) intensity running. Each transition was repeated. Increased metabolic acidosis (from prior heavy intensity exercise) did not increase the asymptotic vo2, (P ~ 0.226), and this figure represented only about 90% of Vo,peak from the ramp test. The mean response time (MRT) (time to reach 63% of the overall response) was faster following heavy exercise (20.9 ± 1.9 s vs. 18.9 ± 1.0 s, P<0.05). This was however due to a reduction in the duration of the initial (cardiodynamic) phase of the response rather than a speeding of the primary (phase 2) kinetics. Study 6 analysed the differences in this response between sprint and endurance runners. Six male athletes were recruited for each group based on best times for 100 m and 10 000 m. Subjects performed repeated transitions at a speed that would elicit exhaustion in approximately 2-minutes. No difference was found in the model of the VO, response between groups. When all subjects were analysed however a strong negative relationship was demonstrated between Vo,peak (from a ramp test) and the percentage of this Vo,peak that was reached in the constant speed test (r ~ -0.811, P ~ 0.001). It was concluded that the VO, response was dependent on the aerobic capabilities of the individual. In conclusion the thesis demonstrated a vo2, response in trained subjects during exhaustive severe intensity running that was different to that which is suggested by the majority of the literature. The vo2, response tends neither to VO, required nor to Vo,max, but rather tends to a plateau that is sub-maximal. This thesis was unable to identity the mechanisms that might result in such a shortfall in the response. However there appears to be a close link with the aerobic capabilities of the individual.
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Wilson, Cassie. "Optimisation of performance in running jumps." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6987.
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Running jumps such as the high jump and the long jump involve complex movements of the human body. The factors affecting performance include approach conditions, strength of the athlete and the muscle activation timings at each joint. In order to investigate the mechanics of jumping performances and the effect of these factors, an eight-segment, subject specific, torque-driven computer simulation model of running jumps was developed, evaluated and used to optimise performances of jumps for height and distance. Wobbling masses within the shank, thigh and trunk segments, and the ground-foot interface were modelled as non-linear spring-damper systems. The values for the stiffness and damping constants were determined through optimisation. The inertia data were obtained from anthropometric measurements on the subject using the inertia model of Yeadon (1990b). Joint torques predicted by the simulation model were expressed as a function of angular velocity and angle using data collected from an isovelocity dynamometer. The simulation model was evaluated by comparing the actual performances with simulations using kinematic and kinetic data collected. Movement of the wobbling masses was found to be in the region of 40 mm in the shank and thigh and 90 mm in the trunk. This movement resulted in a lower, more realistic initial peak in the ground reaction force. Co-contraction was found to occur at the joints during impact in order to increase the initial level of eccentric activation and also the rise time to maximum eccentric activation. Differences of 2% and 1% in the height and distance achieved were obtained between actual performances and simulations. An optimisation procedure was used to maximise the height reached and distance travelled by the mass centre, in simulations of jumps for height and distance respectively, by varying the torque generator activation time histories at each joint. An increase of 12% in the height reached by the mass centre in the jump for height and 14% in the distance reached by the mass centre in the jump for distance were achieved.
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Lee, Woojin. "Designing articulated legs for running machines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35353.
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Meyer, David, Alexandros Karatzoglou, Christian Buchta, Friedrich Leisch, and Kurt Hornik. "Running agent-based simulations. Unternehmensmodell / Computersimulation." SFB Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2001. http://epub.wu.ac.at/296/1/document.pdf.
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When running agent-based simulations using ready-made components, one usually faces heterogenity problems both for the agents' implementation and for the underlying platform. To circumvent these kind of hindrances, we introduce a wrapper technique for mapping the functionality of agents living in an interpreter-based environment to a standardized CORBA interface, thus facilitating the task for any control mechanism (like a simulation manager) which just will need to handle one set of commands for all agents involved. This mapping is made by an XML-based definition file. We also have built a generic simulation manager which makes use of agents with homogeneous interfaces, and which can be used to run simple simulations. In a sample session, we illustrate how wrapper and simulation manager do inter-act. Finally, we describe the database interface representing the global Artificial Economy environment in which agents operate. In the Appendix, we give a brief overview of the current installation of the SFB reference computer platform.Series: Working Papers SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science"
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Leaver, Roy. "Osteoarthritis and ultra-distance marathon running." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26670.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease. The impact loading on the articular cartilage of the large weight bearing joints (hip, knee, and ankle joints) during distance running might be a potential precipitating factor in OA. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between total accumulated running volume and OA in the weightbearing joints. In this study, OA was defined as pain and/or stiffness and/or swelling in the weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints (wrists and fingers). The subjects for this study were selected from previous and current runners of the Two Oceans Ultra-marathon (56 km) in Cape Town (South Africa). The database (1356) consisted of all the runners who participated in this race between 1970 and 1983. From this data-base a random group of male runners (n =128) were divided into six 10-year age groups of runners (18 and 79 years). There was a random sample of 25 runners in five of these groups and three in the 70-79 year age group. Runners were age matched with a random sample of past pupils (n=204) of a school who were in their final year between 1923 and 1994. This was the control group. A questionnaire to diagnose OA was designed and validated with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 71 %. The questionnaire was posted to the runners and controls. Incentive prizes were offered to improve the response rate, which was 59%. Completed information was obtained from 76 ultra-distance marathon runners (response rate 59%) and 114 controls (response rate 56%). In the control group there was a group who participated in running. This group was combined with the runners who were then divided into three groups according to their total running volume which was calculated by the following formula; years involved in running x months/year running x 4 x hours/week running. The subjects were thus divided into four groups: 1) controls (non-runners) (n=60), 2) low volume runners (n=43), 3) medium volume runners (n=43), and 4) high volume runners (n=44). Of these, 22 low volume runners, 7 medium runners, and 7 high volume runners stopped running. The prevalence (%) of OA in all groups was compared. The mean age of the control group was significantly higher than the three running groups. The mean height and weight of the medium volume group was significantly higher than the other groups. There was no significant difference in the BMI in each group. The frequency of professional and retired people was significantly higher in the control and each running group. A significantly greater percentage of controls had a history of admission to hospital. There were more controls on long-term medication, compared to runners. A significant number of injuries to the weight-bearing joints (specifically the knee joint) occurred in all groups, due to other sports (p =0.007). There were no significant differences in symptoms suggestive of OA in all groups when not adjusting for age and previous injuries. However, when assessing the odds ratio to determine the risk for OA in the weight-bearing joints, adjusting for age and previous injuries, the low volume group had the highest risk to develop OA (O.R. = 3.2, 95% C.I. = 1.0-10.3); the medium group had the second highest risk (O.R. = 1.7, 95% C.I. = 0.6- 4.8) and the high-volume group (O.R. = 1.1, 95% C.I. = 0.4-3.1) and control groups (O.R. = 1.0) had equally the lowest risk to develop OA. This study confirmed that distance running is unlikely to be a predisposing factor in the development of OA in the weight-bearing joints, even at high running volumes commonly seen in ultra-distance running.
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Kundoor, Madhuri Reddy. "Running Simulink models on multiple computers." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1413372117.
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Sandals, Leigh E. "Oxygen uptake during middle distance running." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2003. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3085/.
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Liew, Bernard Xian Wei. "The biomechanics of running with load." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/57365.
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This thesis was conceived to improve the evidence base concerning the mechanical rationale and efficacy of physical training in load carriage running. I have shown that training informed by biomechanics has the potential to augment specific cost functions during load carriage running. This knowledge would benefit both athletes and their coaches who must perform with load. This thesis addresses the burden load carriage has on physical performance and sporting health.
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Killian, Megan Leigh. "The effect of downhill running on impact shock and asymmetry." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/killian/KillianM0507.pdf.
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