Journal articles: 'Running velocity'

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HILL, DAVID W., and AMY L. ROWELL. "Running velocity at ??VO2max." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 28, no. 1 (January 1996): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199601000-00022.

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Smith-Ryan, Abbie E., David H. Fukuda, Jeffrey R. Stout, and Kristina L. Kendall. "High-Velocity Intermittent Running." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26, no. 10 (October 2012): 2798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318267922b.

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Mally, Franziska, Otto Hofstätter, and Markus Eckelt. "Influence of Running Shoes and Running Velocity on “Ride” during Running." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049054.

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“Ride” has been established to subjectively describe the heel-to-toe transition during walking and running. Recently, a study was published aiming to quantify “ride” by linking it to the maximum velocity of the anterior-posterior (AP) progression of the center of pressure (COP) during the first 30% of the stance phase. While that study investigated the parameter when running at a constant velocity of approximately 3.5 m/s (i.e., 12.6 km/h), this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of running velocity on “ride” when running. Five healthy participants performed runs on a treadmill at 8, 10 and 12 km/h with three different running shoes, and their plantar pressure was measured at 300 Hz using pressure-sensing insoles. “Ride” was calculated as suggested by the previously mentioned study. In two of the three shoes, “ride” decreased with increasing running speed. Between the shoes, however, there is no clear image of how the shoes influence this parameter.

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Brughelli, Matt, John Cronin, and Anis Chaouachi. "Effects of Running Velocity on Running Kinetics and Kinematics." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25, no. 4 (April 2011): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c64308.

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Noakes, T. D., K. H. Myburgh, and R. Schall. "Peak treadmill running velocity during theVO2max test predicts running performance." Journal of Sports Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 1990): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419008732129.

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Scott, B., and J. Houmard. "Peak Running Velocity is Highly Related to Distance Running Performance." International Journal of Sports Medicine 15, no. 08 (November 1994): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021095.

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Silvernail, Julia Freedman, and Miles Mercer. "Does Preferred Running Velocity Vary with Variations in Running Condition?" Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517207.44412.fe.

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Manchado, Fúlvia Barros, Claudio Alexandre Gobatto, Ricardo Vinícius Ledesma Contarteze, Marcelo Papoti, and Maria Alice Rostom de Mello. "Critical Velocity and Anaerobic Running Capacity Determination of Running Rats." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-03028.

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Rowell, A. L., S. E. Burt, and D. W. Hill. "DETERMINATION OF RUNNING VELOCITY AT VO2MAX." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00082.

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Browne, Rodrigo Alberto Vieira, Marcelo Magalhães Sales, Rafael da Costa Sotero, Ricardo Yukio Asano, José Fernando Vila Nova de Moraes, Jônatas de França Barros, Carmen Sílvia Grubert Campbell, and Herbert Gustavo Simões. "Critical velocity estimates lactate minimum velocity in youth runners." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 21, no. 1 (March 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742015000100001.

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In order to investigate the validity of critical velocity (CV) as a noninvasive method to estimate the lactate minimum velocity (LMV), 25 youth runners underwent the following tests: 1) 3,000m running; 2) 1,600m running; 3) LMV test. The intensity of lactate minimum was defined as the velocity corresponding to the lowest blood lactate concentration during the LMV test. The CV was determined using the linear model, defined by the inclination of the regression line between distance and duration in the running tests of 1,600 and 3,000m. There was no significant difference (p=0.3055) between LMV and CV. In addition, both protocols presented a good agreement based on the small difference between means and the narrow levels of agreement, as well as a standard error of estimation classified as ideal. In conclusion, CV, as identified in this study, may be an alternative for noninvasive identification of LMV.

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Ranum, Madeline, Carl Foster, Clayton Camic, Glenn Wright, Flavia Guidotti, Jos J. de Koning, Christopher Dodge, and John P. Porcari. "Effect of Running Velocity Variation on the Aerobic Cost of Running." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042025.

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The aerobic cost of running (CR), an important determinant of running performance, is usually measured during constant speed running. However, constant speed does not adequately reflect the nature of human locomotion, particularly competitive races, which include stochastic variations in pace. Studies in non-athletic individuals suggest that stochastic variations in running velocity produce little change in CR. This study was designed to evaluate whether variations in running speed influence CR in trained runners. Twenty competitive runners (12 m, VO2max = 73 ± 7 mL/kg; 8f, VO2max = 57 ± 6 mL/kg) ran four 6-minute bouts at an average speed calculated to require ~90% ventilatory threshold (VT) (measured using both v-slope and ventilatory equivalent). Each interval was run with minute-to-minute pace variation around average speed. CR was measured over the last 2 min. The coefficient of variation (CV) of running speed was calculated to quantify pace variations: ±0.0 m∙s−1 (CV = 0%), ±0.04 m∙s−1 (CV = 1.4%), ±0.13 m∙s−1(CV = 4.2%), and ±0.22 m∙s−1(CV = 7%). No differences in CR, HR, or blood lactate (BLa) were found amongst the variations in running pace. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly higher only in the 7% CV condition. The results support earlier studies with short term (3s) pace variations, that pace variation within the limits often seen in competitive races did not affect CR when measured at running speeds below VT.

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Lyngeraa, T. S., L. M. Pedersen, T. Mantoni, B. Belhage, L. S. Rasmussen, J. J. van Lieshout, and F. C. Pott. "Middle cerebral artery blood velocity during running." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 23, no. 1 (November 2, 2012): e32-e37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12009.

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Clark, Kenneth P., Christopher R. Meng, and David J. Stearne. "‘Whip from the hip’: thigh angular motion, ground contact mechanics, and running speed." Biology Open 9, no. 10 (September 11, 2020): bio053546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.053546.

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ABSTRACTDuring high-speed running, lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown has been cited as a critical factor needed to generate large vertical forces. Additionally, greater leg angular velocity has also been correlated with increased running speeds. However, the association between these factors has not been comprehensively investigated across faster running speeds. Therefore, this investigation aimed to evaluate the relationship between running speed, thigh angular motion and vertical force determinants. It was hypothesized that thigh angular velocity would demonstrate a positive linear relationship with both running speed and lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown. A total of 40 subjects (20 males, 20 females) from various athletic backgrounds volunteered and completed 40 m running trials across a range of sub-maximal and maximal running speeds during one test session. Linear and angular kinematic data were collected from 31–39 m. The results supported the hypotheses, as across all subjects and trials (range of speeds: 3.1–10.0 m s−1), measures of thigh angular velocity demonstrated a strong positive linear correlation to speed (all R2>0.70, P<0.0001) and lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown (all R2=0.75, P<0.001). These findings suggest thigh angular velocity is strongly related to running speed and lower limb impact kinematics associated with vertical force application.

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Hatamoto, Yoichi, Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Yasuki Higaki, Akira Kiyonaga, and Hiroaki Tanaka. "The Relationship between Running Velocity and the Energy Cost of Turning during Running." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): e81850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081850.

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Papadopoulos, Charilaos, James A. Doyle, Brian D. LaBudde, and L. J. Brandon. "Running Velocity Determined by the Dmax Method Correlates with and Predicts Running Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-03033.

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Arı, Erdal, and Gökhan Deliceoğlu. "The prediction of repeated sprint and speed endurance performance by parameters of critical velocity models in soccer." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0208.

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Background and Study Aim. The prediction of running anaerobic sprint test and 800 m performance by parameters of critical velocity was examined in this study. Material and Methods. The participants of study were consisted of thirteen amateur soccer players (n=13, age=22.69±5.29 years, weight=72.46±6.32 kg, height=176.92±6.73 cm). The 800 and 2400 m running tests were performed for determination of critical velocity and anaerobic distance capacity. The critical velocity and anaerobic distance capacity were determined by three mathematical models (linear total distance, linear velocity, non-linear two parameter model). The repeated sprint and sprint endurance ability was determined by running anaerobic sprint test and 800 m running test. The simple and multiple linear regression analysis was used for prediction of dependent variables (running anaerobic sprint test and 800 m running performance) by independent variables (critical velocity and anaerobic distance capacity) of study. The correlation between variables was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. It was found that anaerobic distance capacity was a significant predictor of running anaerobic sprint test and 800 m running performance (p˂0.05). However, it was determined that critical velocity predicted significantly only time parameters of running anaerobic sprint test and 800 m test (p˂0.05). Also, the parameters of 800 m test (except for average velocity) were significantly predicted by running anaerobic sprint test parameters (p˂0.05). Conclusions. It may be concluded that anaerobic distance capacity is an indicator of repeated sprint and speed endurance ability in soccer and may be used in improvement of sprint endurance performance.

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Grabowski, Alena M., and Rodger Kram. "Effects of Velocity and Weight Support on Ground Reaction Forces and Metabolic Power during Running." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 24, no. 3 (August 2008): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.24.3.288.

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The biomechanical and metabolic demands of human running are distinctly affected by velocity and body weight. As runners increase velocity, ground reaction forces (GRF) increase, which may increase the risk of an overuse injury, and more metabolic power is required to produce greater rates of muscular force generation. Running with weight support attenuates GRFs, but demands less metabolic power than normal weight running. We used a recently developed device (G-trainer) that uses positive air pressure around the lower body to support body weight during treadmill running. Our scientific goal was to quantify the separate and combined effects of running velocity and weight support on GRFs and metabolic power. After obtaining this basic data set, we identified velocity and weight support combinations that resulted in different peak GRFs, yet demanded the same metabolic power. Ideal combinations of velocity and weight could potentially reduce biomechanical risks by attenuating peak GRFs while maintaining aerobic and neuromuscular benefits. Indeed, we found many combinations that decreased peak vertical GRFs yet demanded the same metabolic power as running slower at normal weight. This approach of manipulating velocity and weight during running may prove effective as a training and/or rehabilitation strategy.

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Florence, S. L., and J. P. Weir. "Relationship of Critical Velocity to Marathon Running Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00043.

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Bull, A. J., T. J. Housh, G. O. Johnson, and S. R. Perry. "OXYGEN KINETICS DURING CONTINUOUS RUNNING AT CRITICAL VELOCITY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (May 2002): S292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-01646.

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Spier, B. L., A. L. Rowell, L. F. Woodward, and D. W. Hill. "INFLUENCE OF RUNNING VELOCITY ON VO2 KINETICS 1014." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-01011.

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Florence, Shelly-lynn, and Joseph P. Weir. "Relationship of critical velocity to marathon running performance." European Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 3 (February 1, 1997): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050160.

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Vandewalle, H., M. Thoma�dis, E. Jousselin, M. Kachouri, H. Monod, V. Billat, and M. Huet. "Critical velocity of continuous and intermittent running exercise." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 73, no. 5 (June 1996): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00334428.

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Lacour, J. R., S. Padilla-Magunacelaya, J. C. Chatard, L. Arsac, and J. C. Barth�l�my. "Assessment of running velocity at maximal oxygen uptake." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 62, no. 2 (1991): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00626760.

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Mero, Antti, and Paavo V. Komi. "Effects of Supramaximal Velocity on Biomechanical Variables in Sprinting." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 1, no. 3 (August 1985): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.3.240.

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The effects of running at supramaximal velocity on biomechanical variables were studied in 13 male and 9 female sprinters. Cinematographical analysis was employed to investigate the biomechanics of the running technique. In supramaximal running the velocity increased by 8.5%, stride rate by 1.7%, and stride length by 6.8% over that of the normal maximal running. The elite male sprinters increased their stride rate significantly but did not increase their stride length. The major biomechanical differences between supramaximal and maximal running occurred during the contact phase. In supramaximal running the inclination of the ground shank at the beginning of eccentric phase was more "braking" and the angle of the ground knee was greater. During the ground contact phase, the maximal horizontal velocity of the swinging thigh was faster. The duration of the contact phase was shorter and the flight phase was longer in the supramaximal run as compared to the maximal run. It was concluded that in supramaximal effort it is possible to run at a higher stride rate than in maximal running. Data suggest that supramaximal sprinting can be beneficial in preparing for competition and as an additional stimulus for the neuromuscular system during training. This may result in adaptation of the neuromuscular system to a higher performance level.

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Van Caekenberghe, Ine, Veerle Segers, Peter Aerts, Patrick Willems, and Dirk De Clercq. "Joint kinematics and kinetics of overground accelerated running versus running on an accelerated treadmill." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 84 (July 6, 2013): 20130222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0222.

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Literature shows that running on an accelerated motorized treadmill is mechanically different from accelerated running overground. Overground, the subject has to enlarge the net anterior–posterior force impulse proportional to acceleration in order to overcome linear whole body inertia, whereas on a treadmill, this force impulse remains zero, regardless of belt acceleration. Therefore, it can be expected that changes in kinematics and joint kinetics of the human body also are proportional to acceleration overground, whereas no changes according to belt acceleration are expected on a treadmill. This study documents kinematics and joint kinetics of accelerated running overground and running on an accelerated motorized treadmill belt for 10 young healthy subjects. When accelerating overground, ground reaction forces are characterized by less braking and more propulsion, generating a more forward-oriented ground reaction force vector and a more forwardly inclined body compared with steady-state running. This change in body orientation as such is partly responsible for the changed force direction. Besides this, more pronounced hip and knee flexion at initial contact, a larger hip extension velocity, smaller knee flexion velocity and smaller initial plantarflexion velocity are associated with less braking. A larger knee extension and plantarflexion velocity result in larger propulsion. Altogether, during stance, joint moments are not significantly influenced by acceleration overground. Therefore, we suggest that the overall behaviour of the musculoskeletal system (in terms of kinematics and joint moments) during acceleration at a certain speed remains essentially identical to steady-state running at the same speed, yet acting in a different orientation. However, because acceleration implies extra mechanical work to increase the running speed, muscular effort done (in terms of power output) must be larger. This is confirmed by larger joint power generation at the level of the hip and lower power absorption at the knee as the result of subtle differences in joint velocity. On a treadmill, ground reaction forces are not influenced by acceleration and, compared with overground, virtually no kinesiological adaptations to an accelerating belt are observed. Consequently, adaptations to acceleration during running differ from treadmill to overground and should be studied in the condition of interest.

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Tanaka, H. "Predicting running velocity at blood lactate threshold from running performance tests in adolescent boys." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55, no. 4 (August 1986): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00422731.

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Papadopoulos, Charilaos, J. Andrew Doyle, and Brian D. LaBudde. "Relationship Between Running Velocity of 2 Distances and Various Lactate Parameters." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 1, no. 3 (September 2006): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.3.270.

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between various lactate-threshold (LT) definitions and the average running velocity during a 10-km and a 21.1-km time trial (TT).Methods:Thirteen well-trained runners completed an incremental maximal exercise test, a 10-km TT, and a 21.1-km TT on a motorized treadmill. Blood samples were collected through a venous catheter placed in an antecubital vein. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the running velocity at the different LT definitions and the average running velocity during each TT. A dependent t test was used to determine statistical differences for the mean lactate response between the 2 running distances.Results:The LTDmax, the point on the regression curve that yielded the maximal perpendicular distance to the straight line formed by the 2 endpoints, was the LT definition with the highest correlation for both 10-km (r = .844) and 21.1-km TTs (r = .783). The velocity at the LTDmax was not, however, the velocity closest to the performance velocity for either distance. The mean running velocity at each LT was significantly different and tended to overestimate the mean TT performance velocities. The mean lactate concentration during the 10-km TT (3.52 ± 1.58 mmol) was significantly higher than during the 21.1-km TT (1.86 ± 0.90 mmol).Conclusion:These results indicate that a single LT point cannot be reliably associated with different running distances. Furthermore, these data suggest that a different methodology for estimating the LT that considers individual responses might be required for different running distances.

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Bohm, Sebastian, Falk Mersmann, Alessandro Santuz, and Adamantios Arampatzis. "The force–length–velocity potential of the human soleus muscle is related to the energetic cost of running." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (December 18, 2019): 20192560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2560.

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According to the force–length–velocity relationships, the muscle force potential is determined by the operating length and velocity, which affects the energetic cost of contraction. During running, the human soleus muscle produces mechanical work through active shortening and provides the majority of propulsion. The trade-off between work production and alterations of the force–length and force–velocity potentials (i.e. fraction of maximum force according to the force–length–velocity curves) might mediate the energetic cost of running. By mapping the operating length and velocity of the soleus fascicles onto the experimentally assessed force–length and force–velocity curves, we investigated the association between the energetic cost and the force–length–velocity potentials during running. The fascicles operated close to optimal length (0.90 ± 0.10 L 0 ) with moderate velocity (0.118 ± 0.039 V max [maximum shortening velocity]) and, thus, with a force–length potential of 0.92 ± 0.07 and a force–velocity potential of 0.63 ± 0.09. The overall force–length–velocity potential was inversely related ( r = −0.52, p = 0.02) to the energetic cost, mainly determined by a reduced shortening velocity. Lower shortening velocity was largely explained ( p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.928) by greater tendon gearing, shorter Achilles tendon lever arm, greater muscle belly gearing and smaller ankle angle velocity. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence that lower shortening velocities of the soleus muscle improve running economy.

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Stojiljkovic, Stanimir, Sanja Mazic, Dejan Nesic, Sasko Velkovski, and Dusan Mitrovic. "Running velocity at the ventilatory threshold and at VO2max, before and after the eight-week cardiovascular endurance training." Medical review 58, no. 1-2 (2005): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0502027s.

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Introduction The purpose of this research was to compare changes in running velocity at ventilatory threshold with the veliocity at VO2max, before and after the eight-week exercise program. Material and methods 32 male subjects (age: 22.3? 2.5 years, height: 179.8? 7.6 cm, body mass: 76.8? 9.0 kg) performed a progressive test for ventilatory threshold (VT) measurement and VO2max on treadmill. After 8 weeks of endurance training (3 times per week, 30 to 70 min, in different zones in respect to the ventilatory threshold) the performed the same test. Results Running velocity at ventilatory threshold increased significantly (p=0.000I), between initial and final measurements (10.88?2.09, 12.94? 1.90 km/h, respectively): as well as at VO2max H4.63?1.86, 16.44?1.59 km/h, respectively). At the initial test, velocity at ventilatory threshold was 74.11% of VO2max. At the final test, velocity at ventilatory threshold was 78.43% of VO2max. Running velocity at ventilatory threshold has significantly increased at final test (p=0.001). Discussion Running velocity at ventilatory threshold has significantly increased after eight weeks of endurance training (p -0.001), when expressed in absolute values and percentage of velocity at vo2max. Conclusion Comparison between the initial and final test demonstrated a significant increase of observed variables, under experimental conditions: at final test running velocity has increased at ventilatory threshold, in respect to absolute values and expressed as percentage at VO2max. .

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Williams, Keith R., and Jodi L. Ziff. "Changes in Distance Running Mechanics Due to Systematic Variations in Running Style." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 7, no. 1 (February 1991): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.7.1.76.

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There is little information on how a change in one feature of an individual’s running mechanics affects other aspects of running style. This study manipulated experimental conditions such that eight subjects ran with three different step lengths, three step widths, and three varying degrees of shoulder rotation. The effect of these changes on rearfoot pronation measures, step length, and step width were examined. Results showed that varying step length over a range of 18 cm and shoulder rotation over a range of 17° caused no significant differences in maximal pronation angle, total amount of pronation, or maximal pronation velocity. Varying step width from landing approximately 5 cm lateral to the midline to crossing over a midline by 2 cm increased the maximum pronation from 12.2 to 18.3°, the amount of pronation from 14.1 to 21.1°, and maximal pronation velocity from. 329°/s to 535°/s. It is suggested that runners with problems due to excessive pronation might try changing step width. Changes in step width and shoulder rotation had no significant effect on step length, and alterations to shoulder rotation did not affect step length or step width significantly. These results suggest that a runner attempts to maintain some aspects of running mechanics despite major alterations to other elements of running style.

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Yamaguchi, Takuzi, Yoshiyuki Iemoto, Masakazu Tubokawa, and Makiro Kumazawa. "Velocity Distribution of Running Viscoelastic Yarn Subjected to Drawing." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 44, no. 9 (1991): T192—T200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.44.9_t192.

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Buchheit, M., P. Laursen, G. Millet, F. Pactat, and S. Ahmaidi. "Predicting Intermittent Running Performance: Critical Velocity versus Endurance Index." International Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 4 (April 2008): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965357.

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Tourinho Filho, Hugo, Lilian Simone Pereira Ribeiro, Airton José Rombaldi, and Renan Maximiliano Fernandes Sampedro. "Running velocity at the anaerobic threshold in male adolescents." Revista Paulista de Educação Física 12, no. 1 (June 20, 1998): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2594-5904.rpef.1998.139530.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a velocidade de corrida no limiar anaeróbio (VCl), estimada através da equação proposta por Tanaka (1986), em adolescentes do sexo masculino, classificados em diferentes níveis de maturação sexual. Os sujeitos foram avaliados através de uma bateria de testes e medidas que consistiu de avaliação antropométrica, determinação do nível de maturação sexual através da avaliação de pêlos pubianos, segundo protocolo de Tanner (1962), e predição da VCl através da realização de um teste de corrida de 40 s em velocidade máxima e um teste de corrida de 5 min. Pela análise dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se verificar que a potência aeróbia, medida através do teste de 5 min, permaneceu inalterada entre os níveis 4 e 5 de maturação sexual. Com relação à potência anaeróbia, pôde-se observar um aumento progressivo seja em relação aos níveis 4 e 5 de maturação sexual, seja em relação à idade. Quanto à VCl, essa se mostrou significativamente mais alta para os garotos do nível 4 quando comparados com os sujeitos classificados dentro do nível 5 de maturação sexual, o mesmo ocorrendo quando essa variável foi analisada em função da idade, tendo-se verificado uma diminuição significante com o avanço da idade

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Brenner, E., J. B. J. Smeets, and M. H. E. de Lussanet. "Continuous Use of Perceived Velocity While Hitting Running Spiders." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970104.

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From previous studies examining how we hit moving targets we concluded that the speed and the direction of the hand are determined independently, the former being based on the perceived velocity of the target and the latter on its perceived position. It is known that the direction in which the hand moves is continuously adjusted on the basis of the perceived target position, with a delay of about 110 ms. In the present study we examined whether the speed of the hand is also under such continuous control, or whether it is determined in advance. Subjects were instructed to hit targets (spiders) as quickly as possible with a rod. They were presented with moving targets that appeared at unpredictable moments on a screen in front of them. Some time within 400 ms of their appearing on the screen, the velocity of the target abruptly changed. We found that this influenced the speed with which the rod hit the target as long as the change occurred at least 200 ms before the hit. Considering that the movement time of the hand was more than 200 ms, the perceived velocity must have influenced the speed of the hand during its motion. We conclude that the speed of the hand is continuously adjusted to maintain its relationship with the speed of the target.

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Exell, T., G. Irwin, M. Gittoes, and D. Kerwin. "Strength and performance asymmetry during maximal velocity sprint running." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 27, no. 11 (September 27, 2016): 1273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12759.

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KIRBY, BRETT S., ERIC M. BRADLEY, and BRAD W. WILKINS. "Critical Velocity during Intermittent Running with Changes of Direction." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, no. 2 (February 2019): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001774.

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NAKAYA, Seigo, Mitsuhiro NISHIDA, and Tsuyoshi NISHIWAKI. "B11 Sole stiffness designing method corresponding to running velocity." Proceedings of Joint Symposium: Symposium on Sports Engineering, Symposium on Human Dynamics 2006 (2006): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmesports.2006.0_236.

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Williams, C. S., K. L. Ehler, C. P. Ramirez, D. C. Poole, J. C. Smith, and D. W. Hill. "EFFECT OF RUNNING VELOCITY ON VO2 KINETICS DURING TREADMILL RUNNING IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00309.

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McMahon, T. A., G. Valiant, and E. C. Frederick. "Groucho running." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 2326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2326.

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An important determinant of the mechanics of running is the effective vertical stiffness of the body. This stiffness increases with running speed. At any one speed, the stiffness may be reduced in a controlled fashion by running with the knees bent more than usual. In a series of experiments, subjects ran in both normal and flexed postures on a treadmill. In other experiments, they ran down a runway and over a force platform. Results show that running with the knees bent reduces the effective vertical stiffness and diminishes the transmission of mechanical shock from the foot to the skull but requires an increase of as much as 50% in the rate of O2 consumption. A new dimensionless parameter (u omega 0/g) is introduced to distinguish between hard and soft running modes. Here, omega 0 is the natural frequency of a mass-spring system representing the body, g is gravity, and u is the vertical landing velocity. In normal running, this parameter is near unity, but in deep-flexed running, where the aerial phase of the stride cycle almost disappears, u omega 0/g approaches zero.

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Donelan, J. M., and R. Kram. "Exploring dynamic similarity in human running using simulated reduced gravity." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 16 (August 15, 2000): 2405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.16.2405.

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The Froude number (a ratio of inertial to gravitational forces) predicts the occurrence of dynamic similarity in legged animals over a wide range of sizes and velocities for both walking and running gaits at Earth gravity. This is puzzling because the Froude number ignores elastic forces that are crucial for understanding running gaits. We used simulated reduced gravity as a tool for exploring dynamic similarity in human running. We simulated reduced gravity by applying a nearly constant upward force to the torsos of our subjects while they ran on a treadmill. We found that at equal Froude numbers, achieved through different combinations of velocity and levels of gravity, our subjects did not run in a dynamically similar manner. Thus, the inertial and gravitational forces that comprise the Froude number were not sufficient to characterize running in reduced gravity. Further, two dimensionless numbers that incorporate elastic forces, the Groucho number and the vertical Strouhal number, also failed to predict dynamic similarity in reduced-gravity running. To better understand the separate effects of velocity and gravity, we also studied running mechanics at fixed absolute velocities under different levels of gravity. The effects of velocity and gravity on the requirements of dynamic similarity differed in both magnitude and direction, indicating that there are no two velocity and gravity combinations at which humans will prefer to run in a dynamically similar manner. A comparison of walking and running results demonstrated that reduced gravity had different effects on the mechanics of each gait. This suggests that a single unifying hypothesis for the effects of size, velocity and gravity on both walking and running gaits will not be successful.

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Sinclair, J., P. J. Taylor, and S. Andrews. "Influence of barefoot, barefoot inspired and conventional shoes on tibial accelerations and loading kinetics during running in natural rearfoot strikers." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2013): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13023.

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Running barefoot and in footwear designed to mimic barefoot locomotion, has received considerable attention in footwear research. This study examined the differences in impact force and tibial acceleration parameters. Ten male participants completed 10 trials when running barefoot, in vibram five-fingers and in conventional footwear at three locomotion velocities: walk, jog and run (1.25, 3.5 and 5.0 m/s, respectively). Impact force and tibial acceleration parameters were synchronously obtained and contrasted between footwear and velocities using 3 (footwear) x 3 (velocity) repeated measures ANOVA's. Significant main effects were obtained for both footwear and velocity which suggest that barefoot running at higher velocities is associated with increases in impact loading magnitude. This leads to the conclusion that barefoot locomotion may be associated with increased risk of injury regardless of running velocity and that more specifically running barefoot at higher velocities should be undertaken with caution.

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Zrenner, Markus, Stefan Gradl, Ulf Jensen, Martin Ullrich, and Bjoern Eskofier. "Comparison of Different Algorithms for Calculating Velocity and Stride Length in Running Using Inertial Measurement Units." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 4194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124194.

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Running has a positive impact on human health and is an accessible sport for most people. There is high demand for tracking running performance and progress for amateurs and professionals alike. The parameters velocity and distance are thereby of main interest. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of four algorithms, which calculate the stride velocity and stride length during running using data of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed in the midsole of a running shoe. The four algorithms are based on stride time, foot acceleration, foot trajectory estimation, and deep learning, respectively. They are compared using two studies: a laboratory-based study comprising 2377 strides from 27 subjects with 3D motion tracking as a reference and a field study comprising 12 subjects performing a 3.2-km run in a real-world setup. The results show that the foot trajectory estimation algorithm performs best, achieving a mean error of 0.032 ± 0.274 m/s for the velocity estimation and 0.022 ± 0.157 m for the stride length. An interesting alternative for systems with a low energy budget is the acceleration-based approach. Our results support the implementation decision for running velocity and distance tracking using IMUs embedded in the sole of a running shoe.

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Nummela, Ari, James Stray-Gundersen, and Heikki Rusko. "Effects of Fatigue on Stride Characteristics during a Short-Term Maximal Run." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12, no. 2 (May 1996): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.2.151.

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of running velocity, stride characteristics, training background, gender, and caliber of a runner on the changes in ground contact time during a 400-m run. Thirteen male and 4 female sprinters ran a 400-m time trial on the track, and 8 male sprinters and 6 male endurance athletes ran a simulated 400-m trial at constant velocity on the treadmill. A special shoe insert was placed in the track spike to determine contact time, and a video camera was used to determine split times for each 40 m. Two threshold points were identified during the 400-m run, with the first occurring when the running velocity began to decrease. The threshold points were affected by the individual running strategy and reflected fatigue-induced changes in the running velocity; they also were independent of gender, training background, and caliber of an athlete.

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Panascì, Marco, Romuald Lepers, Antonio La Torre, Matteo Bonato, and Hervè Assadi. "Physiological responses during intermittent running exercise differ between outdoor and treadmill running." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 9 (September 2017): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0132.

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The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses during 15 min of intermittent running consisting of 30 s of high-intensity running exercise at maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) interspersed with 30 s of passive recovery (30–30) performed outdoor versus on a motorized treadmill. Fifteen collegiate physically active males (age, 22 ± 1 years old; body mass, 66 ± 7 kg; stature, 176 ± 06 cm; weekly training volume, 5 ± 2 h·week−1), performed the Fitness Intermittent Test 45–15 to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and MAV and then completed in random order 3 different training sessions consisting of a 30-s run/30-s rest on an outdoor athletic track (30–30 Track) at MAV; a 30-s run/30-s rest on a treadmill (30–30 Treadmill) at MAV; a 30-s run/30-s rest at MAV+15% (30–30 + 15% MAV Treadmill). Oxygen uptake (V̇O2), time above 90%V̇O2max (t90%V̇O2max), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during each training session. We observed a statistical significant underestimation of V̇O2 (53.1 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1·min−1 vs 49.8 ± 6.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, –6.3%, P = 0.012), t90%V̇O2max (8.6% ± 11.5% vs 38.7% ± 32.5%, –77.8%, P = 0.008), RPE (11.4 ± 1.4 vs 16.5 ± 1.7, –31%, P < 0.0001) during the 30–30 Treadmill compared with the same training session performed on track. No statistical differences between 30–30 +15 % MAV Treadmill and 30–30 Track were observed. The present study demonstrates that a 15% increase in running velocity during a high-intensity intermittent treadmill training session is the optimal solution to reach the same physiological responses than an outdoor training session.

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SAEKI, TETSURO, YOSHIHARU NABEKURA, and KAORU TAKAMATSU. "THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PEAK RUNNING VELOCITY, AND AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CAPACITY DURING INCREMENTAL RUNNING TEST." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 48, no. 1 (1999): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.48.171.

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SAGUCHI, Taichi, Masaki TAKAHASHI, and Kazuo YOSHIDA. "Stable Running Control of Autonomous Bicycle Robot for Trajectory Tracking Considering the Running Velocity(Mechanical Systems)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 75, no. 750 (2009): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.75.397.

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Sandell, Jörgen, Per J. Palmgren, and Lars Björndahl. "Effect of chiropractic treatment on hip extension ability and running velocity among young male running athletes." Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 7, no. 2 (June 2008): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcme.2008.02.003.

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Nigg, B. M., H. A. Bahlsen, S. M. Luethi, and S. Stokes. "The influence of running velocity and midsole hardness on external impact forces in heel-toe running." Journal of Biomechanics 20, no. 10 (January 1987): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(87)90324-1.

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Tabor, Piotr, Andrzej Mastalerz, Dagmara Iwańska, and Olga Grabowska. "Asymmetry Indices in Female Runners as Predictors of Running Velocity." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2019-0013.

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AbstractIntroduction. This paper aimed to establish relationships between the level of functional and dynamic asymmetry in advanced and intermediate-level runners and running velocity. Furthermore, evaluation of dynamic symmetry (running and vertical jump) was made using indices, taking into account the continuous character of the signals of the ground reaction force and angular positions in individual joints of the lower limb.Material and methods. Symmetry was assessed in a group of 12 Polish elite female middle-distance runners for the following parameters: 1) strength of lower limb muscles, 2) impulse of the vertical component of the ground reaction force during a CMJ jump, and 3) kinematics of a 50-m run in a straight line.Results. More advanced athletes (group A) were significantly taller and stronger than the athletes with less training experience (B). They were also characterized by a significantly longer step, a more extended swing phase, and a shorter support phase. There were no statistically significant differences between groups A and B in the level of asymmetry. Running velocity was significantly influenced by muscle strength symmetry (b = −5.77; p < 0.01) and support phase time symmetry (b = −6.64; p < 0.03). A reduction in each of these indices leads to an increase in running velocity.Conclusion. No morphological or functional asymmetry was found in female middle-distance runners with different training experience.

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Martin, Benjamin E. "Autotomy and running performance of fiddler crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Ocypodidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 39, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz049.

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Abstract The sexually dimorphic, enlarged major claw is a notorious trait among male fiddler crabs, but comes with potential locomotor costs. Possessing the ability to autotomize the enlarged claw is thus potentially advantageous to not only to escape a predator’s grip, but also to increase running performance. Previous studies concluded that autotomy either has no effect or even a negative effect on running performance. If the claw does not aid in locomotion, then shedding the enlarged claw that accounts for 40% of a fiddler crab’s mass should positively affect running performance. I therefore investigated autotomy and running performance in the Atlantic sand fiddler crab Leptuca pugilator (Bosc, 1801) with a focus on improving upon the methods of previous studies. Crabs were given substantial recovery time between collection, running trials, and autotomy induction. Maximum sprint speed was assessed by running crabs on a 1 m sand and mud track where individuals were significantly faster after autotomy of the enlarged claw (N = 64, t63=-7.25, P < 0.001). Intact running velocity was furthermore a significant predictor of autotomized running velocity (R2 = 0.194, P < 0.001). This study is the first to show a significant increase in fiddler crab sprint velocity after autotomy on a flat surface, and I propose where methodological pitfalls may have occurred in previous studies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Running velocity'

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