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1
Rowell, S. L. "The aetiology of running injuries." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234742.
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Vagenas, George. "Functional and kinematic asymmetries, and injuries in the lower limbs of long distance runners." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75891.
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The sample included 29 healthy competitive male distance runners. Bilateral measurements were taken for selected variables of the talocalcaneal flexibility by means of a mechanical goniometer, and of the peak isokinetic knee strength on a Cybex II device. The frontal and horizontal plane motions of the lower limbs of the subjects were recorded by high speed filming and videotaping while they were running on a motor driven treadmill at their training pace under two conditions: with running shoes and barefoot. A detailed description of each runner's history was obtained and bilateral dominance characteristics were determined. Significant functional asymmetries were found for subtalar joint flexibility (eversion, inversion, and eversion/inversion ratio) and peak isokinetic knee strength (flexion, extension, total, and flexion/extension ratio). Significant kinematic asymmetries were revealed during the foot support phase in lower leg angle, rearfoot angle, mediolateral velocity of the foot, and in some temporal parameters. The two running conditions differed significantly only for the pretouchdown phase of support. Significant trends of association were identified between selected components of the lower limb functional and kinematical asymmetries which were characterized by consistent laterality patterns. Multivariate asymmetry components and running injury patterns were independent. Only asymmetries in foot pronation during barefoot running tended to significantly differentiate between runners grouped by injury incidence. The phenomenon of functional and kinematic asymmetries in runners is warranted.
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Arendse, Regan Emile. "The application of clinical gait analysis to running injuries." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8643.
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Includes bibliographical references.Clinical evaluation of the injured runner requires identification and correction of the multiple factors commonly implicated in running injury. Effective management of running injuries requires that the concerned health professional identify all implicated factors. In this regard it is essential that the relationship between running style and injury he determined, because if there is an association between the gait analysis variables descriptive of running style and injury, these would be important in the management of the injured runner. The Gait Analysis Laboratory at the Sports Science institute of South Africa and the University of Cape Town with its three-dimensional Vicon 370 motion analysis system and Advanced Medical Technology industry® strain gauge force platform is appropriate for collecting data to study running style. These data include the movement patterns and estimated mechanical power and work required to effect the observed movement of the ankle and knee. The forces applied by the supporting surfaces on the runners were collected. The data captured with the Workstation® programme (Oxford Metric, Oxford, England), was processed with GaitLab® (Kiboho Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa), collated in Excel ® (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA) and statistically analysed (StatSoft, Inc. (2000). STATISTICA for Windows [Computer program manual]. Tulsa, OK, USA). In this thesis a series of studies are presented with the aim of determining the relevance of running style to the assessment of the injured runner and the conventional treatment methods used to treat common running injuries.
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Parfitt, Patsy. "Running injuries to the lower limb experienced by marathon and middle distance runners (eight / fifteen hundred metres)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36730/1/36730_Parfitt_1996.pdf.
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Running injuries were compared between twenty four middle
distance (800 metress) and forty four marathon runners of elite
status in Queensland, Australia. All runners were interviewed
individually on their injury history and possible associations.
The runners were biomechanically examined to assess their foot
type which were categorised as either pes planus, pes cavus or
normal. Anthropometric and body mass index measurements
indicated that the middle distance athletes were lighter in
weight and taller than the marathon runners (p < 0.01). Cavoid
foot type occurred in 50% of runners, with significantly more
occurring in marathon runners ( 61. 4%) than middle distance
runners (18.2%). The runners linked injuries mainly to hard or
uneven terrains, overtraining, and insufficient rest after an
injury. Common injuries suffered by marathon runners were mainly
back problems, hip ailments and sciatica. Common injuries to
middle distance runners were mainly knee problems, stress
farctures and sciatica. Marathon runners incurred more injuries
than the middle distance runners (97% compared to 81.8%) which
was statistically significant and the injuries suffered were
different.
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Killian, Megan Leigh. "The effect of downhill running on impact shock and asymmetry." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/killian/KillianM0507.pdf.
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Beard, Megan Quinlevan. "Analysis of Biomechanical and Clinical Factors Influencing Running Related Musculoskeletal Injuries." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1430490064.
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Rauh, Mitchell John Dale. "An epidemiological investigation of injuries among high school cross country runners /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10900.
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Zifchock, Rebecca Avrin. "The relationship between lower extremity asymmetry and overuse injuries in recreational runners." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 138 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1362525811&sid=28&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Schildmeyer, Cara. "The Association of Postural Stability, Running Biomechanics, and Running Related Injuries (RRIs) in a Population of Collegiate Cross Country Athletes." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1587650036313452.
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Keegan, Sean J. "The relationship between muscle activity and shock transmission during treadmill running." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1177977.
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Ground contact results in the generation of a heel-strike transient that propagates through the musculoskeletal system. The inability to attenuate the heel-strike-induced shock wave is a possible factor in the development of various gait pathologies and overuse-type injuries, such as knee osteoarthrosis, stress fractures, and low back pain. It is hypothesized that prolonged running will result in increased shock transmission at the tibia and sacroiliac joint during conditions of controlled velocity/stride mechanics. Subjects performed an extended running trial for 25-minutes at 75% HRReserve. EMG data of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and tibialis anterior and accelerometer data from the tibial tuberosity and sacrum were recorded at one-minute intervals. Accelerometer data at the tibial tuberosity did show a significant increase during the run protocol. Linear regression of EMG frequency and tibial shock also demonstrated a significant relationship. An extended running protocol will lead to increases in tibia shock acceleration independent of stride mechanics.School of Physical Education
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Rye, Rebekah. "Gender Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics throughout Various Stages of a 5K Run." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28402.
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Running has been a popular sport because of convenience and health benefits. Fatigue among recreational runners may alter running mechanics, thereby increasing the risk for injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in lower extremity biomechanics throughout a 3.1 mile (5K) run. Ten male and ten female participants wore reflective markers to capture contralateral pelvic drop, knee adduction, knee abduction, and hip adduction. Participants ran 3.1 miles (5K) on a treadmill at a self-determined pace. A two-way, repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to capture the within-subject data across time and between-subject comparing differences in gender. Females had significantly greater contralateral pelvic drop but it did not change over time. Knee abduction angles significantly declined over the five observations. Gender differences and effects of distance can alter the biomechanics in recreational runners. More research is needed to identify predisposing factors to the development of chronic running injuries.North Dakota State University. Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences
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Jönhagen, Sven. "Muscle injury and pain : effects of eccentric exercise, sprint running, forward lunge and sports massage /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-182-2/.
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Goetze, Irena [Verfasser]. "The etiology of running induced overuse injuries : an individual and multifactorial approach / Irena Goetze." Köln : Zentralbibliothek der Deutschen Sporthochschule, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1104141647/34.
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Walker, Archibald Brian. "A sports injury clinic : a five year experience." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310348.
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Dierks, Tracy Allan. "Kinematics and joint coupling in runners with patellofemoral pain during a prolonged run." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 8.83 Mb., 176 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3200532.
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Jackson, Steven Marc. "Investigation of relationships between physical characteristics of recreational runners and lower extremity injuries." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/55.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric measurements, proximal and distal lower extremity muscle performance, core muscle endurance, lower extremity flexibility, and neuromuscular control with the incidence of injury in recreational runners over one season. Also, when a relationship was established, we sought to evaluate the predictive validity for any of the variables being investigated for risk of injury in this population. Study Design: Prospective cohort Methods: Anthropometric measurements, proximal and distal isometric lower extremity muscle performance, isometric core muscle endurance, lower extremity flexibility and neuromuscular control were measured in 75 recreational runners prior to the start of a graded marathon training program. Incidence of injury was tracked over the course of 18 weeks, May 2014 – October 2014. Data was analyzed comparing the differences between injured and non-injured groups. Results: There were 33 repetitive stress injuries yielding a gross injury rate of 46% (male n=13, female n=20). Of all the variables analyzed, 5 variables emerged as possible a predictors including age, dominant limb rear foot posture, non dominant limb ankle DF ROM (extended), limb difference of Y balance scale composite scores and limb difference in the 6 M hop test. These variables were entered into a binary logistic regression analysis. Results of the regression indicated only the composite Y balance score difference variable as yielding a significant contribution (p = 0.01), with and predictive validity, (OR = 1.46, 95% CI =1.127 – 1.892). The model predicted 69.2% of the injuries with a specificity of 82% and sensitivity of 54.5%. A cutoff point of 3.6% was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Runners were 3 times more likely to get injured with an asymmetry ≥ 3.6%. Conclusions: An asymmetry of lower extremity neuromuscular control ≥ 3.6% measured by the Y balance scale has been identified as a potential risk factor for injury in recreational runners. Clinical Relevance: This test can be performed as part of a pre-training screening or physical and may be helpful in identifying recreational runners at risk for injury.
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Haleem, Hussain, and n/a. "Running in pain : an autoethnography of power, coercion and injury in coach-athlete relationship." University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060901.135917.
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This autoethnographic study investigates the emotional and social dimensions of a coaching relationship from the athlete�s perspective. Autoethnography is an approach that draws on highly personalised biographical accounts in which authors tell stories about their lived experiences (Ellis & Bochner, 2000; Richardson, 2000) in order to place the "self within a social context" (Reed-Danahay, 1997, p. 9). Consequently, through the analysis of my memories and ethnographic notes, I analyse my experiences as an Olympic marathon runner and, in particular, the challenges I faced with my coach. In the process of investigating the emotional and social dimensions of the coaching process (which I have divided into three phases), I focus specifically on the creation of (1) my 'athletic identity', (2) the power relationship that developed between my coach and myself and, (3) my early retirement from running. In order to make sense of my experiences, I draw upon theories of identity (e.g. Bradley, 1996), Foucauldian concepts on 'power' (e.g. Foucault, 1980), and the literature addressing 'premature retirement' (e.g. Sparkes 1996; 2000). Finally, a conclusion summarises the main points made in addition to outlining their implications for further coaching research and practice.
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Bolt, Lori Rebecca. "The effect of running poles on the kinetics and kinematics of jogging." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1177970.
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Chronic knee injury accounts for nearly half of the injuries from which runners suffer. Impact and propulsive forces are believed to contribute to the development of overuse injuries, so one method of protecting runners might be to reduce those forces. The purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanical role of running poles by comparing normal running to pole running. Ground reaction forces, tibial acceleration, and video data were collected on ten middle-age male recreational runners with a history of knee pain. Subjects ran across a force plate at a constant velocity of 3.5-3.7m/s with an accelerometer attached to the anteromedial aspect of the tibia. Hip, knee, and ankle joint range of motion and torque were calculated. Results indicated significant decreases in the average peak propulsive force and impulse, and a significant increase in peak hip joint torque. It was concluded that by providing an outside source of propulsion, running poles may be useful in reducing the risk of injury to runners.School of Physical Education
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Aderem, Jodi. "The biomechanical risk factors associated with preventing and managing iliotibial band syndrome in runners : a systematic review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96803.
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Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS), an overuse injury, is the second most common running injury and the main cause of lateral knee pain in runners. Due to the increasing number of runners worldwide there has been an increase in its occurrence. Runners with ITBS typically experience symptoms just after heel strike at approximately 20°-30° of knee flexion (impingement zone) during the stance phase of running. A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors may be responsible for why some runners are more prone to developing symptoms during the impingement zone as opposed to others. Abnormalities in running biomechanics is an intrinsic risk factor which has been most extensively described in literature but little is known about its exact relationship to ITBS. Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to provide an up to date evidence synthesis of the biomechanical risk factors associated with ITBS. These risk factors may need to be considered in the prevention or management of ITBS in runners. A clinical algorithm is also presented. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted. An electronic search was performed in PubMed, PEDro, SPORTSDisc and Scopus of literature published up-until May 2014. Cross-sectional and cohort studies were eligible for inclusion if they evaluated the lower limb biomechanics of runners with ITBS or those who went onto developing it. All studies included in the review were methodologically appraised. Evidence was graded according to the level of evidence, consistency of evidence and the clinical impact. Data was described narratively using tables or narrative summaries where appropriate. A meta-analysis was conducted for biomechanical risk factors which were reported in at least two studies, provided that homogeneity in the outcomes and samples were present. Results: A total of 11 studies were included (1 prospective and 10 cross-sectional). Overall the methodological score of the studies was moderate. Increased peak hip adduction and knee internal rotation during the stance phase may predict the development of ITBS in female runners. These biomechanical risk factors may need to be screened for ITBS prevention, despite the evidence base being limited to a single study. Currently there is no conclusive evidence that any of the biomechanical parameters need to be considered when managing runners with ITBS. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iii Conclusion: Biomechanical differences may exist between runners with ITBS and those who may develop ITBS compared to healthy runners. Although a large variety of biomechanical risk factors were evaluated, the evidence base for screening or managing these risk factors for runners with ITBS is limited. This is due to a small evidence base, small clinical effect and heterogeneity between study outcomes and findings. Further prospective and cross-sectional research is required to ascertain if abnormalities in running biomechanics may be related to why runners develop ITBS or to ascertain which risk factors may be involved when managing these runners.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Iliotibiale-band-sindroom (ITBS), ’n besering vanweë oormatige gebruik, is die tweede algemeenste hardloopbesering en die hoofoorsaak van laterale kniepyn by hardlopers. Namate die getal hardlopers wêreldwyd toeneem, neem die voorkoms van hierdie toestand ook toe. Hardlopers met ITBS ervaar tipies simptome ná die hakslag met die knie ongeveer 20-30° gebuig (die wrywingsone of “impingement zone”) gedurende die staanfase van hardloop. Verskeie intrinsieke en ekstrinsieke risikofaktore kan ’n rol speel in waarom sommige hardlopers meer geneig is as ander om gedurende die wrywingsone simptome te ervaar. Abnormaliteite in hardloopbiomeganika is ’n intrinsieke risikofaktor wat reeds omvattend in die literatuur beskryf is. Tog is weinig bekend oor presies hoe dit met ITBS verband hou. Oogmerke: Die doel van hierdie stelselmatige ondersoek was om ’n sintese te bied van die jongste bewyse van die biomeganiese risikofaktore van ITBS. Hierdie risikofaktore kan dalk oorweeg word om ITBS by hardlopers te voorkom of te bestuur. ’n Kliniese algoritme word ook aangebied. Metodes: ’n Stelselmatige ondersoek is met behulp van meta-ontleding onderneem. PubMed, PEDro, SPORTSDisc en Scopus is elektronies deurgesoek vir literatuur wat tot en met Mei 2014 verskyn het. Deursnee en kohortstudies is ingesluit indien dit gehandel het oor die biomeganika in die onderste ledemate van hardlopers wat ITBS het of later ontwikkel het. Alle studies wat deel was van die ondersoek is metodologies geëvalueer. Bewyse is aan die hand van bewysvlak, bewyskonsekwentheid en kliniese impak beoordeel. Data is narratief beskryf met behulp van tabelle of narratiewe opsommings waar dit toepaslik was. ’n Meta-ontleding is onderneem waar biomeganiese risikofaktore in minstens twee studies aangemeld is, mits daar homogeniteit in die uitkomste sowel as die steekproewe was. Resultate: Altesaam 11 studies is ingesluit (een prospektief en tien deursnee). Die metodologiese telling van die studies was oorwegend gemiddeld. Verhoogde spitsheupadduksie en interne knierotasie gedurende die staanfase kan op die ontwikkeling van ITBS by vrouehardlopers dui. Hierdie biomeganiese risikofaktore kan dalk nagegaan word vir ITBS-voorkoming, al was die bewysbasis beperk tot ’n enkele studie. Daar is tans geen afdoende bewys dat enige van die biomeganiese parameters oorweeg behoort te word in die bestuur van langafstandatlete met ITBS nie. Gevolgtrekking: Daar bestaan dalk biomeganiese verskille tussen hardlopers wat ITBS het of kan ontwikkel en gesonde hardlopers. Hoewel ’n groot verskeidenheid biomeganiese risikofaktore beoordeel is, is die bewysbasis vir die toets of bestuur daarvan by atlete met ITBS beperk. Dít is vanweë die klein hoeveelheid bewyse, die klein kliniese impak, en heterogeniteit tussen studie-uitkomste en bevindinge. Verdere prospektiewe en deursneenavorsing word vereis om te bepaal of abnormaliteite in hardloopbiomeganika ’n rol kan speel in waarom langafstandhardlopers ITBS ontwikkel, of om vas te stel watter risikofaktore ter sprake kan wees in die bestuur van hierdie hardlopers.
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Jamison, Steve. "Determining the correlation between biomechanical loads indicative of over-use running injuries and core strength and stability." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32077.
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Young, Jonah Dylan. "The epidemiology and associated risk factors for Achilles tendon overuse running injuries in the Two Oceans Marathon." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78342.
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Distance running is an effective, low-cost training modality known to improve endurance capacity and cardiovascular health that is accessible to both the competitive and the novice athlete. The accessibility of running has led to an increase in participation around the world. South Africa has various running events taking place year-round. The Two Oceans Marathon is one of the more predominant running events in the country, with around 26000 runners participating each year. It is pertinent to note that running related musculoskeletal injury (RRMI) is a common side effect of running, particularly to the novice runner. RRMIs can be defined as any injury acquired to the musculoskeletal system whilst running resulting in a loss in training time or prevention of participation in competition. The aetiology of such injuries is complex and multifactorial in nature and predisposing factors from extrinsic factors such as footwear to intrinsic factors such as biomechanical abnormalities. The most common anatomical sites of RRMIs are in the lower limb, most of which can be attributed to overuse. Gradual onset Achilles tendon injury (GoATI) is of the more synonymous RRMI when it comes to lost training and racing time. A plethora of risk factors have been associated with the development of GoATI with an increasing body of evidence linking metabolic disorders and tendon degeneration, however, there remains an uncertainty on majority of the effects and an understanding of the causation remains unclear. Additionally, it is unclear if these risk factors differ in ultramarathon runners when compared to marathon runners, as this research is limited. Over four years 106743 runners entered the Two Oceans Marathon races, of which 61374 gave written informed consent for pre-race medical screening data, including injury data in the last 12 months, to be used for research purposes. Seven hundred and thirty-nine runners reported a GoATI in the 12 months before race entry. We found an annual incidence of 1.2% of GoATIs. 52.1% of the injuries were severe enough to affect
or even prevented running adversely. Over half (>50%) of the injured population reported symptoms lasting for > 7 months, but only 50% were treated using strengthening exercises, which is the most successful treatment for GoATIs. Apart from age, longer race distance and male sex, novel independent factors predicting distance runners are at risk of GoATI were: increased years of being a recreational runner, a higher chronic disease composite score and a history of allergies. The study’s limitations are that data was self-reported, which may have introduced the possibility of a recall bias. When comparing the study population to all race entrants, there was an over- representation of females, younger age groups, and 21.1km race entrants. This needs to be considered when generalising results across all entrants. Injuries were not diagnosed by a trained clinician and injury severity data also relied on the participant’s subjective experience of pain to determine severity grade. Due to our study’s cross-sectional nature, we could not infer a cause-effect relationship between identified risk factors and GoATIs. We believe our study’s main strengths are the large sample size and a good response rate. To our
knowledge, the largest study to date investigating risk factors predictive of GoATIs in distance runners. 57.5% of total entrants consented to the use of their data for the sake of this study. This study explored associations between novel independent risk factors, including a chronic disease composite score, and
GoATIs. This is the first study to report on such associations. We suggest that athletes’ and clinicians; education is important so that GoATIs are correctly diagnosed and treated earlier and appropriately. Runners at risk for sustaining GoATIs could be targeted for future injury prevention interventions. Future studies should focus on establishing a causal relationship.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria 2020.
Physiology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Lilley, Kim Louise. "A biomechanical assessment of gait patterns and risk of associated overuse conditions among mature female runners." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3492.
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Due to a proliferation of health and social advantages, the popularity of running among the more mature members of the female population is expanding steadily. However, with both age and gender acting as possible risk factors, the incidence of running related injuries and associated conditions is high among this group. With the predominance of debilitating conditions such as knee joint osteoarthritis acting at the knee joint, knowledge of lower limb biomechanics during running will provide insight into possible risk factors and potential management strategies. Three biomechanical and one magnetic resonance imaging study focussed on the specific running gait of mature females and the effect of footwear on lower limb joint kinematics and loading. The biomechanical studies used synchronised ground reaction force and lower extremity kinematic data to provide three dimensional running data and knee moments for each female. The long term study objectives were to 1) determine whether the running gait of mature females could be a predisposing factor to injuries and conditions at the knee joint, and 2) determine if changes in footwear could modify biomechanical variables associated with the development of injuries and overuse conditions among this group. In Study One, a direct comparison of mature and young female running gait was used to identify any biomechanical movement characteristics specific to the mature group that could predispose to injuries and debilitating conditions. It was found that rearfoot eversion, ankle dorsiflexion, knee internal rotation, and knee external adductor moment that are associated with increased loading of the lateral knee joint and possible medial knee joint osteoarthritis development, were significantly higher among the mature females compared to the younger group (p<0.05). A common management strategy for running related conditions is the adaption of footwear. Therefore Study Two investigated the effect of a motion control running shoe on the running gait of young and mature females, with a specific focus on the variables associated with knee joint injury and osteoarthritis development. The results showed a motion control shoe to reduce certain biomechanical variables (rearfoot eversion and knee internal rotation) associated with mature female runners. However, one variable (knee external adductor moment) commonly associated with increased medial knee loading and osteoarthritis development, remained high among the mature females. One specific method used to reduce the knee external adductor moment, is the implementation of a lateral wedge in running shoes. Therefore, Study Three assessed the singular effects of a medial wedge, a lateral wedge, and then the effect of an orthotic combining both interventions on the running gait of mature females. Results demonstrated non significant changes in any kinematic variable with the medial or lateral wedge, although the lateral wedge was shown to reduce the knee external adductor moment. The orthotic intervention however produced significant reductions in rearfoot eversion, knee internal rotation, and knee external adductor moment previously found to be high among mature female runners. Although all mature females studied had previously been characterised as free from symptoms of knee injury or osteoarthritis, a final investigation was undertaken to assess the condition of the knee joint (Study Four). Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the knee were taken for ten of the mature females. Results indicated that eight out of the ten females had early stage osteoarthritis present, with an average 79% of features presenting on the medial side of the knee joint. Additionally, there was a strong positive correlation between knee osteoarthritis and the knee external adductor moments measured in the ongoing biomechanical study (Study Three). These studies have shown that the running gait of mature females is significantly different to that of younger female runners, and could predispose the mature group to injury and knee osteoarthritis development. The trends in kinematic adaption to a motion control shoe have shown promising results, and indicated the potential for footwear to reduce rearfoot eversion and knee internal rotation among mature female runners. However, a specific orthotic, incorporating both medial and lateral support has been found to reduce biomechanical features of gait associated with overloading at both the medial and lateral knee joint. The positive correlation between the knee adductor moment and signs of osteoarthritis for an asymptomatic population suggests that the knee adductor moment may be a useful predictive tool for identifying female runners at risk of osteoarthritis development.
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Rehn, Rebecca, and Josefin Utter. "Löparskor rekommenderade efter fottyp – relevant i skadeförebyggande syfte? : En litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fysioterapi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-338418.
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Background: Running can lead to injuries, and there are several types of shoes that are designed to reduce them. Running shoes have not yet been proven to prevent running related injuries. This literature review has compiled the evidence of motion control, neutral, stability and minimalistic shoes that can be recommended depending on the individual's foot type for injury prevention. The aim of this review was to investigate whether there is evidence that support that different running shoes could prevent injuries to runners with different foot types. Methods: A descriptive design was chosen for this literature review. Six articles from the databases PubMed and PEDro that met the inclusion criteria were selected and examined according to the PEDro-scale. Results: When using the running shoe motion control, 17,6% of the participants got a foot injury regardless of the type of foot. When using stability shoes 32,4% was damages and that was also independent of the type of foot. The injury incidence with neutral shoes was 33,3% at neutral foot type and 25% at pronation. When using minimalistic shoes, an increased injury risk was seen by 20%. Conclusions: This literature review cannot confirm the hypothesis that running shoes based on foot type can reduce the injury risk.
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Becker, James N. M. 1979. "Towards an Understanding of Prolonged Pronation: Implications for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome and Achilles Tendinopathy." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13257.
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Epidemiologic data suggest 25% to 75% of all runners experience an overuse injury each year. Commonly cited biomechanical factors related to overuse injuries such as Achilles tendinopathy or medial tibial stress syndrome include excessive amounts or velocities of foot pronation. However, there is conflicting evidence in the literature supporting this theory. An alternative hypothesis suggests it is not necessarily the amount or velocity of pronation which is important for injury development; rather it is the duration the foot remains in a pronated position throughout stance that is the important variable.
This project examined this hypothesis by first identifying biomechanical markers of prolonged pronation. Second, it assessed whether individuals currently symptomatic with injuries typically attributed to excessive pronation instead demonstrate the biomechanical markers of prolonged pronation. Finally, musculoskeletal modeling techniques were used to examine musculotendinous kinematics in injured and healthy runners, as well as healthy runners with prolonged pronation.
The results suggest the two most robust measures for identifying individuals with prolonged pronation are the period of pronation and the eversion of the rear foot at heel off. Individuals with prolonged pronation can also be identified with a set of clinically feasible measures including higher standing tibia varus angles, reduced static hip internal rotation range of motion, and increased hip internal rotation during stance phase. Finally, individuals with prolonged pronation display a more medially located center of pressure trajectory during stance. Compared to healthy controls, individuals currently symptomatic with Achilles tendinopathy or medial tibial stress syndrome did not differ in the amount or velocity of pronation. However, they did demonstrate the biomechanical markers of prolonged pronation. Injured individuals also demonstrated greater average musculotendinous percent elongation than healthy controls, especially through mid and late stance. Currently healthy individuals demonstrating prolonged pronation exhibited musculotendinous percent elongations intermediate to the healthy and injured groups.
As a whole, the results from this study suggest prolonged pronation may play a role in the development of common overuse running injuries. It is suggested future studies on injury mechanisms consider pronation duration as an important variable to examine.
This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material.
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Hendricks, Candice. "Factors associated with injuries in road-runners at a local athletic club." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6762_1361370450.
Full textAbstract:
Across the world, physical inactivity was found to be associated with cardiovascular and chronic diseases of lifestyle which often leads to an increased rate of various physical disabilities andpremature death. To combat these high incidences of chronic diseases of lifestyle, WHO strongly encourages people to become physically active on a daily basis to reduce the risk of
premature death. Running has thus become the preferred choice of physical activity by thousands of people to help improve their overall health and wellbeing. Apart from the health benefits
that running provides, it can also predispose the runner to potential injury especially when runners follow an inappropriate training programme and have inadequate knowledge about factors causing injury. Therefore, baseline data about the prevalence, incidence of injury and the identification of the aetiological factors associated with running injuries are needed to develop and
implement preventative programmes to allow runners to optimally perform in training and races without injury. In South Africa, there is limited research available on the incidence of injury in runners yet there is an annual increase in participation in races such as Two Oceans and Comrades marathon which could lead to an increase in the number of running injuries.Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of injuries and identify the various risk factors that are associated with injuries in road runners at a local athletic club. Methods: A prospective cohort study design over a 16 week period using quantitative research methods was used. A sample of 50 runners had consented to participate in the study. The participants had to complete a self-administered questionnaire and clinical measurements of BMI, Q-angle, leglength, muscle strength of lower leg and ROM of hip and knee were recorded. The participants had
to complete an injury report form to record any new injuries sustained over the 16 week period of the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 and software SAS v9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for data capturing and analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done to summarize the data and was expressed as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Injury prevalence and cumulative incidence was calculated as a proportion rate along with 95% confidence interval. The Poisson regression model was used to analyse the association between running injury and the independent variables of interest such as demographics, anthropometric measurements, training methods, running experience and
previous injury. The alpha level was set as p<
0.05. Results: The study found that the majority (92%) of the participants (n=46) sustained running injuries in the past prior to the study. A total of 16 participants sustained a number of 50 new injuries over the 16 week study period. Thus the prevalence rate of injuries was 32%. The incidence rate of injuries for this study was 0.67 per
1000km run at a 95% confidence interval of 0.41, 1.08. Furthermore, the most common location of new injuries reported were the calf (20%) and the second most common location was the
knee (18%). PFPS was the most common type of knee injury diagnosed, followed by lumbar joint sprain. The results showed that none of the identified factors (running distance, stretching, age, Q-angle, BMI, running experience, leg-length discrepancy and previous running injuries) were directly associated with running injuries. However, a marginal significance was found for
running distance (p = 0.08) and leg length discrepancy (p = 0.06). Conclusions: The study found a high prevalence and incidence rate of injury thus the need for preventative programmes have been highlighted. There was no statistical significance found between the identified factors and risk of injury however, there was clinical relevance found between factors identified. One major
limitation was the small sample of participants and the short duration of study period. Thus, future research is needed to further determine possible factors associated with running injuries over a longer period and including a larger sample. The results of the study will be made available to all the stakeholders (runners, coaches and medical team) to implement in athletic club.
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Kitagawa, Aya Christine. "Core muscular endurance differences in recreational runners with a previous history of running-related musculoskeletal injuries and healthy runners." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1396447742.
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Meinert, Ilka Katharina [Verfasser], and Wilfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Alt. "Biomechanical evaluation of overuse risk factors during running : illustrated by the example of Achilles tendon injuries / Ilka Katharina Meinert ; Betreuer: Wilfried Alt." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118507770/34.
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Camporesi, Pietro. "Problematiche sanitarie nell' Ultra Trail Running: studio di prevalenza e fattori di rischio associati." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Background: Le conoscenze scientifiche sugli infortuni nel Trail Running al momento sono molto ridotte. La rilevazione epidemiologica delle tipologie di infortunio prevalenti e delle associazioni con probabili fattori di rischio, intrinseci ed estrinseci, costituisce il primo passo per una corretta azione preventiva e riabilitativa
Obiettivi: Obiettivo primario è la rilevazione della prevalenza di infortuni nelle gare di Trail Running. Obiettivi secondari sono la ricerca di una correlazione tra probabili fattori di rischio, intrinseci (età, genere, BMI) ed estrinseci (volume e tipologia di allenamento, precedenti infortuni, esperienza di corsa, tipologia di scarpe, alimentazioine e idratazione in gara), e il numero di infortuni.
Materiali e Metodi: I dati sono stati rilevati mediante la somministrazione di un questionario pre-gara, al momento dell’iscrizione online, e di uno post-gara, immediatamente dopo l’arrivo delle competizioni, a due gare di Trail Running del nord italia: la “Ultra Trail Via Degli Dei 2019” e la “Dolomiti Extreme Race 2019”.
Risultati: Nel campione di 858 soggetti è stata rilevata una prevalenza di infortuni in gara del 79,8%, con coscia (28,6%) e ginocchio (17,6%) le localizzazioni più frequenti. La maggior parte delle problematiche sono subentrate gradualmente (74,5%), su terreno sterrato (69,2%) e in discesa (70%). Le uniche variabili ad aver influito in maniera significativa sull’ insorgenza di problemi in gara sono state la riduzione dell’età (OR 0,962; IC95% 0,938 - 0,986) e l’aumento del BMI (OR 1,205; IC95% 1,082 - 1,340).
Conclusioni: Il presente studio ha rilevato l’alta prevalenza di problematiche sanitarie nelle gare di Trail Running e ha messo in luce il ruolo di età e BMI come probabili fattori di rischio per infortunio. Per indagare le patologie specifiche nelle gare di Trail Running sono necessari ulteriori studi, nei quali si consiglia di considerare sempre un parametro relativo all’ intensità di corsa.
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Creps, Justin Michael. "An Investigation of Simulated Core Muscle Activation during Running and its Effect on Knee Loading and Lower Extremity Muscle Activation Using OpenSim." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397696075.
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Erasmus, Estelle Annette. "The effect of soft tissue mobilization techniques on the symptoms of chronic posterior compartment syndrome in runners a multiple case study approach /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09252008-113736.
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Tessutti, Vitor Daniel. "Distribuição dinâmica de sobrecargas no pé durante a corrida em diferentes pisos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5163/tde-25032009-133557/.
Full textAbstract:
Associado ao aumento do número de praticantes de corrida, houve o aumento proporcional no número de lesões em corredores. Esta ocorrência pode estar relacionada ao volume semanal de treino, aos desvios posturais em membros inferiores, ao tipo de calçado e ao piso selecionados para a prática da corrida, e até mesmo à experiência prévia na modalidade. A superfície de corrida pode ser considerada como um fator extrínseco relacionado a estas lesões e tem sido pesquisada atualmente mas com resultados controversos ainda quanto a sua influência nas sobrecargas do aparelho locomotor. Já, o tempo de experiência na corrida também pode ser considerado um importante fator extrínseco que foi até agora superficialmente estudado. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a influência de quatro diferentes superfícies de corrida (asfalto, concreto, grama natural e borracha) e da experiência prévia na prática da corrida (até 2 anos, entre 2 e 5 anos e acima de 5 anos) na distribuição da pressão plantar. Foram realizados 3 experimentos para responder aos objetivos do presente trabalho, cada um com sua casuística particular: experimento 1 (n=44) e 2 (n=57) para responder a influência do tipo de piso nas cargas plantares; e experimento 3 (n=126) para responder a influência da experiência da corrida nas pressões plantares. Em todos eles, corredores recreacionais adultos (entre 18 e 40 anos) correram nos 4 pisos estudados a uma velocidade de 12km/h em um trecho de 40 metros onde se investigou a pressão plantar por meio de palmilhas capacitivas (Pedar X, Novel) colocadas dentro de um calçado esportivo padronizado. Para investigar o efeito da experiência na corrida, as medições foram realizadas somente no asfalto. Os dois primeiros experimentos responderam que a grama atenuou em até 16% o pico de pressão plantar nas regiões laterais comparada aos demais pisos, inclusive à borracha cujo comportamento foi similar ao do asfalto e do concreto, superfícies consideradas rígidas. Este resultado pode ser atribuído a estratégias de movimento mais flexíveis das extremidades distais, particularmente do complexo tornozelo/pé, na superfície mais complacente, o qual não foi observado nas superfícies mais rígidas (asfalto e concreto), assim como, surpreendentemente, no piso de borracha. O terceiro experimento respondeu que corredores com menos do que dois anos de experiência na corrida apresentam maiores picos de pressão de cerca de 10% em retropé e antepé em relação aos mais experientes (acima de 5 anos). A atenuação de cargas plantares observadas em corredores mais experientes pode estar relacionada à adoção de um padrão motor mais eficiente que resultaria em uma maior habilidade de acomodação da extremidade distal às cargas. Como conclusão, os resultados destes experimentos demonstram que tempos de prática menores que dois anos e correr no asfalto, concreto ou borracha promovem maiores sobrecargas plantares. A combinação tempo de experiência acima de 5 anos e correr na grama é a condição que mais promove atenuação de sobrecargas plantaresThere has been an increase in the number of injuries proportional to the increase of the number of runner. This occurrence can be related to the weekly distance of trainings, lower extremities postural alignment, type of the selected footwear and the running, and the previous experience in running. The running surface can be considered as a extrinsic factor related to these injuries and has been currently studied. Although the results concerning its influence in the overloads of the locomotor system are controversial. The time of running experience can also be considered an important extrinsic factor that is still superficially studied so far. The objective of the present work was to investigate the influence of four different running surfaces (asphalt, concrete, natural gram and rubber) and of the previous running experience (up to 2 years, between 2 and 5 years and up to 5 years) in the plantar pressure distribution. Three experiments had been carried out to answer to the aims of the present work, each one with its particular casuistic: experiment 1 (n=44) and 2 (n=57) to answer the influence of the type of surface in plantar loads; and experiment 3 (n=126) to answer the influence of the running experience in the plantar pressures. Adults recreational runners (between 18 and 40 yrs old) run in the four studied surfaces over 40 meters in a speed of 12km/h where the plantar pressure was investigated by in-shoe capacitive insoles (Pedar X, Novel) placed inside an standardized sports footwear. To investigate the effect of the running experience, the measurements had only been carried out in asphalt. The two first experiments answered that the grass attenuated up to 16% the peak pressure in the lateral regions of the foot compared to the other surfaces, including the rubber whose behavior was similar to the asphalt and the concrete, considered rigid surfaces. This result can be attributed the more flexible movement strategies of the distal extremities, particularly of the foot/ankle complex, in the more compliant surface, which was not observed in the most rigid surfaces (asphalt and concrete), as well as, surprisingly, in the rubber surface. The third experiment answered that runners with less than two years of experience in the running practice presented greaters peak pressures of about 10% in the medial rearfoot and forefoot compared to the most experienced runners (up to 5 years). The plantar loads attenuation observed in the more experienced runners can be related to the adoption of a more efficient motor pattern that would result in a higher ability to accommodate loads in the lower extremity. In summary, the results of these experiments demonstrated that running practice experience of less than two years and running in asphalt, concrete or rubber promotes higher plantar loads. The combination time of experience up to 5 years and running in the grass is the condition that promotes more attenuation of plantar pressures
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Bard, Amanda E. "The Effectiveness of Resistance Exercises in the Management of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/279.
Full textAbstract:
Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is a stress and overuse injury that presents as pain on the medial aspect of the lower two-thirds of the tibia. It is most often caused by repetitive actions on hard surfaces such as running, marching, and dancing. Individuals most affected by MTSS are runners, members of the military, dancers, and athletes that play soccer, volleyball and basketball. While MTSS has a relatively standard presentation of pain on the medial aspect of the tibia, it can occasionally be mistaken for other injuries such as stress fractures or compartment syndrome. If a diagnosis is unsure, methods such as x-ray, bone-scan, and MRI can be utilized to better obtain the correct diagnosis. A variety of treatments exist for MTSS including, ice, massage, muscle strengthening, and rest. A combination of these various techniques is most often what is employed. In this study, the effectiveness of a set of resistance ankle exercises in combination with ice and massage was tested and compared to that of ice and massage alone. The hypothesis was that athletes receiving the exercises as part of their treatment, in addition to the icing and massaging, would have a greater decrease in pain from MTSS than athletes just receiving ice and massage as treatment. The exercises would strengthen the muscles of the lower leg that, when weak, can contribute to the development of MTSS. Results indicated that the exercises yielded a more significant decrease in pain from MTSS than ice and massage alone.
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Sasimontonkul, Siriporn. "Do running and fatigued running relate to tibial stress fractures?" Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29003.
Full textAbstract:
Tibial stress fractures are common in runners. However, it is unclear what
factors are associated with tibial stress fractures. This study aimed to investigate 1)
magnitudes of bone contact forces occurring while running 2) whether or not repeated
application of running loads is sufficient to explain tibial stress fractures and 3)
whether or not muscle fatigue alters the potential of tibial stress fractures. Tibial stress
fractures were predicted through an estimation of the minimum number of cycles to
failure (Nfail) using an integrated experimental and mathematical modeling approach.
Short running trials within a speed range of 3.5-4 m/s of ten male runners were
evaluated with a coupled force plate and 3 dimensional motion analysis system. The
collected data were used to estimate joint reaction forces (JRF) and joint moments.
Using these JRF and muscle forces predicted from optimization, 2-D bone contact
forces at the distal end of the tibia were determined. Next, tibial stresses were
estimated by applying these bone contact forces to a tibial model, which were then
used to predict the Nfail. All procedures were repeated after plantarflexors fatigued
from prolonged running. This study found that peaks of compressive and posterior
shear forces occurred during mid stance, and these peaks equaled 8.91 ± 1.14 BW and
-0.53 ± 0.16 BW, respectively. These bone contact forces led to a backward bending
of the tibia during most of the stance phase and resulted in the maximum stresses of -
43.4 ± 10.3 MPa on the posterior face of the tibia. These maximum stresses predicted
the group mean of Nfail as being 5.28*10⁶ cycles. However, 2.5% to 56% of
population of runners have a chance of getting tibial stress fractures within 1 million
cycles of a repeated foot impact. Within the context of muscle force and stress
estimation procedures used in this study, Nfail appeared to increase after fatigue, not
decrease as we hypothesized.Graduation date: 2005
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Chang, Wei-Ling, and 張瑋玲. "Running injuries and the associated factors in marathon runners." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34939057545681283215.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立陽明大學
物理治療暨輔助科技學系
96
Introduction and purposes: Running is one of the most popular exercises. Injuries associated with running therefore attract more attention in recent years. However, limited studies had investigated the risk factors of running injuries The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of lower extremity running injuries and to evaluate the possible risk factors linking to the occurence of these injuries. Subjects. A total of 1116 participants of 2005 ING Taipei International Marathon, including full marathon (42.195km), half marathon (21km), 10km, and 3km, were surveyed. Methods. We used a self-developed questionnaire to collect data on personal characteristics running and training conditions, and injury profiles. Statistical analysis. Chi-square statistics and multivariate logistic regression modeling were used to examine the possible relationship between the presence of injuries and various predictor variables. Results. After excluding subjects with incomplete data, 969 questionnaires entered the process of data analysis. Of the 969 entrants, 583 (60.2%) developed lower extremities pain or injuries. More male runners suffered from injures than female runners (p=0.021). The knee was the most commonly painful site (20.7%) while the lower leg cramp was the most popular problem during running (23.4%). Runners with running experiences 5-10 years had more knee pain (P=0.005). Running distances and duration were important risk factors: running more than 20 km/week was linked to more ankle pain and duration of running more than 60 minutes was linked to more foot pain and thigh cramp respectively. Runners of regular running had more sprain and foot pain. More entrants with ankle pain chose artificial lanes. The gradient of the running surface was an important predictor. Uphill path increased the risk of ankle pain. The runners who ran the different distance per time developed more sprain or thigh cramp. Intermittent training was associated with more lower leg pain and shank cramp. The constant running distance was a protective factor of foot pain. The runners who ran regularly and did warm-up exercise developed less shank cramp. More runners with knee pain used knee braces. Runners who wore ordinary running shoes and used soft insoles had less knee pain. Runners who used medial arch support developed more sprains. There was no significant relationship between running shoe age and injuries. Higher rate of sprain was found in runners with genu varum. Normal musculoskeletal structure was a protective factor to prevent multiple injuries. Conclusions. This study disclosed that various risk factors were linked to injuries in the lower extremity. The practitioner could use these information in developing strategies to prevent running associated injury and pain.
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Richards, Craig Edward. "Effect of shoe design on distance running injury risk and performance." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1412569.
Full textAbstract:
Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)In the 1960s, the soles of distance running shoes began their structural evolution from flat uncushioned leather to multilayered synthetic rubber and foam. The defining feature of these modern running shoes was the introduction of a ramped cushioned midsole, and then later, the use of less compliant materials inserted medially into shoes worn by pronators and over-pronators. This combination of cushioning, ramp and varying degrees of pronation control remain the key features of shoe design today and the focus of running shoe prescription by health care professionals. In 2009, I co-authored a systematic review that asked whether this approach to running shoe prescription was evidence based. Whilst it came as a shock to many and was met with a degree of anger by some, the answer to this question was quite simply “No”. No longitudinal randomised controlled trials (RCTs) had been undertaken to assess the safety or efficacy of this approach despite having been considered the gold standard for several decades. This paper is presented in Chapter 2. In the 9 years that have followed, there has been a flurry of interest in filling this void of evidence and I provide an updated review of this literature in Chapter 1, as well as reviewing the epidemiology of running injuries, theories of injury causation including the barefoot hypothesis and further evolutions in shoe design. In Chapter 3 I present a cross-sectional survey of 1790 Australian recreational runner’s attitudes to research participation. Given the absence of randomised controlled trials studying running shoes in the literature I sought to assess what types of runners were prepared to participate in randomised controlled trials and the shoe types that they were prepared to test. I also wanted to know whether the cost barrier posed in purchasing shoes for such a study could be reduced by asking participants to contribute to the cost of the shoes they were asked to test. The responses to this survey suggested that a large adequately powered RCT is possible with an Australian cohort, but that interventions involving uncushioned shoes or barefoot running would be difficult to recruit for, as would studies of sub-populations of runners such as older runners, novices, orthotic wearers and runners with injuries involving sites other than the knee or calf. Promisingly, 85% of runners were prepared to contribute to the cost of their intervention shoes. The hypothesis that barefoot running may be superior to running in shoes is explored in Chapter 4. Presented are the findings of a pilot RCT of 28 novice distance runners, 17 who undertook the 12-week structured training program on a grass athletics track in bare feet with the remainder completing the training program in a ramped cushioned shoe with pronation control. In this study I asked (i) whether recruitment, compliance and retention could be achieved at sufficient levels to undertake a full scale barefoot running RCT, (ii) whether barefoot running on a grass track was hazardous in terms of injuries to the plantar surface of the foot, and (iii) to provide sample size estimates for future studies into the effects of barefoot running on injury rates enjoyment of running, motivation, and improvement in speed, endurance and running economy. The pilot RCT failed to meet its recruitment, compliance and retention targets and significant modifications to the study design are proposed to improve these outcomes. Barefoot running was found to be low risk for plantar surface injuries. Barefoot running was found to be associated with potentially beneficial effects on motivation and enjoyment of running. Chapter 5 presents the findings of a RCT of 41 recreational distance runners who self-identified as heel-strikers. They were randomly allocated to either receive advice to change their foot-strike to a non-rearfoot strike and wear a 4mm ramped cushioned shoe with a rubber membrane forefoot cushioning system, or continue their self-assessed heel strike gait in a 12mm ramped cushioned shoe. This study sought to collect preliminary data on the combined effects of this deliberate change in foot-strike and shoe type on 5km time trial performance, injury rates, motivation, comfort and enjoyment. No conclusions could be drawn as no statistically significant differences were observed and the lack of statistical power prevented conclusions being drawn from these negative findings. In Chapter 6 I ask whether flat uncushioned, flat cushioned, 1-5mm ramped and >5mm ramped cushioned differentially affect training volume, injury rates, 5km performance, motivation, enjoyment of running or shoe comfort when runners are given shoe group specific transition advice but control their own adaptation strategy. An RCT of 157 recreational distance runners is reported where participants were randomly allocated to transition into either a flat uncushioned, flat cushioned, 1-5mm cushioned or >5mm ramped cushioned running shoe over 12 months. Only the flat uncushioned group differed from the >5mm ramped cushioned group with a reduced distance run in the intervention shoe and a decreased rating of the comfort of the shoe. No conclusion could be drawn from the lack of statistically significant association between shoe group and injury rates, 5km performance, motivation, or enjoyment of running due to the study being under-powered. In Chapter 7 I present an updated synthesis of the best evidence to date for the role of cushioning, ramp, pronation control and barefoot running in injury prevention, distance running performance, enjoyment, motivation and shoe comfort. Areas of residual uncertainty are identified, and suggestions are made for both future research and re-negotiating the relationship between research and industry to ensure that running shoe science achieves its simplest objectives - helping runners to enjoy running fast and injury free.
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Struwig, Gillian Anne. "Health risks of distance running: modelling the predictors of running addiction, overuse injuries, and infectious illness." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21521.
Full textAbstract:
Text in EnglishRegular exercise has significant physical and psychological health benefits yet, paradoxically, may also have harmful effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and psychological health risks of distance running, a popular participation sport in South Africa. Structural equation modelling was employed to examine the personality and motivational antecedents of running addiction and its influence, in turn, on self-reported overuse injuries and upper respiratory tract infections in 220 athletic club members. The predictors and physical health effects of customary training load were also assessed. It was found that perfectionistic concerns, Type A behaviour pattern, and task goal orientation had a direct, positive impact on running addiction, which predicted higher running injury scores. In contrast, training workload (Volume × Intensity) was inversely related to injury risk. Neither running addiction nor any training load variables influenced infectious illness susceptibility. The findings of this study indicate that maladaptive perfectionism, Type A behaviour, and achievement goal orientation may be risk factors for running addiction, which may, in turn, contribute to increased injury incidence in South African distance runners. Conversely, heavier training loads may be protective against injury occurrences in this population. The results of this research may help to enhance current understanding of the possible health hazards of distance running. This knowledge may have practical implications for the health and well-being of runners of diverse levels of ability and experience.
Psychology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)
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Symonds, Genevieve. "Psychosocial factors involved in injuries sustained in long-distance running." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28700.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to explore the psychosocial factors involved in the susceptibility, experience and rehabilitation of injuries sustained in long-distance running in order to develop a biopsychosocial theoretical model that will help explain the experience of injury and the successful rehabilitation thereof in long-distance running. The study was approached from a biopsychosocial theoretical perspective. A mixed methods research design with the purpose of expansion and using 15 case studies was employed. Purposive sampling with a snowballing effect was used to select the 15 long-distance runners who were injured or had recently recovered from injury. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the participants. Furthermore, each participant completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. An examination of the participants’ experiences of injury reveals that injury has an effect on and is affected by the following factors: running history and training program; perceived benefits and disadvantages of running; personal understanding of injury; personality factors; psychological responses to injury; perceived causes of injury; approach to rehabilitation; and coping mechanisms. Furthermore, there is an inherent interplay of biological or physical, psychological and social processes involved in the experience of injuries sustained in long-distance running. Based on the findings of the study, the biopsychosocial model of long-distance running injuries is proposed. Although the model emanates from the experiences of the 15 participants in the study, it may be applied to long-distance runners in general. A long-distance runner’s experience of running is the core of the model. The model depicts how each of the factors noted previously has an effect on and is affected by injury; thus, showing the integral relationship between injury and each of the factors. Furthermore, the biopsychosocial nature of the model is also portrayed in the model. Cognizance is also taken that all long-distance runners are individuals and may respond to injury in a unique manner.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Psychology
unrestricted
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Sprenkel, Jessica Lynn. "A review of common overuse injuries in runners and a proposed training program for prevention." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26229.
Full textAbstract:
This report examines three common overuse injuries in recreational runners: patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome and plantar fasciitis. The anatomy of the knee, hip and foot is presented and discussed as it relates to each condition before exploring the mechanism of injury. A review of the literature for each injury includes various risk factors such as muscle weakness, muscle tightness and specific biomechanical factors potentially leading to injury. Recommendations for standard physical therapy exercises are included at the end of each chapter should injury occur. Finally, a preventative routine, developed with guidance from the practitioners at Sports Performance International is presented at the end of the report, taking into consideration the risk factors for overuse injury outlined previously, intended to reduce the likelihood of time being taken off due to pain or swelling.text
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TSAI, KUN-TA, and 蔡坤達. "A Survey of Running-Related Injuries of Lower Extremity in Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q5q7q9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
運動健康與休閒學系碩士班
104
Introduction and purposes:In recent years, marathon and road-race running become populous in Taiwan dramatically. However, limited studies had investigated the occurrence and risk factors of running injuries among Taiwan runners. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of running-related injuries in lower extremity, and to evaluate the possible risk factors linking to these injuries. Subjects and methods: This was a cross sectional study. All participants of 2015 Agongdian Marathon, including full marathon (42.195 km, 3000 runners), ultra-half marathon (24 km, 3000 runners), and leisure group (7 km, 1000 runners), were invited to complete a questionnaire on personal characteristics running and training conditions, and injury profiles. The collected data were analyzed by using Chi-square statistics and multivariate logistic regression models to examine the possible relationship between the injuries of lower extremity and various possible variables. Results: There were 856 runners consented to participate this study on the event day. After excluding subjects with incomplete data, a total of 830 individuals were included in this study. Among the 830 runners, 579 (69.82%) reported having previous lower extremities pain related to running and 436 (52.5%) had multiple injuries. The most common site of injury was the knee (28.5% of the total injuries). Other common sites were the ankle/foot (23.7%), lower leg (18.8%), thigh (15.6%), and pelvis/hip (15.0%). Higher rate of knee pain was found in runners with genu varum, and higher rate ankle/foot injuries was found in flat-foot runners. Previous lower extremities injury was associated with most injuries of lower extremity. Runners with running experiences 3-5 years had more knee pain. Runners with running on asphalt road had more knee pain than on artificial lanes. More runners with knee pain used knee braces, and more runners with leg pain used compression calf sleeves. There were significant relationships between joining a running group and pelvis/hip or ankle/foot injuries. Continued training after having injured was a important risk factor of all lower extremity injuries and multiple injuries. Conclusion: This study investigated running-related injuries of lower extremity and reported some risk factors linking to injuries. For marathon and road-race runners, this information can be used in developing strategies to arrange training programs, prevent running associated injuries and develop more effective treatment programs.
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Krafft, Ingrid. "Skeletal damage, repair and adaptation to uphill and downhill running in humans." Thesis, 1994. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26360.
Full textAbstract:
A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Physiology,
University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg
for the Degree of Master ot ScienceExtensive disruption of muscle fibres has been shown to occur after short term eccentric exercise where high mechanical forces are generated. This study tested whether downhill running acts as a stimulus for inducing eccentric damage, and results in greater muscle damage and deterioration in muscular performance than an equal workload of uphill running. The study aimed at determining whether an adaptation or training effect takes place such that the muscle is more resistant to the damaging effects of a repeated bout of the same exercise. In. addition, the study aimed at determining whether the lower muscle volumes and forces of muscular contractions in females compared to males, makes females less susceptible to the damaging effects of eccentric contraction.(Abbreviation abstract)
Andrew Chakane 2019
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Chin, Chia-Yi, and 靳家怡. "Effects of Catechins Supplementation on Acute Running Exercise-induced Organ Injuries in Rats." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76314698349039253676.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
生物科技研究所
101
Abstract Several lines of evidence suggested that acute exercise induced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine such as Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-6 and Tumour necrosis factor. Acute exercise can cause the production ROS (Reactive oxygen species, ROS), and lead to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage and organ injury. Catechins mainly consist of epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin. These polyphenols exert some physiological activities, including antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, and antiatherogenic effects. In this study, the effects of catechins on acute exercise-induced injuries will be investigated. Forty 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divide into four groups (ten for each group), including control group (C, the rats receiving saline supplementation by oral gavage daily), catechins control group (CC, the rats receiving catechins supplementation of 50 mg/per kg body weight by oral gavage daily.), exercise group (E, the rats receiving saline supplementation by oral gavage daily and then subjected to acute exercise), and catechins exercise group (CE, the rats receiving catechins supplementation of 50 mg/ per kg body weight by oral gavage daily and then subjected to acute exercise). Following seven days catechins supplementation, the rats subjected to treadmill running (18 m/min, 40 mins), and the rats sacrificed for serum biochemical analysis and organ histological analysis. The serum biochemical items included Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine (CRE), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Uric acid (UA). The organ histological analysis items included liver edema, renal tubule swelling, dilation or hyaline cast, renal proximal tubule brush-border membrane detachment, and muscle rhabdomyolysis fibers breakdown. Catechins supplementation attenuated all biochemical data of blood for exercise group levels except serum CRE. These results suggested that catechins reduced acute running exercise caused cells injuries. Histology showed that there were some pathological changes in one object of exercise group, including moderate dilation and swelling of renal tubule, slight hyaline cast and brush-border membrane detachment, and focal intermyofiber edema. In Western blotting analysis, the exercise group had increased expression of TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10 and IL-1, and catechins exercise group inhibited inflammatory cytokines expression. Our results suggest that acute running exercise would caused muscle and kidney injuries. Catechins supplement would reduce acute exercise-induced organ injuries, and cytokines may play some roles in acute running exercise injury.
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Kenneally-Dabrowski, Claire. "Hamstring injuries in elite rugby union: Identifying biomechanical mechanisms of injury during running." Phd thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/223275.
Full textAbstract:
Hamstring injuries are a problem in many running-based sports, resulting in significant time lost from training and competition, as well as large financial burdens on sporting clubs and organisations. Hamstring injuries most often occur during high-speed running and typically affect the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) muscle, however, the exact mechanism for injury is not well understood. A narrative review of the proposed mechanisms underpinning hamstring injuries during high-speed running indicated that injuries are most likely to take place during late swing phase, due to peak musculotendon strain, force and negative work. Therefore, this phase was the focus of the biomechanical analyses within this thesis.
The first study in this thesis examined the epidemiology of hamstring injuries in elite rugby union. Hamstring injuries across five years at a single elite rugby union team were analysed, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine intramuscular injury location. In line with previous research, running was the most common activity at the time of injury, and the BFlh was the most commonly injured muscle. However, in contrast to reports in other running-based sports, the most common intramuscular injury location was the distal myofascial junction of BFlh.
The second study was a biomechanical analysis of maximum velocity sprinting and was performed on ten elite rugby union players during the Super Rugby pre-season. Three players sustained a running-based hamstring injury in the following Super Rugby season, allowing the relationship between running mechanics and injury to be analysed prospectively. Functional principal component analyses were used to identify patterns of variability in biomechanical variables during the late swing phase which distinguished between prospectively injured and uninjured athletes. Prospectively injured athletes displayed a tendency for greater thoracic lateral flexion, greater hip extension moments and greater knee power absorption compared to uninjured athletes during the late swing phase. Therefore, these altered mechanics may place rugby athletes at greatest risk of running-based hamstring injury.
The third study sought to understand the mechanics at the musculotendon level that may predispose an athlete to hamstring injury. High-speed running data from two athletes who were prospectively injured was used in a musculoskeletal model to predict hamstring muscle-tendon unit (MTU) mechanics. Hamstring MTU strain, velocity, force and power were calculated across the late swing phase. MRI data were used to determine subject-specific muscle volumes and to subsequently calculate physiological cross sectional area (PCSA) for each hamstring muscle. This allowed MTU force to be expressed relative to its PCSA, which is a measure of force production capacity. The BFlh muscle experienced the greatest strain of all hamstring muscles, suggesting this may be a key contributor to its propensity for injury. While semimembranosus (SM) produced the largest MTU forces when normalised to body mass, when normalised to PCSA, BFlh loads were equal to or greater than SM forces. This suggests that BFlh loads are very large relative to the muscle's maximum force generating capacity. These results indicate that both strain and force, when expressed relative to load capacity, may be key mechanisms for hamstring injury.
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Fu-Hsiang, Chang, and 張富翔. "Biomechanical Characteristics in Runners with Flexible Flatfoot and Effects of Neuromuscular Training for Related Running Injuries." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24475925906657147143.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立陽明大學
物理治療暨輔助科技學系
103
Background and Purpose: Biomechanical stresses in subjects with flexible flatfoot (FFF) during running and other loaded activities with high repetition easily cause significant injuries to the musculoskeletal system. Literature reflects that excessive rearfoot pronation would cause increased lower extremity internal rotation and pelvic anterior tilt, and also lead to excessive knee valgus, hip adduction, pelvic instability in dynamic movements. These abnormal skeletal malalignment causes poor force transfer between the foot and spine in functional movements and accumulated tissue stresses in the lower extremity and lumbar region over time leading to the development of lower extremity injuries such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, shin splints, plantar fasciitis and low back pain. Till now, there have been no empirical evidence focusing on the lower extremity chain reaction in functional movements. To offset the malalignment associated with FFF it is important to reestablish the kinetic control and maintain joint stability from the foot to spine and integrate them into functional activities of daily living. However, no studies have investigated the effects of neuromuscular control exercise on lower extremity kinetic control and symptom improvement; especially in runners with FFF. Purposes: 1) To investigate the biomechanical characteristics between runners with and without FFF and 2) To examine whether neuromuscular training from the foot to spine is beneficial in runners with FFF and lower extremity or low back pain. Methods: The first part of this study was a cross sectional, matched-control design. We recruited twenty runners with FFF and associated lower extremity or low back pain, and fifteen age, gender, and BMI matched healthy subjects with normal foot type as the comparison group. After the baseline assessment of physical characteristics, the subjects were tested with a motion capture system and surface electromyography to collect kinematic and muscle activation data of the lower extremity during level walking and single leg squatting. The second part of this study was a one group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. 17 Subjects with FFF and running related lower extremity pain in the first part of study received neuromuscular training from the foot to spine. Outcome was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and lower extremity functional scale (LEFS), as well as kinematic and electromyography changes after 6 weeks of training. Results: There was no significant difference on the kinematics data, but muscle activation of tibialis anterior and biceps femoris was significantly higher during both functional tasks (5%, p<.05; 4.73%, p<.05), and activation of peroneus longus was lower (6.24%, p<.05) during level walking in symptomatic runners with FFF. After 6-week neuromuscular training, runners with FFF showed significantly smaller hip adduction (2.14°, p<.005) and trend of decreased hip internal rotation during single leg squatting. In muscle activity, tibialis anterior were lower during level walking (4.17%, p<.005) and higher during single leg squatting (8.74%, p<.005). These subjects also reported decreased pain (3.29%, p<.005) and increased lower extremity function (3.6%, p<.005) after 6-week training. Conclusion: Knee and ankle muscle activity were different between symptomatic runners with FFF and healthy runners with normal arch. Neuromuscular training can change lower extremity motor control and improve pain and dysfunction in runners with FFF. Keywords: flexible flatfoot, lower extremity kinematics, lower extremity electromyography, neuromuscular training
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Martin, Susan Leigh. "A study to determine the relationship between core muscle strength and chronic lower back pain in amateur female road runners and non-runners." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/193.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2006
xiv, 61 leaves, Annexures 1-12, 20 leavesIt is well known that the lifetime incidence of lower back pain (LBP) is particularly high (Richardson et al., 1999). Most cases of LBP are self-limiting, however certain regional biomechanical deficits may be overlooked, such as core stability. As a result of this, LBP may become a chronic condition in the athletic and general population. This principle can be applied to road running, as the forces that pass through the muscles of the lower limbs and trunk cannot be properly absorbed if the trunk musculature is not properly trained. This may lead to lower back pain as a result of inadequate functioning and strength of stabilizing structures (Hedrick, 2000). The purpose of this exploratory cross-sectional study was to determine the relationship between core muscle strength and chronic lower back pain in amateur female road runners and non-runners. The focus was to determine the core stability values in mmHg between amateur female runners with and without chronic LBP, and female non-runners with and without chronic LBP; as well as to compare female runners and non-runners with regard to core muscle strength.
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Van, Niekerk Giselle. "An injury profile and management analysis of marathon runners at selected marathons in the great eThekwini and uMgungundlovu Municipalities during 2014." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1543.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016.Background: Running injuries are increasingly common as participation in this sport increases. Health care providers need to be better able to treat and manage these injuries and prevent their recurrence. Thus, there is a need for profiles of different population groups to enable the development of health promotion and injury prevention strategies. This research study profiled and tracked runners over seven marathons held in the eThekwini and uMgungundlovu Municipalities during the first quarter of 2014. Methods: This Durban University of Technology, Institutional Research and Ethics Committee approved retrospective Chiropractic Treatment Facility record analysis, analysed 741 recorded marathon visits. The records were based on a previously validated data collection tool (CSSA questionnaire) that allowed clinical data to be captured relating to patient demographics, anatomical site of the complaint, clinical impression, diagnosis and treatment. These fields were analysed for each visit, and then captured in SPSS version 22 with records only being excluded because they were unsigned. Descriptive and inferential statistics (McNemar’s tests) were compiled and a p-value of 0.05 was used. Results: The majority of the runners were Black males of approximately 40 years of age. A total of 95.6% of runners presented with overuse injuries, of which 73.6% and 89.3% had no history of previous injury or trauma respectively, and with 94.7% being able to continue participation. The shin and calf (21.7%), thigh (21.6%) and lumbar regions (16.1%) were most commonly affected by injuries which were predominantly muscle strains (23.2%) and SI syndrome (21.4%). These injuries were treated by manipulation (82.8%), massage (57.2%) and PNF stretching (33.6%). With runners that presented at subsequent marathons, a significant difference (McNemar’s p=0.013) in history of previous injury between the first and second marathon was found, with the runner being more likely to report a history of previous injury at their second marathon visit. Specific trends, although not significant, were found for specific subgroups (defined by age, gender, ethnicity, history of previous injury / trauma and chronicity of the diagnoses). Conclusion: The data is not dissimilar to the literature on running injuries, although specific trends in terms of sub categories were noted. These trends require further investigation through prospective, longitudinal studies.
M
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Stewart, Duane Edward. "The effectiveness of chiropractic adjustive therapy in conjunction with a rehabilitation exercise program in the management of lower back pain in athletes presenting with lower-crossed syndrome." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5236.
Full textAbstract:
M.Tech.OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective treatment protocol in the treatment of Lower-Crossed Syndrome by comparing objective results gained from a Rehabilitation program (group one), Spinal Manipulative Therapy (group two) and a combination of these therapies (group three) directed at the sacroiliac joints and lumbar spine. DESIGN: The study was a clinical trial in which three experimental groups of sixteen participants each were compared to each other. These participants were recruited from the local general population and were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, presenting with Lower-Crossed Syndrome and demonstrating unremarkable clinical and radiological findings. INTERVENTION AND DURATION: After randomisation, group one received a Rehabilitation program which consisted of a stretching and strengthening program only, group two received Spinal Manipulative Therapy only whereas group three received a combination of Spinal Manipulative Therapy and a Rehabilitation program. The frequency of the follow up consultations for this study was two consultations over the first two weeks of the trial and once a week for the following four weeks of the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Objective measurements included lumbar spine flexion and extension ranges of motion, hip flexor flexibility (hip extension), active and passive hamstring flexibility, gluteus maximus and abdominal strength tests and Sorenson’s Test (static back extensor strength test). Subjective measurements were the Oswestry Low Back Pain and Disability Index and McGill’s Questionnaire. Measurements were taken before (pre-) and after (post-) the first (initial), third, fifth and eighth (last) consultations. CONCLUSIONS: The aim of the study was to determine the most effective treatment protocol in the management of Lower Back Pain in athletes presenting with Lower-Crossed Syndrome. Although the combined group (group three) showed the greatest improvement these findings were statistically no greater than the statistical findings in group one and group two. All groups showed a statistically significant improvement over the trial period. This illustrates that both Spinal Manipulative Therapy and a Rehabilitation program (including stretching and strengthening) was effective in the management of Lower-Crossed Syndrome. From this study it can therefore be concluded that one treatment protocol did not prove to be more effective than that of the others.
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Ou, Nai-Chia, and 歐乃嘉. "Lower extremity running injuries, effect of femoral cartilage morphology in knee and the associated factors in ultra-marathon." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59365309400046223221.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立陽明大學
物理治療暨輔助科技學系
102
Background：Recently, ultra-marathon exercise has become an extreme sport in Taiwan. Ultra-marathon has higher intensity than the regular marathon, and it exerts excessive prolonged repetitive musculoskeletal stress on lower extremities. However, few studies investigated lower extremity running injuries, morphological changes on knee femoral cartilage and the important associated factors in ultra-marathon. Purpose：To document the lower extremity injuries sustained by participants in the 50km and 100km ultra-marathon and to identify the associated risk factors for injuries. To investigate the changes of femoral cartilage morphology in knee after the 100km ultra-marathon. Methods：This is a cross-sectional descriptive design study. First, we recruit twenty five ultra-marathon male runners to receive ultrasound elastography examination over knee femoral cartilage in two weeks before the competition and immediately after the completion again. Information on personal characteristics, running experience, previous running injuries and lower extremity injuries sustained during or immediately after the ultra-marathon were obtained by self-administered questionnaires. Statistical analysis：Chi-square statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify significant risk factors for injuries. Changes in knee femoral cartilage morphology after 100km ultra-marathon were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Significant level was set at α = 0.05. Results：Of the 118 male ultra-marathon participants who responded to the questionnaire. And seventeen runners received ultrasound elastography examination. The predominant site of previous running injury was the knee. The incidence of lower extremity injuries occurring during the ultra-marathon was 67%. The overall injury rates were 2.08 per runner. Most of these injuries occurred in the calf, front thigh and knee. Without warming-up before race, training distance ≦30km per week were associated with the occurrence of front thigh injuries. Participation in the ultra-marathon for the first time, running experience less than 5 years, younger than 35 years old and warming-up before race were risk factors for the occurrence of hamstring injuries. Cycling more than six hours per week and having previous knee injuries were risk factors for the occurrence of knee injuries. Training not mainly on PU track and having previous plantar heel pain were risk factors of the occurrence of plantar heel pain. Participation in the ultra-marathon for the first time was strong associated with lower extremities muscle stiffness and soreness symptoms retain exceeds four days. Significant increase average thickness was observed in the right medial femoral condyle cartilage after race. And knee femoral trochlear notch average cartilage thickness was significantly greater in the group of ultramarathon runners compared with the group of non-athletic volunteers. Conclusions：This study found that various risk factors were associated to lower extremity injuries sustained in ultra-marathon race. Trend of increase average thickness was observed in the femoral condyle cartilage after race.
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Maartens, Kirsten. "The efficacy of the Graston technique instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilisation (GISTM) in the treatment of plantar fasciitis in runners." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/192.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005
12, xiii, 84 leavesPlantar Fasciitis (PF) or “painful heel syndrome” is an inflammation of the plantar fascia at its insertion on the medial calcaneal tubercle. Accounting for 7-9% of total sports injuries, this condition is predominantly due to overuse and is notoriously difficult to treat. Traditionally treatment focused on the resolution of the inflammation with the application of such modalities cross frictions / transverse frictions being the modality of choice. With such modalities there are however limitations which include the detection of the appropriate areas in which treatment should be given as well as the treatment depth achieved. The GISTM, however is an advanced form of soft tissue mobilisation that employs the use of specifically designed stainless steel instruments that, when manually brushed over the skin of the affected area, are thought to detect and release scar tissue, adhesions and fascial restrictions. This complementary technique is hypothesized to work in the same manner as cross friction massage, and is thought to achieve quicker and improved outcomes by its detection of the treatment area(s) as well as improving the depth of treatment application. This assertion was however untested. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the Graston Technique Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilisation (GISTM) in the treatment of Plantar Fasciitis in runners.
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Dunn, Shoshanna Lee. "The evaluation of ultrasonographic findings in the management of plantar fasciitis in runners and the association with clinical findings." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/232.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005
xiv, 99 leavesPlantar Fasciitis (PF), also called ‘the painful heel syndrome’, is a common cause of heel pain (Barrett and O’Malley, 1999:2200), accounting for between 7% and 10% of all running injuries (Batt and Tanji, 1995:77; Chandler and Kibler, 1993:345). Primarily an overuse injury, resulting from tensile overload, it involves inflammation and micro-tears of the plantar fascia at its insertion on the calcaneus (Lillegard and Rucker, 1993:168; Barrett and O’Malley, 1999:2200). The body’s attempt to heal these micro-tears leads to chronic inflammation and the formation of adhesions (Ambrosius and Kondracki, 1992:30). Transverse friction massage has been found to be beneficial in the treatment of PF (Hyde and Gengenbach, 1997:478,481; Hertling and Kessler, 1996:137). Cyriax (1984) and Prentice (1994) state the effect of frictions to include the breakdown of adhesions (scar tissue), as well as preventing the formation of further adhesions. Graston Technique Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilisation (GISTM), based on the principles of frictions, aims to break down adhesions, realign collagen fibres and aid in the completion of the inflammatory process (Carey-Loghmani, 2003:31, 51-62; Hammer, 2001). Enabling us to see changes on ultrasonography, which has been found to be an objective, non-invasive way of evaluating PF (Wall and Harkness, 1993:468; Tsai et al, 2000:259; Cardinal et al, 1996:258). These changes include decreased thickness of the fascia. The aim of the study was to see the effect of GISTM on PF in runners, in terms of ultrasonography, and identify any correlation between these findings and other objective and subjective findings.
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Smith, Megan. "The effect of an anti-inflammatory homeopathic product on systemic markers of inflammation following 90 minutes of downhill running." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1268.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The homeopathic preparation, Traumeel S, has been used as a valuable alternative to conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) for over 30 years. This antihomotoxic, anti-phlogistic drug has been widely used by sportsmen and women in the treatment of lesions and inflammatory processes which result from exercise-induced skeletal muscle microtrauma. Although numerous randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trials have confirmed the efficacy of Traumeel S as an anti-inflammatory agent, there are few in vivo studies which have specifically investigated the mechanism by which Traumeel S is effective in reducing inflammatory response to exercise-induced muscle cell damage. Aim: To establish whether the administration of Traumeel S during the five days before participation and three days following participation, significantly attenuates the systemic markers of the inflammatory response, following a 90-minute downhill running trial. Method: Twenty-four healthy athletes (14 men and 10 women), aged 20-50 years, were recruited for this study. Following baseline laboratory testing and familiarisation with the treadmill as well as a field test, subjects were matched according to gender, BMI, training age, training status, peak performance and foot strike patterns and randomised into Traumeel (TRS) and Control (PLAC) groups in a placebo-controlled, double-blind design. One Traumeel S or Placebo tablet was ingested three times per day for five days prior to and three days following a 90-minute exercise trial on a downhill (-6% gradient) at 75% V02 max- Blood samples were collected prior to the 90-minute trial (PRE), immediately after the trial (IPE) and 24 hours (24 PE), 48 hours (48 PE) and 72 hours (72 PE) following the trial. Each subject was also requested to complete a training record prior to the trial and keep a record of the daily symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) both at rest (general pain) and during walking (daily living). Full blood counts (FBC), serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Cortisol concentrations were measured using standard haematological laboratory procedures and serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was determined by immunoturbidimetric assay. Sandwich ELISA's were used to determine myeloperoxidase (MPO) and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. All results obtained were adjusted for changes in plasma volume as calculated from the red blood cell indices. Results: Mean ± SD characteristics of the gender-matched subjects in the experimental (TRS) and placebo-control (PLAC) groups did not differ significantly in terms of BMI, age, % body fat, FVC, FEVi, training age and status, foot strike pattern or peak running performance, maximal Heart Rate, VE, V02peak> RER, RPE during the maximal exercise test (p > 0.05). This indicated that the randomised pairs were well matched. The 90-minute downhill running protocol resulted in significant elevations in total circulating white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil, CK, LDH, Cortisol, CPR, MPO and IL-6 concentrations (p < 0.001). When comparing the TRS and PLAC groups, mean ± SD total and differential WBC count, neutrophil count, CK, LDH, Cortisol, CPR, MPO and IL-6 concentrations did not differ (p > 0.05) over the 5 time points. At 24 PE, MPO concentrations were significantly higher in the TRS group than in the PLAC group (p = 0.03). The lower mean ± SD post-trial DOMS scores reported by the TRS group were not significantly different from those reported by the PLAC group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although the findings of this study did not identify differences in circulating CK, LDH, Cortisol, CPR and IL-6 concentrations between the TRS and PLAC groups, the elevated MPO concentration at 24 PE did provide preliminary novel evidence of enhanced activation of neutrophil oxidative burst activity following exercise-induced muscle damage which is hypothesized to accelerate the recovery process.Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.