Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Running away'

Introduction Child sexual abuse is a common problem. Psychological and behavioural problems in children and adults who have experienced child sexual abuse have been associated with the abuse. Little research has been conducted which has been long-term, prospective, involved substantiated sexual abuse, included a control group, took into account mediating factors, utilised multiple data sources, relied on standardised measures and had a high follow-up rate. Aim The aims of this study were to compare a cohort of sexually abused young people with a group of nonabused peers and to establish predictors of psychological and behavioural outcome. Method This study was a follow-up which was long-term, prospective, involved a sample of children with substantiated sexual abuse, included a control group, took into account mediating factors, utilised multiple data sources, relied on standardised measures and had a high follow-up rate. Eighty-four sexually abused young people were followed up five years after presenting to Children�s Hospitals� Child Protection Units for sexual abuse and were compared to a group of 84 nonabused young people of similar age and sex. The two groups were compared on the basis of demographic variables, family functioning, mother�s mental health and life events; the outcome measures of depression, self-esteem, anxiety, behaviour, criminal activity, alcohol and other drug use, eating problems, running away, suicide attempts, self-injury, hopefulness, despair and attributional style; and potential mediating factors such as further notifications to the Department of Community Services, receipt of psychological treatment, legal action against offenders and victims compensation. Potential predictors of outcome were (1) demographic variables, (2) sexual abuse characteristcs, (3) intake data and (4) five year follow-up variables. Main findings Follow-up rates were 81percent (n equals 68) for cases and 89percent (n equals 75) for controls. Five years after presenting for the sexual abuse, the sexually abused young people were performing more poorly than their nonabused peers on various measures of psychological state and behaviour. Although the abused children had experienced more negative life events (p<.001), were from lower socio-economic groups (p<.0001), had more changes in parent figures (p<.001) and had mothers who were more psychologically distressed (p equals .03), multiple regression analysis showed that after allowing for these and other demographic and family factors, there were still significant differences between the groups after the 5 years. The abused children displayed more disturbed behavior (p equals .002), had lower self-esteem (p<.001), were more depressed or unhappy (p<.001) and were more anxious (p equals .03) than controls. Sexually abused children had significantly higher levels of bingeing (p equals .02), self-injury (p equals.009) and suicide attempts (p equals .03). Significant predictors of psychological and behavioural outcome were significantly related to family and parent functioning variables. Abuse status was not a significant predictor when offered to each of the predictive models. Significant predictors of outcome included the following intake variables: family functioning, mother�s mental health, whether parents were employed or not, behaviour scores, prior notifications for neglect, history of parental discord and whether there were caregiver changes or not prior to intake. The classification of the index sexual abuse event as indecent assault and whether there were notifications for sexual abuse prior to the index event also significantly predicted outcome. Five year follow-up variables which were significant predictors of outcome were the young person�s age, number of negative life events, attributional style, self-esteem, depression, number of parent changes, anxiety, despair, whether there were notifications for abuse/neglect after intake and having a parent with a history of drug/alcohol problems. Conclusions Difficulties associated with child sexual abuse continue for some years after the abuse event. Child sexual abuse needs to be considered as a possible antecedent of behaviour and psychological difficulties in young people. Treatment and monitoring should continue for some years after the abuse. Treatment may need to be directed more towards young people�s psychological states rather than focusing specifically on the sexual abuse. Family and parent functioning may need to be addressed early in order to prevent some of the behavioural and psychological difficulties associated with the long-term outcome of child sexual abuse.

Introduction Child sexual abuse is a common problem. Psychological and behavioural problems in children and adults who have experienced child sexual abuse have been associated with the abuse. Little research has been conducted which has been long-term, prospective, involved substantiated sexual abuse, included a control group, took into account mediating factors, utilised multiple data sources, relied on standardised measures and had a high follow-up rate. Aim The aims of this study were to compare a cohort of sexually abused young people with a group of nonabused peers and to establish predictors of psychological and behavioural outcome. Method This study was a follow-up which was long-term, prospective, involved a sample of children with substantiated sexual abuse, included a control group, took into account mediating factors, utilised multiple data sources, relied on standardised measures and had a high follow-up rate. Eighty-four sexually abused young people were followed up five years after presenting to Children�s Hospitals� Child Protection Units for sexual abuse and were compared to a group of 84 nonabused young people of similar age and sex. The two groups were compared on the basis of demographic variables, family functioning, mother�s mental health and life events; the outcome measures of depression, self-esteem, anxiety, behaviour, criminal activity, alcohol and other drug use, eating problems, running away, suicide attempts, self-injury, hopefulness, despair and attributional style; and potential mediating factors such as further notifications to the Department of Community Services, receipt of psychological treatment, legal action against offenders and victims compensation. Potential predictors of outcome were (1) demographic variables, (2) sexual abuse characteristcs, (3) intake data and (4) five year follow-up variables. Main findings Follow-up rates were 81percent (n equals 68) for cases and 89percent (n equals 75) for controls. Five years after presenting for the sexual abuse, the sexually abused young people were performing more poorly than their nonabused peers on various measures of psychological state and behaviour. Although the abused children had experienced more negative life events (p<.001), were from lower socio-economic groups (p<.0001), had more changes in parent figures (p<.001) and had mothers who were more psychologically distressed (p equals .03), multiple regression analysis showed that after allowing for these and other demographic and family factors, there were still significant differences between the groups after the 5 years. The abused children displayed more disturbed behavior (p equals .002), had lower self-esteem (p<.001), were more depressed or unhappy (p<.001) and were more anxious (p equals .03) than controls. Sexually abused children had significantly higher levels of bingeing (p equals .02), self-injury (p equals.009) and suicide attempts (p equals .03). Significant predictors of psychological and behavioural outcome were significantly related to family and parent functioning variables. Abuse status was not a significant predictor when offered to each of the predictive models. Significant predictors of outcome included the following intake variables: family functioning, mother�s mental health, whether parents were employed or not, behaviour scores, prior notifications for neglect, history of parental discord and whether there were caregiver changes or not prior to intake. The classification of the index sexual abuse event as indecent assault and whether there were notifications for sexual abuse prior to the index event also significantly predicted outcome. Five year follow-up variables which were significant predictors of outcome were the young person�s age, number of negative life events, attributional style, self-esteem, depression, number of parent changes, anxiety, despair, whether there were notifications for abuse/neglect after intake and having a parent with a history of drug/alcohol problems. Conclusions Difficulties associated with child sexual abuse continue for some years after the abuse event. Child sexual abuse needs to be considered as a possible antecedent of behaviour and psychological difficulties in young people. Treatment and monitoring should continue for some years after the abuse. Treatment may need to be directed more towards young people�s psychological states rather than focusing specifically on the sexual abuse. Family and parent functioning may need to be addressed early in order to prevent some of the behavioural and psychological difficulties associated with the long-term outcome of child sexual abuse.

碩士
國立臺北大學
犯罪學研究所
99
In 1997, residential treatment was established as a new policy by the Juvenile Delinquency Treatment Law, the aim was to apply community treatment to these delinquents, put them into proper residential care or welfare institutions. There were many studies which explored the difficulties and problems in residential care, such as shortage of manpower and orientation toward protection or punishment, but few researches have been conducted on those who ran away from residential care – yet this issue might tell us something important. The present study uses Reckless’s containment theory(outer pulls, external containment, internal containment, inner pushes) to discuss adaptive life in residential care, and the reason why juridical residential cases may result in people running away from residential care. Seven cases were studied, where there was at least one experience of running away from residential care. The interview findings are as follows: 1.The two main reasons behind running away from residential care are: difficulty in adapting to life in residential cares and the relationships with classmates or social workers in that environment. 2.Three factors which seemed to push towards a return residential care were their family, social workers and themselves. 3.There is a hidden power structure in residential care. 4.Running away has a large negative stigma. 5.Yet the negative effect of running away, may assist in making their thoughts mature and learning to face up to the facts. 6.Generally speaking, going into residential care is seen as a punitive measure. This research recommends the following: 1. For residential care: (1)Construct easier communication pathways between family members, social workers and those in care. (2)Reduce bullying incidents in residential care. (3)Social workers need to strictly abide by confidentiality principles. (4)The correctness and aptness of information or hearsay should be given attention in the residential cares. 2.For juridical residential treatment: (1)To establish professionally developed institutions for those juvenile delinquents. (2)Deregulate the strict rules about holidays. 3.For future research (1)It should take the ethos of residential care into consideration.

碩士
輔仁大學
心理學系
106
My family in Taiwan began in 1862, during the Taiping Rebellion, moved from Fujian to Taiwan of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and finally settled in Erlin, Changhua, an ordinary but not calm place. In Qing Dynasty, Changhua civil commotion, the Japanese rule of the landlord exploitation and sugarcane farming incident, the national government rule 228 incident, changes in society affect my family development, each section is a blood and tears of survival story, using genealogy as the basis for extirpating cocoon family development, which is a way back home, a new perspective to look at the growth of my home, I accumulated the accumulated history. My grandfather and my father, two very different men, different survival processes, survived this family and the times, the Japanese era avoided military service and supported the economy of the home, so the pressure of life and family survival were forcing my grandfather to keep climbing up. Go to the next generation, my father is born to take the place of familial fame, the family look forward to, this is not with life-related commitment, but it is an inherited, for such a force until I have been there, the pressure of existence transformed with the changes of different ages and times into a maintenance of family gentry fame from life. The family looked at the ruler's unjust oppression for a hundred years, men carry not only the survival of a family, but also local gentleman's position for local ordinary people's support, and work hard to prop up some space for the people on this place to spare no effort to survive from the sugarcane farming incident to 228 incident, the oppression of injustice are as much as possible to maintain their own conscience for Tsai family, this family have a place where there is a reputation to suffer the reputation of the responsibility, the family men several times in prison and resistance. I also carry such a responsibility, it is not the one who teaches or who learns, but the century-old atmosphere of the family that has spread to me in a nonplustive way to practice my own reform, where I live in times and in environments. “I take care of you has nothing to do with your money, just because you are my dad. ”I was angry to my father, and my father say “I do not need your care.” At this time I had to go to my father's meal, I angry, I put the iron box lunch boxes smashed out to the wall. As I watched my dad dying body, I collapsed and remembered the grudge of going home to take care of him for two years. My father's alcoholic career from start to finish, I entered his life story in an attempt to understand the process of his life, watching him suffered the pressure and the drowned body, as his life in general, I feel distressed angry, blood affection is always entangled with love and hate, the spectrum together into a complex symphony. This paper named running away and turning around, opened the path to finding a home when I was 17 and left home. However, when I was looking for a home, I was transformed into a journey back home from my ten-year career , always can not be separated from the "home", native families to the symbiotic home and finally walked into the resettlement agency's home, these three families string my professional development, but also in these places encounter different family and life, seeking the home of the road traction, creating my kinetic energy and meeting life, also triggered me a non-professional and non-institutionalized model to deal with the cases that I have encountered in children and people. To me, it is the encounter between life and life, There are emotions and conflicts, this is the real interaction of life, and finally because of this interaction and understanding, I returned to my home, but this is not the year I see from the eyes when I am child.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
100
Our government has approved foreign workers to work in Taiwan since 1992 and the number of them has been increasing. So far, the number of the foreign workers in Taiwan is up to about 440,000. Over the past 10 years, the number of the foreign care workers has been growing fastest, which help our government address the problem of the care manpower shortage when our society is faced with the trend of aging population. With the growth of the foreign workers in Taiwan and the lack of well-found policy, the number of foreign workers running away is also increasing. Among them, the number of foreign care workers running away is 22,000 which accounts for about 60％ of all foreign workers running away. This study is to explore the reasons and the structural problems of their running away from the dimesions of individual, management and institution. In terms of the individual dimension, this study reveals that the main reasons are that they feel tired and pressured physically and mentally under the burdens of taking care of patients through the means of in-depth interview. The second reason is their lack of social support. The foreign care workers are lack of the protection of basic work rights, and most of them have to work 24 hours a day under the closed and lonely working fields, which make them suffer plenty of care burdens and pressures. Once they have few social support, it is easier for them to feel isolated and reinforce their motives to run away to regain the freedom. Besides exploring the running away factors of foreign workers from the individual dimension, this study also analyzes those factors from the management and institution dimension. The factors include the big demand of illegal foreign care workers resulting from the aging society, the domestic care manpower shortage as well as the strict crieteria, transnational broker exploitation system, and the lack of protection of domestic workers’s basic work rights. With a view to improving their disadvantaged situations in Taiwan to weaken their motives of running away, this study thereby suggests that our government enact the related laws and regulations to protect the basic working rights of the foreign care workers, better the foreign care workers’ care skill and language capability, offer sufficient and immediate social supports, corporate them into our long-term care human resources and permit them to be the alien permanent residents in Taiwan, and reinforce the mechanism of institution or community care and gradually reduce the number of foreign domestic care workers.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
人力與知識管理研究所
104
In order to react to the rapid demands of domestic economic constructions in Taiwan since 1989, Taiwan government and enterprises import foreign workers from Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, and the ageing of population leads to the increasing demands of the in-home caretakers and institutional caretakers, and the manufacturing and construction industry needed a large number of workers but they couldn’t get enough workers in Taiwan, so they continue to import blue-collar foreign workers from Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, but the problem of foreign workers running away from their employers becomes more and more worse in recent years, and it also influences resident control of nation, public order and social security, it’s worthy to find the reasons and the ways to improve it. This study according to the Theory of Planned Behavior as a theory basic, and chose subjects mainly from the blue-collar foreign workers(they came from Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia; and work as in-home caretakers, institutional caretakers, domestic helpers, factory workers, construction workers and fisheries) who ran away from their employers and arrested by using questionnaire. In total, 282 effective questionnaires were returned to be used in analysis. So that we can realize the reasons why the foreign workers ran away from their employers, Theory of Planned Behavior theory factors how to influence foreign workers to run away from their employers, employers or human resources agencies how to improve management to reduce the problem of foreign workers running away from their employers, and this study got some results as followings: 1. The mainly reasons of foreign workers running away from their employers are wages problems and working problems. 2. The attitude factors, subjective norms factors and perceived behavioral control factors have moderately correlated influence to the foreign workers who ran away from their employers, and have correlated influence to the improving measures. 3. Theory of Planned Behavior theory factors and other measures contribute to reduce the problem of foreign workers running away from their employers (they have more agreement to the “attitude factors” improving measures and having less agreement to the “perceived behavioral control factors” improving measures). Base on these findings, we suggestions that: employers or human resources agencies should raise some resolutions to the wages problems and the working problems(for examples: let the information of wages and benefit become transparency, hiring translator to help counselling the emotions at work, changing duty time not to be overtime, forming the task bonus system and the rules of application for overtime pay), improving foreign workers’ attitude to the work from the management of employers, using different way to manage the foreign workers who do the different types of work (gaining job satisfaction and salary satisfaction to the in-home caretakers and institutional caretakers; hiring translator to answer the domestic helpers’ questions about work; improving the overtime pay and rewards systems to the factory workers and construction workers; lowering the agency commission fee to become transparency and reasonable to fisheries). We hope that we can understand the reasons why the foreign workers ran away from their employers, and finding the way by management of employers and agencies to reduce the problem of foreign workers running away.

abstract: Research has consistently shown that gay/lesbian/bisexual (GLB) or sexual minority youth are at an increased risk for adverse outcomes resulting from the stress caused by continual exposure to negative events (e.g., victimization, discrimination). The present study used a nationally representative sample of adolescents to test mechanisms that may be responsible for the differences in offending behaviors among sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Specifically, this study tested whether bisexual adolescents received less maternal support than did heterosexual adolescents because of their sexual orientation, thus increasing the likelihood that they run away from home. This study then examined whether the greater likelihood that bisexual adolescents running away would lead to them committing a significantly higher variety of income-based offenses, but not a significantly higher variety of aggression-based offenses. This study tested the hypothesized mediation model using two separate indicators of sexual orientation measured at two different time points, modeled outcomes in two ways, as well as estimated the models separately for boys and girls. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized direct and indirect relations. Results showed support for maternal support and running away mediating the relations between sexual orientation and offending behaviors for the model predicting the likelihood of committing either an aggressive or an income offense, but only for girls who identified as bisexual in early adulthood. Results did not support these relations for the other models, suggesting that bisexual females have unique needs when it comes to prevention and intervention. Results also highlight the need for a greater understanding of sexual orientation measurement methodology.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2018

碩士
中國文化大學
青少年兒童福利研究所
94
Abstract This study mainly explored the differences between the demographic variables and independent as well as dependent variables（i.e., personality traits, parenting styles, and whether to run away from home or not ）. In addition , the associations of the aforementioned variables were examined with different statistical analysis . The research results and suggestions were proposed. This study used a quantitative questionnaire survey, selecting 526 juvenile delinquent judged as probation youth by Taiwan Kaoshiung Juvenile Court. The questionnaire modified Han’s personality trait scale（2002）and Tsai’s parenting style scale（1999）to meet research subjects’ characteristics as the instrument tool. Total 410 subjects were selected as research sample in a valid rate of 77.94％. The results were found as followed: 1.There reached 77.26％of juvenile who had experiences of running 　　　away from home ; female juveniles had a higher tendency to run away 　from home than male juveniles. 2.There was the first experience of running away from home found in 　　the junior high school period ; the decision to run away from home 　was made by juveniles and half of them spent most time with peer or 　staying in his/her peer’s home when running away from home. 3.The structures of family composition could inhibit the running away 　from home behavior. 4.The more juveniles’ parents used “neglected” style , the more 　　　juveniles ran away from home. 5.The variables of “gender” and “emotional stability” could 　　　　predict juvenile to run away from home. The suggestions were proposed in accordance with the discussion of research findings as followed: 1.Parents need to attend Parenting Education course, such as 　　　　　　parenting- effective- training （PET）in order to establish the 　　　emotional bonds between parents and juveniles. 2.Helping professionals need to set up self- assertive projects to 　　help juveniles manage the emotional control in order to decrease 　　the conflicts between parents and juveniles. 3.Juvenile Law needs to be amended by “prejudging displacement” in 　order to establish the diversion system in order to avoid the early 　intervention of juvenile’s experiences of running away from home 　　behavior.

碩士
國立中正大學
犯罪防治研究所
97
This main purpose of the study is to explore the experiences of interaction about school and family and the related choice factors of the juveniles who are frequent truanting but not running away from home by interview. Five juveniles are invited to participate in this study, semi-structured in-depth interview is adopted .However, due to the consideration of expertise in interview and research ethics, the researchers have consigned the actual interview to the juvenile investigator and psychological counselor in Taiwan Kaohsiung Juvenile Court . Texts are collected from five juveniles who are frequent truanting but not running away from home. The study use hermeneutic phenomenology as the methodology. Through the thematic analysis, cross-case analysis, group confirmation and clarification, ten themes were appeared. Based on the research results, the researchers have proposed some suggestions respectively to school, parents, juvenile judicial and legislation personnel and policy makers in a hope to reduce truant behavior and to enhance their interactive contact with family.

碩士
國立臺北大學
犯罪學研究所
99
On 31 July 2009, the Justice of the Constitutional Court of the Judicial Yuan issued J. Y. Interpretation No. 664, which became a milestone of the judicial ruling for juvenile delinquency. Under the current juvenile judicial system, in the case of juvenile with habitual truancy and running away from home where “detention is necessary before the Interpretation is issued”, what is the most appropriate treatment under the current juvenile judicial system? In the case of a juvenile with habitual truancy and running away from home where “rehabilitation education is necessary before the Interpretation is issued”, what is the most appropriate protective disposition under the current juvenile judicial system? This study is divided into two stages. The first stage is literary analysis. “Theories of Youth Development”, “Security and Protection of Youth Fundamental Rights”, “Theories of National Intervention with Juvenile Delinquency”, “The Parent of The Conutry” and “Treatments on Status Offenders under the Juvenile Judicial System of the Republic of China”. In addition, the juvenile judicial treatment systems in the United States, Germany and Singapore are studied in order to provide directions of consideration for constructing the “Most appropriate Judicial Treatments for Juveniles with Habitual Truancy and Running away from Home”. The second stage is an investigation by questionnaires, collecting the understandings and attitudes about the current treatments on “juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from homewith the risk of crime” from juvenile investigation officer, judges who determine treatments, and juvenile probation officers who enforce the treatments. Their experience and issues are consolidated and analyzed in order to understand the current view of juvenile judges and juvenile investigation and probation officers on “the most appropriate judicial treatment for juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home with the risk of crime”. This study has the following findings: 1. The cases of “juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home” are often characterized by “neglect of regulations”, “habitual escape from protection groups”, “high risk of drug use”, “teachers think they are not teachable” and “complicated friendship networks”. Juvenile judicial staff believe that the disciplinary method today is not suitable for these youths. 2. Juvenile judicial staff can agree with the justice from the constitutional court that “rehabilitation education should be avoided for juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home”. However, they do not fully agree that “placement counseling in lieu of rehabilitation education” is suitable in all cases. 3. Juvenile judicial staff highly agree that “Justice of the Constitutional Court confirms the legislative objectives of Subsection 3, Section 2, Article 3, Article 26 and Article 42 of the Juvenile Proceeding Act. However, they highly disagree with the “interpretation of the judicial correction measures before the interpretation” by the justice of the constitutional court. This shows that the justices of the constitutional court have a very different view about juvenile judicial treatments with juvenile judges and juvenile investigation and probation officers who actually perform the judicial correction counseling. 4. Under the current juvenile judicial system, female juvenile judicial staff have a stronger feeling than male staff that “the treatments or results of juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home are worse than before J. Y. Interpretation No. 664 was published.” 5. Globally speaking, current juvenile probation officers have a stronger feeling than juvenile judges that they are frustrated and helpless in enforcing protective disposition on “juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home”. 6. Overall, juvenile judicial staff have the following degree of recognition about “responding measures to treatments of juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home”: Educational Strategy in Priority (M=4.13) > Social welfare Strategy (M=3.96) > Judicial Treatment (M=3.18) > Strategy of Non Intervention (M=2.34). 7. The more that juvenile judicial staff agree with the procedural function of Article 26 of the Juvenile Proceeding Act, the less the chances to consider handing “juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home” to dedicated institutions or dedicated social workers. 8. If any case of “juveniles with habitual truancy and running away from home” is accompanied by the feature of “family malfunction, alienation of school interpersonal networks and the external seeking of bad company”, the decision of placement counseling may be considered to adjust the juvenile’s environmental upbringing. However, if the juvenile judicial staff does not agree to the “placement counseling in lieu of rehabilitation education under J. Y. Interpretation No. 664”, then the changes of juveniles with such a feature being subject to “protective disposition” would be higher today.