Journal articles on the topic 'Ruminants'
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1
Mlambo, Victor, and Caven M. Mnisi. "Optimizing ruminant production systems for sustainable intensification, human health, food security and environmental stewardship." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 2 (March 31, 2019): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019840758.
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Whereas the contribution of ruminants to human civilization remains unequivocal, there are concerns regarding the unintended negative consequences of rearing these animals for food. These concerns range from the ruminant’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions to negative impacts of its products on the health of consumers. Rearing ruminants for food is thus seen as the root cause of ills such as climate change, species extinction, deforestation, food insecurity, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer and diabetes. Indeed, critics of ruminant production envision a future where humanity does not have to rely on animal products for food. They are convinced that this would be the panacea to food and nutrition insecurity, environmental pollution and meat-induced nutritional disorders and diseases in humans. The critics seem to be unaware of the wide diversity of ruminant production systems in use as well as the array of benefits that can be derived from these enterprises. For instance, there are large human communities that inhabit climatically hostile areas, which have no food crop production potential. Food and nutrition needs of these communities are largely dependent on nourishment provided by products and income derived from ruminants and other herbivores. The aim of this review article is to interrogate the validity of the concerns around the use of ruminants for food and highlight appropriate strategies and technologies that may be applied to mitigate some of these challenges. We conclude that solutions already exist that have the potential to deliver efficient, environmentally friendly and consumer-conscious ruminant production systems based on high standards of animal welfare. Such sustainable production systems will ensure that ruminants continue to play a crucial role in food and nutrition security of humans as they have done for millennia.
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Gibbons, P. M., and M. E. Pesato. "Development of competencies for new graduates in small ruminant practice by utilizing a survey of current practitioners." American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, no. 55 (July 17, 2023): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/aabppro20228707.
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There are no standardized clinical competencies for new graduates interested in small ruminant herd health, medicine and surgery. This void is obvious as other professional veterinary associations publish competency guidelines for new graduates. Small ruminants are becoming increasingly popular with the development of niche markets, low startup cost and increased interest in livestock production for home consumption by owners in suburban areas, which leads to more mixed and small animal practitioners being tasked with seeing small ruminants. A survey was sent to small ruminant practitioners in North America to gauge the type of small ruminants seen by the practice, procedures performed on small ruminants, and small ruminant disease prevalence in the practice. Results from this survey will be used to establish clinical competencies for new graduates interested in small ruminant practice.
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Chen, Lei, Qiang Qiu, Yu Jiang, Kun Wang, Zeshan Lin, Zhipeng Li, Faysal Bibi, et al. "Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits." Science 364, no. 6446 (June 20, 2019): eaav6202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav6202.
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The ruminants are one of the most successful mammalian lineages, exhibiting morphological and habitat diversity and containing several key livestock species. To better understand their evolution, we generated and analyzed de novo assembled genomes of 44 ruminant species, representing all six Ruminantia families. We used these genomes to create a time-calibrated phylogeny to resolve topological controversies, overcoming the challenges of incomplete lineage sorting. Population dynamic analyses show that population declines commenced between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, which is concomitant with expansion in human populations. We also reveal genes and regulatory elements that possibly contribute to the evolution of the digestive system, cranial appendages, immune system, metabolism, body size, cursorial locomotion, and dentition of the ruminants.
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Flint, AP. "Interferon, the oxytocin receptor and the maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants and non-ruminants: a comparative approach." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 3 (1995): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950313.
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Ruminant and non-ruminant members of the Artiodactyla appear to use different mechanisms for the maternal recognition of pregnancy. In ruminants, the trophoblast of the developing blastocyst produces a characteristic Type I interferon of the interferon-tau family; this acts by blocking endometrial synthesis of the oxytocin receptor. A similar mechanism applies to domestic ruminants (sheep, cow, goat) and deer. In roe deer, which have embryonic diapause and are monoestrus, there is no requirement for a pre-implantation blastocyst signal to ensure maternal recognition of pregnancy. This paper compares the mechanisms leading to the maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants with that suggested to occur in a non-ruminant (the domestic pig).
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Zammit, V. A. "Ketogenesis in the liver of ruminants – adaptations to a challenge." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 2 (October 1990): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075080.
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The descriptive aspects of hepatic fatty acid metabolism, and of ketogenesis in particular, have been extensively described for ruminants. There is, however, a distinct lack of information on the more mechanistic aspects of the subject. The biochemical profile of the livers of ruminant species shows both similarities to, and striking differences from, that of simple-stomached animals. Consequently, it may not always be valid to extrapolate from the situation in, say, rat liver to that in ruminant liver in order to interpret experimental observations in ruminants. Of perhaps greater interest is the recognition that the adaptations in the ruminant system are important not only in enabling us to rationalize the physiological changes observed in ruminants, but are in themselves of interest in the analysis of metabolic regulatory strategies. Consequently, this review deals with the peculiarities of the regulation of hepatic ketogenesis in ruminants, and the biochemical mechanisms that may explain their existence.
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Huang, Xiao Dan, Gonzalo Martinez-Fernandez, Jagadish Padmanabha, Ruijun Long, Stuart E. Denman, and Christopher S. McSweeney. "Methanogen Diversity in Indigenous and Introduced Ruminant Species on the Tibetan Plateau." Archaea 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5916067.
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Host factors are regarded as important in shaping the archaeal community in the rumen but few controlled studies have been performed to demonstrate this across host species under the same environmental conditions. A study was designed to investigate the structure of the methanogen community in the rumen of two indigenous (yak and Tibetan sheep) and two introduced domestic ruminant (cattle and crossbred sheep) species raised and fed under similar conditions on the high altitude Tibetan Plateau. The methylotrophic Methanomassiliicoccaceae was the predominant archaeal group in all animals even thoughMethanobrevibacterare usually present in greater abundance in ruminants globally. Furthermore, within the Methanomassiliicoccaceae family members fromMmc.group 10 andMmc.group 4 were dominant in Tibetan Plateau ruminants compared toMmc.group 12 found to be highest in other ruminants studied. Small ruminants presented the highest number of sequences that belonged to Methanomassiliicoccaceae compared to the larger ruminants. Although the methanogen community structure was different among the ruminant species, there were striking similarities between the animals in this environment. This indicates that factors such as the extreme environmental conditions and diet on the Tibetan Plateau might have a greater impact on rumen methanogen community compared to host differences.
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Ogolla, Kennedy O., Judith K. Chemuliti, Mariah Ngutu, Winnie W. Kimani, Douglas N. Anyona, Isaac K. Nyamongo, and Salome A. Bukachi. "Women’s empowerment and intra-household gender dynamics and practices around sheep and goat production in South East Kenya." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): e0269243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269243.
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Small ruminant production facets like decision-making, ownership, labour allocation, access to- and control over assets are gendered. This study investigates intra-household gender dynamics and practices around sheep and goat production among smallholder farmers in South East region of Kenya. A quantitative study was conducted on 358 dual-headed (married) households to generate gender-disaggregated data on ownership, decision-making and labour allocation around small ruminant production. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions to bring out the community perspectives. From the findings, the average number of small ruminants owned by the households as reported by men was slightly higher than women. The average number of small ruminants solely owned by men was significantly higher than by women. Men reported a relatively higher number of jointly owned small ruminants compared to women. More women than men reported that they could give as a gift, sell-off and slaughter jointly owned small ruminants without consulting their spouses. Small ruminants were considered the most important livestock asset in supporting a household’s livelihood by relatively more women than men. Men had more decision-making autonomy over jointly owned small ruminants compared to women. Production tasks around small ruminants such as feeding, watering, selling milk and cleaning housing structures were mostly performed by the women. Qualitative data identified men as the de facto owners of small ruminants with a higher power position in making the important production decisions. The study offers three implications on the design of livestock interventions to empower women, the interventions should ensure that; 1) women are not just owners of livestock assets but also share power and decision-making rights in all aspects of production, 2) production labour is shared equitably between men and women and, 3) women access benefits from livestock production even when animals are owned by men.
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Caja, Gerardo, Andreia Castro-Costa, Ahmed A. K. Salama, Joan Oliver, Mario Baratta, Carles Ferrer, and Christopher H. Knight. "Sensing solutions for improving the performance, health and wellbeing of small ruminants." Journal of Dairy Research 87, S1 (July 30, 2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029920000667.
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AbstractDiversity of production systems and specific socio-economic barriers are key reasons explaining why the implementation of new technologies in small ruminants, despite being needed and beneficial for farmers, is harder than in other livestock species. There are, however, helpful peculiarities where small ruminants are concerned: the compulsory use of electronic identification created a unique scenario in Europe in which all small ruminant breeding stock became searchable by appropriate sensing solutions, and the largest small ruminant population in the world is located in Asia, close to the areas producing new technologies. Notwithstanding, only a few research initiatives and literature reviews have addressed the development of new technologies in small ruminants. This Research Reflection focuses on small ruminants (with emphasis on dairy goats and sheep) and reviews in a non-exhaustive way the basic concepts, the currently available sensor solutions and the structure and elements needed for the implementation of sensor-based husbandry decision support. Finally, some examples of results obtained using several sensor solutions adapted from large animals or newly developed for small ruminants are discussed. Significant room for improvement is recognized and a large number of multiple-sensor solutions are expected to be developed in the relatively near future.
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Oliveira, Dimas Estrasulas de, and Sila Carneiro da Silva. "Alkanes as markers in nutritional studies with wild ruminant and non-ruminant animals." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 6 (December 2007): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000600015.
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Knowledge of information relative to the digestibility, intake and botanical and morphological composition of the diet is important in nutritional studies, since it provides the basis for understanding aspects related to the ingestive behavior and selectivity of animals. N-alkanes have been used successfully as markers in studies with many species of animals, particularly domesticated ruminants, most of the times as replacements for conventional markers as chromium oxide for example. However, for wild ruminants and non-ruminant animals information on this technique is still scarce and, as a consequence, its potential for use unknown. This review reports the use of this technique in studies of feed digestibility, intake and diet composition with wild ruminants and non-ruminant animals, summarizing results and inferring on the feasibility and applicability of the technique.
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Sun, Kang, Huihui Liu, Huiyu Fan, Ting Liu, and Chen Zheng. "Research progress on the application of feed additives in ruminal methane emission reduction: a review." PeerJ 9 (March 31, 2021): e11151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11151.
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Background Ruminal methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants not only pollute the environment and exacerbate the greenhouse effect, but also cause animal energy losses and low production efficiency. Consequently, it is necessary to find ways of reducing methane emissions in ruminants. Studies have reported that feed additives such as nitrogen-containing compounds, probiotics, prebiotics, and plant extracts significantly reduce ruminant methane; however, systematic reviews of such studies are lacking. The present article summarizes research over the past five years on the effects of nitrogen-containing compounds, probiotics, probiotics, and plant extracts on methane emissions in ruminants. The paper could provide theoretical support and guide future research in animal production and global warming mitigation. Methods This review uses the Web of Science database to search keywords related to ruminants and methane reduction in the past five years, and uses Sci-Hub, PubMed, etc. as auxiliary searchers. Read, filter, list, and summarize all the retrieved documents, and finally complete this article. Results Most of the extracts can not only significantly reduce CH4 greenhouse gas emissions, but they will not cause negative effects on animal and human health either. Therefore, this article reviews the mechanisms of CH4 production in ruminants and the application and effects of N-containing compounds, probiotics, prebiotics, and plant extracts on CH4 emission reduction in ruminants based on published studies over the past 5 years. Conclusion Our review provides a theoretical basis for future research and the application of feed additives in ruminant CH4 emission reduction activities.
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LEGESSE, G., G. ABEBE, M. SIEGMUND-SCHULTZE, and A. VALLE ZÁRATE. "SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION IN TWO MIXED-FARMING SYSTEMS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 3 (July 2008): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006376.
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SUMMARYSmall ruminants are an integral part of mixed-farming systems throughout southern Ethiopia. Yet, they have received little research attention or institutional support. Characterizing the existing small ruminant production systems and analysing their production constraints are important tools to diagnose the status and trends of the systems, and thus to identify areas for future interventions. A survey was conducted between April and July 2004 in the Adilo and Kofele areas of the southern mixed-farming systems of Ethiopia to explore reasons for keeping small ruminants and to evaluate the existing status of and the prospects for the small ruminant sector. Additional information was obtained during discussions with key informants who had experience of small ruminant keeping. Small ruminants fill several roles in the study area. However, the principal purpose of keeping sheep and goats was to generate cash income. Sheep milk consumption was widespread around Kofele unlike most agricultural systems in the country. Nearly all respondents in Adilo reported fattening their sheep before sale, while such a practice was uncommon in Kofele. Informal insurance schemes were evolving among the sheep keepers in Adilo, and these can be considered as entry points for future interventions. The common problem identified from both individual interviews and group discussions was feed shortage. The identification of alternative feed resources and strategic feeding management might be options for development. Small ruminant disease was the major constraint in Kofele, where marshy areas are increasingly assigned for grazing in the rainy season as suitable land is more and more used for cropping. The growing demand for meat from small ruminants, the improving transportation infrastructure and the experience of farmers in small ruminant keeping are providing opportunities to enhance the contribution of the sector. A thorough monitoring of the productive and economic performance of small ruminants is required to capture the full picture of their contribution thereby directing possible intervention areas to maximize benefits to the farmers.
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Forde, N., and P. Lonergan. "Interferon-tau and fertility in ruminants." Reproduction 154, no. 5 (November 2017): F33—F43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0432.
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Establishment of pregnancy in domestic ruminants includes pregnancy recognition signalling by the conceptus, implantation and placentation. Despite the high fertilisation success rate in ruminants, a significant amount of embryo loss occurs, primarily during early gestation. Interferon-tau (IFNT), a type I interferon that is exclusively secreted by the cells of the trophectoderm of the ruminant conceptus, has been recognised as the primary agent for maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants. It produces its antiluteolytic effect on the corpus luteum by inhibiting the expression of oxytocin receptors in the uterine epithelial cells, which prevents pulsatile, luteolytic secretion of prostaglandin F2α by the uterine endometrium. While the importance of IFNT in maternal recognition of pregnancy and prevention of luteolysis in ruminants is unequivocal, important questions, for example, relating to the threshold level of IFNT required for pregnancy maintenance, remain unanswered. This paper reviews data linking IFNT with measures of fertility in ruminants.
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Zhu, Zifu, Zhu Ying, Zixuan Feng, Qun Liu, and Jing Liu. "The Occurrence and Meta-Analysis of Investigations on Sarcocystis Infection among Ruminants (Ruminantia) in Mainland China." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010149.
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Sarcocystis is a zoonotic pathogen that threatens public health and the quality of food safety. To determine the Sarcocystis spp. prevalence in ruminants (Ruminantia) in China, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data were collected from English databases (PubMed and Web of Science) and Chinese databases (Chinese Web of knowledge (CNKI), Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP) and Wan Fang databases). A total of 20,301 ruminants from 54 publications were evaluated. The pooled prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. among ruminants in mainland China was 65% (95% CI: 57–72%). Our results indicate that sarcocystosis is prevalent in ruminants, which show significant geographical differences. Therefore, it there is a need for continuous monitoring of infections of Sarcocystis spp. in ruminants to reduce the threat to human health and economic losses to the animal industry.
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Baksi, S., H. Dave, N. Rao, P. Malsaria, M. Khan, and P. Chauhan. "EVALUATION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) CELL CULTURE VACCINE IN GOATS AND SHEEP IN INDIA." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16, no. 1 (July 12, 2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v16i1.37377.
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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of ruminants. The disease has high impact on small ruminants market, especially in Africa and Middle East. India has a large population of sheep and goats, having significant part in world ruminant population. Prevention and control programs by vaccines are necessary parts of ruminants business. PPR vaccines are successfully used by small and large farmers in various parts of India. Researches have been done to investigate the efficacy of PPR vaccines on sheep and goats, but few data are available on sero-conversion in the bodies. In present study, sheep and goats were vaccinated with Sungri/96 strain and serum collection was done up to one year. Antibodies levels were measured with competitive ELISA. Antibody levels reached to protective levels within 21 days of vaccination, which continued up to one year. Sheep responded to vaccine slightly better than goats. Further studies are required to investigate total duration of protection by PPR vaccine in small ruminants.
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Bada, A. A., S. O. Adewole, L. K. Olofintoye, and T. C. Omotoriogun. "Methods of treating ruminants’ diseases in veterinary hospital in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2021.250.
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The aim of this study was to investigate methods of treating ruminants’ diseases in Ekiti State. Information about the methods used in treating ruminants’ diseases were collected from a veterinary hospital in Ado-Ekiti. Major diseases that affected the ruminants include diarrhea, mange, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), mastitis, dystocia, uterine prolapse and so on. They were treated using modern drugs like; Albendazole (Leeford Health care ltd, India 1 tab), ivomec (A menarini India PVtLtd, India, 0.5 ml), Oxylet (Kachhela medex private limited, India,1 ml), Penstrep (Dutch Farm International BV, Holland, 3 ml), Emvit (Uni-med, India, 2 ml), Oxytcin (FPP manufacturers, India, 1 ml), B complex (Estrellas life sciences private limited, India, 0.5 ml), Salphen (Industrial corporation of India, 1 ml) and so on. Treating the diseases of ruminants can help reduce the rate of diseases outbreak and enhance the economy value of the ruminant farmers and the that of Ekiti state at large
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Ashok, K., M. Babu, V. Jula, and Nila K. Mullai. "Digestive impact of cow when ingest plastic waste." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S1 (October 25, 2021): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1597.
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Plastic ruminal impaction is a disorder that allows the ruminant ruminants to aggregate in indigestible plastic foreign bodies contributing to impacted ruminations, indigestibility, chronic tympani, and many others. The ruminants are fed indigestible plastic waste products without discrimination. In the urban regions of the developed world, the disease is mostly found in stray animals. The chemicals in the rumen, which are absorbed in the food chain by milk or meat products, are steadily discharged in the rumen. The harm to human wellbeing is done by these substances. Currently, the only alternative is to detect and treat ruminal impaction due to plastic materials in ruminants for exploratory rumenotomy. Good animal husbandry methods and proper handling of waste plastic are included in the control mechanisms. The present study examines in detail and illustrates its effect on public health on epidemiology, pathophysiology; detection, care, prevention, and regulation of ruminal impaction caused by ruminant plastics.
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Santos-Silva, Sérgio, Pedro López-López, Helena M. R. Gonçalves, António Rivero-Juarez, Wim H. M. Van der Poel, Maria São José Nascimento, and João R. Mesquita. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Farmed Ruminants." Pathogens 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2023): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040550.
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Swine are widely recognized as the main reservoir of zoonotic HEV; however, a growing body of data on the HEV prevalence in farmed ruminants of different species also points to a potential route for HEV transmission through ruminants and ruminant products and by-products. Definite information on the zoonotic potential of ruminants is still absent or unclear, compelling the necessity for increasing knowledge on this. The aim of the current study was to analyze the state-of-the-art in this research topic and provide a summary of HEV detection and characterization in farmed ruminants. A total of 1567 papers were retrieved from four search databases that resulted in 35 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Studies on HEV in farmed ruminants were mainly based on the detection of HEV RNA and were reported in Africa (n = 1), America (n = 3), Asia (n = 18) and Europe (n = 13), and focused on a variety of ruminants species, namely cow, goat, sheep, deer, buffalo and yak. The overall pooled prevalence of HEV was 0.02% (0.01–0.03, 95% CI). The subgroup pooled prevalence of HEV RNA was 0.01% (0.00–0.02, 95% CI) in cow milk, stool, serum, liver, intestinal, bile, blood, spleen and rectal swab samples; 0.09% (0.02–0.18, 95% CI) in goat serum, bile, stool, milk, liver, rectal swab and blood samples; 0.01% (0.00–0.04, 95% CI) in sheep stool, serum, milk, blood and liver samples. Most of the HEV genotypes found in farmed ruminants belonged to the zoonotic HEV-3 (subtypes 3a, 3c) and HEV-4 (subtype 4d, 4h), with Rocahepevirus also found. The wide HEV circulation observed in different farmed ruminants raises concerns for the possibility of HEV transmission through products from infected ruminants and alerts for the potential zoonotic route for HEV in ruminant products, such as meat and dairy products. Also, contact exposure to infected farmed animals could be a risk factor. Further research should be conducted in order to understand the circulation of HEV in these animals and its zoonotic potential, as there is currently a lack of data on this topic.
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Fu, Xuan, Yaopeng Zhang, Bin Shi, Xiaokang Wu, Hongwen Zhao, Zhongbao Xin, and Jinshui Yang. "Benzoic Acid Metabolism and Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis of Intestinal Microbiome Affects the Health of Ruminants under Free-Range and Captive Mode." Life 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12071071.
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It is urgent to explore new ways to protect endangered wild animals and develop sustainable animal husbandry on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau due to its fragile ecological environment. Ruminants, raised in captivity and free-range, have important niches in the Plateau and are the best models to analyze the effects of different feeding modes on their health. In this study, two ruminants, yaks and goats in free-range and captive modes, respectively, were selected to study the relationship between gut microbes and ruminant health. The results showed that the gut microbial diversity of free-range ruminants was higher than those of captive ruminants. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that there were significant differences in the gut microbial communities in different breeding modes. Both the captive ruminants enriched the Succinivibrionaceae family, which had a strong potential to synthesize lipopolysaccharide, and the low exercise amount of the captive animals was significantly related to this function. Meanwhile, free-range ruminants enriched Oscillospiraceae, which had the potential to degrade benzoic acid, and this potential had a significant positive correlation with resistance to parasitic infections. We offer other possibilities, such as adding benzoic acid to feed or increasing the exercise time of captive ruminants to make them healthier.
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Postevoy and Andreyanov. "THE HELMINTH FAUNA OF MOOSE." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.324-327.
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According to the authors, 15 to 20 species of helminths have been recorded in moose of the Russian forest zone. The purpose of our work was to study the trematode fauna of helminths in moose at the Sumarokovskaya Elk Farm. The study objects were wild ruminants, the moose (Alces alces). The only elk farm in Russia is located in the Sumarokovsky Nature State Reserve, in a few dozen kilometers from the city of Kostroma, near Sumarokovo Village, the Krasnoselsky District of the Kostroma Region. The Sumarokovskaya Elk Farm belongs to the nature conservation areas of Russia. Helminthological material for the study (animal excrement) was collected in early 2020. 25 ruminant animals (Ruminantia) were studied, including 15 moose aged 1 year and 10 adult artiodactyles older than 5 years. Fecal samples were collected from wild ruminants near feeders in constrains, as well as the grazing lands. 25 fecal samples were examined using helminthovoscopic methods. Average helminth infestation of moose was 53.8%. The prevalence of infestation with helminth pathogens in adult artiodactyles was 69.4%, and young animals 38.2%.
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Fraser, M. D., D. Wadwah, and D. H. Baker. "A comparison of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and sheep forestomach liquors as inocula for in vitro digestibility determinations." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200597890.
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Although camelids are not taxonomically classified as ruminants, they are functional ruminants. Their digestive system includes a compartmentalised forestomach with a microbial population, and they have apparently evolved the same general characteristics of regurgitation and remastication of food. In vitro digestibility results for camelid diets produced using feeds and rumen liquor from conventional ruminants have been reported. However, the assumption that donor liquor from a true ruminant species is a valid substitute for that from a camelid species has not been verified. The aim of this experiment was to compare these different sources of digesta as inocula for in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) determinations.
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Bueno, Antonio Vinicius Iank, Gustavo Lazzari, Clóves Cabreira Jobim, and João Luiz Pratti Daniel. "Ensiling Total Mixed Ration for Ruminants: A Review." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060879.
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The interest of ensiling total mixed rations (TMR) for ruminants reemerged in the last decades. In many situations, ensiling TMR has been a sustainable alternative to efficiently handle wet byproducts in ruminant diets. An ensiled TMR typically has a markedly higher aerobic stability than its respective fresh TMR. Ensiling a TMR increases ruminal protein degradability due to proteolysis during storage. An increase of feed efficiency by ruminants fed ensiled rations have been reported, due to the improved starch digestibility in TMR silages containing cereal grains. This manuscript brings an overview of the main nutrient transformations during the ensiling of TMR and their feeding value for ruminants.
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Fraser, M. D., D. Wadwah, and D. H. Baker. "A comparison of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and sheep forestomach liquors as inocula for in vitro digestibility determinations." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960003350x.
Full textAbstract:
Although camelids are not taxonomically classified as ruminants, they are functional ruminants. Their digestive system includes a compartmentalised forestomach with a microbial population, and they have apparently evolved the same general characteristics of regurgitation and remastication of food. In vitro digestibility results for camelid diets produced using feeds and rumen liquor from conventional ruminants have been reported. However, the assumption that donor liquor from a true ruminant species is a valid substitute for that from a camelid species has not been verified. The aim of this experiment was to compare these different sources of digesta as inocula for in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) determinations.
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Rahim, Abdellatif, Fatma Aydoğmuş-Öztürk, Cansel Çakir, Abdelkhalid Essamadi, and Bouchra El Amiri. "Mitigating Fluoride, Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicities in Laboratory Animals and Ruminants through Natural Products." Records of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rfac.6.2202.2365.
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Environmental pollutants are considered a serious health problem for humans and animals mainly ruminants in several regions of the world. Previously, many studies have investigated the mechanisms of toxicity of these pollutants on laboratory animals. Afterward, other studies have demonstrated that exposure to environmental pollutants may cause several adverse effects on the ruminant organs, influencing its performance and leading to socio-economic problems for breeders. Fluoride, lead, arsenic, and cadmium are the most common poisonings in ruminants, they can cause several irreversible toxic effects in many organs depending on the mode of action. The adverse effects of fluoride, lead, arsenic, and cadmium toxicities in laboratory animals and ruminants have been clearly summarized in this review. In addition, several results on protective or ameliorative effects by means of natural products against these toxicities in laboratory animals and ruminants have been illustrated.
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Li, Kenan, Binlin Shi, and Renhua Na. "The Colonization of Rumen Microbiota and Intervention in Pre-Weaned Ruminants." Animals 13, no. 6 (March 9, 2023): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13060994.
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In pre-weaned ruminants, the microbiota colonizes rapidly in the rumen after birth and constantly interacts with the host to sustain health and metabolism. The developing microbial community is more malleable, so its manipulation may improve ruminant health and productivity as well as may have long-term effects on ruminants. Hence, understanding the process of rumen microbiota establishment is helpful for nutritional interventions of rumen microbiota in pre-weaned ruminants. This paper reviews the latest advances in the colonization of rumen microbiota while providing insights into the most suitable time for manipulating rumen microbial colonization in early life. In addition, different factors that affect rumen microbiota establishment during the pre-weaned ruminants are discussed in the current manuscript. The purpose of this review is to aid in the development of guidelines for manipulating rumen microbiota to improve animal productivity and health.
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Souza-Fabjan, Joanna M. G., Ribrio I. T. P. Batista, Lucas F. L. Correia, Maria Teresa Paramio, Jeferson F. Fonseca, Vicente J. F. Freitas, and Pascal Mermillod. "In vitro production of small ruminant embryos: latest improvements and further research." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20206.
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This review presents the latest advances in and main obstacles to the application of invitro embryo production (IVEP) systems in small ruminants. This biotechnology is an extremely important tool for genetic improvement for livestock and is essential for the establishment of other biotechnologies, such as cloning and transgenesis. At present, the IVEP market is almost non-existent for small ruminants, in contrast with the trends observed in cattle. This is probably related to the lower added value of small ruminants, lower commercial demand and fewer qualified professionals interested in this area. Moreover, there are fewer research groups working on small ruminant IVEP than those working with cattle and pigs. The heterogeneity of oocytes collected from growing follicles in live females or from ovaries collected from abattoirs remains a challenge for IVEP dissemination in goats and sheep. Of note, although the logistics of oocyte collection from live small ruminant females are more complex than in the bovine, in general the IVEP outcomes, in terms of blastocyst production, are similar. We anticipate that after appropriate training and repeatable results, the commercial demand for small ruminant invitro-produced embryos may increase.
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Souza-Fabjan, Joanna M. G., Ribrio I. T. P. Batista, Lucas F. L. Correia, Maria Teresa Paramio, Jeferson F. Fonseca, Vicente J. F. Freitas, and Pascal Mermillod. "In vitro production of small ruminant embryos: latest improvements and further research." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20206.
Full textAbstract:
This review presents the latest advances in and main obstacles to the application of invitro embryo production (IVEP) systems in small ruminants. This biotechnology is an extremely important tool for genetic improvement for livestock and is essential for the establishment of other biotechnologies, such as cloning and transgenesis. At present, the IVEP market is almost non-existent for small ruminants, in contrast with the trends observed in cattle. This is probably related to the lower added value of small ruminants, lower commercial demand and fewer qualified professionals interested in this area. Moreover, there are fewer research groups working on small ruminant IVEP than those working with cattle and pigs. The heterogeneity of oocytes collected from growing follicles in live females or from ovaries collected from abattoirs remains a challenge for IVEP dissemination in goats and sheep. Of note, although the logistics of oocyte collection from live small ruminant females are more complex than in the bovine, in general the IVEP outcomes, in terms of blastocyst production, are similar. We anticipate that after appropriate training and repeatable results, the commercial demand for small ruminant invitro-produced embryos may increase.
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Geletu, Umer Seid, Munera Ahmednur Usmael, and Yesihak Yusuf Mummed. "Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Small Ruminant Brucellosis in West Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (March 23, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6671554.
Full textAbstract:
A cross-sectional study design was employed on collected sera samples to investigate brucellosis in small ruminants from December 2018 to November 2019 with the objectives of estimating the seroprevalence and potential risk factors for the occurrence of brucellosis in small ruminants in selected districts of West Hararghe: Chiro, Hirna, and Mieso. A total of 2070 collected sera samples from small ruminants were tested using serological tests and screened by RBPT and confirmatory test (CFT). The overall seroprevalence of the present study was 0.24% in small ruminants (Chiro 0.2%, Hirna 0%, and Mieso 0.3%). The chi-square test (Stat 14.0) was used to determine the strength of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of brucellosis by using univariable logistic regression. Mixed flock (OR = 2.11 (1.33–3.36 CI; P = 0.002 )), agropastoral (OR = 4.01 (2.35–6.84 CI; P = 0.0001 )) and pastoral (OR = 2.59 (1.37–4.90 CI; P = 0004 )) production system, and larger flock size (OR = 1.68 (1.08–2.60 CI; P = 0.021 ) were factors significantly affecting the prevalence of small ruminant brucellosis. Univariable analysis was used, and independent predictors of small ruminant brucellosis were further analyzed using multilogistic regression. This disease was presented in the current study area; therefore, the careful separation of positive animals would help to prevent and control further distribution of the disease.
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Matsuda, Ikki, Tadahiro Murai, Marcus Clauss, Tomomi Yamada, Augustine Tuuga, Henry Bernard, and Seigo Higashi. "Regurgitation and remastication in the foregut-fermenting proboscis monkey ( Nasalis larvatus )." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (March 30, 2011): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0197.
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Although foregut fermentation is often equated with rumination in the literature, functional ruminants (ruminants, camelids) differ fundamentally from non-ruminant foregut fermenters (e.g. macropods, hippos, peccaries). They combine foregut fermentation with a sorting mechanism that allows them to remasticate large particles and clear their foregut quickly of digested particles; thus, they do not only achieve high degrees of particle size reduction but also comparatively high food intakes. Regurgitation and remastication of stomach contents have been described sporadically in several non-ruminant, non-primate herbivores. However, this so-called ‘merycism’ apparently does not occur as consistently as in ruminants. Here, to our knowledge we report, for the first time, regurgitation and remastication in 23 free-ranging individuals of a primate species, the foregut-fermenting proboscis monkey ( Nasalis larvatus ). In one male that was observed continuously during 169 days, the behaviour was observed on 11 different days occurring mostly in the morning, and was associated with significantly higher proportions of daily feeding time than on days when it was not observed. This observation is consistent with the concept that intensified mastication allows higher food intake without compromising digestive efficiency, and represents an expansion of the known physiological primate repertoire that converges with a strategy usually associated with ruminants only.
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Vovk, Stakh, Ivan Polovyi, Myron Petryshyn, Piotr Sablik, Andrii Vantukh, and Ewa Januś. "Scientific and practical aspects of the use of pro-, pre- and synbiotics in the feeding of ruminants againts the background of research conducted in Ukraine." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 21, no. 4 (May 15, 2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2022.21.4.01.
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The review article provides up-to-date scientific information on the characteristics, classification and mechanisms of biological action of pro-, pre- and synbiotics in the digestive tract of ruminants. The literature sources of recent years on the influence of pro-, pre- and synbiotic supplements (when adding them to the diets of ruminants) on the metabolic processes in the body, intensity of growth, development and the quality of products obtained from domestic ruminant animals are systematized and analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the degree of metabolic and productive action of these diet supplements in ruminants is determined primarily by the qualitative composition, technology of production, method of storage and quantity added to fodder. It is noted that the main mechanism of pro-, pre- and synbiotics action when entering the digestive tract of ruminant animals is optimizing the composition of its microflora, strengthening the barrier functions of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum and intestine, as well as activation of interferon synthesis by blood leukocytes, stimulation of digestive functions and strengthening immune status. Also it is stated that the use of these fodder additives in the diet optimizes the quantitative and qualitative composition of the symbiotic microbiota of the digestive tract, has an immunostimulatory effect, activates metabolic processes and improves the productive qualities of ruminants.
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Tarusikirwa, Dey F., Barbara Blacklaws, and Caroline L. Trotter. "Seroprevalence and assessment of public awareness of Brucella spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia abortus in small ruminants from selected smallholder commercial farms of Zimbabwe." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 29, 2023): e0287902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287902.
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Brucella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Chlamydia abortus have long been recognized as zoonoses and significant causes of reproductive failure in small ruminants globally. A cross-sectional study was conducted in August 2020 to determine the seroprevalences of Brucella spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia abortus in 398 small ruminants from four districts of Zimbabwe (Chivi, Makoni, Zvimba, and Goromonzi) using Indirect-ELISAs. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 103 smallholder farmers towards small ruminant abortions, Brucella spp., T. gondii and C. abortus, and to obtain a general overview of the significance of small ruminant reproductive failure(s) on their livelihoods. The overall seroprevalences were: 9.1% (95% CI: 6.4–12.3) for Brucella spp., 6.8% (95% CI: 4.5–9.7) for T. gondii and 2.0% (95% CI: 0.9–3.9) for C. abortus. Location, age, parity, and abortion history were associated with Brucella spp. seropositivity. Location was also associated with both T. gondii and C. abortus seropositivity. The questionnaire survey established that 44% of respondents had recently faced reproductive disease challenges within their flocks, with 34% correctly identifying abortion causes and only 10%, 6% and 4% having specific knowledge of Brucella spp., C. abortus and T. gondii, respectively. This study provides the first serological evidence of Brucella spp. in small ruminants since 1996 and builds the evidence on small ruminant toxoplasmosis and chlamydiosis in Zimbabwe. Evidence of these zoonoses in small ruminants and the paucity of knowledge shows the need for a coordinated One Health approach to increase public awareness of these diseases, and to establish effective surveillance and control measures. Further studies are required to establish the role these diseases play in small ruminant reproductive failure(s), to identify the Brucella spp. detected here to species/subspecies level, and to assess the socio-economic impact of reproductive failure in livestock among marginalised rural communities.
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Haryuni, Nining. "Methane Mitigation Technology In Ruminants To Reduce The Negative Impacts Of Global Warming." Journal of Development Research 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28926/jdr.v2i2.31.
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The method used in writing this article is a review of several journals related to methane mitigation technology in ruminants. The purpose of writing this article is to know the technologies that can be applied to the field of animal husbandry to reduce the effects of methane produced by ruminants that can cause global warming. Methane is produced mostly from ruminants in feed fermentation process that occurs in the rumen. 80-95% is produced from fermented feed and 5-20% is produced in the colon. Methane emission mitigation measures in ruminant livestock are conducted in several ways including improving feed quality by increasing concentrate composition, adding feed additive to feed and utilization of acetogenic bacteria.
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McAllister, T. A., K. J. Cheng, E. K. Okine, and G. W. Mathison. "Dietary, environmental and microbiological aspects of methane production in ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-035.
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Methane gas is produced in the rumen by methanogenic bacteria as a metabolic end product. The energy released by bacteria in the process of methane formation can be used for bacterial cell formation. Methane formation acts as an electron sink into which the hydrogen from all ruminal microorganisms drains, allowing a higher yield of adenosine triphosphate. Factors such as the type of carbohydrate in the diet, level of feed intake, digesta passage rate presence of ionophores or lipids in the diet, and ambient temperature influence the emission of methane from ruminants. Methanobrevibacter spp. appear to be the major methanogens in the rumen, but it is likely that phytogenetic analyses will identify new species. The biochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methane is well defined, and it has been shown that interspecies hydrogen transfer between methanogens and ruminal bacteria prevents the accumulation of reduced nucleotides and the inhibition of feed digestion. The development of strategies to mitigate methane production in ruminants, without causing a negative impact on ruminant production, continues to be a major challenge for ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists. Enhancement of the reduction of carbon dioxide to acetate and direct genetic manipulation of methanogens are two interventions that may further reduce methane losses of ruminants. Key words: Methane, diet, ruminant, microbiology, methanogen
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Deaville, E. R., D. I. Givens, and I. Mueller-Harvey. "‘Grape marc’ as a source of tannins to reduce proteolysis during ensilage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620002130x.
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A reduction of the overall nitrogen (N) loss to the environment from intensive ruminant production systems remains a key policy and research objective. Such an outcome is essential for the development of sustainable ruminant farming systems that minimise their environmental footprints. Plant and microbial enzyme-mediated proteolysis during ensilage results in the extensively hydrolysed N fraction in grass silage (Givens and Rulquin, 2004). It is generally accepted that the highly soluble N fraction of grass silage is poorly utilised by ruminants, reflecting the low efficiency of capture of silage N in the rumen. An improvement in dietary N efficiency by ruminants is therefore a key concern. Plant tannins have in common their capacity to bind proteins and an improvement in N utilisation by ruminants has been reported for a number of tanniniferous feeds (Mueller-Harvey, 2006). Therefore, the aim of the present experiment was to study a by¬product from the wine industry, so-called ‘grape marc’, as a potential source of tannins to reduce proteolysis during ensilage.
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Rowan, T. G. "Thermoregulation in neonatal ruminants." BSAP Occasional Publication 15 (1992): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00004055.
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AbstractThis review is directed to thermoregulation in ruminants relative to weather and husbandry conditions of the United Kingdom in which the principal ruminant species are cattle and sheep. The main thermoregulatory demands for neonates, but not necessarily for older animals, are posed by cold rather than heat. Thermoregulation is critical to the survival of neonatal ruminants. On many farms, neonatal deaths are, for example, 20% of lambs born. Neonatal ruminants are precocial compared with many altrical neonatal mammals and have well developed thermoregulation which allows them to maintain homeothermy in many environments. However, at birth the neonatal ruminant moves from a very stable thermal environment, of similar temperature to its core body temperature, to a variable thermal environment which is 10 to 50°C colder than its core temperature. At birth the coat is wet and energy losses can be very high. To maintain homeothermy, heat production can usually be increased 3- to 5-fold above resting heat production. However, there are only limited quantities of tissue substrates available for this and the early intake of sufficient colostrum by the newborn is essential to continued heat production and survival. Nutrition in early and late pregnancy also affects the viability of, at least, young lambs: placental insufficiency may cause chronic prenatal hypoglycaemia and hypoxaemia which, postnatally, inhibits spontaneous respiration and restricts heat production. In calves, dystocia may cause acidosis and decreased heat production.The principal thermoregulatory mechanisms and some factors which affect their efficiency in newborn calves and lambs are presented, with consideration of the limitations of lower critical temperatures.
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ZDUN, MACIEJ, and HIERONIM FRĄCKOWIAK. "Brain blood supply in ruminants." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 05 (2019): 6263–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6263.
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Domesticated ruminants play a key role in world livestock production, while some other ruminant species are important in the hunting economy. Non-farm species kept in zoological gardens pose a new challenge for veterinarians. In addition, cervids are increasingly often maintained under farm conditions, in which it may be necessary to undertake medical interventions. The pattern of the brain base arteries is one of specific morphological features of species from the suborder Ruminantia, including the domestic cattle, zebu, buffalos, sheep, goats, reindeer and other deer species, giraffes, musk deer and antelopes. A specific feature of the arteries of the brain base in ruminants is the presence of the arterial nasal epidural rete mirabile, and in some species also the caudal epidural rete mirabile. In addition, in these animals the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery obliterates, and as a consequence, blood flows into the brain by an alternative route from the maxillary artery, via the vasculature of the nasal epidural rete mirabile. It is widely accepted that the retia mirabilia in the system of head arteries in mammals are the anatomical basis of the so-called selective brain cooling. Essentially, this mechanism consists in cooling the warm blood expelled from the left ventricle during the contraction of the heart, which flows to the brain, creating a vast vasculature of the rete mirabile. It is encircled by a cooler blood, returning from the nasal cavity via the cavernous sinus. Retia mirabilia located on the brain base are the main effectors of heat dissipation and protection of the brain from overheating. This mechanism fits into the very current topic of animal welfare.
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CHABIRI, Ladi Amos, Maryam MUHAMMAD, Suleiman Ahmed HALADU, Asabe Adamu DZIKWI, James Saidu AHMED, Mayowa Peter OLABODE, Usman Adamu RAYYANU, and Israel Joshua BARDE. "A ten-year retrospective study of Peste des petits Ruminantis (PPR) cases presented to the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom Plateau State, Nigeria." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 5 (October 30, 2023): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2023.407.
Full textAbstract:
Peste des petits ruminantis (PPR) is a severe, highly contagious disease of small ruminants, primarily sheep and goats caused by Peste des petits ruminant’s virus (PPRV). It is an important animal disease which now endangers the large populations of small ruminants in Africa, the Middle and Near East, Southwest and Central Asia. PPR is an important transboundary disease of small ruminants throughout Nigeria, it plays an important role in agricultural food production and in sustainable employment. This vaccine strain currently used for the control of PPR in Nigeria is revealed to be indeed the suitable one for use in Nigeria. A retrospective study was carried out to determine the epidemiology and distribution of PPR across Nigeria by looking at the seasonal trend of the disease between 2013-2022. All data on animal carcasses, blood/serum, and tissue samples suspected of PPR from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved from the archival records of the Central Diagnostic Division of NVRI, Vom, Nigeria. The date, location, species, sex, age, flock size, animals affected, mortality and test result were extracted and entered in an Excel file to generate frequency tables. From the year 2013 to 2022, a total of 600 PPR suspected cases were reported to NVRI Vom, out of which 206(34%) tested positive for PPRV. The result shows that the highest occurrence of PPR 55 (26.7) was recorded in the year 2022 and the least occurrence of 4(1.9) was recorded in the year 2018. The number of small ruminants affected within the period under review is around 15,623 while the mortality is around 3574 (22.9%). About 51.4% (109) was reported in Ovine while the remaining 48.6% (103) was in Caprine. A prevalence rate of 34% was reported in this study. This study further confirms the devastating effect of PPR disease, affecting sheep and goats, males and females of all ages. The results highlight the need to monitor the occurrence of PPR and to adopt a strategic vaccination campaign against PPR.
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ÜNLÜ, Hayrullah Bora, Figen KIRKPINAR, and Mürsel OZDOGAN. "Nutritional evaluation of the agro-industrial by-products and waste fruits-vegetable for sustainable ruminant nutrition." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 3657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25386.
Full textAbstract:
The growing consumption of ruminant animal products gives rise to a huge demand of animal feed in growing countries. By-product feeds, waste fruits-vegetables, and crop residues should be considered as a valuable alternative feed resource in ruminant nutrition. This waste can be reutilized and converted by ruminants to valuable products for human benefits as a new resource and in return to increase the effectiveness of limited feed sources. But, there are limited new information and research regarding the nutritive value of this waste for ruminants. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of some agro-industrial by-products, waste fruits-vegetable, and crop residue for ruminants specifically. Fourteen by-products, waste fruits-vegetable and crop residue were collected from the west part regions of Turkey. Nine by-product feeds (whole cottonseed, rice bran, soybean hull, apple pomade, citrus pulp, grape pomade, tomato pomade, grape stalk, rice hull), three waste fruits (dry grape, dry fig, carrot), one waste vegetable (potato) and also one crop residue (cornstalk) were analyzed for nutritional composition and metabolizable energy values were calculated by crude nutrients for ruminants. Further, energy, DMD, and OMD of these samples were investigated by using the cellulose enzyme method. All samples were analyzed the macro minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg) and the microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contents. In the research, all samples regarding the parameters in DM, ash, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NSC, NDF, ADF, starch, sugar, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, DMD, OMD, MECN, and MECEL were different (P<0.05). The study showed that the waste fruits, vegetable, and by-products have valuable sugar (grape, fig, and carrot), starch (potato, rice bran), NSC (citrus pulp), and oil (cottonseed) content that is the main compounds making them high energetic feeds for ruminants. Also, most of these research materials have enough or much more macro and micro mineral concentrations for ruminant nutrition.
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ÜNLÜ, Hayrullah Bora, Figen KIRKPINAR, and Mürsel OZDOGAN. "Nutritional evaluation of the agro-industrial by-products and waste fruits-vegetable for sustainable ruminant nutrition." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 3657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25386.
Full textAbstract:
The growing consumption of ruminant animal products gives rise to a huge demand of animal feed in growing countries. By-product feeds, waste fruits-vegetables, and crop residues should be considered as a valuable alternative feed resource in ruminant nutrition. This waste can be reutilized and converted by ruminants to valuable products for human benefits as a new resource and in return to increase the effectiveness of limited feed sources. But, there are limited new information and research regarding the nutritive value of this waste for ruminants. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of some agro-industrial by-products, waste fruits-vegetable, and crop residue for ruminants specifically. Fourteen by-products, waste fruits-vegetable and crop residue were collected from the west part regions of Turkey. Nine by-product feeds (whole cottonseed, rice bran, soybean hull, apple pomade, citrus pulp, grape pomade, tomato pomade, grape stalk, rice hull), three waste fruits (dry grape, dry fig, carrot), one waste vegetable (potato) and also one crop residue (cornstalk) were analyzed for nutritional composition and metabolizable energy values were calculated by crude nutrients for ruminants. Further, energy, DMD, and OMD of these samples were investigated by using the cellulose enzyme method. All samples were analyzed the macro minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg) and the microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contents. In the research, all samples regarding the parameters in DM, ash, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NSC, NDF, ADF, starch, sugar, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, DMD, OMD, MECN, and MECEL were different (P<0.05). The study showed that the waste fruits, vegetable, and by-products have valuable sugar (grape, fig, and carrot), starch (potato, rice bran), NSC (citrus pulp), and oil (cottonseed) content that is the main compounds making them high energetic feeds for ruminants. Also, most of these research materials have enough or much more macro and micro mineral concentrations for ruminant nutrition.
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Galon, Eloiza May, Iqra Zafar, Shengwei Ji, Hang Li, Zhuowei Ma, and Xuenan Xuan. "Molecular Reports of Ruminant Babesia in Southeast Asia." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080915.
Full textAbstract:
The protozoon Babesia is a blood parasite transmitted by hard ticks and commonly parasitizes ruminants such as cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Babesiosis, the disease caused by Babesia infection, has been considered a potential threat to ruminant production due to the grave and enormous impact it brings. About 125 million ruminants are at risk of babesiosis in Southeast Asia (SEA), a region composed of 11 countries. In recent decades, molecular-based diagnostic platforms, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, have been a reliable and broadly employed tool in Babesia detection. In this article, the authors compiled and summarized the molecular studies conducted on ruminant babesiosis and mapped the species, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. ovata, Babesia sp. Mymensingh, Babesia sp. Hue, and B. ovis, and determined the host diversity of ruminant Babesia in SEA.
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Loh, Zhi Hung, Diane Ouwerkerk, Athol V. Klieve, Natasha L. Hungerford, and Mary T. Fletcher. "Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review." Toxins 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100664.
Full textAbstract:
Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt to utilise toxic secondary metabolites. The ability of rumen microorganisms to metabolise these toxins has been used as a basis for the development of preventative probiotics to confer resistance against the poisoning to naïve ruminants. In this review, detoxification of various toxins, which include plant toxins, cyanobacteria toxins and plant-associated fungal mycotoxins, by rumen microorganisms is discussed. The review will include clinical studies of the animal poisoning caused by these toxins, the toxin mechanism of action, toxin degradation by rumen microorganisms, reported and hypothesised detoxification mechanisms and identified toxin metabolites with their toxicity compared to their parent toxin. This review highlights the commercial potential of rumen inoculum derived probiotics as viable means of improving ruminant health and production.
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Tenuche, O. Z., B. O. Emikpe, E. Godwin, S. I. Enem, and G. O. Egwu. "Peste Des Petits Ruminants: An Update." Microbiology Research Journal International 33, no. 3 (May 19, 2023): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i31369.
Full textAbstract:
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a notifiable and reportable disease recognised by the Office Internationale Epizooties (OIE) and penned for eradication by 2030. It is an endemic and devastating disease of small ruminants in some countries of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The disease militates against small ruminant production and increased flock numbers in the region. Information and literature on the current review was especially obtained and compiled from CABI abstract data base, PubMed, Scopus, Elibrary USA and other online publications. This review highlights the viral structure, epidemiology, predisposing factors, clinical signs, pathology, immunoprophylaxis, diagnostic techniques and therapeutics of the disease with a view to generating increased scientific research interests on PPR. It is hoped that more robust scientific research breakthroughs could emerge particularly in the area of immunoprophylaxis, rapid penside diagnosis, and alternative therapeutics such as the use of probiotics. This will in no small measure boost small ruminant production, alleviate poverty and increase food security in countries endemic with the disease.
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Karki, Uma, Niki C. Whitley, Joan M. Burke, Lila B. Karki, Steve P. Hart, Susan Kerr, and Nar K. Gurung. "225 Curricula-Based trainers’ Training: Integrated Approach for Preventing Diseases and Parasites in Small Ruminants in the Southeast." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (November 6, 2023): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.179.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A high prevalence of diseases and parasites is one of the major constraints in the small-ruminant industry in the Southeast because of its warm and humid climate, and poor management practices. Drug resistance developing in pathogens, and the lack of access of producers to and affordability for veterinarians practicing in small ruminants warranted us to look for integrated preventive approaches. To promote integrated approaches for preventing diseases and parasites in small ruminants, a team of scientists and professionals from five institutions (Tuskegee University, Fort Valley State University, USDA-ARS Booneville, University of Arkansas, and the University of Maryland Eastern-Shore) worked together with an objective to develop curricula (training handbook) and train the trainers (educators) and small-ruminant producers in the Southeast. The Training Handbook consisted of nine chapters authored by project collaborators and invited experts. Relevant aspects of keeping small ruminants healthy and preventing possible diseases and parasites, including basic facilities and health care, suitable sites, grazing systems and management, biosecurity, selection and breeding, nutrition, and economics have been presented and discussed in the Handbook. After the handbook was developed, a 3-day train-the-trainers training was conducted at Tuskegee University. County agents, specialists, and technical-service providers working at various land-grant universities and other institutions working with small-ruminant producers or their educators were invited to participate in the training. Additionally, selected lead producers raising small ruminants from Alabama and graduate students working on small-ruminant research and outreach were invited to the training. Twelve professionals from four different states (Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and North Carolina) six farmers, and four graduate students attended the training. Training included indoor sessions with presentations, discussions, and question-answer sessions. Outdoor sessions included demonstrations, hands-on activities, and tours of the small-ruminant production sites and facilities. Evaluations by participants were conducted before adjournment on the same day or at the beginning on the next day. Most participants expressed that presented topics, hands-on activities, demonstration, and tours were extremely useful (71-85%) or very useful (13-23%). They stated that they were extremely likely (73-89%) or very likely (11-23%) to apply what was learned from the training. Similarly, most participants reported that the ultimate condition of small-ruminant health would be improved if the learned knowledge and skills are applied on the farms (producers) or on education endeavors (professionals) with most improvements (64-83%) or reasonable improvements (15-21%). Evaluations by participants showed that the training handbook and the overall training could be very useful to improve health of small ruminants significantly.
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Wardono, Heru Ponco, Ali Agus, Andriyani Astuti, Nono Ngadiyono, and Bambang Suhartanto. "Potential of sago hampas for ruminants feed." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 05012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130605012.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia has the biggest sago palm forest and cultivation as well as its rich of genetic diversities. Sago planting area in Indonesia has a land area more than 5.5 million hectare (85% of world’s sago land area). Currently, the use of sago only focuses on the starch contained in it. Sago hampas is starchy lignocellulosic by-product generated from pith of sago palm after starch extraction. Sago hampas in Indonesia is very abundant, cheaply and not used optimally. Due to its fiber and starch content, sago hampas could be utilized as animal feed especially for ruminants. Sago hampas are limited in their use in making ruminants feed, because it has a high crude fiber and low protein content. Therefore, before the sago hampas is given as ruminant feed, the quality of sago hampas needs to be improve by processing technology. One method of processing sago hampas that can be applied is fermentation. The present study showed that of the utilization of sago hampas had a positive effect on ruminants performance. This review aims to examine the potential of sago hampas as basal feed ruminant as well as efforts to improve their nutritional value.
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Abbas, Rao Zahid. "Botanical control of coccidiosis in ruminants." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 60, no. 04 (December 1, 2023): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/23.184.
Full textAbstract:
Coccidiosis is one of the major parasitic diseases infecting almost all ruminants, including cows, buffalo, sheep, and goats. Coccidiosis is caused by the genus Eimeria, which are host-specific obligate intestinal parasites. These are found almost all over the world and cause infections leading to mortalities and morbidities. Coccidiosis is usually treated by ionophores and synthetic chemicals of various classes including ionophores and synthetic chemical drugs. These drugs have been effective against coccidiosis but emerging issues of anthelmintic resistance, public health concerns, and consumer demand for organic products are leading to minimizing the use of these drugs. Vaccination is also being used, but vaccine failure and high cost limit their use. Among alternatives, herbal medicines are promising replacements because of their complex formulations, multiple modes of action, easy availability, and cost-effectiveness. Various plants, their parts, various formulations like herbal preparations, and the active compounds found in them are being searched to control ruminant coccidiosis. Multiple groups of botanical formulations, i.e., Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, sulfur compounds, etc. have been proven to be effective against the ruminant coccidiosis-causing agents. They can control various stages of Eimeria directly and indirectly by antioxidant and immunomodulatory actions. Further research is needed to determine the most suitable herbal preparations and their pharmacological interactions for the effective and sustainable control of coccidiosis in ruminants. This review highlights the significance of ruminant coccidiosis, botanical compounds used against ruminant coccidiosis their mechanisms of action, and reasons and benefits of herbal compounds.
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Hardyta, Galy, Yosephine Laura Raynardia Esti Nugrahini, Fransiska Dian Ekarini, Natalia Dewi Setyowening, and Elisa. "Study of Large Ruminants Diversity in Java at Eighth Century Based on Borobudur Temple Reliefs." Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati (J-BEKH) 9, no. 2 (November 6, 2022): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jbekh.v9i2.247.
Full textAbstract:
Large ruminants, consisting of cattle and buffalo, have played an important role in human life from the past to the present. Information about the utilization of large ruminants was often found in inscriptions in ancient Java. Unfortunately, the diversity of these large ruminants was not described in detail. The reliefs of the temples can be used as a consideration in understanding the diversity of large ruminants based on the morphological characteristics carved in the reliefs. Borobudur Temple, a historical building from the 8th century AD which was rich in reliefs, can be used as a data source to find information about the diversity of the large ruminants in Java. The aims of this study was to find the diversity of the large ruminants in Java in the 8th century based on the reliefs at Borobudur Temple. The research was conducted by observing various large ruminant images contained in the reliefs of Borobudur Temple. The results of the observations were interpreted and clustered based on their morphological characteristics. The results showed that there were ten relief panels containing images of cattle and nine relief panels containing images of buffalo. Based on the observed morphological characteristics, it could be concluded that there was only one breed of cattle and buffalo, respectively zebu (Bos indicus) and wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee).
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Yanza, Yulianri Rizki, Agung Irawan, Anuraga Jayanegara, Fitri Ramadhani, Adib Norma Respati, Ainissya Fitri, Cecep Hidayat, et al. "Saponin Extracts Utilization as Dietary Additive in Ruminant Nutrition: A Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Studies." Animals 14, no. 8 (April 19, 2024): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14081231.
Full textAbstract:
The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the underlying effects of different saponins extracted from different sources on the production performance, milk yield, digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and nitrogen utilization of ruminants. A total of 26 papers comprising 66 in vivo studies (148 data points of dietary treatments) were evaluated in the present study. The databases were statistically analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS, where experiments considered random effects and tannin-related factors were treated as fixed effects. Statistical procedures were then continued in comparing different sources of saponin extract through Mixed Model analysis, where experiments were also random factors and sources of saponin extract were fixed factors. The evidence revealed in the present meta-analysis that saponin supplementation of up to 40 g/kg DM appears to have no detrimental impact on feed intake across ruminant types, suggesting that it does not significantly affect diet palatability. However, the results indicated that there are species-specific responses to saponin supplementation, particularly in relation to palatability and nutrient absorption efficiency, with larger ruminants being better able to tolerate the bitterness induced by saponin extracts. Furthermore, the study found that saponin extracts can influence nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation dynamics, with different effects observed in large and small ruminants. While some saponin extracts can enhance average daily weight gain and milk yield, others can have adverse effects, highlighting the importance of considering both saponin sources and animal physiological condition when developing nutritional strategies. Additionally, optimization of ruminant production by utilizing saponin extracts is necessary to avoid negative health implications, such as increased blood creatinine levels. Different saponin extracts utilization in ruminant nutrition and environmental management, have a distinct understanding associated to their various bioactive properties. However, among the saponin sources, saponin extracted from Quilaja saponaria is more likely to improve large ruminant production performance while maintaining ruminant health and metabolism, but negatively affect small ruminants. Further research is needed to unravel the intricate effects of different saponin sources on ruminant health and productivity, emphasizing the importance of tailored dietary strategies that consider the unique physiological and metabolic characteristics of the target livestock.
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Zafari, Salman, Sina Mohtasebi, Alireza Sazmand, Aliasghar Bahari, Neil D. Sargison, and Guilherme G. Verocai. "The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121392.
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Lungworms of the genera Dictyocaulus, Muellerius, Protostrongylus, and Cystocaulus are common helminths of domestic and wild ruminants with substantial veterinary and economic importance. Several studies have assessed the presence and prevalence of lungworm infections in ruminants in Iran. This report compiles the available scientific information about the occurrence of lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants in Iran between 1931 and June 2022 to give an insight into their epidemiology, and where possible to describe drug treatment efficacy. For this purpose, national and international scientific databases were searched. Overall, 54 publications comprising 33 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 8 conference papers, and 13 dissertations were evaluated regarding prevalence data; and an additional 4 peer-reviewed articles were evaluated regarding drug efficacy. Seven species of lungworms, namely Dictyocaulus filaria, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Dictyocaulus eckerti, Protostrongylus rufescens, Protostrongylus raillietti, Muellerius capillaris, and Cystocaulus ocreatus have been recorded from different ruminant hosts in Iran. Thirty-three studies conducted on small ruminant (sheep and goat) lungworms reported prevalences of lungworm infection of 11.6%, 45.81% and 66.29% using abattoir meat inspection, Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. Eight studies conducted on large ruminants (cattle and water buffalo) reported prevalences of infection of 14.83%, 13.98% and 5% using abattoir meat inspection, the Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. The prevalence of infection in wild ruminants was variable across examined species; 38% in urial, 37% in wild goats, 5% in goitered gazelles and 67% in red deer, in addition to a single case report in roe deer. There are few contemporary studies assessing the efficacy of currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintic compounds against lungworms in Iran. The high prevalence of multiple lungworm species in Iran, combined with a lack of information about drug efficacy, supports the need to improve the understanding of these important nematode parasites and inform the development of sustainable control strategies. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is to provide a baseline for future conventional parasitology and next generation molecular epidemiological studies of lungworm infection in pastoral ruminants in Iran.
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Doreau, Michel, and Yves Chilliard. "Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals." British Journal of Nutrition 78, no. 1 (July 1997): S15—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970132.
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Fat digestion and metabolism differ widely between animal species. In ruminants, dietary fats are hydrogenated in the rumen before intestinal absorption so that absorbed fatty acids (FA) are more saturated than dietary FA. In non-ruminants, intestinal FA digestibility depends on the level of saturation of dietary FA. Fat supplementation of the diet of cows decreases milk protein and has a variable effect on milk fat, depending on the source of dietary lipids. When encapsulated lipids are used, the linoleic acid content of milk is increased, but the organoleptic quality of milk may be altered. Supplementary lipids are incorporated into non-ruminant body fat, whereasde novolipogenesis is reduced. There is a close relationship between the nature of dietary FA and non-ruminant body FA.
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Budisatria, I. Gede, Endang Baliarti, Tridjoko Murti, Henk Udo, and Akke van der Zijpp. "Religious Festivities and Marketing of Small Ruminants in Central Java – Indonesia." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2008): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2008.5.2.4.
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Indonesia is a country where small ruminants are important in religious festivities. This study analyzes small ruminant marketing opportunities on account of the Moslem feast of sacrifice, Idul Adha, in three agroecological zones in Central Java. Small ruminant marketing is classified into three categories, namely: 1) good – the market situation associated with the religious feast of Idul Adha; 2) risky –usually occurring in August and September when farmers need cash to prepare the paddy fields and to pay school fees; and 3) normal – which is how the market situation may be described in the other parts of the year. A total of 150 farmers are visited monthly, over a period of one year, to observe their marketing strategies and the economic benefits gained from keeping small ruminants. Sheep fattening on the basis of rice bran supplementation is explored as a feasible innovation for the lowlands. Ten small ruminant markets are monitored two times corresponding to each of the three market situations. Added to this, 42 roadside sellers and 44 mosques are visited. The supply, demand, price, and weight of animals offered at the markets show a peak during Idul Adha. In the lowlands and middle zone, sheep are preferred over goats as sacrificial offerings during Idul Adha. In the uplands, goats dominate the farming system and the small ruminants' markets. The Idul Adha market requires male ruminants of one year of age with a bodyweight of above 25 kilograms. The majority of the farmers are not able to adjust the raising of their small ruminants in time for Idul Adha, because of their small flock sizes and the fact that they have to sell their animals to meet urgent cash needs, in particular at the end of the dry season and the start of the school year. Farmers possess minimal marketing information and usually complain about the prices they receive for their merchandise. The raising of these animals is only a secondary activity on these mixed farms. Value added estimates from small ruminants per hour of family labor input are 33–38 percent below the minimum wage labor rate. The proposed innovation to introduce sheep fattening in the lowlands for Idul Adha proves to be economically viable; however, the number of sheep that households can fatten is limited.
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Mir, P. S., T. A. McAllister, D. J. Gibb, and E. K. Okine. "Dietary oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids for ruminants: Post-ruminal digesta characteristics and their implications on production." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-056.
Full textAbstract:
Maximizing the production of ruminants requires high intakes of feeds that are energy dense, therefore feeds that are usually high in starch. Under these conditions there can be significant passage of partially digested feed starch and fibre to the small intestine. These digesta components interact in a manner that can diminish post-ruminal digestion and absorption. However, in ruminants, the effects of digesta composition on causing physical constraints to digestion and absorption, via increased digesta viscosity have not been given adequate consideration. While elevation of digesta viscosity as a means of reducing rate of nutrient absorption and re-absorption of compounds detrimental to health is a valid approach in humans, digesta viscosity may reduce the production potential of livestock. Thus, there is merit in reviewing the feeding strategies that lead to increased viscosity and how its mitigation can be managed through inclusion of oil in ruminant diets. The interactions between digesta composition and the resultant viscosity with digestive physiology and production factors are examined. This review also highlights the associated benefits of dietary oil for ruminants, such as enhancement of bio-active lipids in ruminant products, health benefits directly to the animal, through decreasing incidence of liver abscesses and effects on production and possibly on the environment (reduction of enteropathogenic bacterial shedding and methane emissions). Key words: Ruminant, starch, digesta characteristics, viscosity, cholecystokinin