Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ruminants'

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Determinaram-se a vitalidade e os perfis hematológicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos de 37 cabritos prematuros com, aproximadamente, 141 dias de vida intrauterina, oriundos de cabras submetidas a diferentes protocolos de corticoterapia, a saber: Grupo I -Constituído por dez cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de cabras que receberam, por via intramuscular (IM) em dose única, 20 mg de dexametasona, dois dias antes da cirurgia eletiva (139 dias); Grupo II - Composto por nove cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de mães que receberam, por via IM/SID, a saber : 2 mg de dexametasona, dos 133 aos 136 dias de gestação; 4 mg dos 137 aos 139; e 20 mg aos 140 dias de prenhez; Grupo III - constituído por nove cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de cabras que receberam, por via IM/BID, 16 mg de dexametasona aos 139, com doses repetidas a cada 12 horas até a cirurgia eletiva; e Grupo IV - composto por nove cabritos com ± 141 dias de vida intrauterina, nascidos por meio de cesarianas, de cabras que receberam 4, 8, 16 e 20 mg de dexametasona, por via IM/SID, aos 137, 138, 139 e 140 dias de gestação, respectivamente. Os mesmos foram avaliados no que tange à vitalidade, pelo escore APGAR. Obtiveram-se amostras sanguíneas de cabritos ao nascimento, aos 60 minutos, às 12, 24 e às 48 horas, visando à determinação do hemograma, como também das variáveis hemogasométricas, insulina, cortisol, ureia, creatinina, glicose e lactato séricos, bem como da atividade sérica de gamaglutamiltransferase e da concentração de proteína total. Para determinação e avaliação das taxas e das possíveis causas de morbimortalidade, os recém-nascidos foram observados até os 30 dias de vida
Was determined the vitality and hematological profiles, hemogasometrics and biochemists of 37 kids approximately premature 141 days of intrauterine life, from goats subjected to different treatment protocols, namely: Group I- Consisting of ten goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of goats that will receive, intramuscularly (IM) and once, 20 mg of dexamethasone, two days prior to elective surgery (139 days); Group II-composed of nine goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of mothers who receive, via IM/SID: 2 mg of dexamethasone, 133 to 136 days of gestation; 4 mg of 137 to 139; and 20 mg to 140 days of pregnancy; Group III-consisting of nine goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of goats that will receive, via IM/IDB, 16 mg of dexamethasone to 139, with repeated doses every 12 hours before elective surgery; and Group IV-composed of nine goats with ± 141 days old, born through c-section, of goats will receive 4, 8, 16 and 20 mg of dexamethasone, via IM/SID, to 137, 138, 139 and 140 days of gestation, respectively. The same will be evaluated with respect to vitality, APGAR score. This will give blood samples from goats at birth, to 60 minutes, at 12, 24 and 48 hours, aiming at determining the CBC, as well as the variables hemogasometrics, insulin, cortisol, urea, creatinine, serum lactate and glucose, as well as the Serum activity of associated disease and the concentration of total protein.For determination and assessment fees and the possible causes of morbidity and mortality, the newborns will be observed until the 30 days of life. Keywords: ruminants, dexamethasone, induced childbirth
FAPESP: 16/00808-6

Orientador: Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello Soutello
Resumo: Os parasitos influenciam de maneira significativa a bovinocultura no Brasil, sendo a aplicação de endectocidas da família das lactonas macrocíclicas umas das formas mais utilizadas para o controle, porém podem proporcionar contaminação ao ambiente, visto que sua eliminação é principalmente via fezes e urina. Com isto, este trabalho objetivou verificar o desenvolvimento de microrganismos edáficos e a decomposição das fezes de bovinos ao longo do tempo após o tratamento com diferentes lactonas macrocíclicas. Foram avaliadas as fezes de doze animais, divididos em quatro grupos homogêneos, sendo o G1- controle (sem a administração de endectocida), G2-Ivermectina 1%, G3-Ivermectina 3,15% e G4- Moxidectina 1%. As colheitas das fezes dos animais foram realizadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21, 28,42 e 56 pós tratamento, e submetidas a três ambientes de decomposição, sendo ambiente controlado (BOD), Natural (NAT): exposto as condições climáticas naturais e enterradas no solo (Solo). Nos dias das cada colheitas e 112 dias após cada colheita, foi realizada a avaliação matéria orgânica. As avaliações da microbiota das fezes foram realizadas nos dias das colheitas e 7 após cada colheita. Observou-se que as ivermectinas em suas duas concentrações (1 e 3,15%) interferiram no desenvolvimento da população microbiana, já a moxidectina 1% não alterou a dinâmica populacional das bactérias, que também não foi influenciada pelo ambiente exposto em nenhum dos tratamento. A decomposição não foi afetada pela... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
O objectivo deste trabalho é descrever as principais aplicações da laparoscopia em ruminantes e o uso desta técnica na correcção do deslocamento abomasal, de forma regular, na clínica de animais de pecuária. A área da endoscopia tem tido uma evolução notável nas últimas décadas, para a qual têm também contribuído os avanços verificados a nível tecnológico. Em laparoscopia de ruminantes são geralmente usados laparoscópios rígidos e as principais vantagens desta cirurgia incluem o facto de ser mini-invasiva, a redução da duração do procedimento, poucas complicações e tempo de recuperação pós-cirúrgico mais curto. As principais desvantagens incluem o preço do equipamento, a curva de aprendizagem e a perda de sensação táctil em comparação com a cirurgia aberta. São indicados neste trabalho os tipos de equipamento comummente usados e sugestões de cuidados pré e pós cirúrgicos. A anatomia abdominal observada através do laparoscópio e possíveis abordagens cirúrgicas são também referidas. No que diz respeito ao deslocamento abomasal, para além de várias técnicas disponíveis para a sua correcção, é descrita a patogenia da doença, os factores de risco, a influência de doenças concomitantes e é apresentado um conjunto de casos observados na Clínica para Ruminantes (medicina interna e cirurgia) em Gießen submetidos a cirurgia laparoscópica segundo o método de Janowitz. A abomasopéxia por meio de colocação de toggle abomasal, seja pelo método de Janowitz, Christiansen ou Newman, Anderson e Silveira, são técnicas que podem ser praticadas com facilidade na clínica de campo.
ABSTRACT - Laparoscopy in ruminants: using a mini-invasive procedure for correction of the leftsided displaced abomasum. - The aim of this dissertation is to describe the main applications of laparoscopy in ruminants and the use of this method for the correction of the displaced abomasum, in a regular basis, in farm animals’ practice. The evolution on the endoscopy field during the past decades was remarkable, for what is also important the great advances verified in technology area. Rigid laparoscopes are commonly used in ruminants’ laparoscopy. Some advantages that are related with this kind of surgery are the mini-invasiveness, the reduction of the surgical time, the few complications and a recovery period faster than with conventional surgery. The main drawbacks are the price of the equipment, the learning curve and the lost of the tactile sensation comparing with open surgery. In this paper, there is a review of the equipment commonly used and some suggestions for pre and post-surgical care. The laparoscopic abdominal anatomy and some possible approaches are also referred. About the abomasum displacement, a description of various techniques used on its correction is

L'interfecondation des parasites de la sous-famille des ostertagiinae (lopez neyra, 1947), nematode trichostrongyloidea, des ruminants est etudie. La methodologie d'etude repose sur l'appariement de femelles vierges de souches monomorphes d'une espece avec des males d'une autre espece. Des ovins fistules de la caillette et traites avec des corticoides a action prolongee sont utilises comme recepteur des nematodes. L'evaluation des resultats se fait a partir de l'absence ou de la presence d'ufs dans les feces, des possibilites de developpement en larves infestantes, puis en adultes, fertiles ou non. Nous n'avons pas obtenu l'hybride intergenerique mais un hybride interspecifique entre o. Leptospicularis et o. Ostertagi. Il n'y a pas de barrieres reproductives entre o. Leptospicularis et o. Kolchida, o. Ostertagi et o. Lyrata et t. Circumcincta et t. Trifurcata: l'interfecondite de ces nematodes, deja regroupes en couples par des analyses multidimensionnelles par leurs ressemblances selon l'environnement et l'hote, confirme l'existence de polymorphisme. Le determinisme genetique du polymorphisme est envisage a partir de l'etude de l'evolution des frequences phenotypiques des souches de laboratoire et a partir de croisements selectifs

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A caprinocultura é considerada um segmento de grande importância em agronegócios no país, gerando importante fonte de carne e leite, principalmente na região Nordeste. Entretanto, este criatório sofre grandes perdas econômicas devido às parasitoses que acometem o trato digestório. Dentre estas, destaca-se, o gênero Haemonchus, cujas espécies H. contortus e H. placei parasitam abomaso de caprinos e bovinos, respectivamente, havendo possibilidade de infecção cruzada dessas duas espécies helmínticas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do parasitismo por H. placei em caprinos e compará-la à patogenicidade por H. contortus. Foram utilizados 14 caprinos, recém-nascidos, mantidos em gaiolas metálicas de piso suspenso, assim distribuídos: GI - quatro cabritos inoculados com 5000 larvas infectantes (L3) de H. placei, GII – quatro infectados com 5000 larvas infectantes (L3) de H. contortus, GIII – quatro animais inoculados com 2500 larvas L3 de H. contortus + 2500 H. placei e GIV – dois cabritos que receberam apenas água (controle). Exames de contagem de ovos de estrongilídeos por grama de fezes (OPG) foram realizados diariamente, após o 7º dia da inoculação. Os períodos pré-patentes foram de 24 dias para H contortus e de 31 dias para H. placei. O grupo inoculado apenas com H. placei apresentou médias de OPG inferiores quando comparado aos demais grupos. Decorridos 42 dias pós-infecção, os 14 caprinos foram eutanasiados e necropsiados, sendo coletados “in totum” os exemplares de Haemonchus. O grupo I apresentou média de 25,5 espécimes H. placei, o grupo II média de 619,5 de exemplares de H. contortus, o grupo III média de 120 exemplares de H. placei e 604,75 de H. contortus e no grupo IV nenhum helminto foi diagnosticado. Não foram constatadas quaisquer outras espécies e nem formas imaturas de Haemonchus no trato gastrintestinais dos caprinos. Fragmentos do abomaso foram coletados e armazenados em formol tamponado para análise histopatológica. Foram observados no grupo I lesões microscópicas leves apenas com poucos focos inflamatórios. Nos grupos II e III foram diagnosticadas lesões extensas, como edemas, focos inflamatórios difusos, infiltrado de eosinófilos, diminuição das células parietais. No grupo IV nenhuma alteração histopatológica foi diagnosticada. Nas condições desse estudo, a espécie caprina foi razoavelmente susceptível ao parasitismo por Haemonchus placei, sendo esse parasitismo mais proeminente nos animais que receberam infecção mista (H. placei + H. contortus).
Goat breeding is considered a very important segment in Brazilian agribusiness, generating a significant source of meat and milk. However, this industry suffers great economic losses due to parasitic diseases that affect the digestive tract, compromising their development. Among these, the Haemonchus genus stands out, with H. contortus and H. placei parasitizing goats and cattle, respectively, with the possiblity of cross infection between these helminth species in abomasu of hosts. The objective of the present study was to estimate the viability of H. placei parasitism in goats, and compare it with H. contortus pathogenicity. Fourteen newborn goats were used, distributed in the following way: GI - four goats inoculated with infective larvae (L3) of H. placei; GII – four animals infected with infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus; GIII - four caprines inoculated with larvae L3 of H. contortus + H. placei; and GIV - two goats that received only water (control). Each animal received 5000 L3 of Haemonchus species, in a single dose, orally. Egg per Gram of Feces (EPG) exams were performed daily after the 7th day of inoculation, establishing that the pre-patent period of H. contortus was 24 days and H. placei was 31 days. The group inoculated only with H. placei presented lower EPG means when compared to the other groups. After 42 days post-infection, all 14 goats were euthanized and necropsied, and Haemonchus specimens were collected “in totum". Group I presented an average of 25.5 specimens, while the mean of group II was 619.5, group III obtained an average of 120 specimens of H. placei and 604.75 of H. contortus and group IV did not present any specimens. No other species and no immature forms of Haemonchus were found in gastrintestinal tracts of experimental animals. Fragments of abomasum were collected and stored in buffered formalin for histopathological analysis, in which GI group showed mild microscopic lesions with only a few inflammatory foci, while groups II and III had extensive lesions, such as edema, diffuse inflammatory foci, eosinophilic infiltrate and hyperplasia of parietal cells. Group IV showed no changes. Under conditions of this study, the caprine species did not present itself as susceptible to parasitism by Haemonchus placei, with such parasitism being more prominent when in consortium with Haemonchus contortus.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo mensurar a produção de hidroperóxidos e a capacidade antioxidante do plasma de cabras e seus cabritos, por meio do teste d-ROMs (Reactive Oxygen Metabolites) e BAP (Biological Antioxidant Potential), após as cabras serem submetidas a diferentes protocolos de corticoterapia antenatal, os animais foram aleatoriamente alocados em quatro grupos experimentais: grupo I - constituído por quatro cabras e sete cabritos, com uma única dosagem de 20 mg de dexametasona, por via IM/SID, dois dias antes da cirurgia eletiva (139 dias); grupo II - composto por quatro cabras e seis cabritos utilizando a dosagem de 2 mg de dexametasona, dos 133 aos 136 dias; 4 mg dos 137 aos 138; e 20 mg aos 139 dias de prenhes, por via IM/SID; grupo III - constituído por quatro cabras e sete cabritos, com dosagem de 16 mg de dexametasona aos 139, com doses repetidas a cada 12 horas até a cirurgia eletiva, por via IM/BID, e grupo IV - composto por quatro cabras e seis cabritos utilizando a dose de 4, 8, 16 e 20 mg de dexametasona, por via IM/SID, aos 137, 138, 139, 140 dias de gestação, respectivamente. Para analisar d-ROMs e BAP foram feitas coletas de sangue nas cabras por punção da veia jugular aos 15 minutos (M15) após o parto, e nos cabritos foram realizadas as coletas de sangue por punção da veia jugular nos respectivos momentos com referência ao nascimento de cada neonato: 15 minutos (M15), 24 horas (M24) e 48 horas (M48).
The objective of this work was to measure the production of hydroperoxides and the antioxidant capacity of goats and their goats by means of the d-ROMs test (Reactive Oxygen Metabolites) and BAP (Biological Antioxidant Potential), after the goats were submitted to different protocols of antenatal corticosteroid therapy, the animals were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: group I - consisting of four goats and seven goats, with a single dose of 20 mg of dexamethasone, IM / SID, two days before elective surgery (139 days); group II - composed of four goats and six goats using the dosage of 2 mg dexamethasone, from 133 to 136 days; 4 mg of 137 to 138; and 20 mg at 139 days of pregnancy, by IM/SID; group III - consisting of four goats and seven goats, with a dose of 16 mg of dexamethasone at 139, with repeated doses every 12 hours until elective surgery, by IM/BID, e group IV - composed of four goats and six goats using the dose of 4, 8, 16 and 20 mg dexamethasone, by IM / SID route, to the 137, 138, 139, 140 days of gestation, respectively. Blood samples were taken from the goats by puncture of the jugular vein at 15 minutes (M15) after calving and the kidneys were collected by puncturing the jugular vein at the respective moments with reference to the birth of each neonate: 15 minutes (M15), 24 hours (M24) and 48 hours (M48).
FAPESP: 16/00808-6

Para avaliar o metabolismo oxidativo, perfil bioquímico e o efeito da suplementação com vitamina E intramuscular no período periparto, foram utilizadas 24 ovelhas, hígidas, da raça Santa Inês, no último mês de gestação. As ovelhas foram distribuídas em dois grupos que receberam, com intervalo de 14 dias, duas aplicações pela via intramuscular profunda de 2 mL de solução fisiológica (grupo controle-GC), ou 200 UI de vitamina E (grupo tratado-GT). Estes grupos foram subdivididos em P1 e P2. No P1, as ovelhas receberam a segunda dose de solução fisiológica ou vitamina entre 1 e 7 dias da data do parto. No P2, a segunda dose foi administrada entre 15 e 25 dias da data do parto. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos seguintes momentos: previamente à primeira aplicação (M0), 15 dias após a primeira aplicação (M1), no momento do parto (M2), 7 dias após o parto (M3), duas semanas após o parto (M4) e 4 semanas após o parto (M5). Foram analisadas as variáveis do perfil bioquímico: proteína total, albumina, globulina, uréia, creatinina, creatinofosfoquinase (cK), ácido úrico, aspartatoaminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), colesterol, triglicérides, glicose, beta hidroxibutirato (BHB) , ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA). Do metabolismo oxidativo foram determinas as atividades da superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e habilidade de redução férrica plasmática (HRFP). Em P1, não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos tratado e controle nas concentrações de proteína total, globulina, cK, ácido úrico, glicose, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, SOD, GSH-Px e GSH. Porém em P1, foram observadas maiores concentrações em de albumina em M0 (P=0,039); uréia em M1 (P=0,018), M2 (P=0,005) e M3 (P=0,040); a creatinina em M2 (P=0,030) e M3 (P=0,047); GGT em M1 (P= 0,01) e M2 (P=0,024); colesterol em M2 (P=0,041) e HRFP em M3 (P= 0,022) para as ovelhas tratadas em relação às controle. Em P1, a AST foi maior para o controle em relação ao tratado em M2 (P=0,030). Em P2, foram observadas maiores atividades para o grupo controle nas variáveis SOD em M3 (P=0,013) e GSH-Px em M4 (P=0,027) e maior HRFP em M4 (P=0,023) para o grupo tratado. A aplicação de duas doses de vitamina E (200 UI, via IM) aumentou as concentrações de HRFP no pós-parto tanto em P1 como em P2.
Oxidative metabolism, biochemical profile and the effect of intramuscular vitamin E supplementation on sheeps per partum period were evaluated using 24 healthy Santa Ines sheep, in the last month of pregnancy. The lambs were randomly divided into two groups, control group-CG and treated group-TG. CG received 2 mL of saline and TG received 200 IU of vitamin E, both treatments were done with two doses within interval of 14 days, by deep intramuscular injection of. These groups were further divided into P1 and P2. In P1 the sheep received the second or vitamin saline dose between 1 and 7 days before delivery date. In P2, the second dose was administered between 15 and 25 days before delivery. Blood samples were collected at the following times: before the first application (M0), 15 days after (M1), at birth (M2), 7 days postpartum (M3), two weeks after delivery (M4) and four weeks after delivery (M5). The variables of biochemical profile analyzed were: total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acids non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Oxidative metabolism variable were: activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (HRFP). No differences were observed between the P1 treated and control groups in the concentrations of total protein, globulin, CK, uric acid, glucose, triglycerides, BHB, NEFA, SOD, GSH-Px and GSH. However higher concentrations of albumin in M0 (P = 0.039), urea in M1 (P = 0.018), M2 (P = 0.005) and M3 (P = 0.040), creatinine in M2 (P = 0.030 ) and M3 (P = 0.047), GGT in M1 (P = 0.01) and M2 (P = 0.024), cholesterol in M2 (P = 0.041) and HRFP at M3 (P = 0.022) for ewes treated we observed. AST concentration was greater for control in M2 (P = 0.030). In P2, higher activities were observed for the control group in the variables SOD in M3 (P = 0.013), GSH-Px in M4 (P = 0.027) and higher FRAP in M4 (P = 0.023) for the treated group. The application of two doses of vitamin E (200 IU, im) increased the concentrations of FRAP postpartum in both P1 and P2.

In Brazil, country with the fifth largest world production of milk, diets formulations are also carried out on the basis of nutritional requirements established in other countries, especially those from predominantly temperate climate. Research validation nutritional systems have evidenced application incompatibility of systems generated in temperate conditions at tropical conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to determinate energy requirements, energetic partition and methane (CH4) enteric emission from growing Holstein, Gyr and F1 Holstein-Gyr dairy heifers in tropical conditions. The trial was conducted at The Multi-use Livestock Complex of Bioefficiency and Sustainability at Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Coronel Pacheco - MG, Brazil. Were evaluated 36 heifers, 12 Holstein, 12 Gyr and 12 Holstein-Gyr in 3 distinct experiments. In the first one, the 36 heifers were distributed in 12 latin squares, in a 3x3 factorial arrangement which was 3 nutritional plans and 3 genotypes. The nutritional plans were (1) 1.0x maintenance; (2) 1.5x maintenance and (3) 2.0x maintenance and the heifers were fed a diet consisting of 85.0% of corn silage and 15.0% of concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Enteric CH4 emission was evaluated by SF6 tracer technique. Dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrients presented interaction among genotype and nutritional plan. Gyr heifers demonstrated higher crude protein (CP) digestibility (76.55%), F1 Holstein-Gyr intermediary value (75.14%) and Holstein animals presented the lowest value (74.59%). Daily CH4 production (g/d) was influenced by nutritional plan and differed as well between genotypes whereas Gyr heifers compared to the others had lesser CH4 emissions. Heifers fed at lower nutritional plan presented highest (85.5%) CH4 emissions by average daily gain (g/ kg of ADG) when compared to heifers fed at the higher nutritional plan. We found annual emissions of 45.84 kg of CH4. The second experiment has as objective measure the heat production (HP) and the enteric CH4 emission from dairy heifers using face mask (FM) method. The same animals, treatments and diets that were used in the first study were used in this second and third one. The HP expressed in Mcal by metabolic body weight (Mcal/BW0.75) was affect by genotype and Gyr heifers presented lower HP (163.2) when compared to Holstein (201.0) while F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers did not differ (181.3). Observed interaction among genotype and nutritional plan to CH4 emission in (g/d) and grams per kilo of metabolic body weight (g/kg of BW0.75). When expressed in dry matter ingested was not found genotype or nutritional plans effects to CH4 production. In the third study, our objective was to determine energy requirements, energetic partition and enteric CH4 emission using the \"gold standard\" methodology as calorimetric respirometry. Each heifers spent one 24 hours period in an open-circuit respirometric chamber (RC) to measurements. The CH4 emission was influenced by genotype and nutritional plan. Holstein and F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers demonstrated 73.4% superior emissions when compared to Gyr heifers. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm/kcal BW0.75) was 103.9 for Holstein heifers, 79.86 for Gyr heifers and 103.8 for F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers. The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm/kcal BW0.75) was 132.6 for Holstein heifers, 116.0 for Gyr heifers and 138.2 for F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers. Were not found differences among Holstein and F1 heifers on NEm and MEm, so was formulated a combined equation for both, where the net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 105.2 and 135.0 kcal/BW0.75, respectively. We concluded that our results about nutritional requirements had similarity with available literature from respirometric chambers. These generated data from dairy cattle will be used for a future data base vising the establishment of feed patterns for representative dairy cattle genotypes in national herd composition. Also, the enteric methane emission data obtained in this study will be used in the greenhouse gases national inventory.
No Brasil, país com a quinta maior produção mundial de leite, as formulações de dietas ainda são realizadas com base nas exigências nutricionais estabelecidas em países de clima predominantemente temperado. Pesquisas de validação de sistemas nutricionais têm evidenciado incompatibilidade de aplicação dos sistemas gerados em condições temperadas às condições tropicais. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar as exigências de energia, a partição da energia consumida e emissão de metano (CH4) entérico de novilhas leiteiras em crescimento das raças Holandês, Gir e F1 Holandês-Gir, em condições tropicais. O experimento foi realizado no Complexo Experimental Multiusuário da Embrapa Gado de Leite, localizado no Campo Experimental José Henrique Bruschi, em Coronel Pacheco - MG. Foram avaliadas 36 novilhas leiteiras, sendo 12 da raça Holandês, 12 da raça Gir e 12 F1 Holandês-Gir em 3 experimentos distintos. No primeiro experimento, as 36 novilhas foram distribuídas em 12 quadrados latinos, em arranjo fatorial 3x3, ou seja, 3 planos nutricionais e 3 grupos genéticos. Os planos nutricionais foram (1) 1.0x mantença; (2) 1.5x mantença e (3) 2.0x mantença e as novilhas foram alimentadas com uma dieta constituída de 85.0% de silagem de milho e 15.0% de concentrado com base na matéria seca (MS). A metodologia empregada para mensuração de CH4 foi a técnica do gás traçador SF6. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e nutrientes apresentou interação entre genótipo e plano nutricional. Novilhas da raça Gir apresentam maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta (76,55%), as F1 Holandês-Gir valor intermediário (75,14%) enquanto que os animais da raça Holandês apresentaram o menor valor (74,59%). A produção diária de metano em grama dia (g/d) foi influenciada pelo plano nutricional e também diferiu entre grupo genético, sendo que novilhas da raça Gir quando comparadas às demais tiveram menor emissão de CH4 entérico. Novilhas alimentadas sob o menor plano nutricional apresentaram maior emissão de CH4 (85,5%) por ganho de peso diário (g/kg de GPD) quando comparada as novilhas sob o maior plano nutricional. A produção média de CH4 anual encontrada no presente estudo foi de 45,84 kg. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo mensurar a produção de calor (PC) e a emissão de CH4 entérico por novilhas leiteiras através do método da máscara facial. Os mesmos animais, tratamentos e dietas que foram utilizadas no primeiro estudo foram utilizados neste estudo e no estudo que será descrito posteriormente a esse. A PC expressa em Mcal por peso vivo metabólico (Mcal/PVM) foi afetada por genótipo e novilhas da raça Gir apresentaram menor PC (163,2) quando comparada as novilhas Holandês (201,0) enquanto que as novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir não diferiu das demais (181,3). Observou-se interação entre genótipo e plano nutricional para emissão de CH4 em grama dia e em grama por quilo de peso vivo metabólico. Quando expresso em relação à matéria seca ingerida, não foram encontrados efeitos de genótipo ou plano nutricional para emissão de CH4. O terceiro estudo objetivou determinar as exigências de energia, a partição energética e a emissão metano entérico pela metodologia padrão de respirometria calorimétrica. Cada novilha permaneceu por um período de 24 horas no interior da câmara para as mensurações. A emissão de CH4 (g/d) foi influenciada por genótipo e plano nutricional. Novilhas Holandês e F1 Holandês-Gir demonstram emissões superiores em 73,4% quando comparadas as novilhas da raça Gir. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença (ELm/kcal BW0,75) foi 103,9 para novilhas Holandês, 79,86 para novilhas Gir e 103,8 para novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir. A exigência de energia metabolizável para mantença (EMm/kcal BW0,75) foi 132, 6 para novilhas Holandês, 116,0 para novilhas Gir e 138,2 para novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre novilhas Holandês e F1 Holandês-Gir para exigências de ELm e EMm, então foi formulada uma equação combinada para ambas, onde ELm e EMm foram 105,2 e 135,0 kcal/BW0,75, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que os atuais resultados de exigências em energia tiveram similaridade com a literatura disponível e serão utilizados para inclusão no banco de dados de gado de leite, a ser formado com trabalhos já existentes e outros que ainda serão desenvolvidos, visando ao futuro estabelecimento das normas e padrões nacionais de alimentação para bovinos leiteiros dos grupos genéticos mais representativos do rebanho nacional. Os dados de emissão de metano entérico obtidos poderão ser utilizados na elaboração do inventário nacional de emissão de gases de efeito estufa pelas atividades pecuárias.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Esta tese de Mestrado é o culminar de cinco meses e meio de estágio em Montemor-o-Novo com o Dr. Jaime Ribeiro, onde tive a oportunidade de pôr em prática os conhecimentos que aprendi durante os cinco anos de Licenciatura e Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária. Devido ao risco de zoonose de algumas doenças do foro nervoso nos ruminantes, estas têm apresentado um lugar de destaque na clínica deste animais. O papel do Médico Veterinário é saber identificar correctamente cada caso e dar-lhe o seguimento acertado com vista a diminuir a propagação destas doenças e o número de casos que se tornam fatais. Durante o estágio tive a oportunidade de acompanhar em primeira mão dois casos de listeriose na sua forma encefálica, pelo que decidi explorar esta temática. Depois de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre L. monocytogenes com ênfase na clínica de ruminantes, abordando os aspectos mais importantes que resultam da infecção dos animais pela bactéria, nomeadamente etiologia, epidemiologia, patogenicidade, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção, relatei os dois casos clínicos que presenciei e as medidas que foram tomadas para tratar os animais e identificar positivamente a L. monocytogenes. Faço também referência a um caso clínico relativo à espécie caprina que tive o privilégio de acompanhar e analisar. Concluí que, sendo uma doença ubiquitária e zoonótica é de extrema importância a sensibilização dos proprietários para o correcto acondicionamento e fermentação da silagem que vai ser fornecida aos animais. No entanto existem outros factores que podem promover infecções por Listeria spp., sendo por isso necessário uma constante monitorização da manada para detectar rapidamente possíveis casos e aumentar a taxa de sobrevivência dos animais.
ABSTRACT - Review of Listerosis in ruminants based on three clinical cases - This Master's thesis is the culmination of five and a half months of internship in Montemor-o-Novo with Dr. Jaime Ribeiro, where I got to put into practice the knowledge I learned over five years of studying to attain the master's degree in Veterinary Medicine. Because of the risk of zoonosis, some ruminants' neurologic diseases have shown a prominent place in the clinic of these animals. The role of the veterinarian is to correctly identify each case and give the proper follow-up in order to reduce the spread of these diseases and the number of cases that become fatal. During the internship I had the opportunity to experience firsthand two cases of nervous listeriosis, so I decided to explore this theme. After a bibliographic review of L. monocytogenes with an emphasis on the ruminant clinical cases, addressing the most important aspects resulting from infection of animals by this specific bacteria, including etiology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, I reported the two clinical cases witnessed, the measures taken to treat the animals and positively identify the bacteria. I present an outbreak in goats that I was privileged to track and analyze. Lastly I concluded that, being a ubiquitous and zoonotic disease is of paramount importance to raise the awareness of the owners for the proper packaging and fermentation of the silage that will be given to the animals. However, there are other factors that can cause listeriosis infections, so it is necessary to constant monitor the herd in order to quickly detect possible cases so increase the survival rate of the animals and reduce the public health risk.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de níveis de glicerina bruta em substituição ao milho na dieta de caprinos de corte, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros ruminais foram testadas dietas contendo zero, seis, 12 e 18% de glicerina bruta. As dietas foram compostas de 55% de concentrado e 45% de volumoso (feno de tifton 85). Utilizando quatro cabritos Boer fistulados e quatro intactos, em um duplo quadrado latino 4x4. O consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e fibra FDN não diferiram entre os tratamentos em g/dia e em %PC, o mesmo acontecendo com o consumo de feno e concentrado. O consumo de proteína, FDA e extrato etéreo respondendo de maneira quadrático e linear positivo e negativo aos tratamentos, respectivamente em g/dia e em %PC. Já o consumo de proteína teve efeito quadrático em g/dia e não variou em %PC. A digestibilidade da FDA aumentou linearmente em %PC. O balanço de nitrogênio e o pH não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. O pH ruminal e o nitrogênio amoniacal apresentaram diferenças significativas em função do horário de coleta. O nitrogênio amoniacal apresentou ainda, efeito linear decrescente com o aumento dos níveis de glicerina. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que a utilização de glicerina bruta em substituição ao milho na dieta de caprinos, até o nível de 18% não causa efeitos negativos no consumo, digestibilidade da dieta, no pH ruminal e no balanço de nitrogênio. O nitrogênio amoniacal diminui conforme aumenta os níveis de glicerina, porém, se mantém em níveis apropriados para a atividade ruminal.
In order to evaluate the effects of adding levels of crude glycerin replacing corn in the diet of goats on intake, digestibility and ruminal diets containing zero, six, 12 and 18% crude glycerin were tested. The diets were composed of 55 % concentrate and 45% roughage (hay Tifton 85). Using four fistulated Boer goats and four intact on a double 4x4 Latin square. The intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and fiber NDF did not differ among treatments in g/day and %BW, as did the consumption of hay and concentrate. The consumption of protein, ADF and ether extract responding quadratic and linear treatments to positive and negative manner, respectively, in g/day and % BW. The consumption of protein had a quadratic effect in g / day and did not change in % BW. The ADF digestibility increased linearly in % BW. Nitrogen balance and pH did not differ among treatments. The ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen showed significant differences depending on the time of collection. The ammonia nitrogen also showed linear decrease with increasing levels of glycerin. The results of this study show that the use of crude glycerin replacing corn in the diet of goats, up to the level of 18% does not cause negative effects on consumption, diet digestibility, rumen pH and nitrogen balance. The ammonia nitrogen decreases with increasing levels of glycerin, however, remains at appropriate levels for ruminal activity.
5000

No presente trabalho verificámos se existia circulação do agente da paratuberculose nas explorações de pequenos ruminantes no distrito de Beja. Avaliou-se a variação da circulação do agente em função das raças, localização geográfica, coabitação com outras espécies e dimensão das explorações. O estudo consistiu na pesquisa serológica que incidiu em 27 explorações de regime semi-extensivo utilizando um teste ELISA em animais com idade superior a 2 anos. Foram analisadas 25 explorações de ovinos de aptidão carne e duas de caprinos. Foram rastreados no total 187 animais, 172 ovinos e 15 caprinos. A seroprevalência aparente de rebanho encontrada foi 14,8%, com intervalo de confiança 5,9 a 32,5%. Na estimativa da seroprevalência real de rebanho este valor sobe para 41,2%, com intervalo de confiança 16,4 a 90,2%. Apenas o factor coabitação dos rebanhos rastreados com rebanhos de bovinos revelou ter significância, podendo ser considerado factor de risco nos rebanhos de pequenos ruminantes; ABSTRACT: In this study we tested the circulation of Paratuberculosis in small ruminant flocks in the district of Beja. We evaluated the variation of the agent circulation with race, geographic location, cohabitation with other species and flocks size. The study consisted of a serological survey in 27 semi-extensive farms using an ELISA test in animals older than 2 years. We surveyed25 sheep flocks designed for meat production and two goats flocks. We screened a total of 187 animals, 172 sheep and 15 goats. The apparent herd prevalence found was 14.8% with a confidence limit from 5.9 to 32.5%. In estimating the real herd prevalence this figure rises to 41.2% with a confidence limit from 16.4 to 90.2%. Only the cohabitation flocks factor with cattle flocks seems to be significant and can be considered a risk factor in small ruminants.

SOUSA NETO, Jaime Martins. Caracterização e desempenho econômico dos sistemas de produção de ovinos Morada Nova no estado do Ceará. 2011. 84 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2011.
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This chapter has the aim to make the technical analysis of production systems in Morada Nova sheep to complement the project "Characterization and basis for the genetic improvement of sheep Morada Nova", coordinated by Embrapa Goats and Sheep, with the financial support of Banco do Nordeste (FUNDECI / ETENE). In order to achieve this objective, primary research was conducted with data collected through the application of questionnaires to the sheep farmers of the municip ality of Morada Nova, Ceará State. To assess the technological level, the system of sheep was divided into four components: the producer management, infrastructure, production system, herd management and performance of the herds. Next, we determined the te chnological indices for each component separately and for all of them, based on its recommended technology. We found four production systems baptized by the technology index for each producer, being called "high technology gap" - level D, "regular technolog ical gap" - level C, "low technology gap" - level B and "high art " - level A. It was found that 17% of farmers fall in the level A, 33% at level B, Level C in 33% and 17% at level D.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal efetuar a caracterização e avaliação do desempenho econômico dos sistemas de produção de ovinos da raça Morada Nova no Estado do Ceará. Para tanto foram aplicados questionários junto aos produtores de ovinos da raça Morada Nova no Estado do Ceará. Para caracterização técnica, dividiu-se o sistema de produção de ovinos em quatro componentes: gerenciamento do produtor, infra-estrutura do sistema de produção, manejo dos rebanhos e desempenho dos rebanhos. Em seguida, foram determinados os índices tecnológicos para cada componente, separadamente e para o conjunto deles, com base na respectiva tecnologia recomendada. Para a caracterização socioeconômica dos produtores, foram analisados sete fatores, a saber: infra-estrutura e produção de volumosos, rebanhos e manejo de produção, produção, aspectos ambientais, mão-de-obra, crédito rural e administração do empreendimento. A análise econômica foi feita utilizando-se a metodologia do Sistema Integrado de Custos Agropecuários – CUSTAGRI. Foram identificados quatro níveis tecnológicos de sistemas de produção que foram usados para a análise dos aspectos socioeconômicos, estimativas de custos e avaliação de rentabilidade. Os sistemas de produção de ovinos Morados Nova mais tecnificados mostraram-se lucrativos e capazes de viabilizar o desenvolvimento sustentável no meio rural, proporcionando a fixação do homem no campo com emprego e renda. As principais dificuldades observadas pelos produtores estão ligadas à mão-de-obra desqualificada, políticas de crédito insuficientes e falta de políticas públicas focadas na atividade.

Le virus Schmallenberg (SBV) appartient au genre Orthobunyavirus, au sein de la famille des Bunyaviridae. Ce nouveau virus, découvert en 2011 au nord-ouest de l’Europe, affecte les ruminants domestiques. Il est responsable de signes cliniques discrets chez les adultes et de malformations congénitales chez les nouveau-nés. Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans les projets d’étude de la pathogenèse de l’infection à SBV et de l’épidémiologie de la maladie, dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche européen sur le virus. Ce manuscrit inclut de nouvelles données, telles les cinétiques de la virémie et de la séroconversion chez les ovins et caprins, après infection expérimentale par SBV. La possibilité d’infection par SBV par voie vaginale est démontrée expérimentalement chez la chèvre. Après infection expérimentale de chèvres gestantes entre 28 et 42 jours de gestation, une mortalité fœtale ou des lésions du système nerveux central des fœtus peuvent survenir. Enfin, la sensibilité de plusieurs espèces de ruminants sauvages et exotiques de parcs zoologiques vis-à-vis de SBV est démontrée pour la première fois
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus in the family Bunyaviridae. This new virus was discovered in 2011 in Northwestern Europe in domestic ruminants. Infection by SBV is associated with mild clinical signs in adult and congenital malformations in the progeny. In the scope of the European research program on SBV in the pathogenesis and epidemiology areas, the works included in this thesis provide new data about SBV infection in livestock and wild and exotic ruminants. The kinetics of viremia and seroconversion after experimental SBV infection are described in sheep and goats. This manuscript includes evidence of SBV infection via vaginal route in goats. Experimental SBV infection in pregnant goats between 28 and 42 days of gestation can lead to death or central nervous system lesions in fetuses. Evidence of susceptibility to SBV in several species of wild and exotic ruminants kept in zoos is described for the first time

Cette thèse avait pour objectif d'évaluer la défaunation comme technique permettant une meilleure nutrition des ruminants. La défaunation entraîne une augmentation du flux d'azote (non ammoniacal) au niveau du duodénum. Cependant, des études de la littérature indiquent que l'effet de la défaunation sur les productions animales (viande, lait et laine) est variable. Notre hypothèse de travail est que le rapport azote / énergie (PDIN / UF) de la ration est le principal facteur de variation des effets observés. . . La défaunation améliore l'indice de consommation des animaux défaunés ( -1. 4 g MS / g de croît). L'ensemble de ces résultats est confirmé par l'étude de nos rations expérimentales. En conclusion, le rapport azote / énergie de la ration module les effets de la défaunation, quand l'énergie n'est pas limitante. En zone tropicale humide, la défaunation ne présenterait un intérêt que pour les rations mixtes et les vieux fourrages. L'intérêt de la défaunation en ZTH reste à confirmer, notamment pour les jeunes fourrages et la canne à sucre (pauvre en azote, riche en sucre)
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate defaunation as a technique, that allows a better nutrition of ruminants. Defaunation lead to an increase of non ammonia-nitrogen flow at the duodenum (NAN duo. ). . . The bilbliographic synthesis indicated an enhancement of the shape of volatil fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen (increase of propionate) after defaunation, whereas microbial cellulolysis decreased ( - 4. 7% DrNDF). The increased intestinal nitrogen flow and the enhanced shape of VFAs contribute to the enhanced metabolic use of energetic nutrients. Thus, defaunation led to an increase of food conversion efficiency (- 1. 4 g DM / g growth). These results are confirmed by our experimental diets studies. As a conclusion, the nitrogen /energy ratio of the diet modulate defaunation effect, while energy is not the growth limiting factor. The interest of defaunation in humid tropical area need to be confirmed, especially for young forage and sugar cane (low on nitrogen, high on glycoside)

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on September 24, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. James Spain. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

La peste des petits ruminants (PPR) et la Pleuropneumonie Contagieuse Caprine (PPCC) causées respectivement par un Morbillivirus (Virus de la Peste des Petits Ruminants) et un mycoplasme (Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae) sont deux maladies respiratoires très contagieuses des petits ruminants. La PPR est présente en Afrique, en Asie, au Moyen Orient, et depuis peu en Europe. Sur le continent africain, notamment en Afrique de l’Ouest, elle est en expansion et représente un facteur majeur d’insécurité alimentaire pour la population agricole. La PPCC identifiée au Niger en 1995 n’est que suspectée au Mali sur la base de résultats sérologiques.La PPR est un modèle pour l’étude des maladies transfrontalières car sa diffusion est très étroitement liée aux mouvements régionaux d’animaux vivants. La compréhension de cette diffusion est une condition essentielle à la mise en place de mesures de contrôle efficaces (vaccination, contrôle aux frontières etc.).La thèse a pour ambition de clarifier la situation épidémiologique de la PPR et de la PPCC au Mali, notamment pour savoir si ces deux maladies coexistent, afin d’en évaluer le risque pour les filières de production de caprins et de proposer des stratégies de contrôle adaptées. Nous n’avons pas réussi à mettre en évidence la présence de la PPCC au Mali. Pour la PPR, l’objectif de la thèse est de caractériser la diversité génétique de souches collectées en Afrique de l’Ouest et plus particulièrement au Mali en utilisant en première instance le gène partiel de la nucléoprotéine du virus. Nous avons ensuite estimé la diversité et le taux d’évolution du PPRV dans la région à partir de séquences génomiques complètes. Notre étude a montré qu’au Mali ainsi que dans les autres pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, trois lignées génétiques du PPRV circulent dont l’une d’elles, la lignée II est dominante dans la région et est caractérisée par une grande diversité génétique transfrontalière. Cette étude démontre également une progression de la lignée IV dans l’Afrique de l’Ouest et la persistance au Mali et au Niger de la lignée I (au moins jusqu’en 2001). Ces résultats reflètent par rapport aux données précédentes connues de la répartition des lignées de PPRV, une intensification des mouvements du bétail dus à l’échange et au commerce de ces animaux, flux qui n’est pas contrôlé entre tous les pays de l’ouest africain. Au Mali, il n’existe aucun moyen de contrôle, de traçabilité et d’identification animale. L’utilisation de la diversité génétique comme marqueur épidémiologique serait un moyen d’améliorer notre connaissance de la diffusion de la PPR et de là son contrôle, plus particulièrement dans les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) caused respectively by a Morbillivirus and a mycoplasma (Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae) are two highly contagious respiratory diseases of small ruminants. PPR is present in Africa, Asia, Middle East, and has just entered Europe. On the African continent, particularly in West Africa, it is emerging and is a major factor of food insecurity for low-income farmers. CCPP, identified in Niger in 1995, is only suspected in Mali on the basis of serological results.PPR is a model for the study of transboundary diseases because its diffusion is closely linked to regional movements of livestock. Understanding this diffusion is an essential condition for the implementation of effective control measures (vaccination, border control, etc.).The aims of our study is to clarify the epidemiological situation of PPR and the CCPP in Mali, including whether these two diseases coexist in order to assess the risk for goat production chains and propose appropriate control strategies.We did not succeed in confirming the presence of the CCPP in Mali. PPR has already been identified in Mali. The aim of our study for PPR is to characterize the genetic diversity and therefore the different lineages that circulate in Mali and, more generally, in the West African sub region by using at first the partial gene of Nucleoprotein of PPRV. We then estimated more accurately the diversity and rate of evolution of the virus in the region from PPRV genomic sequences. Our studies showed that three lineages of PPRV are circulating in Mali and West Africa. The lineage II is dominating and is characterized with a wide genetic diversity and extensive transboundary circulation. We also demonstrate the progression of lineage IV in West Africa and the persistence of lineage I in Mali and Niger (at least until 2001). These results reflect the large flow of uncontrolled livestock trade between all West African countries. In Mali, there is no means of control, traceability and animal identification. The use of genetic diversity as an epidemiological marker is an effective means of controlling the spread of PPR in these West African countries

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The fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease with high potential to cause great economic losses in several animal species that compromises the liver and bile ducts of the same. In the southern state of Espírito Santo is becoming an endemic disease due to climate conducive to maintaining the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica and the high conviction rate of liver parasites in slaughterhouse region. The objective of this study to evaluate the distribution and factors associated with infection by Fasciola hepatica in cattle in 10 municipalities in the southern state of Espírito Santo, in the period 2008 to 2009. We collected stool samples from 10% of cattle from each property were referred to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES) to perform the technique described by parasitological sedimentation Foreyt (2005) to detect eggs of Fasciola hepatica. The properties were selected for convenience, five properties in the county by 10 cities studied, totaling 50 properties. In each property was held a technical interview with the head, which was based on variables, to ascertain: the presence of wetland, the presence of other definitive hosts, the presence of previous cases of fasciolosis and the presence of observation of mollusk. The geographical position was defined with the aid of GPS in each property being transferred to maps using the computer program TrackMaker GPS. The associations between variables were evaluated by chi-square (X2) using the EPI INFO 2002. Of the total 717 samples 153 (21.33%) were positive for eggs of Fasciola hepatica in 32 (64%) farms with infected animals. Of the 50 farms studied, 32 (64%) showed positive animals for fasciolosis and 18 (36%) did not. After statistical analysis it was observed that there was only association between variables, presence of wetlands and other definitive hosts, with properties positive for bovine fasciolosis. Considering the results of this study, we can conclude that the bovine fascioliasis is a disease in expanding in the southern state of Espírito Santo
A fasciolose é uma enfermidade de elevado potencial zoonótico que causa grandes perdas econômicas em várias espécies de animais domésticos por acometer o fígado e as vias biliares dos mesmos. No sul do Estado do Espírito Santo está se tornado uma enfermidade endêmica devido ao clima favorável à manutenção do ciclo biológico da Fasciola hepatica e às altas taxas de condenação de fígados parasitados no matadouro-frigorífico regional. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a distribuição e fatores associados à infecção por Fasciola hepatica em bovinos em 10 municípios da região sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, no período de 2008 a 2009. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes de 10% do rebanho bovino de cada propriedade, sendo encaminhadas ao Laboratório Parasitologia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) para realização da técnica coproparasitológica de sedimentação descrita por Foreyt (2005) para detecção dos ovos de Fasciola hepatica. As propriedades foram selecionadas por conveniência, sendo cinco propriedades por município nos 10 municípios estudados, totalizando 50 propriedades. Em cada propriedade foi realizada uma entrevista técnica com o responsável, a qual se baseou em variáveis, a averiguar: presença de área alagada, presença de outros hospedeiros definitivos, presença de casos anteriores de fasciolose e presença de observação de molusco. O posicionamento geográfico foi definido com auxílio de GPS em cada propriedade sendo transferido para mapas por meio do programa computacional GPS Trackmaker. As associações entre as variáveis foram avaliadas pelo teste do quiquadrado (X2) com auxílio do programa EPI INFO 2002. Do total de 717 amostras coletadas 153 (21,33%) foram positivas para ovos de Fasciola hepatica em 32 (64%) propriedades com animais contaminados. Das 50 propriedades estudadas, 32 (64%) apresentavam animais positivos para fasciolose e 18 (36%) não. Ao avaliar as variáveis, 42 (84%) propriedades apresentavam áreas alagadas, 33 (66%) com altitude ≤ a 226 metros, 36 (72%) tinham relatos da observação de moluscos, 47 (94%) possuíam outros hospedeiros definitivos (eqüídeos, ovinos ou caprinos) e 25 (50%) com relato de casos anteriores de fasciolose bovina. Após análise estatística foi possível observar que houve associação somente entre as variáveis; presença de áreas alagadas e outros hospedeiros definitivos, com propriedades positivas para fasciolose bovina. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, podese concluir que a fasciolose bovina é uma enfermidade em expanção no sul do Estado do Espírito Santo

Master of Science
Department of Clinical Sciences
David S. Hodgson
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important and highly contagious disease of sheep and goats. It is characterized by enteritis, stomatitis, pneumonia, and discharge from the nose and eyes. This report contains a review of PPR and its epidemiology in Afghanistan and other PPR- endemic countries followed by recommendations for dealing disease in Afghanistan. Studies showed that PPR is still endemic in Afghanistan’s neighboring countries including Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, and China. From January of 2009 to January of 2010, 852 outbreaks of PPR were reported to the OIE from 24 different countries. However, this study focuses on Afghanistan and some neighboring countries (Iran, Tajikistan). Animal clinics and Veterinary Field Units (VFUs) reported 7,741 cases of PPR from 2008 to 2009 in different parts of Afghanistan. A study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2009 showed that PPR is endemic in various parts of Afghanistan. Seroprevalence of PPR varied from 0% in Kapisa to 48% in Herat province of Afghanistan. The last chapter of this report includes recommendations and guidelines regarding prevention and eradication of PPR from Afghanistan. These recommendations could help improve animal health and the economy of Afghanistan in the future.

Animals are sentient beings, capable of experiencing emotions. Being able to assess emotional states in farm animals is crucial to improving their welfare. Although the function of emotion is not primarily for communication, the outward expression of an emotional state involves changes in posture, vocalisations, odours and facial expressions. These changes can be perceived and used as indicators of emotional state by other animals. Since emotions can be perceived between conspecifics, understanding how emotions are identified and how they can spread within a social group could have a major impact on improving the welfare of farmed species, which are mostly reared in groups. A recently developed method for the evaluation of emotions in animals is based on cognitive biases such as judgment biases, i.e. an individual in a negative emotional state will show pessimistic judgments while and individual in a positive emotional state will show optimistic judgments. The aims of this project were to (A) establish whether sheep and goats can discriminate between images of faces of familiar conspecifics taken in different positive and negative situations, (B) establish whether sheep and goats perceive the valence (positive of negative) of the emotion expressed by the animal on the image, (C) validate the use of images of faces in cognitive bias studies. The use of images of faces of conspecifics as emotional stimuli was first validated, using a discrimination task in a two-armed maze. A new methodology was then developed across a series of experiments to assess spontaneous reactions of animals exposed to video clips or to images of faces of familiar conspecifics. Detailed observations of ear postures were used as the main behavioural indicator. Individual characteristics (dominance status within the herd, dominance pairwise relationships and humananimal relationship) were also recorded during preliminary tests and included in the analyses. The impact of a low-mood state on the perception of emotions was assessed in sheep after subjecting half of the animals to unpredictable negative housing conditions and keeping the other half in good standard housing conditions. Sheep were then presented with videos of conspecifics filmed in situations of varying valence. Reactions to ambiguous stimuli were evaluated by presenting goats with images of morphed faces. Goats were also presented with images of faces of familiar conspecifics taken situations of varying emotional intensity. Sheep could discriminate images of faces of conspecifics taken either in a negative or in a neutral situation and their learning process of the discrimination task was affected by the type of emotion displayed. Sheep reacted differently depending on the valence of the video clips (P < 0.05); however, there was no difference between the control and the low-mood groups (P > 0.05). Goats also showed different behavioural reactions to images of faces photographed in different situations (P < 0.05), indicating that they perceived the images as different. Responses to morphed images were not necessarily intermediate to responses to negative and positive images and not gradual either, which poses a major problem to the potential use of facial images in cognitive bias experiments. Overall, animals were more attentive towards images or videos of conspecifics in negative situations, i.e., presumably, in a negative emotional state. This suggests that sheep and goats are able to perceive the valence of the emotional state. The identity of the individual on the photo also affected the animals’ spontaneous reaction to the images. Social relationships such as dominance, but also affinity between the tested and photographed individual seem to influence emotion perception.

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are important products of ruminal fermentation. The VFA are not only the major source of energy to the ruminant animals but also influence methane production in the rumen. Therefore it is important to understand mechanism controlling VFA production and to depict VFA production in a model. This will allow us to devise strategies to enhance energy utilization and reduce methane production in ruminant livestock. An evaluation of a mechanistic model in predicting VFA production was conducted and equations were introduced into the model to improve the predictions. Later a continuous culture experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis on which those equations were based on. A mechanistic model -" Molly, was evaluated using a dataset with reported VFA production rates. The results of residual error analysis indicated that the root mean square prediction errors (RMSPE) were 63, 63, and 49% for acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively. An assessment from two studies reporting VFA production revealed a potential of reducing errors of prediction by representing interconversion among VFA. In the second study, equations based on thermodynamics influence of pH and VFA concentration were introduced in the model to represent interconversion among VFA. The parameters for de novo VFA production and VFA absorption were re derived with (VFAInt) and without (BASE) the new interconversion equations. There were some improvements in the VFA concentration predictions but the improvements were both in VFAInt and BASE models. The RMSPE of VFA production were still above 50% for acetate, propionate and butyrate. The larger errors of predictions were attributed to measurement variation in VFA production literature, or possible incorrect rate constants for interconversion equations. Finally, a third study was conducted to assess the effect of pH, and VFA concentration on VFA and methane production in continuous culture. The treatments consisted of control, 20 mmol/d acetate infusion (INFAC), 7 mmol/d propionate infusion (INFPR), and low pH (LOWPH). Individual isotopes of acetate, propionate and butyrate were infused in the fermenters to estimate interconversions among VFA. With LOWPH treatment methane emission was reduced whereas production of propionate was increased. Hydrogen production was higher in INFAC indicating that some of the acetate could have been degraded to CO2 and H2. It was estimated that around 3 % of de novo acetate was converted to propionate and 9 % to butyrate. Exchange between propionate and butyrate was insignificant and below 1% of de novo production of either VFA. However, treatments did not affect interconversion rates among VFA. These results indicated that pH and VFA concentration do not have thermodynamic influence on VFA interconversion as hypothesized.
Ph. D.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Em ruminantes, a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio (N; g de N em produto/g de N consumido) é baixa quando comparada a outras espécies (e.g., suínos, aves). Por esta razão, há uma excreção excessiva de compostos nitrogenados para o meio ambiente. No entanto, entendendo os mecanismos envolvidos no controle do metabolismo de N, tais como a eficiência de captura do N reciclado no rúmen e o metabolismo de aminoácidos (AA) pode melhorar a eficiência de utilização de N. Objetivando o entendimento destes fatores, esta tese foi desenvolvida a partir de três estudos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com proteína degradável (PDR) e não-degradável no rúmen (PNDR) sobre a digestão de nutrientes, metabolismo de N, cinética de ureia, e degradação de proteína muscular em novilhas Nelore (Bos indicus) consumindo feno de capim-Braquiária [5% de proteína bruta (PB); 80% de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN); ambos em % da matéria seca (MS)]. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas Nelore canuladas no rúmen e abomaso (248±9 kg) distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 × 5. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem suplemento); e suplementação com PDR para atender 100% das exigências de PDR mais suplementação com PNDR visando suprir 0%, 50%, 100% ou 150% das exigências de PNDR. O suplemento com PDR (caseína e N não-proteico) foi fornecido duas vezes ao dia, enquanto a PNDR suplementar foi continuamente infundida no abomaso. Infusão venosa de [ 15 N 15 N]-ureia com a avaliação do enriquecimento urinário foi realizada para mensurar a cinética de ureia. A relação entre 3-metil- histidina e creatinina foi utilizada para estimar a degradação de proteína muscular. O consumo de FDN (2,48 kg/dia) não foi afetado pela suplementação (P>0,37), mas elevou a digestão ruminal de FDN (P<0,01). O consumo total e a retenção de N aumentaram (P<0,001) com a suplementação e linearmente com os níveis de PNDR. A produção hepática de ureia (UER) e a reciclagem de ureia para o trato gastrointestinal (GER) foram ampliados pela suplementação (P<0,001). A suplementação com PNDR incrementou linearmente UER (P=0,02) e tendeu a aumentar linearmente GER (P=0,07). A ureia reciclada utilizada para fins anabólicos tendeu (P=0,07) a ser ampliada pela suplementação e os níveis de PNDR também tenderam (P=0.08) a aumentar linearmente a quantidade de ureia reciclada para o anabolismo. A fração de N microbiano assimilado a partir da ureia reciclada (MNU) foi maior (P<0,001) para novilhas controle (22%) do que para as novilhas suplementadas (10%). A relação urinária 3-metil- histidina:creatinina foi cerca de duas vezes superior (P<0,001) em novilhas controle do que suplementadas. Novilhas não-suplementadas reabsorveram uma fração maior de ureia a partir dos túbulos renais do que as novilhas suplementadas (P<0,001). No geral, novilhas não- suplementadas apresentaram maior mobilização de AA a partir da proteína miofibrilar para fornecer N para síntese de ureia e subsequente reciclagem. Suplementação com PNDR, associada a suplementação com PDR, além de ampliar a retenção de N, também aumenta a reciclagem de N-ureia e a síntese de proteína microbiana. No segundo capítulo, foram avaliadas a cinética de ureia e assimilação microbiana de N-ureia reciclado em ruminantes utilizando meta-análise. Valores de 107 médias de tratamentos foram compiladas a partir de 25 estudos com ruminantes (bovinos de corte, vacas de leite e ovinos) publicados entre 2001 e 2016. O conjunto de dados foi analisado de acordo com técnicas de meta-análise utilizando modelos mistos lineares e não-lineares, considerando a variação aleatória entre experimentos. Houve um aumento linear (P<0,05) entre UER e GER em função do consumo de N (g/BW 0,75 ), correspondendo a cerca de 71,5% e 35,2% do consumo de N, respectivamente. A UER foi positivamente associada (P<0,05) com os níveis de PB na dieta e PB em relação à matéria orgânica digerida (PB:MOD). A análise da máxima curvatura indicou que dietas com níveis de PB acima de 17% promovem uma sobrecarga na síntese hepática de ureia, devido a um possível excesso de N dietético, produção de amônia e detoxificação no fígado. A relação entre GER e UER reduziu com o aumento do conteúdo de PB na dieta (P<0,05). A fração GER:UER torna- se relativamente constante quando são fornecidas dietas com níveis de PB acima de 19%. A fração de UER excretada como N-ureico e a contribuição deste para excreção total de N urinário foram positivamente associadas com o teor de PB na dieta (P<0,05), atingindo o platô em níveis de PB próximo de 17%. Em relação à cinética de ureia, a fração de GER excretada nas fezes e utilizada para o anabolismo foram reduzidas, enquanto a fração que retorna para o ciclo da ornitina ampliou com níveis de PB (P<0,05). A fração de N microbiano assimilado a partir da ureia reciclada foi reduzida (P<0,05) com níveis de PB e PB:MOD da dieta. Considerando o intervalo de confiança da assíntota do modelo de predição de MNU em função da PB:MOD, a eficiência de assimilação microbiana do N-ureia reciclado estabilizou (P>0,05) a partir de 194 g PB/kg MOD. Os modelos obtidos neste estudo podem contribuir para o atual conhecimento da utilização de N nos sistemas de predição de dietas para otimização da reciclagem de ureia, reduzindo perdas de N que contribuem para a poluição do ar e da água. O objetivo do estudo descrito no terceiro capítulo foi avaliar a eficiência de utilização de lisina em novilhos em crescimento. Cinco novilhos holandeses fistulados no rúmen (165±8 kg) e mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas foram utilizados segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 6 × 6. Todos os novilhos receberam dieta restrita (2,46 kg de MS/dia) fornecida duas vezes ao dia, contendo baixo teor de PNDR (81% de casca de soja, 8% de palha de trigo, 6% de melaço e 5% de vitaminas e minerais). Os tratamentos foram: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 g/dia de L-lisina infundida continuamente no abomaso. Uma mistura de todos os AA essenciais foram também infundidos em conjunto para prevenir a limitação de outros AA, exceto lisina. Adicionalmente, os novilhos receberam infusão contínua de 10 g/dia de ureia, 200 g/dia de ácido acético, 200 g/dia de ácido propiônico e 50 g/dia de ácido butírico no rúmen; e 300 g/dia de glicose no abomaso. Estas infusões forneceram concentração de amônia no rúmen e energia suplementar adequados sem promoverem alteração sobre a produção de proteína microbiana. Cada período experimental foi constituído de seis dias, sendo dois dias de adaptação e quatro dias de coleta total de fezes e urina para mensurar o balanço de N. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no sexto dia (10 horas após alimentação). A digestibilidade de MO da dieta não foi alterada (P≥0,66) pelos tratamentos sendo, em média, 73,7%. A excreção urinária de N reduziu de 32,3 para 24,3 g/dia entre os níveis de 0 a 9 g/dia de suplementação com lisina, com nenhum aumento verificado com níveis superiores a 9 g/dia (efeito linear e quadrático, P<0,01). Os efeitos sobre a excreção urinária total de N foram principalmente devido a excreção de N-ureia. O aumento da suplementação com lisina de 0 para 9 g/dia ampliou a retenção de N de 21,4 para 30,7 g/dia, com nenhum aumento verificado após este último nível de suplementação (efeito linear e quadrático, P<0,01). Sobre a resposta linear verificada com a suplementação de lisina variando de 0 a 9 g/dia a eficiência de utilização de lisina para deposição de proteína foi de 40%. A concentração plasmática de N-ureia tendeu a reduzir linearmente (P=0,06) com a suplementação de lisina, conforme observado para a redução na excreção urinária de N-ureia. A concentração plasmática de lisina aumentou linearmente (P<0,001), mas as concentrações de leucina, serina, valina e tirosina foram reduzidas linearmente (P<0,02) com os níveis de lisina suplementar, provavelmente devido a maior utilização destes AA para deposição de proteína. De acordo com este modelo, a suplementação com lisina promoveu aumento significativo na retenção de N que foi maximizada com a suplementação de 9 g/dia de lisina, apresentando 40% de eficiência de utilização.
In cattle, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization (g N in product/g N intake) is lower compared to others species (e.g., pig, chicken). For that reason, there is an extensive loss of N in manure, leading to environmental pollution. However, understanding the key mechanisms involved in control of N metabolism, such as efficiency of N capture in the rumen from recycled N and metabolism of amino acids (AA) in the body can improve efficiency of N utilization. To understand these factors, this dissertation was developed based on three studies. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental ruminally degradable (RDP) and undegradable protein (RUP) on nutrient digestion, N metabolism, urea kinetics, and muscle protein degradation in Nellore heifers (Bos indicus) consuming low-quality signal grass hay [5% of crude protein (CP), 80% of neutral detergent fiber (NDF); dry matter (DM) basis). Five ruminally and abomasally cannulated Nellore heifers (248 ± 9 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Treatments were: control (no supplement); and RDP supplementation to meet 100% of the RDP requirement plus RUP provision to supply 0%, 50%, 100%, or 150% of the RUP requirement. Supplemental RDP (casein plus nonprotein N) was dosed ruminally twice daily, and RUP supply (casein) was continuously infused abomasally. Jugular infusion of [ 15 N 15 N]- urea with measurement of enrichment in urine was used to evaluate urea kinetics. The ratio of urinary 3-methylhistidine to creatinine was used to estimate skeletal muscle protein degradation. Forage NDF intake (2.48 kg/d) was not affected (P > 0.37) by supplementation, but supplementation did increase ruminal NDF digestion (P < 0.01). Total N intake (by design) and N retention increased (P < 0.001) with supplementation and also increased linearly with RUP provision. Urea entry rate (UER) and gastrointestinal entry rate of urea (GER) were increased by supplementation (P < 0.001). Supplementation with RUP linearly increased (P = 0.02) UER and tended (P = 0.07) to linearly increase GER. Urea use for anabolic purposes tended (P = 0.07) to be increased by supplementation, and RUP provision also tended (P = 0.08) to linearly increase the amount of urea used for anabolism. The fraction of recycled urea- N incorporated into microbial N (MNU) was greater (P < 0.001) for control (22%) than for supplemented (10%) heifers. Urinary 3-methylhistidine:creatinine of control heifers was more than double that of supplemented heifers (P < 0.001). Control heifers reabsorbed a greater (P < 0.001) fraction of urea from the renal tubule than did supplemented heifers. Overall, unsupplemented heifers had greater mobilization of AA from myofibrillar protein, which provided N for urea synthesis and subsequent recycling. Supplemental RUP, when RDP was supplied, not only increased N retention, but also supported increased urea-N recycling and increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis. In the second chapter, urea kinetics and microbial assimilation of recycled urea N in ruminants were evaluated using a meta-analytical approach. Treatment mean values were compiled from 25 studies with ruminants (beef cattle, dairy cows, and sheep) which were published from 2001 to 2016, totaling 107 treatment means. The dataset was analyzed according to meta-analysis techniques using linear or non-linear mixed models, taking into account the random variations among experiments. Urea N synthesized in the liver (UER) and urea N recycled to the gut (GER) linearly increased (P < 0.001) as N intake (g/BW 0.75 ) increased, with increases corresponding to 71.5% and 35.2% of N intake, respectively. The UER was positively associated (P < 0.05) with dietary CP and the ratio of CP to digestible OM (CP:DOM). Maximum curvature analyses indicate that above 17% of CP there is a prominent increase on hepatic synthesis of urea N due to an excess of dietary N and NH 3 input. The GER:UER decreased with increasing dietary CP content (P < 0.05). At dietary CP ≥ 19%, the fraction of GER became constant. The fraction of UER eliminated as urinary urea N and the contribution of urea N to total urinary N were positively associated with dietary CP (P < 0.05), plateaued at about 17% of CP. The fractions of GER excreted in the feces and utilized for anabolism decreased, whereas the fraction of GER returned to the ornithine cycle increased with dietary CP content (P < 0.05). Recycled urea N assimilated by ruminal microbes (as a fraction of GER) decreased as dietary CP and CP:DOM increased (P < 0.05). The efficiency of microbial assimilation of recycled urea N plateaued at 194 g CP/kg DOM. The models obtained in this study can to contribute to the knowledge on N utilization in feeding models and optimizing urea recycling, reducing N losses that contribute to air and water pollution. The objective of the third chapter was to evaluate the efficiency of lysine (Lys) utilization by growing steers. Five ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (165 kg ± 8 kg) housed in metabolism crates were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design; data from a sixth steer was excluded due to erratic feed intake. All steers were limit fed (2.46 kg DM/d) twice daily diets low in RUP (81% soybean hulls, 8% wheat straw, 6% cane molasses, and 5% vitamins and minerals). Treatments were: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 g/d of L-Lys abomasally infused continuously. To prevent AA other than Lys from limiting performance, a mixture providing all essential AA to excess was continuously infused abomasally. Additional continuous infusions included 10 g urea/d, 200 g acetic acid/d, 200 g propionic acid/d, and 50 g butyric acid/d to the rumen and 300 g glucose/d to the abomasum. These infusions provided adequate ruminal ammonia and increased energy supply without increasing microbial protein supply. Each 6-d period included 2 d for adaptation and 4 d for total fecal and urinary collections for measuring N balance. Blood was collected on d 6 (10 h after feeding). Diet OM digestibility was not altered (P ≥ 0.66) by treatment and averaged 73.7%. Urinary N excretion decreased from 32.3 to 24.3 g/d by increasing Lys supplementation to 9 g/d, with no further reduction when more than 9 g/d of Lys was supplied (linear and quadratic P < 0.01). Changes in total urinary N excretion were predominantly due to changes in urinary urea-N. Increasing Lys supply from 0 to 9 g/d increased N retention from 21.4 to 30.7 g/d, with no further increase beyond 9 g/d of Lys (linear and quadratic P < 0.01). Break-point analysis estimated maximal N retention at 9 g/d supplemental Lys. Over the linear response surface of 0 to 9 g/d Lys, the efficiency of Lys utilization for protein deposition was 40%. Plasma urea-N tended to be linearly decreased (P = 0.06) by Lys supplementation in agreement with the reduction in urinary urea-N excretion. Plasma concentrations of Lys increased linearly (P < 0.001), but leucine, serine, valine, and tyrosine (P ≤ 0.02) were reduced linearly by Lys supplementation, likely reflecting increased uptake for protein deposition. In our model, Lys supplementation promoted significant increases in N retention and was maximized at 9 g/d supplemental Lys with efficiency of utilization of 40%.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito de diferentes nÃveis de volumoso:concentrado sobre: a) O desenvolvimento biomÃtrico corporal, testicular e epididimÃrio. b)O perfil metabÃlico em cordeiros Santa InÃs.Foram utilizados 29 cordeiros, nÃo castrados, com peso vivo mÃdio inicial de 14,77  1,26 kg e, aproximadamente, 60 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiam em nÃveis crescentes de relaÃÃo volumoso: concentrado (100:0; 80:20; 60:40; 40:60 e 20:80). O feno de capim Tifton 85 foi utilizado como volumoso Ãnico e as raÃÃes foram formuladas segundo recomendaÃÃes do NRC (2007)para categoria de animais em crescimento (acima de 4 meses) e ganho de 250 g/dia. Semanalmente, mensurou-se o escore de condiÃÃo corporal (ECC), peso corporal (PC), comprimento corporal (CC), altura de cernelha (AC), altura de garupa (AG), largura de garupa (LG), largura de peito (LP), perÃmetro torÃcico (PT), perÃmetro escrotal (PE), comprimento testicular (CT), largura testicular (LT), espessura testicular (ET), comprimento da cauda do epidÃdimo (CCE), largura da cauda do epidÃdimo (LCE), espessura da cauda do epidÃdimo (ECE) e espessura da bolsa escrotal (EBE). O volume testicular foi calculado pela fÃrmula do cilindro (V=2[(r2) x Π x h]). A forma testicular foi calculada pela razÃo da largura/comprimento e classificada em longo se a razÃo fosse menor ou igual a 0,5, longo-moderado se 0,510 e 0,625, moderado-oval se 0,626 e 0,750, oval-esfÃrico se 0,751 e 0,875 e esfÃrico quando a razÃo fosse maior que 0,875. Em relaÃÃo ao perfil metabÃlico, foram colhidas amostras de sangue, quinzenalmente, as quais foram analisadas e quantificadas os teores de albumina, proteÃnas totais, globulinas, colesterol total, glicose, ureia, fosfato inorgÃnico e magnÃsio. Com relaÃÃo as mensuraÃÃes biomÃtricas, foi constatado um efeito linear para todas as variÃveis com o aumento da relaÃÃo volumoso:concentrado. Com relaÃÃo a forma testicular, houve uma predominÃncia do formato longo/esfÃrico, no entanto, a partir da coleta 5 houve uma homogeneidade nas formas longo/esfÃrico e longo/oval. No presente trabalho, as medidas biomÃtricas apresentaram correlaÃÃes que variaram de 0,527 a 0,983, sendo as mais significativas, ECC x PT, r=0,94; ECC x PC, r=0,92; PT x PC, r= 0,94; CC x ECC, r= 0,90; PT x CC, r=0,89. No tocante ao estudo do perfil metabÃlico, observou-se interaÃÃo da inclusÃo de diferentes nÃveis de concentrado e o tempo de coleta para as concentraÃÃes de proteÃnas totais, albumina, ureia, colesterol, fÃsforo e magnÃsio, no entanto, globulinas e glicose nÃo sofreram influencia da dieta e nem do tempo de coleta. A inclusÃo de nÃveis diferentes de concentrado afeta positivamente o crescimento dos cordeiros. As medidas corporais podem ser utilizadas para estimar o desenvolvimento reprodutivo. As dietas elaboradas segundo o NRC nÃo atenderam completamente as necessidades metabÃlicas dos cordeiros. O perfil metabÃlico à um excelente ferramenta para adequaÃÃo do manejo nutricional.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of bulk food: focused on biometric development (body, testicular and epididymal) and metabolic profile in Santa Ines lambs. 29 uncastrated lambs were used with average weight of 14.77 Â 1.26 kg and approximately 60 days of age. The experimental design was the randomized blocks with five treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of roughage:concentrate ratio (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80). The Tifton 85 hay was used as unique roughage and the diets were formulated according to the NRC (2007) recommendations for the animal category growth (over 4 months) and gain 250 g / day. Weekly the body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), body length (BL), withers height (WH), hip height (HH), rump width (RW), Chest width (CW), chest girth (CG), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular length (TL), width of testis (WT), testicular thickness (TT), length of the tail of the epididymis (LTE), width of the tail of the epididymis (LTE), thickness of the tail of the epididymis (TTE) and thickness of the scrotum (TS) were measured. Testicular volume was calculated from the cylinder formula (V = 2 [(r2) Π x h]). Testicular shape was calculated as the ratio of the width/length and classified as long if the ratio is less than or equal to 0.5, long-moderate if is between 0.510 and 0.625, moderate-oval if is between 0.626 and 0.750, oval-spherical if is between 0.751 and 0.875, and spherical when the ratio is greater than 0.875. Regarding the metabolic profile, blood samples were collected fortnightly, and in the laboratory were analyzed and quantified the levels of albumin, total protein, globulin, total cholesterol, glucose, urea, inorganic phosphate and magnesium. Regarding biometric measurements, linear effect was found for all variables with increasing forage:concentrate ratio. Regarding testicular shape, there was a predominance of long/spherical form, however, from the collection 5 there was a homogeneity in long/spherical and long/oval forms. In this paper, biometric measurements showed correlations ranging from 0.527 to 0.983, being the most significant, ECC x PT, r = 0.94; ECC x PC, r = 0.92; PT x PC, r = 0.94;ECC x CC, r = 0.90; EN x CC, r = 0.89. Concerning the study of the metabolic profile was observed interaction of different inclusion levels of concentrate and collection time for concentrations of total protein, albumin, urea, cholesterol, phosphorus and magnesium, however, globulin and glucose did not suffer influence of diet nor the collection time. The inclusion of different levels of concentrate positively affects the growth of lambs. The body measurements can be used to estimate the reproductive development. The diets prepared according to the NRC did not meet completely the metabolic needs of the lambs. The metabolic profile is an excellent tool to adjust the nutritional management.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The research aims to characterize this the creation of small ruminants in northeastern Brazil. To this end, initially we aimed to analyze the importance of cluster analysis for characterization of small ruminant production systems, using as a methodological tool to literature. Thus, it was observed that the cluster analysis methodology to characterize the animal production systems, is a technique used worldwide to identify the successful cases, advantageous aspects and obstacles in order to support programs that facilitate the leverage of farming. Subsequently, based on data collected from field research through interviews with 224 farmers in four northeastern states, it used the cluster analysis technique called cluster analysis, aimed specifically identify the homogeneous groups and check leveraging factors and restrictors groups in relation to the general characteristics of the producer and his property, the composition of herds, the socioeconomic aspects of producer and practices related to reproductive management, food and health. Thus, five homogeneous groups have been identified (or clusters) of small ruminant producers in northeastern Brazil. Group I represents 25% of the producers examined, where farms have little area, however, high stocking density, highlighting the presence of cattle more quantitative in that group, characterized as "small farms focused on milk production ". Group II contains 20% of analyzed producers, with the quantitative smaller herds among the groups, lower adoption of management practices and a higher frequency of exclusive breeders of goats and sheep, being defined as "small flocks not technified". Group III is the largest group, comprising 28% of respondents creators, where the goat herd significantly exceeds the sheep flock, being named as "traditional goat farmers". Group IV absorbs 16% of the most experienced producers, with the largest areas of observed properties, showing also a larger quantity of animals and a higher percentage of adoption of management practices, which are defined as "large farms technicality". Group V covers 11% of the youngest producers, the lowest group analyzed where mixed farms of sheep, goats and cattle are most frequent, representing 33% of producers in that group, named "emerging mixed farms." There was generally an increase in all groups regarding the feeding management used by Northeastern producers caused by the promotion of the development of the rural sector policies. They identified some obstacles to be overcome, especially with regard to reproductive health and herd management.
A pesquisa realizada neste pretendeu caracterizar a criaÃÃo de pequenos ruminantes na RegiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto, inicialmente, teve como objetivo analisar a importÃncia da anÃlise de clusters para caracterizaÃÃo de sistemas de produÃÃo de pequenos ruminantes, utilizando-se como ferramenta metodolÃgica a pesquisa bibliogrÃfica. Dessa forma, observou- se que a metodologia de anÃlise de clusters, visando à caracterizaÃÃo dos sistemas de produÃÃo animal, à uma tÃcnica utilizada no mundo todo, visando identificar os casos exitosos, aspectos vantajosos e impedimentos, de forma a subsidiar aÃÃes que propiciem a alavancagem da atividade agropecuÃria. Posteriormente, a partir de dados coletados de uma pesquisa de campo, por meio de entrevistas com 224 produtores de quatro estados nordestinos, utilizou-se a tÃcnica de anÃlise de agrupamento denominada de anÃlise de clusters, visando, especificamente, identificar os grupos homogÃneos existentes e verificar os fatores alavancadores e restritores dos grupos em relaÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas gerais do produtor e de sua propriedade, à composiÃÃo dos rebanhos, aos aspectos socioeconÃmicos dos produtores e Ãs prÃticas relativas ao manejo reprodutivo, alimentar e sanitÃrio. Dessa forma, foram identificados cinco grupos homogÃneos (ou clusters) de produtores de pequenos ruminantes na RegiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. O grupo I representa 25% dos produtores analisados, onde as fazendas tÃm pouca Ãrea, no entanto, elevada densidade animal, destacando-se a presenÃa do rebanho bovino com maior quantitativo nesse agrupamento, caracterizando-se como âpequenas fazendas centradas na produÃÃo de leiteâ. O grupo II contÃm 20% dos produtores analisados, apresentando os menores quantitativos de rebanhos dentre os grupos, menor adoÃÃo de prÃticas de manejo e a maior frequÃncia de criatÃrios exclusivos de caprinos e ovinos, sendo definido como âpequenos rebanhos nÃo tecnificadosâ. O grupo III à o maior grupo, contendo 28% dos criadores entrevistados, onde o rebanho caprino supera sensivelmente o rebanho ovino, sendo nomeado como âcaprinocultores tradicionaisâ. O grupo IV absorve 16% dos produtores mais experientes, com as maiores Ãreas de propriedades observadas, apresentando, tambÃm, um maior quantitativo de animais e um maior percentual de adoÃÃo de prÃticas de manejo, sendo definidos como âgrandes fazendas tecnificadasâ. O grupo V abrange 11% dos produtores mais jovens, sendo o menor grupo analisado, onde os criatÃrios mistos de ovinos, caprinos e bovinos sÃo de maior frequÃncia, representando 33% dos produtores desse grupo, nomeado de âcriatÃrios mistos emergentesâ. Verificou-se, em geral, uma evoluÃÃo em todos os grupos no tocante ao manejo alimentar utilizado pelos produtores nordestinos, provocada por polÃticas de promoÃÃo do desenvolvimento do setor rural. Identificaram-se alguns entraves a serem superados, em especial no tocante ao manejo reprodutivo e sanitÃrio dos rebanhos.

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The objective of this study was to detect the DNA of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma agalactiae in sheep semen by the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Were analyzed 240 samples, 120 frozen semen obtained from central artificial insemination (AI) and 120 fresh semen of breeding sheep from the states of Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte collected during the Northeastern Exposure animals in Recife. After collection of the samples were carried out DNA extraction and detection of genomic DNA of the agents studied. For the first time in Brazil, was detected the presence of agents Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma agalactiae in samples of frozen semen of sheep. Samples of frozen semen, DNA was detected Ureaplasma spp. in 2.5% (3/120) and Mycoplasma agalactiae of 4.2% (5/120). For fresh semen was detected DNA of Ureaplasma spp. in 8.3% (10/120) of the samples and 6.7% (8/120) of Mycoplasma agalactiae When evaluating the association between the type of semen and DNA detection for Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma agalactiae, a significant association was observed only for Ureaplasma spp. (p = 0.046), being more common detection of this micro-organism in fresh semen samples. We also observed positive samples Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma agalactiae from the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. All samples from the states of Alagoas and Ceará results were negative. Results obtained in this study, there is the presence of DNA of these microorganisms in semen of the breedings sheep. Thus, it is suggested that techniques for detecting these agents must be used in insemination centers and breeding sheep with high genetic potential to maximize the efficiency of the sheep reproduction by preventing the spread of these pathogens.
Objetivou-se com este estudo detectar o DNA de Ureaplasma spp. e Mycoplasma agalactiae em sêmen de ovinos pela técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Foram analisadas 240 amostras, sendo 120 de sêmen congelado obtidas de centrais de inseminação artificial (IA) e 120 de sêmen fresco de reprodutores ovinos provenientes dos estados de Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte coletados durante a realização da Exposição nordestina de animais em Recife,PE. Após a colheita das amostras, foram realizadas a extração de DNA e detecção de DNA genômico dos agentes estudados. Pela primeira vez no Brasil, foi detectada a presença dos agentes Ureaplasma spp. e Mycoplasma agalactiae em amostras de sêmen congelado da espécie ovina. Nas amostras de sêmen congelado, detectou-se DNA de Ureaplasma spp. em 2,5% (3/120) e de Mycoplasma agalactiae em 4,2% (5/120). Para o sêmen fresco, detectou-se DNA de Ureaplasma spp. em 8,3% (10/120) das amostras analisadas e 6,7% (8/120) de Mycoplasma agalactiae Ao avaliar a associação entre o tipo de sêmen e a detecção de DNA para Ureaplasma spp. e Mycoplasma agalactiae, observou-se associação significativa somente para Ureaplasma spp. (p= 0,046), sendo mais comum a detecção deste micro-organismo em amostras de sêmen fresco. Foram observadas ainda, amostras positivas para Ureaplasma spp. e Mycoplasma agalactiae provenientes dos estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte. Todas as amostras oriundas dos estados de Alagoas e do Ceará obtiveram resultados negativos. Diante dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, constata-se a presença de DNA destes micro-organismos em sêmen de reprodutores ovinos. Desta forma, sugere-se que técnicas para detecção desses agentes sejam utilizadas em centrais de inseminação e em reprodutores ovinos com alto potencial genético, maximizando a eficiência da prática na reprodução de ovinos, evitando a disseminação destes patógenos.

L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer des vaccins bivalents qui pourraient contribuer à une baisse du coût des campagnes de vaccination contre la PPR et la variole des petits ruminants et thermotolérants, caractéristique liée au virus capripox. Nous avons inséré dans le génome d'une souche vaccinale de virus capripox, la souche KS1, l'ADN complémentaire (ADNc) des gènes des protéines vaccinantes du virus de la PPR, la protéine de fusion (F) et l'hémagglutinine. Les virus capripoxvirus sont très spécifiques de leurs hôtes, les bovins, les chêvres et les moutons. Ils ne sont pas pathogènes pour l'homme et constituent ainsi un vecteur idéal pour le développement de vaccins recombinants destinés à lutter contre les maladies de ruminants.

The activities of acetyl-CoA hydrolase and acetyl-CoA synthetase and the influence of diet and feeding level on them were investigated in various ovine tissues and used to determine both the potential rate of substrate cycling between acetate and acetyl-CoA and the contribution of this cycle to energy expenditure in the ruminant. Two experiments, using lambs, were conducted in an attempt to further understand biochemical pathways which may influence the efficiency of utilisation of ME and explain why this is lower for fibre (sugarbeet pulp) when compared to starch (barley) based diets. The influence of carbohydrate source, feeding level and protein level on plasma concentrations of acetate, glucose and insulin and the rates of acetate incorporation into CO₂ and lipid were studied. ATP-stimulated acetyl-CoA hydrolase is present in rumen epithelium, muscle and the cytoplasm of ovine liver but not in perirenal adipose tissue, and it is not inactivated by cold. 'Mitochondrial' acetyl-CoA hydrolase was detected in all tissues investigated. The activities of acetyl-CoA hydrolase and acetyl-CoA synthetase tended to be higher in perirenal adipose tissue of lambs fed on sugar beet diets and their activities decreased with increasing level of feeding (P< 0.05). Variation in plasma characteristics were more easily observed in lambs fed semi-continuously compared to lambs which received their ration once daily. Higher levels of crude protein in the diet resulted in lower plasma acetate concentrations (P< 0.05). The rates of acetate incorporation into CO₂ and lipid were influenced by acetate (P< 0.01), glucose (P< 0.0001) and insulin (P< 0.01). Higher levels of crude protein in the diet resulted in greater rates of acetate incorporation into lipid (P< 0.05) whereas feeding sugarbeet pulp resulted in increased rates of acetate incorporation into CO₂ (P< 0.05). A technique involving open column ion exchange chromatography, freeze drying and HPLC was developed for the concentration and separation of plasma organic acids. Organic acid recoveries were 43-69%. An experiment was conducted to investigate the activity of the substrate cycle between acetate and acetyl-CoA in calf liver in vivo. Several problems were encountered, notably huge variation in blood flows (including negative rates). This introduced large variation into the calculated fluxes and no meaningful conclusions were made. It was calculated from enzyme measurements made in vitro, that the substrate cycle in ovine liver may potentially account for 2.5% of basal heat production. It is suggested that the efficiency of utilisation of ME is related to glucose homeostasis, involving VFA and protein metabolism.

Active immunisation against GnRH inhibits reproductive function by inducing a hypogonadotropic condition associated with gonadal atrophy. Despite economic, ethical and environmental advantages of GnRH immunisation in cattle over conventional castration methods, the technology has not yet been commercially adopted. Primarily because of the requirement for numerous booster vaccinations because of the reversibility of physiological effects, the commercial efficacy of immunocastration is currently poor. However, neonatal GnRH immunisation in sheep can result in a permanent suppression of reproduction (Brown et al., 1994; 1995; Clarke et al., 1998). These findings and a study in pigs (Molenaar et al., 1993) indicate that, the hypothalamic/pituitary gland unit (HPU) may be particularly susceptible to GnRH antibodies during a specific window of development in the pre-pubertal animal, but no long-term studies in cattle have been conducted. Therefore the primary objective of this project was to determine the effect of neonatal immunisation against GnRH in cattle. Beef cross bull (n=9; Chapter 3) and heifer calves (n=9; Chapter 4) were vaccinated against a newly developed (Pfizer®) GnRH construct vaccine at -2, 6 and 13 weeks of age. Nine calves of each sex served as negative controls, receiving saline injections only. The GnRH vaccine had proved effective (Dr. A.R. Peters, personnel communication 2000) in inducing immune responses and reducing variation between animals in unpublished industrial studies, compared to earlier vaccines, and hence was reasoned to be capable of raising GnRH antibodies despite the relative immaturity of the neonatal immune system. Following vaccination, circulating GnRH antibodies and reproductive hormones, such as FSH (Chapters 3 and 4), testosterone (Chapter 3), progesterone (to assess onset of puberty) and oestradiol (Chapter 4) were measured and additional intensive serial bleeds were carried out to assess LH parameters up to and beyond puberty (puberty defined by testes circumference in bulls). Gonadal (antral follicles and testes growth) and accessory gland development was quantified throughout the trial using ultrasound scanning. Sexual behaviour (Chapter 3) was studied from 38 weeks of age, while an assessment of sperm quality (Chapter 3), and anabolic response to vaccination was also performed post-mortem (Chapters 3 and 4). GnRH immunisation in neonatal calves did not permanently impair reproduction. A temporary suppression in reproductive function was evident through the disruption of pituitary gland function, as indicated by a reduction of LH pulse amplitude and mean plasma LH concentrations (Chapters 3 and 4). In addition, a reduction in medium- sized follicle numbers, testes growth, plasma testosterone concentration, vesicular gland length and juvenile aggression occurred. Some beneficial anabolic effects were observed e.g., carcass composition grades. Changes all occurred subsequent to increased GnRH antibody titres in immunised cattle. Despite some evidence of prolonged effects on LH amplitude and circulating testosterone after anti-GnRH titres had dissipated, all inhibited parameters, except carcass quality, returned to levels comparable to control animals by 72 weeks of age. No treatment effects on FSH concentrations, large follicle numbers, reproductive tracts (post mortem) or peri- and post-pubertal behaviours were observed following treatment. Sperm morphological abnormalities tended to be more prevalent in GnRH immunised bulls. A significant increase in GnRH antibody titres occurred at -23 weeks of age (Chapter 4), this may have been a rebound in antibody titre, possibly caused by an anti-idiotype immune response (antibody response to GnRH antibodies), or due to significant maturational changes in immune function at this time causing a delayed response to vaccination. Alternatively a novel "auto-immune" response may have been detected, which if confirmed/repeatable might be incorporated into an immunisation protocol to act as a "self-booster". However, no previous reports of such an event have been published and further investigation is urgently required. A more prolonged or permanent suppression of reproductive function may be possible following an earlier, greater and more sustained elevation of antibody titres during the neonatal period. Further development of GnRH vaccines and/or protocols (prime-boost, cytokine modulation vaccines, concomitant passive and active immunisation and pregnant cow GnRH vaccination), and studies of performance and GnRH antibody mechanism(s) of action in cattle are required. Chapters 3 and 4 provide a comprehensive study on pubertal development and neonatal GnRH vaccination, thus contributing significantly to knowledge in these fields. Currently, the vaccine used in this trial may be used to delay puberty in older calves or transiently suppress reproductive function to aid management. The economical viability of animal production systems such as beef and lamb are closely related to rates of reproduction. The Fec B gene in ewes increases ovulation rate and litter size, possibly through the development of precocious follicles, which can switch their primary dependence from FSH to LH. As a result, more follicles are selected to continue growth to an ovulatory size. The precise mechanisms by which these processes occur have recently been shown to involve oocyte follicle interactions (see section 1.1.5). Follicle development is modulated by GHIIGF and inhibin, however attempts to increase follicular development and ovulation through active inhibin immunisation alone have been variable and hence not commercially attractive. To develop successful protocols to induce twin ovulations in cows· and ewes, without superovulation, a clearer, more details understanding of follicullogenesis is required. The objective of the current study was to better understand these mechanisms through investigating interactions of GH/GF and inhibin in the ovary, follicle development, steroidogenesis, and receptor populations using an anoestrous sheep model. Spring born Mule x Charolais ewe lambs were actively immunised (n=8) against porcine inhibin α-C 1-26 peptide conjugated to KLH in NUFCA (primary and 3 boosters (NUFA», while 8 served as negative controls. Seven days following the final booster, the ewes were subdivided to give four groups: (1) controls + saline (n=4); (2) controls + rbGH (4ml s.c; 1mg. mr1; n=4); (3) inhibin immunised + saline (n=4); and (4) immunised + rbGH (n=4). Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) was given (Lm.) for 6 days. On day 4 GnRH (Receptal®; 1 ml) was injected s.c, to all animals to initiate the beginning of a new follicular wave. Blood samples were collected fortnightly to measure inhibin antibody titres, IGF-I, FSH and steroids. On the seventh day ensuing slaughter serum antibodies and ovaries were harvested. Left ovaries were intended for ISH (mRNA for P450arom) and/or immunohistochemical analysis. Follicles from right ovaries were dissected out, counted, measured and cultured in M199 at 37°C for 2 hours. Culture media was then assayed for oestradiol. Follicle shells were stored at -180°C for LH receptor binding studies. This work reports on the influence of different treatments on follicle populations. All immunised animals produced antibodies, which bound to 1251-inhibin. Using ANOVA to compare treatments it was observed that, Inhibin immunisation significantly (P3.5mm in diameter, but did not affect the smaller <3.5mm population. In contrast, rbGH administration led to a significant (P3.5mm follicle numbers. These findings are in agreement with previous research. The molecular studies of left ovaries are not presented herein as due to time constraints the work was not completed and is currently on going. In conclusion, additional results of this study are required to meet the objectives of the experiment. Further research is required on dominant follicle selection if superovulatory programmes in both livestock and humans are to be more precisely controlled and readily accepted.

A series of in vivo experiments was conducted in sheep, to evaluate the effects of limiting amino acids, growth hormone and the β-adrenergic agonists, cimaterol and clenbuterol, on protein metabolism. As a complement to substrate studies, investigations into bicarbonate kinetics were performed. A multi-tracer amino acid model was developed, based on the large-dose procedure to measure protein synthesis. The response in nitrogen retention to a parenteral infusion of methionine, lysine and histidine was evaluated. This experiment was an attempt to define an experimental model to evaluate the responsiveness of peripheral tissue to supplies of limiting amino acids under conditions which minimise alterations in systemic substrate and hormonal conditions. The animals were probably not dietary-nitrogen limited, as initially calculated, and a poor responsive model was created. In a series of three experiments, the extent of ^13CO_2 sequestration in both the whole body and across the hind-leg preparation was studied in order to establish correction factors for planned substrate oxidation studies. Mean whole body sequestration was 30% with a fractional sequestration across the hind-limb of 3%. The results from these experiments suggested that the fraction of the bicarbonate sequestered did not appear to vary with either the level of intake or the duration of the infusion. The involvement of rumen microorganisms in the carbon dioxide sequestration was also excluded. The effects of two levels of protein nutrition on the response to exogenous bovine growth hormone was evaluated. Growth hormone infusion significantly increased nitrogen retention at both levels of intake, over an 8d period, suggesting that, under the established experimental conditions, the level of protein supply in the diet was not a factor limiting the hormone-induced increases in protein accretion. Rates of muscle protein synthesis (k_s %d) were measured by flooding with L-[1-^13C]phenylalanine, L-[1-^13C]leucine and L-[1-^13C]valine. The fractional synthesis rates obtained with the three amino acids were not significantly different. The results of these study were of particular relevance since it was important to establish a model which allowed serial measurements in the same animal.

La paratuberculose est une affection due au developpement de m. Paratuberculosis dans l'intestin des ruminants. Zoonose potentielle, cette maladie entraine des pertes economiques graves. Les travaux exposes dans cette these portent sur l'epidemiologie, le diagnostic et la prophylaxie de cette affection. Les enquetes effectuees montrent que la maladie peut etre consideree comme preoccupante dans 50% des departements francais et que sa prevalence dans le departement du rhone est de 7%. Sur le plan du diagnostic, les recherches sur la faisabilite des coprocultures de groupe et sur la fiabilite d'un test pcr/sonde nucleique n'ont pas donne les resultats esperes. La reproduction experimentale de la maladie chez le mouton ainsi que l'etude des aspects anatomopathologiques et des differentes techniques de diagnostic chez les caprins ont permis toutefois de preciser les modalites de depistage de l'infection paratuberculeuse chez les petits ruminants. Dans le domaine de la prophylaxie, les travaux realises ont porte sur la sterilisation du colostrum et sur la possibilite, grace a un test e. L. I. S. A. , d'attribuer aux cheptels bovins une qualification sanitaire vis-a-vis de la paratuberculose

Les relations existantes entre l'immunité et le développement de la rage chez les ruminants domestiques ont été explorées soit après l'infection par le virus rabique, soit après la vaccination contre cette injection. Après une revue bibliographique des différents aspects de la rage chez les animaux et notamment chez les ruminants, une étude expérimentale a été conduite chez 99 ovins et 15 bovins. Cette étude à d'abord consisté à comparer la résistance naturelle des ovins aux trois virus de la rage auxquels sont principalement exposés les ruminants dans le monde : ceux du Renard, de la Chauve-souris et du Chien. Cette résistance n'apparait pas significativement différente

Le specie zootecniche costituiscono un elemento chiave della biodiversità agraria. In questa tesi si è contribuito al processo di caratterizzazione e conservazione del patrimonio genetico dei piccoli ruminanti tramite lo studio della demografia e struttura di popolazione, della diversità molecolare e dell’adattamento ambientale di diverse razze ovi-caprine. In questo contesto sono stati perseguiti cinque differenti obiettivi. In primo luogo, è stato sviluppato un algoritmo per la selezione di marcatori genetici in grado di identificare i soggetti ibridi originati dall’incrocio di pecora per muflone. Successivamente è stata analizzata da un punto di vista genetico la popolazione di capre ferali dell’isola di Montecristo e nonché l’impatto di diverse pratiche di gestione sul livello di inbreeding delle popolazioni caprine Italiane. Il focus sull’adattamento dei ruminanti a differenti ambienti climatici ha portato a un’approfondita revisione di metodologie ed approcci nonché all’identificazione di geni associati all’adattamento ambientale razze ovine locali Europee.
Livestock species constitute a key component of agricultural biodiversity. In this thesis a contribute to the process of characterization and conservation of small ruminants genetic resources was given with the study of the population history, structure, genetic diversity and environmental adaptation of sheep and goats local breeds. In this context, were addressed five specific goals. Firstly, the development of an algorithm for the selection of ancestry informative markers for the identification of feral x domestic sheep hybrids, secondly the assessment of molecular diversity, history and relationship of the feral goat of Montecristo, as well as the investigation of the impact of different management practices on genomic inbreeding on Italian goat populations. The focus on environmental adaptation allowed to carefully review methods and approaches for detecting adaptation in ruminants and, consequently, to detect genes associated to environmental adaptation in European local sheep breeds.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito dos aditivos naturais, óleo essencial de orégano e extrato taninífero de acácia negra, na alimentação de cordeiros confinados em terminação sobre o desempenho produtivo e qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados 36 ovinos machos, não castrados, provenientes de cruzamento Dorper × Santa Inês × Texel, com 90 dias de idade, e peso vivo inicial médio de 27,22 &plusmn; 2,78 kg. O experimento teve duração total de 53 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, utilizando como critério de bloqueamento o peso ao desmame, onde os animais foram distribuídos em três tratamentos, com doze repetições. Todos os tratamentos foram compostos por uma dieta padrão, sendo distintos apenas em relação aos aditivos utilizados: 1) dieta controle; 2) dieta controle com óleo essencial de orégano (1 ml/kg de concentrado) e 3) dieta controle com extrato de taninífero de acácia negra (5% MS da dieta). A dieta foi formulada com proporção volumoso: concentrado de 30:70. Os cordeiros foram destinados ao abate com aproximadamente 143 dias de idade, e peso vivo médio final médio de 42,81 &plusmn; 3,97 kg. O consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o desempenho produtivo (ganho de peso total, ganho médio diário e peso e rendimento de carcaça) dos cordeiros alimentados com óleo essencial de orégano foi semelhante ao dos alimentados com a dieta controle. No entanto, os cordeiros alimentados com extrato taninífero de acácia apresentaram menor consumo de MS (CMS), e redução de 19%, 20% e 50% da digestibilidade aparente total da MS, MO e FDN, respectivamente, em relação aos cordeiros alimentados com a dieta controle. Consequentemente, os cordeiros alimentados com extrato taninífero de acácia apresentaram menor ganho de peso e rendimento de carcaça quente e fria do que os alimentos com a dieta controle. O óleo essencial de orégano deixou a carne mais luminosa, no entanto, apresentou uma tendência de deixar a carne mais dura. O óleo essencial alterou a composição centesimal da carne e a concentração de TBARS, e aumentou o teor do ácido graxo DHA em 13% em relação ao tratamento controle. O extrato de acácia negra também aumentou a luminosidade da carne, porém, reduziu em 4% o teor de PB da carne e a concentração de TBARS em 28% em relação ao tratamento controle. O extrato taninífero tendeu a aumentar o teor de ácido vacênico e de ômega 3. Adicionalmente, o extrato taninífero aumentou em 27% o total de CLA, quando comparado ao controle e óleo essencial de orégano. Pode-se concluir com o presente estudo que a inclusão de óleo essencial de orégano na dieta de cordeiros em terminação não altera o desempenho produtivo durante o confinamento e aumenta a luminosidade da carne, apensar de deixar a mesma mais dura; enquanto que a utilização de extrato taninífero de acácia reduz o desempenho produtivo, porém melhora a qualidade da fração lipídica e antioxidante da carne.
TThe present study aimed to evaluate the effect of natural additives, oregano essential oil and acacia taniniferous extract, in the diet of feedlot lambs on productive performance and meat quality. Thirty-six male lambs (not-castrated) from crossbreeding Dorper × Santa Inês × Texel, weaned, averring 90 d of age and 27 &plusmn; 2.8 kg body weight were used through 53 d of feedlot period in a randomized block design, were weigh at weaning was the block criteria. The lambs were distributed into three treatments with 12 repetitions. All treatments were based on a regular diet (control), where natural plants extracts were designated to following treatments: 1) control (without additive), 2) control diet + oregano essential oil (1 ml/kg of concentrate), 3) control diet + acacia taniniferous extract (5% DM). Diets were formulated as 30:70 forage:concentrate ratio. Lambs were designated to slaughter averring 143 days of age and 42,81 &plusmn; 3,97 kg body weight. The nutrient intake and digestibility and productive performance (total body weight gain, average daily body weight gain and production and carcass yield) of lambs fed oregano essential oil were similar to those fed control diet. However, lambs fed acacia taniniferous extract had lower DM intake (DMI), and reduced by 19%, 20% and 50% the total apparent digestibility of DM, OM and NDF, respectively, compared to lambs fed control diet. Meat of lambs fed oregano essential oil was more luminous, however tended to be stronger. Oregano essential oil changed the centesimal composition of meat and TBARS, but increased concentration of DHA fatty acid by 13% compared to control treatment. Acacia taniniferous extract also increased the luminosity of meat, but reduced by 4% meat CP content and TBARS concentration by 28%, in relation to control treatment. Acacia taniniferous extract tended to increase vaccenic acid and omega 3 content. Additionally, taniniferous extract increased by 27% the total CLA, compared to control and oregano essential oil. We can conclude that the inclusion of oregano essential oil in the diet of feedlot lambs does not change productive efficiency and increase the luminosity of meat, although results in stronger meat; whereas the inclusion of acacia taniniferous extract reduce productive performance, but increase the quality of lipid fraction and antioxidant of meat.

Para comparar indicadores no diagnostico laboratorial da carência energética e avaliar sua influencia no quadro clínico, 12 garrotes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos iguais e receberam , por 140 dias, as seguintes dietas: (G1) adequada, para ganho de peso de 900g/dia (13% de PB e 17,7 Mcal/d de ED); (G2) 80% dos requerimentos de mantença (7% de PB e 5,8 Mcal/d de ED); e (G3) 60% desses requerimentos (5% de PB e 4,7 Mcal/d de ED). Dois animais do G3 sucumbiram ao término do experimento. A carência provocou menor consumo de alimentos, diminui9ao do escore de condição corporal, sem alterar o peso vivo. Embora o volume ruminal tenha sido semelhante entre todos os grupos, as taxa de passagem e de renovação de líquidos foram menores nos grupos carentes. O déficit energético reduziu a produção ruminal de ácidos graxos voláteis totais e de suas frações, o tempo de redução de azul de metileno no suco ruminal foi maior, enquanto que os índices de excreção urinaria de alantoína e de ácido úrico foram menores nos grupos carentes. Os melhores indicadores do status energético foram a glicemia e os teores de β-hidroxibutirato plasmáticos, que reduziram durante a carência: os AGLs não foram eficientes devido a alta variabilidade dos resultados. Não foram detectados corpos cetônicos na urina. O hematócrito e os teores séricos de ureia, albumina, globulinas e creatinina não se mostraram úteis no diagnóstico, porem o índice de excreção urinaria de ureia se reduziu, indicando maior conservação de nitrogênio pelo organismo carente. O déficit energético provocou diminui980 nos batimentos cardíacos, atingindo em quadros avançados 30 bat/min; na frequência respiratória; nos movimentos e tonicidade ruminal. Quanto menor foi a glicemia menores foram os batimentos cardíacos (r= 0,55), a frequência respiratória (r = 0,49) e a tonicidade ruminal (r= 0,81). A temperatura retal permaneceu dentro dos valores de normalidade, mas hipotermia foi detectada precedendo a morte. Levando-se em conta a facilidade, praticidade e custo dos exames, sugere-se o diagnóstico de carência requisitando analise de glicose, β-hidroxibutirato plasmáticos, tempo de redução do azul de metileno no suco ruminal e índice de excreção urinária de ácido úrico.
In order to compare laboratory diagnosis indicators of energetic deficit and evaluate their influence in the clinical picture, 12 steers were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 4 animals, which received the following diets for 140 days : (G1) adequate diet for weight gain of 900g/day (CP: 13% and DE: 17,7 Mcal/d); (G2) 80% of the maintenance requirements (CP: 7% and DE: 5,8 Mcal/d); (G3) 60% of the same requirements (CP: 5% and DE: 4,7 Mcal/d). Two animals from G3 died by the end of the experiment. The nutritional deficit led to lower feed intake and a decrease in the body condition score; without changing body weight. Although the rumen volume was similar in all three groups, the rates of liquid passage and ruminal turnover were lower in G2 and G3. The energetic deficit led to a reduced rumen production of total and fractions of volatile fatty acids. The time of blue methylene reduction in the rumen juice was longer, whereas the index of urinary excretion of allantoin and uric acid was lower in G2 and G3. The best indicators of the energetic status were glycemia and the plasma level of β-hydroxybutirate, which were both reduced during the deficit energetic. NEFA levels were not effective, due to the high variability of the results. Ketone bodies were not detected in the urine. Hematocrit and serum levels of urea, albumin, globulin and creatinin were not useful for malnutrition diagnosis, but the index of urinary excretion of urea was decreased, indicating that malnourished bodies were keeping Nitrogen. The energetic deficit caused a gradual decrease in cardiac rates , falling to 30 beats/min in advanced deficit of energy. Reduced respiratory frequency and rumen tonus was also altered in this condition. Low glycemia was related to decreased heart beat frequency (r=0.55), to respiratory frequency (r=0.49) and to rumen tonus (r=0.81). The rectal temperature remained within normal values; however hypothermia was detected preceding death. Taking into account costs and friendly usage of assays, we suggest the analysis of glucose, plasma β-hydroxybutirate, time of reduction of methylene blue in the rumen juice, and index of urinary excretion of uric acid for the diagnosis of energetic deficit.

A placenta de ruminantes possui uma estrutura macroscópica uniforme, baseada em áreas especializadas de aposição e proliferação das membranas materno-fetais: os placentônios. Mostrando um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento da prenhez, estasestruturas tem sido muito estudadas em várias espécies domésticas de interesse comercial. Particularmente no búfalo, entretanto, não há dados consistentes quanto à sua capacidade funcional desta estrutura , ou até mesmo, a arquitetura dos vilosem um placentônio individual e sua troca eficaz de metabólitos que caracteriza o processo de placentação. Um estudo macroscópico prévio da placenta do búfalo (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) mostrou que o número de placentônios é de 92 aproximadamentedurante a prenhez, mas a morfologia microscópica e o desenvolvimento de tais estruturas não foram estudadas em todas as fases da prenhez. Neste trabalho, estudou-se os placentônios de búfalos prenhez nos meses 4-5, 7-8, 9-10, os quais forammorfologicamente caracterizados. Os espécimes foram seccionados e fixados por imersão em paraformoldeído à 4% ou em glutaraldeído à 2,5% em tampão fosfato tamponado 0,1M para microscopia de luz e eletrônica, respectivamente. Após 24 horas, osplacentônios foram recortados e processados para inclusão em paraplast, historesina ou em resina Spurr. As secções foram coradas por HE, Azul de Toluidina, Tricrômicos de Gomori e Mallory, Azul de Metileno com Fucsina Básica e submetidos àreação de PAS. Em todos períodos da prenhez encontrou-se placentônios de diferentes tipos e tamanhos, com uma estrutura macroscópica similar à do placentônio bovino, porém mais achatado. Aparentemente, durante o progresso da prenhez, osplacentônios mantiveram a mesma morfologia macroscópica mas com dimensões aumentadas. À microscopia de luz, a interface entre o trofoblasto e o epitélio uterino é extremamente irregular, formando uma árvore fetal vilosa que se conecta com o epitélio materno. O trofoblasto consiste em uma camada simples de células individuais onde células binucleadas estão interpostas com as células trofoblásticas. O eixo da árvore vilosa é formado fundamentalmente por tecido conjuntivofrouxo, considerando que o eixo interno das pregas epiteliais apresentam um tecido conjuntivo rico em fibras colágenas. Quando comparadas às fases precoces de prenhez, as árvores vilosas dos meses 9-10, são mais ramificadas e a aposição dainterface materno-fetal é mais próxima. Ainda, na junção materno-fetal no final da prenhez, encontrou-se regiões de hematomas e eritrofagocitose o que sugere transferência de ferro para o feto. À microscopia eletrônica de transmissão pudemosobservar uma intensa vascularização do vilo fetal, as células binucleadas apresentaram REG (retículo endoplasmático granular) e Complexo de Golgi bem desenvolvidos, indicando comprometimento com síntese protéica e vesículas eram abundantes. Ascélulas epiteliais trofoblásticas mostraram-se unidas por complexos juncionais, principalmente desmossomas, núcleos de contorno esférico e até dois nucléolos bastante evidentes. Superfícies celulares com microvilos também foram observadas.
The ruminant placenta has an uniform gross structure based on specialized areas of feto-maternal membrane apposition and proliferation: the placentons. By exerting a fundamental role for the development of the pregnancy, these structures have been very well studied in several domestic species of commercial interest. Particularly in the buffalo, however, there is no consistent data with relationship the functional capabilities of this structure or even, the villus architeture in the individual placenton and their metabolic exchange efficacy that characterize the placentation process. One previous macroscopy study on the placenta of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) has shown that the number of the placentons is 92 aproximately during pregnancy, but the fine morphology and development of such structures were not studied in all phases of pregnancy. So, in this work, the placentons of pregnant buffaloes on months 4-5, 7-8 and 9-10 were morphologically characterized. The specimens were sectioned and fixed by immersion in either a 4 % paraformaldehyde or in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for light and electron microscopy, respectively. After 24 h, the placentons were cut and processed for embedding in paraplast, historesin or Spurr\'s resin. Sections were stained by HE, Toluidine Blue, Gomori\'s and Mallory\'s trichromes, Methilene Blue and Basic Fucsin and submitted to PAS reaction. In all periods of the pregnancy, we found placentons of different shapes and sizes, with a gross structure similar to the bovine placenton, but more flattened. Apparently, during the progress of the pregnancy, the placentons maintained the same gross morphology but with increased dimensions. At light microscopy, the interface between the trophoblast and the uterine epithelium is extremely irregular forming a fetal villous tree that indents the endometrium. The trophoblast consists of a simple layer of individual cells where binucleated cells are interposed into the remaining trophoblast cells. The axis of the villous tree is fundamentally formed by loose connective tissue, whereas the internal axis of the epithelial folds presented a connective tissue rich in collagen fibers. When compared to early phases of the pregnancy, the villus tree on months 9-10 is much more branched and the materno-fetal interface closely appositioned. Still, in the feto-maternal junction in late pregnancy were found regions of hematomes and erythrophagocytosis. Ultrastructurally, we also observed: the intense vascularization of the fetal villous, binucleated cells presenting a much developed GER (granular endoplasmic reticulum) and Golgi complex, indicating intense secretory activity. The trophoblastic cells showed junctions (desmossomes), euchromatic nuclei and 2 evident nucleoli. The trophoblast and the uterine epithelium were close associated by interdigitated microvilli.

Artrite-encefalite dos Caprinos (CAE) é uma enfermidade infecciosa, multissistêmica, causada por um lentivírus, e infecta caprinos de todas as idades, independente do sexo, raça e tipos de produção econômica. Os principais sintomas descritos são leucoencefalomielite, artrite, pneumonia crônica intersticial e mamite intersticial endurativa. A CAE possui distribuição mundial, no Estado de São Paulo encontra-se amplamente disseminada no rebanho caprino. Com o intuito de aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre o vírus da Artrite-encefalite dos caprinos (CAEV) serão realizados estudos de sequenciamento de parte do cDNA e análise filogenética de amostras detectadas de órgãos, líquido sinovial, sêmen e leite de caprinos naturalmente infectados e soropositivos ao IDGA para o vírus da CAE e correlacionar as variantes genéticas com a sintomatologia, a forma clinica preferencial e a patogenicidade. Para o estudo filogenético serão amplificados, por RT-PCR, e sequenciados, parte do gene pol e o gene tat das amostras. Este estudo possibilitará o conhecimento das estirpes virais existentes no rebanho caprino do estado de São Paulo e a sua patogenicidade. A pesquisa de mutações encontradas por meio da análise do estudo filogenético do vírus poderá mostrar se a variante encontrada apresenta predileção por uma determinada expressão clínica. O seqüenciamento genético poderá permitir, também no futuro, uma maior eficiência na produção de antígenos virais para sorodiagnóstico e vacinas a partir das cepas circulantes encontradas.
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is an infectious disease, multisystem caused by a lentivirus, and infects goats of all ages, regardless of sex, race and types of economic production. The main symptoms are leukoencephalomyelitis, arthritis, chronic interstitial pneumonia and interstitial mastitis induration. CAE has a worldwide distribution in the State of São Paulo is widely disseminated in the goat herd. Aiming to deepen knowledge about the virus caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAEV) studies will be performed sequencing of part of the cDNA and phylogenetic analysis of samples detected in organs, synovial fluid, semen and milk of goats naturally infected and seropositive AGID test for CAE virus and to correlate genetic variants with the symptoms, the clinical form of preferential and pathogenicity. For the phylogenetic study will be amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced, part of the pol gene and the gene tat of the samples. This study will allow the knowledge of existing viral strains in goat herd in the state of Sao Paulo and its pathogenicity. The analysis of mutations found by analyzing the phylogenetic analysis of the virus may show if the variant has found a predilection for a particular clinical expression. The gene sequencing will allow, in future, greater efficiency in the production of viral antigens for serodiagnosis and vaccines from the circulating strains found.