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1
Hartinger, Thomas, and Qendrim Zebeli. "The Present Role and New Potentials of Anaerobic Fungi in Ruminant Nutrition." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030200.
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The ruminal microbiota allows ruminants to utilize fibrous feeds and is in the limelight of ruminant nutrition research for many years. However, the overwhelming majority of investigations have focused on bacteria, whereas anaerobic fungi (AF) have been widely neglected by ruminant nutritionists. Anaerobic fungi are not only crucial fiber degraders but also important nutrient sources for the host. This review summarizes the current findings on AF and, most importantly, discusses their new application potentials in modern ruminant nutrition. Available data suggest AF can be applied as direct-fed microbials to enhance ruminal fiber degradation, which is indeed of interest for high-yielding dairy cows that often show depressed ruminal fibrolysis in response to high-grain feeding. Moreover, these microorganisms have relevance for the nutrient supply and reduction of methane emissions. However, to reach AF-related improvements in ruminal fiber breakdown and animal performance, obstacles in large-scale AF cultivation and applicable administration options need to be overcome. At feedstuff level, silage production may benefit from the application of fungal enzymes that cleave lignocellulosic structures and consequently enable higher energy exploitation from forages in the rumen. Concluding, AF hold several potentials in improving ruminant feeding and future research efforts are called for to harness these potentials.
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Nurmeiliasari, Nurmeiliasari, R. Priyanto, D. A. Astuti, Salundik, and J. Takahashi. "Utilization of Rumen Mechanical Stimulator as Pseudo Fiber in Ruminant to Minimize Metabolic Problem." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 27, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v27i2.1589.
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Feeding high concentrate diet, characterized with high starch and low fiber is applied to increase energy intake for an optimal production performance in ruminants. However, the prevalence of digestive disorder namely ruminal acidosis has been reported as drawback of this feeding strategy. This encourages farmers and nutritionist to supply adequate fiber in the diet to meet minimum dietary fiber requirement. However, feeding high forage diet is reported to give adverse effect on production performance, thus economic loss for farmers. Therefore, some sorts of artificial fiber utilizations have been introduced to reduce the risk of nutritional diseases as well as improving ruminant productivity. The utilization of rumen mechanical stimulator aims to maintain a healthy rumen function in ruminants fed with high concentrate diet. Objective of this article is to review recent development of rumen mechanical stimulators utilization, a pseudo fiber to substitute forage physical function in the rumen of ruminants. This review highlights the use of rumen mechanical stimulators in dairy cattle, beef cattle and sheep with particular attention in rumination time and rumen parameters. In conclusion, rumen mechanical stimulator is attributable to minimize metabolic problem associated with high concentrate feeding by providing mechanical stimulation on the rumen wall.
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Williams, P. E. V., and A. I. Frost. "Feeding the young ruminant." BSAP Occasional Publication 15 (1992): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00004134.
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AbstractYoung calves and lambs are weaned early to reduce the amount of milk products consumed and potentially improve the profitability of rearing enterprises. At weaning the pre-ruminant must make a number of adjustments to cope with the change in dietary substrate. The microbial population in the rumen must develop and metabolic changes are required in order for the young ruminant to metabolize the end products of microbial digestion. It is recognized that early weaning poses a stress to the calf but it is generally considered that the calf rapidly adjusts to the change in diet composition. A number of factors indicate that considerable advantage would be gained from delaying the weaning of calves and indeed that the calf is not physiologically capable of adapting to an early-weaning regime. Work has indicated that a diverse anaerobic microbial population can be identified in the developing rumen of the calf. More recent results show that the presence of a faculative anaerobic population, which exists for a considerable period of time, has an adverse effect on the development of a mature anaerobic population. Low rumen pH is a problem in the young calf. The level of rumen pH verges on that which would be described as acidosis in the adult ruminant. The young calf is unable to stabilize rumen pH and increasing the level of dry food intake at weaning may further depress rumen pH if the salivary buffering capacity of the calf is not adequately developed. Results indicate that the ability to utilize volatile fatty acids is not fully developed in the young calf and that early weaning can result in high levels of VFAs in the circulation.The composition of the dry diet has a major effect on the response of the calf to weaning. Choice of the ingredients can affect the buffering capacity of the rumen and the physiological development of the digestive tract. Strategies to limit the nutrient intake from dry food to levels commensurate with the developing physiology of the calf may result in a more uniform transition to full ruminant status with consequent benefits in growth rate and health.
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Bueno, Antonio Vinicius Iank, Gustavo Lazzari, Clóves Cabreira Jobim, and João Luiz Pratti Daniel. "Ensiling Total Mixed Ration for Ruminants: A Review." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060879.
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The interest of ensiling total mixed rations (TMR) for ruminants reemerged in the last decades. In many situations, ensiling TMR has been a sustainable alternative to efficiently handle wet byproducts in ruminant diets. An ensiled TMR typically has a markedly higher aerobic stability than its respective fresh TMR. Ensiling a TMR increases ruminal protein degradability due to proteolysis during storage. An increase of feed efficiency by ruminants fed ensiled rations have been reported, due to the improved starch digestibility in TMR silages containing cereal grains. This manuscript brings an overview of the main nutrient transformations during the ensiling of TMR and their feeding value for ruminants.
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Mir, P. S., T. A. McAllister, D. J. Gibb, and E. K. Okine. "Dietary oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids for ruminants: Post-ruminal digesta characteristics and their implications on production." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-056.
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Maximizing the production of ruminants requires high intakes of feeds that are energy dense, therefore feeds that are usually high in starch. Under these conditions there can be significant passage of partially digested feed starch and fibre to the small intestine. These digesta components interact in a manner that can diminish post-ruminal digestion and absorption. However, in ruminants, the effects of digesta composition on causing physical constraints to digestion and absorption, via increased digesta viscosity have not been given adequate consideration. While elevation of digesta viscosity as a means of reducing rate of nutrient absorption and re-absorption of compounds detrimental to health is a valid approach in humans, digesta viscosity may reduce the production potential of livestock. Thus, there is merit in reviewing the feeding strategies that lead to increased viscosity and how its mitigation can be managed through inclusion of oil in ruminant diets. The interactions between digesta composition and the resultant viscosity with digestive physiology and production factors are examined. This review also highlights the associated benefits of dietary oil for ruminants, such as enhancement of bio-active lipids in ruminant products, health benefits directly to the animal, through decreasing incidence of liver abscesses and effects on production and possibly on the environment (reduction of enteropathogenic bacterial shedding and methane emissions). Key words: Ruminant, starch, digesta characteristics, viscosity, cholecystokinin
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Yanuartono, Yanuartono, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Alfarisa Nururrozi, and Hary Purnamaningsih. "Peran Makromineral pada Reproduksi Ruminansia." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.27541.
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Macromineral is one component of a nutrient that has an important role in the growth, health, production,reproduction and immune system of animals. Ruminants need makromineral such as Ca, P, Mg, K, Na , Cl and S. Mineral needs of ruminant affected by several factors such as their age, pregnancy and lactation status.Mineral deficiency can cause disturbances in reproduction ruminant. Ca and P have direct influence while Mg, K, Na, Cl and S acted indirectly on reproductive function. A complete understanding of the role macromineral on ruminant reproductive function is indispensable for the prevention of their reproductive disorders due toimproper feeding minerals.
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Dynes, R. A., D. A. Henry, and D. G. Masters. "Characterising Forages for Ruminant Feeding." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.116.
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Aumaitre, A. "Feeding of non-ruminant livestock." Animal Feed Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (May 1990): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(90)90103-f.
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Herrera–Camacho, J., J. C. Ku-Vera, J. A. Quintal-Franco, L. G. Williams, and R. Quijano-Cervera. "Effects of the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids on rumen degradation of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) in Pelibuey sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001009.
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Fat is often fed to sheep and cattle as a means to increase dietary energy concentration. There is increasing interest in the supplementation of ruminant diets with fats and oils. However feeding fat may reduce dry matter digestibility, and feeding ruminant animals large quantities of fat (>5% of total dry matter intake) can result in a marked negative effect on fibre and dry mater intake. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of fat supplementation on ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of sheep fed a tropical hay.
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Klein, Frank, Tony Lupo, Don Pielack, Mark Mozola, David Pinero, Scott Coates, Nancy Thiex, Christoph von Holst, and Jim Drouillard. "Validation Study of a Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Detection of Ruminant By-Product Material in Animal Feeds and Feed Ingredients: Performance-Tested MethodSM 010405." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 88, no. 6 (September 1, 2005): 1583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.6.1583.
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Abstract An immunoassay with a lateral flow format has been developed for the detection of ruminant by-product material in animal feeds and feed ingredients. The test is designed for the analysis of animal feeds destined for feeding to ruminants to ensure that they do not contain ruminant by-products in violation of the ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1997. This feed ban was established as a firewall against exposure of ruminant livestock animals to the prion agents responsible for neurological diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie. The test is designed for field use, e.g., at a feed mill, and yields a qualitative (presence/absence) result in 15–20 min. The objective of the study was to validate the lateral-flow test for detection of ruminant by-product material in a variety of finished animal feeds and feed ingredients. Results indicate that the test is specific for ruminant material and can detect as little as 1% ruminant material in these commodities.
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Allen, Michael S., and Barry J. Bradford. "Control of food intake by metabolism of fuels: a comparison across species." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 3 (June 18, 2012): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112000572.
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Research with laboratory species suggests that meals can be terminated by peripheral signals carried to brain feeding centres via hepatic vagal afferents, and that these signals are affected by oxidation of fuels. Pre-gastric fermentation in ruminants greatly alters fuels, allowing mechanisms conserved across species to be studied with different types and temporal absorption of fuels. These fuels include SCFA, glucose, lactate, amino acids and long-chain fatty acid (FA) isomers, all of which are absorbed and metabolised by different tissues at different rates. Propionate is produced by rumen microbes, absorbed within the timeframe of meals, and quickly cleared by the liver. Its hypophagic effects are variable, likely due to its fate; propionate is utilised for gluconeogenesis or oxidised and also stimulates oxidation of acetyl-CoA by anapleurosis. In contrast, acetate has little effect on food intake, likely because its uptake by the ruminant liver is negligible. Glucose is hypophagic in non-ruminants but not ruminants and unlike non-ruminant species, uptake of glucose by ruminant liver is negligible, consistent with the differences in hypophagic effects between them. Inhibition of FA oxidation increases food intake, whereas promotion of FA oxidation suppresses food intake. Hypophagic effects of fuel oxidation also vary with changes in metabolic state. The objective of this paper is to compare the type and utilisation of fuels and their effects on feeding across species. We believe that the hepatic oxidation theory allows insight into mechanisms controlling feeding behaviour that can be used to formulate diets to optimise energy balance in multiple species.
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Ifabiyi, John O., G. Opeyemi, and Ibrahim K. Banjoko. "Status of Climate Smart Small Ruminant Production Practices in Kwara State, Nigeria." Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140209.
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This study examined the status of climate smart small ruminant production practices in Kwara State, Nigeria. About 105 small ruminant breeders were selected for the study. The data were analysed the use of frequency count, percentage, mean score, Binary Logistic Regression and Pearson product moment correlation. The result revealed that about 60% of the breeders were females and the mean years of experience in small ruminant production was 7 years. The result of most of the frequently used climate smart small ruminant production practices of the respondents showed that provision of medication to sick animals and cultivation of crops along with rearing of animals (90.5%), feeding with supplementary feeds, isolation of sick animals and vaccination of animals (92.4%); provision of shade through Planting of trees to reduce heat stress (93.3%); feeding with crop residues and building and maintenance of pens (96.2%) and grazing on pasture/grassland (97.1%). About 90.5% of the breeders have high status on the use of climate smart small ruminant production practices. Disease outbreak and high mortality (mean=2.07) was the highest ranked factors affecting the small ruminant breeders. The result of Binary Logistic Regression showed that educational level (B=3.985), membership of social group (B=6.083), access to extension services (B= 13.941) and years of experience (B= -0.544) were the determinant factors of the use of climate smart small ruminants production practices. This study therefore recommends that breeders should be provided with veterinary services and extension services.
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Affandi, Nurul Athira Mohd, Man Norsida, Anjas Asmara Abdul Hadi, and Mustapha Sa’adu. "Adoption of Improved Small Ruminant Husbandry Practices among Ranchers in Selangor, Malaysia." Journal of Agricultural Extension 26, no. 3 (August 8, 2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v26i3.2.
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This study determined the extent to which improved husbandry practices in the study area were adopted by ranchers of small ruminants. A total of 100 respondents of small ruminant ranchers were selected for this study, using simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive percentage and cross tabulation to determine the adoption of improved small ruminant husbandry practices among ranchers. The study revealed that reproduction, healthcare and feeding had a higher adoption rate among the key management practices of small ruminant husbandry compared to general management. The findings revealed the majority of the respondents (65%) were classified as medium level adopters of improved animal husbandry practices, with an average adoption index of 65. The adoption rates of animal husbandry among small ruminant ranchers should be enhanced by promoting guidance, education and their evaluation on the practices.
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Flachowsky, G. "Evaluation of straws in ruminant feeding." Animal Feed Science and Technology 29, no. 3-4 (June 1990): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(90)90041-6.
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Twine, Wayne. "Feeding time budgets of selected African ruminant and non-ruminant grazers." African Journal of Ecology 40, no. 4 (November 5, 2002): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00402.x.
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Urrutia, Olaia, José Antonio Mendizabal, Leopoldo Alfonso, Beatriz Soret, Kizkitza Insausti, and Ana Arana. "Adipose Tissue Modification through Feeding Strategies and Their Implication on Adipogenesis and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Ruminants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093183.
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Dietary recommendations by health authorities have been advising of the importance of diminishing saturated fatty acids (SFA) consumption and replacing them by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-3. Therefore, there have been efforts to enhance food fatty acid profiles, helping them to meet human nutritional recommendations. Ruminant meat is the major dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) source, but it also contains SFA at relatively high proportions, deriving from ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFA. Additionally, lipid metabolism in ruminants may differ from other species. Recent research has aimed to modify the fatty acid profile of meat, and other animal products. This review summarizes dietary strategies based on the n-3 PUFA supplementation of ruminant diets and their effects on meat fatty acid composition. Additionally, the role of n-3 PUFA in adipose tissue (AT) development and in the expression of key genes involved in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism is discussed. It has been demonstrated that linseed supplementation leads to an increase in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whilst fish oil and algae increase DHA content. Dietary PUFA can alter AT adiposity and modulate lipid metabolism genes expression, although further research is required to clarify the underlying mechanism.
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Van Den Broek, A., and I. T. Gbégo. "Sustainability os small ruminant population on the Adja Plateau (South Benin)." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 42, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v42i1.616.
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Since 1986 the RAMR project (Recherche Appliquee en Milieu Reel) has conducted on-farm research on the Adja Plateau in Mono Province (South Benin). In this article, technical and socio-economic aspects of small ruminant production systems on the Adja Plateau are described. Monitoring of small ruminant flocks showed that about 25% of the small ruminants were sold annually. Export of nutrients as a result of the sale of animals (85 g N. 23 g P. 12 g K and 46 g Ca per hectare) was low compared with export through crop production. In-depth studies at village level showed that farmers mainly collected oil palm leaves, constituting 75% of the small ruminant rations, to feed their animals. Nutrients in collected oil palm leaves represented a substantial fraction (about 10%) of available nutrients in fields under oil palm. Proposals for future research on small ruminant production systems have to contribute to the sustainability of farming systems. Emphasis will be put on animal feeding and feed production integrating small ruminant and crop production.
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Cruz, Kathlyn, Joasanne Mae Maguigad, Mary Ann Santos, Jomar Allam, Joel Casibang, and Jomel Manuel. "SURVEILLANCE OF BLOOD PARASITES OF NATURALLY-GROWN SMALL RUMINANTS IN SELECTED PROVINCE OF REGION 02." International Journal of Research and Technology in Agriculture and Fisheries 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55687/ijrtaf.v1i1.3.
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This study aimed to determine the epidemiology and surveillance of blood parasites of naturally-grown small ruminants in selected province of Region 02. Descriptive method through a survey questionnaire and a blood parasite examination was employed. Survey showed that, there were 23 naturally-grown small ruminant farms located at Districts II and III in Cagayan province. Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. were the species of blood parasite identified. Test of difference showed that presence of blood parasites was significant with sex of the naturally-grown small ruminants and between Districts. Further, test of relationship showed that types of housing, fence, floor, breeding, and feeding system were significant of the naturally - grown small ruminant farms. Thus, it concludes that the type of management practiced by the farmers results in the present of blood parasite.
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Owens, Fredric N. "356 Anomalies of Carbohydrate Digestion and Metabolism by Ruminants." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.355.
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Abstract Carbohydrate, derived either from plant cell walls (neutral detergent fiber; NDF) from fresh or conserved forages consumed by cows and growing cattle or from starch of grains and concentrates in commercial feedlot diets, provides most of the dietary energy for ruminant growth and production. The ruminants’ ability to harvest forage from remote, inaccessible locations, to scavenge energy from NDF of feeds and byproducts of grain largely indigestible by non-ruminants, and to employ non-protein N to form protein-rich, nutrient-dense foods for humans are key ecological advantages over non-ruminants. Outlined below are some topics needing research attention. First, feed composition tables invariably indicate that the digested energy (DE) of carbohydrates is 4.4 kilocalories per gram, yet the gross energy (GE) of purified carbohydrate polymers (starch; cellulose, glycogen) averages 4.18; monomers (hexoses, pentoses) average 3.74. Having DE exceed GE violates the first Law of Thermodynamics! Might this 5 percent discrepancy reflect underestimations of fecal lignin or of protein digestibility due to metabolic fecal N? Favoring feeds rich in carbohydrate, this discrepancy confounds formulation of least-cost diets. Secondly, site of digestion of carbohydrate alters its metabolizable energy (ME). Fermentation, though required to yield ME from NDF, generates methane and heat. In contrast, starches and sugars that escape ruminal fermentation, if digested in the small intestine, circumvent these losses increasing their relative ME. Unfortunately, when ruminally fermented, starch, either directly or via pH depression, reduces NDF fermentation; might ruminal NDF digestion be increased by feeding NDF plus buffer versus concentrate diet components asynchronously? Third, carbohydrate metabolites lost in urine (lactate, pentoses, hippuric acid) need further quantification. Finally, ruminally-formed metabolites (methylglyoxal, methane) adversely affect animal health and energetics. Ruminal modification (site- or time-targeted enzymes or inhibitors; altering the ruminal microbiome with pre- or probiotics, inoculants, nutraceuticals) should help enhance ruminant productivity and sustainability.
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Romero-Perez, G. A., R. W. Mayes, J. R. Scaife, and J. A. Milne. "Effect of the physical form of a lipid supplement on the polyunsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid, in muscle tissues of red deer and sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019189.
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Proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in ruminant tissues are generally low as dietary PUFA including linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) undergo biohydrogenation to stearic acid in the rumen. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is formed during biohydrogenation as an intermediate metabolite. Feeding PUFA-rich sources can enhance deposition in the tissues of ruminants (Bolte et al, 2002), but the degree of lipid hydrogenation may depend on the source form and the ruminant species (Rowell-Schäffer et al, 2001). Bolte et al, (2002) showed that oilseed-fed sheep had higher PUFA proportions in their tissues than sheep fed a beet pulp-based diet but Rowell-Schäffer et al (2001) found in deer tissues higher PUFA proportions than in those of sheep. Possible effects of the form of the lipid source and the ruminant species on the fatty acids deposited were tested.
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Soldado, David, Rui J. B. Bessa, and Eliana Jerónimo. "Condensed Tannins as Antioxidants in Ruminants—Effectiveness and Action Mechanisms to Improve Animal Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stability of Products." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113243.
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Condensed tannins (CTs) are widely distributed in plants, and due to their recognized antioxidant activity are considered as possible natural antioxidants for application in ruminant diets. A wide range of CT-rich sources has been tested in ruminant diets, and their effects on animal antioxidant status and oxidative stability of their products are reviewed in the present work. Possible mechanisms underlying the CT antioxidant effects in ruminants are also discussed, and the CT chemical structure is briefly presented. Utilization of CT-rich sources in ruminant feeding can improve the animals’ antioxidant status and oxidative stability of their products. However, the results are still inconsistent. Although poorly understood, the evidence suggests that CTs can induce an antioxidant effect in living animals and in their products through direct and indirect mechanisms, which can occur by an integrated and synergic way involving: (i) absorption of CTs with low molecular weight or metabolites, despite CTs’ poor bioavailability; (ii) antioxidant action on the gastrointestinal tract; and (iii) interaction with other antioxidant agents. Condensed tannins are alternative dietary antioxidants for ruminants, but further studies should be carried out to elucidate the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of each CT source to design effective antioxidant strategies based on the use of CTs in ruminant diets.
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Paula, da Silva, Brandao, Dai, and Faciola. "Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants." Animals 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100704.
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Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as “ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion”. Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.
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Callaway, Todd R., Jeferson M. Lourenco, R. Lawton Stewart, and W. Brandon Smith. "201 Forage Biodegradation: Advances in Ruminal Microbial Ecology." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.178.
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Abstract The rumen microbial ecosystem provides ruminant animals a selective advantage, the ability to utilize forages, which allows ruminant animals to flourish around the world in a wide variety of environments. The ability of the microbial population to convert sunlight captured in forages to high quality meat, milk, and fiber has been recognized for many years. However, the rumen microbial population composition and degradative activity has remained a “black box” with only the most active (and most amenable to laboratory growth) cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic organisms being recognized and understood. The limitation of reliance upon growth of forage degrading organisms in a test tube in order to measure the catabolic activity, severely limited the development of knowledge of the microbial ecology of ruminal forage degradation. The past 15 years has seen the development and implementation of numerous Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches, which have greatly contributed to a better understanding of the microbial ecology of ruminants fed a variety of forages. NGS has provided new insights into changes in the microbial population of ruminants fed different diets, or undergoing dietary changes. The ability to take a “snapshot” of the composition of the ruminal microbial population has furthered our understanding of the impacts of forage maturity, forage type, and phytochemicals on the degradation and fermentation of forages. We now better understand the microbial pathways that are enriched by feeding of forages and are impacted by forage quality or composition, which can further our understanding of metabolomics of the rumen. As NGS data continues to accumulate on ruminants fed forage, our understanding of the ruminal microbial ecosystem will grow both deeper and broader, allowing us to build predictive models of rumen function during forage degradation and fermentation.
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Cantalapiedra, Juan L., Richard G. FitzJohn, Tyler S. Kuhn, Manuel Hernández Fernández, Daniel DeMiguel, Beatriz Azanza, Jorge Morales, and Arne Ø. Mooers. "Dietary innovations spurred the diversification of ruminants during the Caenozoic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1776 (February 7, 2014): 20132746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2746.
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Global climate shifts and ecological flexibility are two major factors that may affect rates of speciation and extinction across clades. Here, we connect past climate to changes in diet and diversification dynamics of ruminant mammals. Using novel versions of Multi-State Speciation and Extinction models, we explore the most likely scenarios for evolutionary transitions among diets in this clade and ask whether ruminant lineages with different feeding styles (browsing, grazing and mixed feeding) underwent differential rates of diversification concomitant with global temperature change. The best model of trait change had transitions from browsers to grazers via mixed feeding, with appreciable rates of transition to and from grazing and mixed feeding. Diversification rates in mixed-feeder and grazer lineages tracked the palaeotemperature curve, exhibiting higher rates during the Miocene thermal maxima. The origination of facultative mixed diet and grazing states may have triggered two adaptive radiations—one during the Oligocene–Miocene transition and the other during Middle-to-Late Miocene. Our estimate of mixed diets for basal lineages of both bovids and cervids is congruent with fossil evidence, while the reconstruction of browser ancestors for some impoverished clades—Giraffidae and Tragulidae—is not. Our results offer model-based neontological support to previous palaeontological findings and fossil-based hypothesis highlighting the importance of dietary innovations—especially mixed feeding—in the success of ruminants during the Neogene.
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LEGESSE, G., G. ABEBE, M. SIEGMUND-SCHULTZE, and A. VALLE ZÁRATE. "SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION IN TWO MIXED-FARMING SYSTEMS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 3 (July 2008): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006376.
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SUMMARYSmall ruminants are an integral part of mixed-farming systems throughout southern Ethiopia. Yet, they have received little research attention or institutional support. Characterizing the existing small ruminant production systems and analysing their production constraints are important tools to diagnose the status and trends of the systems, and thus to identify areas for future interventions. A survey was conducted between April and July 2004 in the Adilo and Kofele areas of the southern mixed-farming systems of Ethiopia to explore reasons for keeping small ruminants and to evaluate the existing status of and the prospects for the small ruminant sector. Additional information was obtained during discussions with key informants who had experience of small ruminant keeping. Small ruminants fill several roles in the study area. However, the principal purpose of keeping sheep and goats was to generate cash income. Sheep milk consumption was widespread around Kofele unlike most agricultural systems in the country. Nearly all respondents in Adilo reported fattening their sheep before sale, while such a practice was uncommon in Kofele. Informal insurance schemes were evolving among the sheep keepers in Adilo, and these can be considered as entry points for future interventions. The common problem identified from both individual interviews and group discussions was feed shortage. The identification of alternative feed resources and strategic feeding management might be options for development. Small ruminant disease was the major constraint in Kofele, where marshy areas are increasingly assigned for grazing in the rainy season as suitable land is more and more used for cropping. The growing demand for meat from small ruminants, the improving transportation infrastructure and the experience of farmers in small ruminant keeping are providing opportunities to enhance the contribution of the sector. A thorough monitoring of the productive and economic performance of small ruminants is required to capture the full picture of their contribution thereby directing possible intervention areas to maximize benefits to the farmers.
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Hamasalim, Hozan Jalil, Karwan Muhamad Hama Khan, and Sarwar Muhamad Sadq. "Microbiological and mycotoxin risk assessment in ruminant feeding in Sulaimani governorate." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 18, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 57–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10451.
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MENDOZA-ROMERO, LUIS, EDWARD L. C. VERKAAR, PAUL H. SAVELKOUL, ARNOLD CATSBURG, HENK J. M. AARTS, JAAP B. BUNTJER, and JOHANNES A. LENSTRA. "Real-Time PCR Detection of Ruminant DNA." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.550.
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To control the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, several DNA methods have been described for the detection of the species origin of meat and bone meal. Most of these methods are based on the amplification of a mitochondrial DNA segment. We have developed a semiquantitative method based on real-time PCR for detection of ruminant DNA, targeting an 88-bp segment of the ruminant short interspersed nuclear element Bov-A2. This method is specific for ruminants and is able to detect as little as 10 fg of bovine DNA. Autoclaving decreased the amount of detectable DNA, but positive signals were observed in feeding stuff containing 10% bovine material if this had not been rendered in accordance with the regulations, i.e., heated at 134°C for 3 instead of 20 min.
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Marcos, Carlos N., Trinidad de Evan, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide, Margarita Novoa-Garrido, Martin Riis Weisbjerg, and María Dolores Carro. "Preserving Saccharina latissima and Porphyra umbilicalis in Multinutrient Blocks: An In Vitro Evaluation." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020263.
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Seaweeds could be alternative feedstuffs for ruminants, but their utilization in practical feeding is difficult because they deteriorate rapidly. We investigated the possibility of preserving Saccharina latissima and Porphyra umbilicalis in multinutrient blocks (MB), which is a cost-effective preservation method for high-moisture feeds. Three different MB were prepared: without seaweed (control; CMB), with 25% of fresh S. latissima (SLMB), and with 36% of fresh P. umbilicalis (PUMB). Both seaweeds and MB were fermented in vitro with ruminal fluid from sheep. The nitrogen and fiber content of P. umbilicalis was 4- and 4.5-fold greater, respectively, than in S. latissima, but P. umbilicalis produced less gas than S. latissima. Both CMB and PUMB had similar in vitro dry matter degradability (65.8 and 65.1%, respectively), but SLMB had lower values (p < 0.05; 58.2%). There were no differences among MB in methane and total VFA production, but the VFA pattern was shifted to acetate in SLMB and to butyrate in PUMB. The results indicate that multinutrient blocks could be a feasible option to preserve and store seaweeds for ruminant feeding without compromising ruminal fermentation, but in vivo studies are needed to assess the effects on intake and animal performance.
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Santos, Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos, Mário de Andrade Lira, José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior, Adriana Guim, Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello, and Márcio Vieira da Cunha. "Potential of Caatinga forage plants in ruminant feeding." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (July 2010): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300023.
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Caatinga is the most important biome for the livestock in the Brazilian semi-arid region. This review paper aimed to present information on different forage aspects of caatinga vegetation for ruminant feeding. Caatinga vegetation is formed mainly by shrubs and small trees, usually presenting thorns, deciduous leaves, and leaf abscission occurring frequently at the onset of the dry season. Additional components of the botanical composition in this biome includes the families cactaceae, bromeliaceae, and a herbaceous component formed by grasses, legumes, and forbs, often presenting annual cycle. Quantitative information of caatinga vegetation is scarce in the literature, mainly for the herbaceous stratum. Methodological aspects such as lack of standardization across evaluations make comparison regarding forage potential of caatinga plant species difficult. Index species must be identified within each caatinga type. Quantitative aspects of biological N2 fixation by caatinga species have not been extensively studied. Regarding forage nutritive value, it is necessary to study N availability for ruminants in caatinga plants, since large proportion of this element may bind to fiber components (ADIN). Manipulation of caatinga vegetation is an alternative to change forage quantity and quality for grazing animals, affecting their performance as a result. Studies measuring qualitative and quantitative variability of native forage resources from caatinga are mandatory in order to improve animal feeding management, with the ultimate goal of creating sustainable animal production based on caatinga vegetation.
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Zhang, Ying, Chao Wang, Along Peng, Hao Zhang, and Hongrong Wang. "Metagenomic Insight: Dietary Thiamine Supplementation Promoted the Growth of Carbohydrate-Associated Microorganisms and Enzymes in the Rumen of Saanen Goats Fed High-Concentrate Diets." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030632.
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Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is often caused by feeding a high-concentrate diet in intensive ruminant production. Although previous studies have shown that dietary thiamine supplementation can effectively increase rumen pH and modify rumen fermentation, the effect of thiamine supplementation on rumen carbohydrate-related microorganisms and enzymes in goats under SARA conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary thiamine supplementation on carbohydrate-associated microorganisms and enzymes in the rumen of Saanen goats fed high-concentrate diets. Nine healthy mid-lactating Saanen goats in parity 1 or 2 were randomly assigned into three treatments: A control diet (CON; concentrate:forage (30:70)), a high-concentrate diet (HC; concentrate:forage (70:30)), and a high-concentrate diet with 200 mg of thiamine/kg of DMI (HCT; concentrate:forage (70:30)). Compared with the HC group, dietary thiamine supplementation improved ruminal microbes associated with fiber, including Prevotella, Fibrobacter, Neocallimastix, and Piromyces (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase in the relative abundance of enzymes involved in both fiber degradation and starch degradation, such as CBM16, GH3, and GH97, was observed in the HCT treatment. (p < 0.05). Thus, thiamine supplementation can improve carbohydrate metabolism by increasing the abundance of the microorganisms and enzymes involved in carbohydrate degradation. In conclusion, this study revealed the relationship between ruminal microbiota and enzymes, and these findings contributed to solving the problems arising from the high-concentrate feeding in ruminant production and to providing a new perspective on ruminant health.
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Nawab, Aamir, Guanghui Li, Lilong An, Yasir Nawab, Yi Zhao, Mei Xiao, Shuyan Tang, and Chenyu Sun. "The Potential Effect of Dietary Tannins on Enteric Methane Emission and Ruminant Production, as an Alternative to Antibiotic Feed Additives – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 355–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0005.
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AbstractAntibiotic growth promoters in livestock nutrition cause microbial resistance which produces threats to human health. Therefore, tannins have been considered as natural alternative antibiotic feed additives which possess various biological properties including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory. Additionally, these plants also have antiparasitic and anti-bloat characteristics which contribute to inhibit the enteric methane emission in order to improve nutrient digestibility, milk and meat quality, fatty acids composition and ruminant production. Antibiotic growth promoters have been practiced in animals feeding to increase feed intake, growth rate, weight gain as well as reduce metabolic disorders and energy losses in the rumen. In 2006, the European Union banned the usage of antibiotic growth promoters in the feeding of livestock. This antibiotic resistance issue has increased demand to explore the natural feed additives that might be useful for animal production system. Consequently, natural forages have been categorized as potential feed additives in animal production since it improves nutritive value, protein digestibility, increase amino acid absorption and growth rate. But, some plant materials are usually rich in tannins known as anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, the application of tannin-rich plants in ruminant nutrition needs great precaution due to its possible injurious effects (dose dependent) on animal health such as metabolic disorders. Hence, there is need to give attention to the usage of tannins in ruminant nutrition as an alternative to antibiotics feed additives to investigate its effects on enteric methane emissions and ruminants production. In addition, safety and risk associated with tannins feeding have also been briefly discussed.
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Doreau, M., D. Bauchart, and Y. Chilliard. "Enhancing fatty acid composition of milk and meat through animal feeding." Animal Production Science 51, no. 1 (2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10043.
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In ruminants, extensive ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) results in numerous cis and trans isomers of 18:1 and of conjugated and non-conjugated 18:2, the incorporation of which into ruminant products depends on the composition of the diet (forage vs concentrate) and of dietary lipid supplements. The low amount of 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid) absorbed explains its limited incorporation in meat and milk lipids. Its protection against hydrogenation has been an objective for several decades, but only encapsulation in a protein matrix is efficient. In non-ruminants, the FA composition of products is determined by dietary FA, despite minor differences in digestibility and in metabolic activity. Physicochemical differences in intestinal absorption processes between ruminants and non-ruminants can explain the lower FA digestibility in non-ruminants, especially for saturated FA. Unlike in non-ruminants, FA digestibility in ruminants does not depend on FA intake, except for 18:0. The decrease in cow butterfat, especially with concentrate diets, is generally attributed to t10–18:1 or t10,c12–18:2, but the regulation is probably more complex. Differences in terms of butterfat content and FA composition of milk between cow, ewe and goat responses to the amount and composition of ingested lipids are due to between-species variations in mammary metabolism. In animals bred for meat production, dietary 18:3n-3 results in increases in this FA and in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA (20:5n-3, 22:5n-3) in muscles. The extent of this increase depends both on animal and nutritional factors. Grass is a source of 18:3n-3, which contributes to increased 18:3n-3 in muscle of ruminants as well as of pigs. Conjugated linoleic acids are mainly present in fat tissues and milk due to t11–18:1 desaturation. Their concentration depends on tissue type and on animal species. Non-ruminants fed synthetic conjugated linoleic acids incorporate them in significant amounts in muscle, depending on the isomer. All dietary manipulations favouring polyunsaturated FA incorporation in milk and meat lipids increase the risk of lipoperoxidation, which can be efficiently prevented by use of dietary combined hydro- and lipophilic antioxidants in the diet. Putative effects on organoleptic and technological quality of products deserve further studies.
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Moraes, José Evandro de, Túlio Leite Reis, Eduardo Jun Fuzitani, Erval Rafael Damatto Júnior, Camila Memari Trava Maioli, Weber Vilas Bôas Soares, Mauro Sartori Bueno, and Valdinei Tadeu Paulino. "In natura residues from peach palm heart industry for ruminant feed." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 44 (April 29, 2022): e54712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.54712.
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Palm heart processing generates a large amount of residues like leaves, sheath and stems that have potential for ruminant feeding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in natura peach palm heart (Bactris gasipaes Khunt.) residues on performance, dry matter (DM) digestibility and intake of ruminants. External sheath was the most suitable residue for sheep, cattle and buffaloes feeding, although sheep presented rejection of 43.5 g kg-1. Thereby, assays of apparent and in vitro dry matter digestibility were done under four feeding treatments, which were the exclusive peach palm sheath, and that one mixed with residues of banana and rice, besides citrus pulp. The experiment was carried out under randomized complete design, with five replications. Greater DM intake (p < 0.05) were observed in animals fed with peach palm sheath mixed with rice (1.12 kg day-1) and mixed with citrus pulp (0.91 kg day-1), however there were no difference among treatments regarding the sheep final weight (p > 0.05). Cattle and buffaloes accept different types of peach palm residues, unlike sheep that present a low rejecting for them. Citrus pulp and rice residue raise the roughage quality. Peach palm residues can be an alternative roughage source to feed ruminants.
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Serrapica, Francesco, Felicia Masucci, Emiliano Raffrenato, Maura Sannino, Alessandro Vastolo, Carmela Maria Assunta Barone, and Antonio Di Francia. "High Fiber Cakes from Mediterranean Multipurpose Oilseeds as Protein Sources for Ruminants." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110918.
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Fifteen oilseed cakes from sunflower, pomegranate, cardoon, tobacco and hemp were characterized with regard to chemical composition, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) fractionation, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein. All the cakes presented low moisture, rather variable ether extract contents and medium to high levels of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber. The cakes significantly differed in terms of CNCPS partitioning and in vitro digestibility. Tobacco and hemp cakes presented high contents of slow degradable fractions of crude protein and carbohydrate joined to good post-ruminal protein digestibility. Cardoon cakes presented the highest rumen protein degradability. Based on crude protein content and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein, cakes of tobacco and hemp showed the better potential as alternative protein supplements for ruminants, while pomegranate appears to be the least suitable for ruminant feeding.
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Odeyinka, S. M., O. O. Ogunyebi, and O. J. Oyedele. "Peri-Urban Small Ruminant Feeding in Ekiti State." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v36i1.1057.
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This study appraised the socio-economic strata of small ruminant keepers in Ekiti State with emphasis on the feedstuffs fed to the animals. The following towns: Ado Ekiti, Ikole Ekiti, Itapa Ekiti, Ode Ekiti, Omuo Ekiti, Aramoko Ekiti, ljero Ekiti and Igbara Odo which represented the four geographical zones of Ekiti State were selected for this study. Ninety structured questionnaires were administered to small ruminant keepers in the towns at 10 per town. Data were collected on the socio-economic strata of the respondents with emphasis on the feedstuffs fed the animals. A proximate analysis was also carried out on some of the feedstuffs to determine their nutritive value. Descriptive statistical tools were used to interprete the data. About 78% of the respondents kept goats alone, 2% sheep alone while 20% kept a mixed stock of sheep and goat. About 54.4% of the respo initial stock from the local market, 28.9% had theirs as gifts and the rest from contractual agreement and government farms. The largest percentage (38.95) of the respondents had tertiary education, The predominant mode of production was the extensive system and the average flock size was 6 per household. The predominant feedstuffs fed to the animals were the household wastes and agro industrial by-products such as peels of cassava, yam, plantain and other by products of cassava processing. Proximate analysis showed that the predominant feedstuffs cannot satisfy the energy, protein and mineral requirements of the animals, hence the need for a supplementation with other feedstuffs such as Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala which are readily available in the study area.
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Nikkhah, Akbar. "Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution: feeding time models." Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 02, no. 04 (2011): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/abb.2011.24039.
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Mcallan, A. B. "Book Review: Evaluation of Straws in Ruminant Feeding." Outlook on Agriculture 19, no. 2 (June 1990): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709001900218.
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Ramos-Morales, E., M. R. Sanz-Sampelayo, and E. Molina-Alcaide. "Nutritive evaluation of legume seeds for ruminant feeding." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 94, no. 1 (February 2010): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00881.x.
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Hassan, A., Haiam Sayed, M. Yacout, A. El-Badawi, and A. Shwerab. "EVALUATION OF FEEDING PANICUM MAXIMUM FORAGE FOR RUMINANT." Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 25, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejnf.2022.286665.
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Mavromati, J., Z. Gjeta, E. Mavromati, V. Kolaneci, and A. Molla. "Production systems and economics of sheep husbandry in southern Albania." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103167m.
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Small ruminants in Albania seem to have a great importance within the livestock sector. The small ruminants' populations count almost 2.7 million heads, out of which 1.8 million are sheep. The estimated value of the commercialized small livestock population is about 35 million Euros. The total value of the small ruminant population is estimated at 140 million Euros. More than 1.5 million heads of small ruminants are consumed each year in the local market. Import of small ruminant?s meat was at a level of 599 ton/year (2010 data). This study aimed the assessment of the production systems and economics of sheep husbandry in the southern regions of Albania. The different husbandry systems employed (transhumant, non transhumant, semi-intensive) showed only slight differences in terms of outputs, but not the expected differences regarding inputs (feeds) and corresponding costs (semi-intensive system). The economic assessment demonstrates very useful and interesting results. Overall Gross Margin per ewe and lambs at weaning was in the area of 6,369.00 ALL (1 Euro=136 Albanian Lek, ALL), the range of GM was enormous between different farms (3,042.6 ALL - 11,322.4 ALL), mainly caused by the large differences in feeding and labor costs per ewe.
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Allen, Michael S. "Drives and limits to feed intake in ruminants." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14478.
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The control of energy intake is complex, including mechanisms that act independently (e.g. distention, osmotic effects, fuel-sensing) as well as interacting factors that are likely to affect feeding via their effects on hepatic oxidation. Effects of ruminant diets on feed intake vary greatly because of variation in their filling effects, as well as the type and temporal absorption of fuels. Effects of nutrients on endocrine response and gene expression affect energy partitioning, which in turn affects feeding behaviour by altering clearance of fuels from the blood. Dominant mechanisms controlling feed intake change with physiological state, which is highly variable among ruminants, especially through the lactation cycle. Ruminal distention might dominate control of feed intake when ruminants consume low-energy diets or when energy requirements are high, but fuel-sensing by tissues is likely to dominate control of feed intake when fuel supply is in excess of that required. The liver is likely to be a primary sensor of energy status because it is supplied by fuels from the portal drained viscera as well as the general circulation, it metabolises a variety of fuels derived from both the diet and tissues, and a signal related to hepatic oxidation of fuels is conveyed to feeding centres in the brain by hepatic vagal afferents stimulating or inhibiting feeding, depending on its energy status. The effects of somatotropin on export of fuels by milk secretion, effects of insulin on gluconeogenesis, and both on mobilisation and repletion of tissues, determine fuel availability and feed intake over the lactation cycle. Control of feed intake by hepatic energy status, affected by oxidation of fuels, is an appealing conceptual model because it integrates effects of various fuels and physiological states on feeding behaviour.
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Matsuda, Ikki, Tadahiro Murai, Marcus Clauss, Tomomi Yamada, Augustine Tuuga, Henry Bernard, and Seigo Higashi. "Regurgitation and remastication in the foregut-fermenting proboscis monkey ( Nasalis larvatus )." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (March 30, 2011): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0197.
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Although foregut fermentation is often equated with rumination in the literature, functional ruminants (ruminants, camelids) differ fundamentally from non-ruminant foregut fermenters (e.g. macropods, hippos, peccaries). They combine foregut fermentation with a sorting mechanism that allows them to remasticate large particles and clear their foregut quickly of digested particles; thus, they do not only achieve high degrees of particle size reduction but also comparatively high food intakes. Regurgitation and remastication of stomach contents have been described sporadically in several non-ruminant, non-primate herbivores. However, this so-called ‘merycism’ apparently does not occur as consistently as in ruminants. Here, to our knowledge we report, for the first time, regurgitation and remastication in 23 free-ranging individuals of a primate species, the foregut-fermenting proboscis monkey ( Nasalis larvatus ). In one male that was observed continuously during 169 days, the behaviour was observed on 11 different days occurring mostly in the morning, and was associated with significantly higher proportions of daily feeding time than on days when it was not observed. This observation is consistent with the concept that intensified mastication allows higher food intake without compromising digestive efficiency, and represents an expansion of the known physiological primate repertoire that converges with a strategy usually associated with ruminants only.
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Spears, Jerry W. "139 Ruminal microbiota mineral requirements to optimize performance on different diets." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.243.
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Abstract This presentation will discuss mineral requirements of ruminal microorganisms, and the effect of trace mineral source on ruminal fermentation. Sulfur and phosphorus are required in relatively large amounts by ruminal microorganisms, and dietary deficiencies of these minerals have been related to impaired ruminal fermentation. A number of trace minerals are required in low concentrations by ruminal microorganisms. With the except of cobalt (Co) minimal trace mineral requirements of the host ruminant appear to be considerably greater than that needed for rumen microbial requirements. It is well known that certain bacteria can synthesize vitamin B12 from inorganic Co. Some bacteria require vitamin B12 as a growth factor, and adequate dietary Co is needed to allow sufficient ruminal B12 synthesis to meet their requirement. Vitamin B12 is needed as a cofactor for ruminal microorganisms to convert succinate to propionate. Dietary Co deficiency results in decreased ruminal propionate in ruminants fed high concentrate diets, and decreased fiber digestion in ruminants fed high fiber diets. Attempts have been made to use high concentrations of certain trace minerals to favorably manipulate ruminal fermentation. For example, attempts have been made to increase rumen protein bypass by feeding high dietary zinc (Zn). However, studies have indicated that high concentrations of copper (Cu), Zn, and iron reduce cellulose digestion in vitro. Recent studies have indicated lower fiber digestibility in cattle supplemented with sulfate sources of Cu, Zn, and manganese compared with those fed similar concentrations from hydroxy or certain organic sources. Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby trace mineral sources affect fiber digestibility differently.
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Azando, Erick Virgile Bertrand, Esaïe Tchetan, Thierry Dèhouegnon Houehanou, Carlos Cédric Ahoyo, Modeste Fadéby Gouissi, Ingrid Sonya Mawussi Adjovi, and Sanni Yô Doko Allou. "Traditional breeding of small ruminants in the North-West of Benin: practices and inventory of food resources." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 3 (August 28, 2022): 1180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.22.
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The northern part of Benin is a favourite area for ruminant breeding in view of its pastoral resources and the many other assets it has at its disposal. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize small ruminants rearing practices in north-western Benin, (ii) to assess factors that affect the described practices (iii) and to inventory the feed resources used in the ruminant breeding. To achieve these objectives, a retrospective survey was carried out in four municipalities located at north-west Benin. The results showed that sheep and goats are mostly raised by men (94.93%). Digestive disorders (90.41%) are the main diseases encountered. The results of linear regression analysis showed that sociocultural group and education level of the respondents have a significant influence on the mode of management and the practice of castration of small ruminants. Feeding was based on fodder from natural rangelands, notably Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Adenodolichos paniculatus. These fodders content respectively, 17.71% and 20.4% of Total Nitrogen Matter (TNM). Breeders used crop residues, notably legume tops, food processing residues and fodder trees during the lean season. In view of this multitude of food resources, possibilities for improving the existing small ruminants breeding system are proposed.
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Valdivié, Manuel, and Yordan Martínez. "Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Forage as a Potential Feed for Animals: A Review." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030288.
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This review summarized for the first time the nutritional benefits of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in animal feed. the agronomic characteristics for the hyperproduction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were reported, as well as the chemical composition of the forage meal (leaves + petioles + stems), with emphasis on crude protein, amino acids, minerals, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin detergent acid, secondary metabolites, and metabolizable energy for ruminants and non-ruminants. Additionally, their medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, and antipyretic properties were detailed. Its use as a source of protein in ruminant feeding is attractive and can be combined with grasses. In rabbits, fresh forage in high concentrations in the diets reduces the feed palatability, which causes a decrease in animal response, although it depends on the forage quality. In addition, limits for Hibiscus rosa-sinensis forage were recommended in diets or feeding systems for poultry, pigs, rabbits, goats, and sheep.
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Leng, RA. "Quantitative ruminant nutrition — a green science." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930363.
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Knowledge of quantitative digestion and metabolism in ruminants was developed most rapidly when isotope dilution techniques became easy to apply, facilitated by improved instrumentation and mathematical approaches. The Armidale group led by Professor E. F. Annison and Dr D. B. Lindsay were at the forefront of these developments in the late 1950's. Since then knowledge in this area has developed at an ever increasing rate. The data that accumulated from the quantitative approach led to simple or complex models of animal digestion, metabolism and growth. These in turn led to much questioning of the dogma of feed evaluation and feeding standards as they applied in practice, especially for ruminants fed on poor quality forages. The knowledge that developed has clearly shown that the way toward substantial increases in productivity of ruminants on forage based diets is through the balanced nutrient approach that considers the efficiency of the rumen ecosystem and the availability of dietary nutrients post-ruminally. With increasing emphasis on quality-beef markets at the present time, it seems likely that the time is ripe for application of much of this knowledge. The major breakthroughs have come about by recognition of the nutrients required to balance a ruminant's diet where the animal depends on the end-products of rumen fermentation (i.e. on a forage-based diet). When this is achieved, the increase in efficiency of use of nutrients lifts the overall nutrition of the animal to a level that is well above that predicted from feeding standards, based on the metabolizable energy content of the supplement or the total diet. This understanding, together with the stoichiometry of rumen fermentation, has indicated an important approach to help ameliorate the greenhouse effect, that is, lowering of enteric methane production per unit of feed intake or per unit of animal products from ruminants by strategic supplementation.
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Mohd Azmi, Amirul Faiz, Hafandi Ahmad, Norhariani Mohd Nor, Yong-Meng Goh, Mohd Zamri-Saad, Md Zuki Abu Bakar, Annas Salleh, Punimin Abdullah, Anuraga Jayanegara, and Hasliza Abu Hassim. "The Impact of Feed Supplementations on Asian Buffaloes: A Review." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072033.
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With the increase in the global buffalo herd, the use of supplementation in the ruminant feeding has become an important area for many researchers who are looking for an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet to improve production parameters. In order to improve the performance of the Asian water buffalo, the optimal balance of all nutrients, including energy and protein, are important as macronutrients. Dietary supplementation is one of the alternatives to enhance the essential nutrient content in the buffalo diet and to improve the rumen metabolism of the animal. Researchers have found that supplementation of concentrate and rumen bypass fat could change growth performance and carcass traits without causing any adverse effects on the buffalo growth. Some studies showed that dry matter intake, body condition score and some blood parameters and hormones related to growth responded positively to concentrate and rumen bypass fat supplementation. In addition, changes of feeding management by adding the supplement to the ruminant basal diet helped to increase the profit of the local farmers due to the increased performance and productivity of the animals. Nevertheless, the effects of dietary supplementation on the performance of ruminants are inconsistent. Thus, its long-term effects on the health and productivity of buffaloes still need to be further investigated.
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Ayasan, Tugay. "Moringa (Moringa Oleifera)’nın Kanatlı ve Ruminant Hayvan Beslemede Kullanılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (March 24, 2015): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i6.425-429.327.
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The poultry industry in the developing countries is facing some challenges, one of which is an increase in the cost of feed because of high prices of protein and energy sources. Moringa oleifera is a rich source of protein and crude fiber content. The crude protein (CP) content of Moringa ranges from 7.12 to 39.17%. Negligible content of tannins and other anti-nutritive compounds and offers an alternative source of protein to ruminants and non-ruminants. Although rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals, Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that have not been studied for many years. In addition, they are also faced with the problem of the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens due to unwise and excessive use of antibiotics. In this paper, feeding studies made on the Moringa oleifera used in nutrition of poultry and ruminant species have been reviewed.
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Novoa-Garrido, Margarita, Carlos Navarro Marcos, María Dolores Carro Travieso, Eduarda Molina Alcaide, Mogens Larsen, and Martin Riis Weisbjerg. "Preserving Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111957.
Full textAbstract:
The study analyzed the characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production kinetics of Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima silages. Each seaweed was ensiled in vacuum bags (three bags/silage) following a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two pre-treatments (unwilted or pre-wilted) and three silage types: unwashed seaweed ensiled without additive; seaweed washed and ensiled without additive; and seaweed washed and ensiled with 4 g of formic acid (FAC) per kg seaweed. Silages were kept for 3 months in darkness at 20 °C. Pre-wilting prevented (p < 0.001) effluent formation and reduced (p ≤ 0.038) the production of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids for both seaweeds. Both pre-wilting and washing increased (p < 0.05) the ruminal degradability of P. umbilicalis silages but not of S. latissima silages. The pH of the FAC-treated silages was below 4.0, but ranged from 4.54 to 6.23 in non FAC-treated silages. DL-lactate concentrations were low (≤23.0 g/kg dry matter) and acetate was the predominant fermentation product, indicating a non-lactic fermentation. The estimated ruminal degradability of the P. umbilicalis and S. latissima silages was as average, 59.9 and 86.1% of that for high-quality rye-grass silages, respectively, indicating a medium-low nutritional value of these seaweed silages for ruminants.
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Silva, Rodrigo Carvalho, João Chrysostomo de Resende Júnior, Ronaldo Francisco de Lima, Raimundo Vicente de Sousa, Luiz Carlos Alves de Oliveira, João Luiz Pratti Daniel, and Anselmo de Oliveira Moreira. "Potential of wet blue leather waste for ruminant feeding." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 41, no. 4 (April 2012): 1070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982012000400033.
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