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Mattila, T., A. J. Frost, and D. O'Boyle. "The growth of salmonella in rumen fluid from cattle at slaughter." Epidemiology and Infection 101, no. 2 (October 1988): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800054273.
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SUMMARYThe pH of the rument contents of cattle was recorded at slaughter; pH ranged from 5.5 to 7–8 and was not correlated with the period from saleyard to slaughter. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured in 43 rumen samples; acetic, propionic and butyric were the major acids present, and the total VFA ranged from 75·9 mM/1 for samples between pH 6–7, to 7·1 mM/1 for samples of pH 8–9. TenSalmonellastrains belonging to 8 serotypes were grown in these 43 rumen samples. Where acid levels of these samples were high and pH low, mostSalmonellasp. were inhibited: as the pH rose (pH 7–8) allSalmonellaserotypes grew, some vigorously; as the total acid declined and pH continued to rise, growth of salmonella ceased. Serotypes and strains of the same serotype differed in their ability to grow in rumen contents, particularly when the pH was low.
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Hartati, Indah, Pradipta Risma Rukma Ardi, Muhammad Milzam, and Vita Paramita. "Economic Factor on the In Situ Vanillin Enzymatic Formation from the Green Pods Vanilla." Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research 1, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jvsar.v1i1.4294.
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This work proposed a study of a direct enzymatic of vanillin formation by using rumen liquid which has enzymatic capability for tissue disruption of vanilla green pods to avoid the curing process. Application of enzymes during the formation of vanilla aromas and its extraction present nice opportunity to improve productivity, as the enzymatic reaction possibly substitute the microbial process in the traditional fermentation. Green vanilla pods were applied for the direct enzymatic extraction of vanillin, while liquid rument provide cell wall degrading enzyme in order to support the hydrolysis process (destruction) of cell wall. Glucovanillin were contacted with the β-glucosidase in the green pods due to the desruction of the cell wall, followed by the formation of glucovanillin into vanillin. Vanillin content of vanilla green pods was found higher in which by treating the vanilla green pods at 30 °C.
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Moningkey, Sony A. E., R. A. V. Tuturoong, and I. D. R. Lumenta. "PEMANFAATAN ISI RUMEN TERFERMENTASI CELLULOMONAS Sp SEBAGAI CAMPURAN PAKAN KOMPLIT TERNAK KELINCI." ZOOTEC 40, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.40.1.2020.28245.
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UTILIZATION OF FERMENTED RUMENT CONTENT WITH CELLULOMONAS SP IN MIXED COMPLETE FEED FOR RABBIT. Research conducted to learn how to use cattle rumen content by using fermentation processing techniques to enable this rumen to be used as rabbit feed. The material used in this study consisted of cattle rumen contents, starter Cellulomonas sp, rabbits, complete feed. This research consisted of two phase. The first study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design 4 preparations and 6 replications. The fermentation time consists of 0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. For the second study using an experimental method with randomized block design based on the initial body weight of rabbits. The treatment given is the level of use of the best fermented rumen contents in a complete feed ration. Variable which is translated as feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion. Research results The first stage of the P4 study sample (72 hours) as the best guideline is seen from the parameters of crude protein and crude fiber. The results of this study indicate that the use of feed using rumen fermentation (IRF) can increase feed consumption and weight gain. The conclusion of this study is the provision of 30% mixture of fermented rumen contents of Cellulomonas sp in complete feed produced the best results seen from the parameters of consumption, weight gain and feed conversion of rabbit.Keywords: Rumen contents, fermentation, Cellulomonas sp, complete feed, rabbits
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Paramita, Vita, and Mohamad Endy Yulianto. "Effect of B-Glucosidase Activity on the Vanillin Enzymatic Formation by Using Rumen Liquid for Cell Walls Degradation." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 2 (March 21, 2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n2p65.
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<p>This work proposed a study of direct enzymatic of vanillin formation by using rumen fluid which has enzymatic capability for tissue disruption of vanilla green pods to avoid the curing process. Application of enzymes during the formation of vanilla aromas and flavors and its extraction present nice opportunity to improve productivity, as the enzymatic reaction possibly substitute the microbial process in the traditional fermentation. Glucovanillin, the precursor of vanillin, contacted with the B-glucosidase in the green pods by destructing the cell wall. Liquid rument was providing enzyme for cell wall degradation. The contact of glucovanillin and B-glucosidase lead the hydrolysis of glucovanillin into vanillin. The amounts of glucovanillin and vanillin were examined by using HPLC analysis. The identification of vanillin was investigated by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrofotometry. Vanillin content of vanilla green pods was found higher in which by treating the vanilla green pods at 30°C.</p>
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T. N. I., KONI, and M. SITU. "FIBER FRACTION OF KEPOK BANANA PEEL FLOUR (Musa paradisiaca) FERMENTED BY GOAT RUMENT FLUIDS." Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mip.2022.v25.i01.p03.
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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the fiber fraction of banana peel meal fermented by goat rumen flu- id. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. Four treatments were CR0: kepok banana peel meal + 0% goat rumen fluid, CR30: kepok banana peel meal + 30% goat rumen fluid, CR40: kepok banana peel meal + 40% goat rumen fluid, CR50: kepok banana peel meal + 50 % goat rumen fluid. This fermentation process during seven days. The variables observed were NDF, ADF, hemycellulosa, cellulose, and lignin. The data on the fiber fraction of banana peel meal was analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with Duncan s multiple range tests. NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of banana peel meal fermented by goat rumen fluid was lower than that without goat rumen fluid. The conclusion in this study was that the use of 30% goat rumen fluid contained ADF of 31.84%, NDF of 45.03%, cellulose of 13.27% and hemicellulose of 13.53% of kepok banana peel meal.
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Salamony, S. M., F. M. Suhartati, M. Bata, H. V. Saiya, Nurcholis, Gardis Andari, and N. Abdullah. "Use of fermentable carbohydrate in efforts to improve in vitro rument fermentation products." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 343 (November 6, 2019): 012199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012199.
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Sari, R. W. W., N. Jamarun, Suyitman, Khasrad, and G. Yanti. "Mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaves as an alternative feed resources for ruminants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 888, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/888/1/012079.
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Abstract The aim of this research was to get the best treatment for preserving of mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaves as an alternative feed resouces for ruminants. This research used experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 treatments and 5 replications for each treatment. The treatments are: P1 (Mangrove leaves silage) and P2 (Mangrove leaves hay). The variables observed in the in-vitro experiment were in-vitro rument fluid characteristics (pH, NH3, VFA), total gas production and methane gas production. The results of the in-vitro research showed that the P2 treatment (mangrove hay) produced : pH 6,67, VFA 83 Mm, NH3 5,44 mg/100 ml, total production gas for 48 hours 99,7 ml/hour, and methane gas production for 48 hours 65,05 ml/gr DM. From this research can be concluded that the best treatment for preservation of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) was the hay treatment based on the total gas and methane gas production. It can be concluded that the hay mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) can be used as an alternative resource feed for ruminant animals.
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Perdana, Sigit, I. Gusti Lanang Oka Cakra, and I. Gede Mahardika. "The effect of concentrate replacement level with gamal leaf (gliricidia sepium) in ransum on rument metabolite products and blood goat profile." International journal of life sciences 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v4n1.379.
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This study aims to determine the effect of replacing concentrates with Gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) in the ration on the product and the performance of rumen metabolites and the blood profile of PE goats. The experimental design used was the Latin square design, 4 x 4 that is 4 treatments with four 4 replications each experiment unit consisted of 1 animal. One treatment period for 2 weeks. The first week was adapted and the second week the data collection process was carried out. The treatment given is as follows. The treatments are A (45% concentrate and 55% field grass); B (Gamal 15% with 30% concentrate and 55% field grass); C (Gamal 30% with 15% concentrate and 55% field grass); D (Gamal 45% and field grass 55%). The results of this study indicate that the effect of the rate of replacement of concentrates with Gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) in the ration on rumen metabolite products PE goat was significantly different (P <0.05) total VFA concentration and VFA Parcial. The concentration of N-NH3, protozoan population the acidity of pH, methane production showed results that were not significantly different.
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Napoleon, A., D. P. Sulistyani, and Bakri. "Test of Physical Quality Compost and PH of Combination of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes Mart. Solm) and Goat Manure Using Rument Liquid Mol as Activator." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 810, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/810/1/012003.
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Zhong, Tao, Cheng Wang, Jiangtao Hu, Xiaoyong Chen, Lili Niu, Siyuan Zhan, Linjie Wang, et al. "Comparison of MicroRNA Transcriptomes Reveals the Association between MiR-148a-3p Expression and Rumen Development in Goats." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111951.
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The rumen is an important digestive organ of ruminants. From the fetal to adult stage, the morphology, structure and function of the rumen change significantly. However, the knowledge of the intrinsic genetic regulation of these changes is still limited. We previously reported a genome-wide expression profile of miRNAs in pre-natal goat rumens. In this study, we combined and analyzed the transcriptomes of rumen miRNAs during pre-natal (E60 and E135) and post-natal (D30 and D150) stages. A total of 66 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in the rumen tissues from D30 and D150 goats. Of these, 17 DEMs were consistently highly expressed in the rumens at the pre-weaning stages (E60, E135 and D30), while down-regulated at D150. Noteworthy, annotation analysis revealed that the target genes regulated by the DEMs were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway and Ras signaling pathway. Interestingly, the expression of miR-148a-3p was significantly high in the embryonic stage and down-regulated at D150. The potential binding sites of miR-148a-3p in the 3′-UTR of QKI were predicted by the TargetScan and verified by the dual luciferase report assay. The co-localization of miR-148a-3p and QKI through in situ hybridization was observed in the rumen tissues but not in the intestinal tracts. Moreover, the expression of miR-148a-3p in the epithelium was significantly higher than that in the other layers of the rumen, suggesting that miR-148a-3p is involved in the development of the rumen epithelial cells by targeting QKI. Subsequently, miR-148a-3p inhibitor was found to induce the proliferation of GES-1 cells. Taken together, our study identified DEMs involved in the development of the rumen and provides insights into the regulation mechanism of rumen development in goats.
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Li, Zhipeng, Gemma Henderson, Yahan Yang, and Guangyu Li. "Diversity of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase genes in the rumens of roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed different diets." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 1 (January 2017): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0424.
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Reductive acetogenesis by homoacetogens represents an alternative pathway to methanogenesis to remove metabolic hydrogen during rumen fermentation. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of homoacetogen in the rumens of pasture-fed roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed either oak-leaf-based (tannin-rich, 100 mg/kg dried matter), corn-stover-based, or corn-silage-based diets, by using formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) gene sequences as a marker. The diversity and richness of FTHFS sequences was lowest in animals fed oak leaf, indicating that tannin-containing plants may affect rumen homoacetogen diversity. FTHFS amino acid sequences in the rumen of roe deer significantly differed from those of sika deer. The phylogenetic analyses showed that 44.8% of sequences in pasture-fed roe deer, and 72.1%, 81.1%, and 37.5% of sequences in sika deer fed oak-leaf-, corn-stover-, and corn-silage-based diets, respectively, may represent novel bacteria that have not yet been cultured. These results demonstrate that the rumens of roe deer and sika deer harbor potentially novel homoacetogens and that diet may influence homoacetogen community structure.
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Soto, E. C., D. R. Yáñez-Ruiz, G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar, A. Vivas, and E. Molina-Alcaide. "Changes in ruminal microbiota due to rumen content processing and incubation in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters." Animal Production Science 52, no. 9 (2012): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11312.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of rumen content manipulation and its incubation in an in vitro system on the abundance of some microbial groups and the bacterial diversity of goat rumens. Animals and single-flow continuous-culture fermenters were fed diets differing in forage to concentrate ratio (70 : 30; LC and 30 : 70; HC). Rumen contents were sampled after animals’ adaptation to the experimental diets, processed for inoculum preparation and inoculated into fermenters. Fermenter contents were sampled 1 and 7 days after inoculation. Total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, fungi and methanogen abundances were lower in the fermenter than in goat rumens, but no differences were found for Ruminococcus flavefaciens. The abundances of all these microorganisms were similar at 1 and 7 days of rumen content incubation in fermenters. Bacterial species richness did not change due to rumen content processing or the in vitro incubation. Shannon–Wiener index and Pielou evenness were lower in the fermenter than in rumen only when the enzyme HaeIII was used in terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, both in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, showed a segregation of in vivo and in vitro samples, but no trends of grouping for fermenter samples was observed. The HC diet promoted higher abundance of total bacteria than LC in rumen but not in fermenters. Diet only had an effect on bacterial diversity when the enzyme HaeIII was considered. Rumen content processing and incubation in fermenters caused an important decline of the studied ruminal microbial groups although bacterial community structure and diversity did not significantly change.
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Malmuthuge, Nilusha, Philip J. Griebel, and Le Luo Guan. "Taxonomic Identification of Commensal Bacteria Associated with the Mucosa and Digesta throughout the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Preweaned Calves." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 6 (January 17, 2014): 2021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03864-13.
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ABSTRACTBacterial colonization in the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of preweaned calves is very important, since it can influence early development and postweaning performance and health. This study investigated the composition of the bacteria along the GIT (rumen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon) of preweaned bull calves (3 weeks old) using pyrosequencing to understand the segregation of bacteria between the mucosal surface and digesta. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a total of 83 genera belonging to 13 phyla were distributed throughout the GIT of preweaned calves, with theFirmicutes,Bacteroidetes, andProteobacteriapredominating. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of selected abundant bacterial genera (Prevotella,Bacteroides,Lactobacillus, andFaecalibacterium) revealed that their prevalence was significantly different among the GIT regions and between mucosa- and digesta-associated communities. Rumens contained the most diverse bacterial population, consisting of 47 genera, including 16 rumen-specific genera, followed by the large intestine and then the small intestine. Bacterial species richness was higher at the mucosal surface than in the local digesta, with the exception of the rumen. The majority of bacteria found on the rumen epithelial surface and within the small intestine could not be identified due to a lack of known genus-level information. Thus, future studies will be required to fully characterize the microbiome during the development of the rumens and the mucosal immune systems of newborn calves. This is the first study to analyze in depth the bacterial composition of the GIT microbiome in preweaned calves, which extends previous findings regarding early rumen colonization and bacterial segregation between mucosa- and digesta-associated microbial communities.
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Mohamed, R., A. S. Chaudhry, and P. Rowlinson. "Fresh or frozen rumen contents as sources of inocula to estimate in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008206.
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Fresh rumen contents are the most common source of inoculum for use to estimate in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds. However, the need to routinely access fistulated or slaughtered cattle to obtain rumen contents limits the availability of such inoculum and hence the applicability of in vitro methods by the commercial laboratories. Therefore, it would be advantageous, if rumen contents are preserved in sufficient quantity and used as a source for inoculum for use when there is a need to do so to estimate degradability of ruminat feeds. This study compared the suitability of frozen rumen contents as a source of inoculum to estimate in vitro rumen degradation of rapeseed meal (rapeseed) and grass nuts at various times.
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Nur Rahmat, Aziz, Wardhana Suryapratama, and Fransisca Maria Suhartati. "Concentration of Partial VFA and Methane Production of Beef Cattle Rument Fluid which Red Dragon Fruit Skin (Hylocereus costaricensis) and Guava Leaf (Psidium guajava L.) in Ammoniated Rice Straw Based Ration." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2020.22.3.21.
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The research aimed to examine the effect of red dragon fruit skin and guava leaves supplemented into beef cattle feed on the concentration of partial VFA and methane gas production. The in vitro study was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments, namely P0: 50 % concentrate + 50 % ammoniated straw (Control), P1: 50 % concentrate + 50 % ammoniated straw + 5 % red dragon fruit skin flour, and P2: 50 % concentrate + 50 % ammonia straw + 5 % red dragon fruit skin flour + 2.5 % guava leaf flour. The concentrate consisted of 2 parts of rice bran and 1 part of coconut meal. The ratio of concentrat and ammoniated rice straw was 50:50. Each treatment was repeated 6 times. The results showed that the concentration of acetic acid, butyrate and methane gas decreased while the concentration of propionate increased with the addition of red dragon fruit and guava leaves. The research concluded that the addition of 5 % red dragon fruit skin flour combined with 2.5 % guava leaves flour in beef cattle feed could further reduce the concentration of acetic acid, butyric acid and the production of methane gas, but increase the concentration of propionic acid. It is suggested that defaunated agents of red dragon fruit skin and guava leaves could reduce the production of methane gas in the rumen of beef cattle.
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Hook, Sarah E., André-Denis G. Wright, and Brian W. McBride. "Methanogens: Methane Producers of the Rumen and Mitigation Strategies." Archaea 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/945785.
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Methanogens are the only known microorganisms capable of methane production, making them of interest when investigating methane abatement strategies. A number of experiments have been conducted to study the methanogen population in the rumen of cattle and sheep, as well as the relationship that methanogens have with other microorganisms. The rumen methanogen species differ depending on diet and geographical location of the host, as does methanogenesis, which can be reduced by modifying dietary composition, or by supplementation of monensin, lipids, organic acids, or plant compounds within the diet. Other methane abatement strategies that have been investigated are defaunation and vaccines. These mitigation methods target the methanogen population of the rumen directly or indirectly, resulting in varying degrees of efficacy. This paper describes the methanogens identified in the rumens of cattle and sheep, as well as a number of methane mitigation strategies that have been effectivein vivo.
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Kong, Yunhong, Maolong He, Tim McAlister, Robert Seviour, and Robert Forster. "Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Microbial Communities in the Rumens of Cattle Fed Different Diets." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 20 (August 27, 2010): 6933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00217-10.
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ABSTRACT At present there is little quantitative information on the identity and composition of bacterial populations in the rumen microbial community. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using newly designed oligonucleotide probes was applied to identify the microbial populations in liquid and solid fractions of rumen digesta from cows fed barley silage or grass hay diets with or without flaxseed. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were abundant in both fractions, constituting 31.8 to 87.3% of the total cell numbers. They belong mainly to the order Bacteroidales (0.1 to 19.2%), hybridizing with probe BAC1080; the families Lachnospiraceae (9.3 to 25.5%) and Ruminococcaceae (5.5 to 23.8%), hybridizing with LAC435 and RUM831, respectively; and the classes Deltaproteobacteria (5.8 to 28.3%) and Gammaproteobacteria (1.2 to 8.2%). All were more abundant in the rumen communities of cows fed diets containing silage (75.2 to 87.3%) than in those of cows fed diets containing hay (31.8 to 49.5%). The addition of flaxseed reduced their abundance in the rumens of cows fed silage-based diets (to 45.2 to 58.7%) but did not change markedly their abundance in the rumens of cows fed hay-based diets (31.8 to 49.5%). Fibrolytic species, including Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus spp., and archaeal methanogens accounted for only a small proportion (0.4 to 2.1% and 0.2 to 0.6%, respectively) of total cell numbers. Depending on diet, between 37.0 and 91.6% of microbial cells specifically hybridized with the probes used in this study, allowing them to be identified in situ. The identities of other microbial populations (8.4 to 63.0%) remain unknown.
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Kingston-Smith, A. H., R. J. Merry, D. K. Leemans, H. Thomas, and M. K. Theodorou. "Evidence in support of a role for plant-mediated proteolysis in the rumens of grazing animals." British Journal of Nutrition 93, no. 1 (January 2005): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041303.
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The present work aimed to differentiate between proteolytic activities of plants and micro-organisms during the incubation of grass in cattle rumens. Freshly cut ryegrass was placed in bags of varying permeability and incubated for 16 h in the rumens of dairy cows that had previously grazed a ryegrass sward, supplemented with 4 kg dairy concentrate daily. Woven polyester bags (50 μm pore size) permitted direct access of the micro-organisms and rumen fluid enzymes to the plant material. The polythene was impermeable even to small molecules such as NH3. Dialysis tubing excluded micro-organisms and rumen enzymes/metabolites larger than 10 kDa. DM loss was 46·3 % in polyester, 36·2 % in polythene and 38·1 % in dialysis treatments. It is possible that the DM loss within polythene bags occurred due to a solubilisation of plant constituents (e.g. water-soluble carbohydrates) rather than microbial attachment/degradation processes. The final protein content of the herbage residues was not significantly different between treatments. Regardless of bag permeability, over 97 % of the initial protein content was lost during incubationsin situ. Electrophoretic separation showed that Rubisco was extensively degraded in herbage residues whereas the membrane-associated, light-harvesting protein remained relatively undegraded. Protease activity was detected in herbage residues and bathing liquids after all incubationin situtreatments. Although rumen fluid contains proteases (possibly of plant and microbial origin), our results suggest that, owing to cell compartmentation, their activity against the proteins of intact plant cells is limited, supporting the view that plant proteases are involved in the degradation of proteins in freshly ingested herbage.
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Castrillo, C., M. Lainez, J. Gasa, and J. A. Guada. "The effect of increasing the proportion of barley straw in pelleted concentrate diets given to lambs on rumen outflow rate and degradation of protein supplements." Animal Science 54, no. 1 (February 1992): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100020572.
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AbstractTwo experiments are described in which growing lambs were offered ad libitum two concentrate pelleted diets containing 60 (diet C) or 230 (diet D) g/kg barley straw.In the first experiment, eight male and eight female lambs were used to determine the outflow rate from the rumen of chromium-mordanted fish meal and soya-bean meal, estimated from faecal marker excretion. Diet D promoted a higher rumen outflow rate (0·0769 per h) than diet C (0·0486 per h); no differences were found either between sexes or between Cr-mordanted protein supplements.In the second experiment, the rumen degradation of fish meal, soya-bean meal, sunflower meal, pea seeds and sweet lupin seeds was studied by incubating the supplements in polyester bags in the rumens of four lambs, following a change-over design. Increasing the proportion of straw to 230 g/kg increased the rate of nitrogen disappearance from all vegetable supplements, the differences being significant only for pea seeds.When degradation kinetics and outflow rates were considered together, effective nitrogen degradability of protein supplements was reduced by the increased proportion of dietary straw, indicating a greater influence of rumen outflow rate than of the increased rate of microbial degradation.
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Hook, S. E., K. S. Northwood, A. D. G. Wright, and B. W. McBride. "Long-Term Monensin Supplementation Does Not Significantly Affect the Quantity or Diversity of Methanogens in the Rumen of the Lactating Dairy Cow." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 2 (November 21, 2008): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01672-08.
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ABSTRACT A long-term monensin supplementation trial involving lactating dairy cattle was conducted to determine the effect of monensin on the quantity and diversity of rumen methanogens in vivo. Fourteen cows were paired on the basis of days in milk and parity and allocated to one of two treatment groups, receiving (i) a control total mixed ration (TMR) or (ii) a TMR with 24 mg of monensin premix/kg of diet dry matter. Rumen fluid was obtained using an ororuminal probe on day −15 (baseline) and days 20, 90, and 180 following treatment. Throughout the 6-month experiment, the quantity of rumen methanogens was not significantly affected by monensin supplementation, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The diversity of the rumen methanogen population was investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA clone gene libraries. DGGE analysis at each sampling point indicated that the molecular diversity of rumen methanogens from monensin-treated cattle was not significantly different from that of rumen methanogens from control cattle. 16S rRNA gene libraries were constructed from samples obtained from the rumen fluids of five cows, with a total of 166 clones examined. Eleven unique 16S rRNA sequences or phylotypes were identified, five of which have not been recognized previously. The majority of clones (98.2%) belonged to the genus Methanobrevibacter, with all libraries containing Methanobrevibacter strains M6 and SM9 and a novel phylotype, UG3322.2. Overall, long-term monensin supplementation was not found to significantly alter the quantity or diversity of methanogens in the rumens of lactating dairy cattle in the present study.
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TKALCIC, SUZANA, CATHY A. BROWN, BARRY G. HARMON, ANANT V. JAIN, ERIC P. O. MUELLER, ANDREW PARKS, KAREN L. JACOBSEN, SCOTT A. MARTIN, TONG ZHAO, and MICHAEL P. DOYLE. "Effects of Diet on Rumen Proliferation and Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Calves." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1630.
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Calves inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fed either a high-roughage or high-concentrate diet were evaluated for rumen proliferation and fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Calves fed the high-roughage diet had lower mean rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations and higher rumen pH values than did calves fed the high-concentrate diet. Despite these differences in rumen conditions, the calves fed the high-roughage diet did not have greater rumen populations of E. coli O157: H7 and did not exhibit increased or longer fecal shedding compared with the calves fed the high-concentrate diet. Two calves shedding the highest mean concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 were both fed the high-concentrate diet. There was a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation between fecal shedding and rumen volatile fatty acid concentration in calves fed a high-concentrate diet. The effects of diet on E. coli O157:H7 proliferation and acid resistance were investigated using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Rumen fluid collected from steers fed a high-roughage diet, but not from steers fed a high-concentrate diet, supported the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7. Rumen fluid from steers fed a high-concentrate diet rapidly induced acid resistance in E. coli O157:H7. The impact of diet on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 is still unclear and may depend on dietary effects on fermentation in the colon and on diet-induced changes in the resident microflora. However, rapid development of acid tolerance by E. coli O157:H7 in the rumens of calves fed high-concentrate diets, allowing larger populations to survive passage through the acidic abomasum to proliferate in the colon, may be one factor that influences fecal shedding in cattle on feed.
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Goopy, John P., Alastair Donaldson, Roger Hegarty, Philip E. Vercoe, Fay Haynes, Mark Barnett, and V. Hutton Oddy. "Low-methane yield sheep have smaller rumens and shorter rumen retention time." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 4 (October 8, 2013): 578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002936.
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In the present study, following the measurement of methane emissions from 160 mature ewes three times, a subset of twenty ewes was selected for further emission and physiological studies. Ewes were selected on the basis of methane yield (MY; g CH4/kg DM intake) being low (Low MY: >1 sd below the mean; n 10) or high (High MY: >1 sd above the mean; n 10) when fed a blended chaff ration at a fixed feeding level (1·2-fold maintenance energy requirements). The difference between the Low- and High-MY groups observed at the time of selection was maintained (P= 0·001) when remeasured 1–7 months later during digesta kinetics studies. Low MY was associated with a shorter mean retention time of particulate (P< 0·01) and liquid (P< 0·001) digesta, less amounts of rumen particulate contents (P< 0·01) and a smaller rumen volume (P< 0·05), but not apparent DM digestibility (P= 0·27) or urinary allantoin excretion (P= 0·89). Computer tomography scanning of the sheep's rumens after an overnight fast revealed a trend towards the Low-MY sheep having more clearly demarcated rumen gas and liquid phases (P= 0·10). These findings indicate that the selection of ruminants for low MY may have important consequences for an animal's nutritional physiology.
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Aiken, M. R. E., A. Duarte, R. S. Luna, D. M. Wolcott, and F. W. Weckerly. "Daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from south Texas." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 7 (July 2014): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0232.
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Understanding rumen–reticulum fill dynamics gives us insight into how environmental conditions influence animal behaviors that affect when animals access forage. We examined whether there were daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill in response to high ambient temperatures in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) on a diurnal scale. We hypothesized that to reduce heat-producing digestive processes in the heat of the day, rumen–reticulum fill and digestion in the rumen–reticulum would decline throughout the day. We collected the rumina and reticula of adult males and females across 30 h in two autumns in south Texas, USA. We also measured dry digesta mass, organ mass, and crude protein and acid detergent fiber concentrations of rumen–reticulum contents. In males, dry digesta mass declined throughout the day and crude protein concentrations were greatest when wet digesta and organ mass were the largest. Additionally, declines in dry digesta and wet digesta mass coincided with declines in crude protein concentrations and organ mass. Females did not display declines in rumen–reticulum fill (wet mass). Females were probably less vulnerable to heat than males because of their smaller body size. Male white-tailed deer foraged primarily during the cooler nights to reduce foraging and digestion during the heat of the day.
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Carro, M. D., F. J. Giráldez, M. J. Ranilla, J. S. González, and A. R. Mantecón. "Comparative study of rumen activity in churra and merino sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002496x.
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Some recent studies (Frutos et al., 1992) comparing Spanish sheep breeds have indicate possible differences between breeds in the digestive diet utilization. The aim of this experiment was to compare the activity of microbies in the rumens of Churra and Merino sheep which were kept in the same environment and received the same diets. The pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration in rumen liquor were also determined in all animals.The experiment was conducted with 5 mature Churra sheep (47.2 ± 2.74 kg live weight (LW)) and 5 mature Merino sheep (45.0 ± 0.91 kg LW), which had been fitted with a rumen cannula of 35 mm diameter 4 months before the start of the experiment. All animals were housed in individual pens and had free access to water and mineral blocks. The animals received alfalfa hay at maintenance level through the experimental period, which was distributed in two equal amounts at 10:00 and 18:00 h.
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Daigle, Claude, Michel Crête, Louis Lesage, Jean-Pierre Ouellet, and Jean Huot. "Summer Diet of Two White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Populations Living at Low and High Density in Southern Québec." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i3.13.
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We investigated summer diets of two White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations through rumen content analyses. Samples from 93 deer were collected in a low density, LD (1 deer/km2) and a high density, HD (14 deer/km2) area of southern Québec during the growing seasons of 1997 and 1998. Availability of preferred forage in forests was greater in LD than in HD, whereas agriculture covered a larger proportion of the area in HD than LD. Rumen composition differed between the two populations. Deer from HD consumed less forbs and leaves of shrubs and trees than did LD deer, whereas they consumed more fruits, grasses and farm crops. The rarity in HD rumens of food items common in LD, as well as in many parts of the White-tailed Deer range (i.e., Lilliacae), indicated that deer could not compensate for the rarity of preferred forest forage by increasing foraging time and had to feed on cultivated crops. Rumen contents of LD deer had a higher level of cell solubles and lignin, which reflected their greater reliance on quality forage growing in forests. Feeding habits and forage quality can explain why deer body size decreased in HD between the 1970s and 1990s whereas LD deer remained large.Nous avons examiné le régime alimentaire estival de deux populations de cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) par l’analyse du contenu des rumens. Des échantillons ont été prélevés sur 93 cerfs provenant d’un secteur à faible densité de cerfs, LD, (1 cerf/km2) et d’un secteur à haute densité, HD, (14 cerfs/km2) du sud du Québec durant la saison de croissance des végétaux de 1997 et 1998. La disponibilité des aliments forestiers préférés des cerfs était plus grande dans LD que dans HD alors que la proportion du territoire agricole était supérieure dans HD. La composition des rumens des cerfs de chacune des régions différait. Les cerfs de HD ont consommé de moins grandes proportions de plantes herbacées et de feuilles d’arbustes et d’arbres que ceux du secteur LD, mais de plus grandes proportions de fruits, de graminées et de plantes agricoles. La rareté dans les rumens du secteur HD d’aliments communs dans ceux du secteur LD et dans plusieurs autres régions de l’aire de répartition du cerf (e.g., Lilliacae), indique que les cerfs du secteur HD ne pouvaient compenser pour la rareté de leurs aliments préférés par un accroissement de la durée de la quête alimentaire, et qu’ils devaient consommer des plantes agricoles. Les cerfs de LD ont mangé des aliments contenant plus de solubles cellulaires et de lignine que ceux de HD, ce qui reflète une consommation de plantes forestières de bonne qualité. Le régime alimentaire et la qualité de la nourriture peuvent expliquer pourquoi la taille des cerfs de HD a diminué entre les années 1970 et 1990 alors que celle des cerfs de LD est demeurée grande.
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Wang, Yan-Lu, Wei-Kang Wang, Qi-Chao Wu, Fan Zhang, Wen-Juan Li, Sheng-Li Li, Wei Wang, Zhi-Jun Cao, and Hong-Jian Yang. "In Situ Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Bacterial Colonization of Corn Silages Differing in Ferulic and p-Coumaric Acid Contents." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112269.
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In plant cell wall, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) are commonly linked with arabinoxylans and lignin through ester and ether bonds. These linkages were deemed to hinder the access of rumen microbes to cell wall polysaccharides. The attachment of rumen microbes to plant cell wall was believed to have profound effects on the rate and the extent of forage digestion in rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bound phenolic acid content and their composition in corn silages on the nutrient degradability, and the composition of the attached bacteria. Following an in situ rumen degradation method, eight representative corn silages with different FA and pCA contents were placed into nylon bags and incubated in the rumens of three matured lactating Holstein cows for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Corn silage digestibility was assessed by in situ degradation methods. As a result, the effective degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre were negatively related to the ether-linked FA and pCA, and their ratio in corn silages, suggesting that not only the content and but also the composition of phenolic acids significantly affected the degradation characteristics of corn silages. After 24 h rumen fermentation, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota were observed as the dominant phyla in the bacterial communities attached to the corn silages. After 72 h rumen fermentation, the rumen degradation of ester-linked FA was much greater than that of ester-linked pCA. The correlation analysis noted that Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Acetitomaculum, and Bifidobacterium were negatively related to the initial ether-linked FA content while Prevotella was positively related to the ether-linked FA content and the ratio of pCA to FA. In summary, the present results suggested that the content of ether-linked phenolic acids in plant cell walls exhibited a more profound effect on the pattern of microbial colonization than the fibre content.
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Oddy, V. H., S. H. Bird, and L. G. Walker. "Evaluation of calcium and canola oil in the diet of feedlot steers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 5 (2003): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01119.
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An experiment was conducted to determine whether the addition of 5.6% canola oil to a barley-based feedlot ration would improve the efficiency of conversion of feed into weight gain and increase the deposition of intramuscular fat. A second aim was to determine what further benefits might accrue from the addition of calcium ions to the rumen.Five groups of 30 steers representing 4 breed crosses were fed in a feedlot for 122 days. The control diet was a standard barley-based ration containing 1.6% calcium carbonate. In a second diet (calcium), calcium carbonate was replaced with 1.2% calcium hydroxide to increase the availability of calcium ions in the rumen. In a third diet (oil), 5.3% canola oil replaced a corresponding weight of barley. The fourth diet comprised oil + calcium and in the fifth, the same weight of oil protected against rumen fermentation was given as Rumentek, replacing 19.5% barley.There was no significant benefit in feed conversion or carcass composition to the substitution of oil for barley in the ration. Supplementary calcium hydroxide reduced the intake of the control diet with little reduction in growth rate. No benefits were observed from the provision of calcium ions in the rumen with either the control or oil diets. The Rumentek diet conferred no benefits in growth rate or feed conversion efficiency, but substantially increased the proportion of unsaturated to saturated long-chain fatty acids in subcutaneous fat, chiefly as polyunsaturates.
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Mshelbwala, F. M., A. A. Adebiyi, O. L. Ajayi, M. O. Olaniyi, A. A. Oloye, O. O. Adebayo, I. O. Sanni, A. K. F. Kadiri, and S. A. V. Abakpa. "Rumen Impaction: Retrospective study on the prevalence, clinical findings, gross pathology and causes in sheep and goat reared in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.573.
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In the present study, the prevalence, clinical manifestation, pathology and causes of rumen impaction in sheep and goats were determined from 6 years postmortem records, of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, for proper management of the condition. The prevalence was calculated as percentage of occurrence of rumen impaction among cases presented for postmortem examination; as overall, annual, age and sex-specific. The overall prevalence was 16.05%; and was higher in sheep (23.53%) than in goats (10.64%). Annual prevalence varied from 7.14 in 2014 to 25.00% in 2017. Higher prevalence was recorded in adult (23.81%) and female (21.43%) than in young (7.69%) and male (10.26%) animals. Clinical findings included distended abdomen, dullness, anorexia, fever; difficulty in breathing, recumbency and anaemia. Grossly the abdomens were distended; there were severe frothy exudates in the trachea and air ways. The visceral organs were severely congested. The rumens were markedly distended with foreign materials; as well as feed materials in some cases, thereby confusing the condition with pregnancy. The causes of rumen impaction include foreign materials such as nylon (40.00%), twines and ropes (25.00%), plastics and rubbers (10.00%), wire (2.00%) stones and sands (2.00%), bones and unidentified objects (1.00%).While impaction due to green and dry feeds constitute(15.00%) and cassava peels in 5% of the cases. When clinical sign of distended abdomen is observed in female small ruminants, proper examination should be carried out, bearing in mind the possibility of rumen impaction rather than considering only pregnancy. The high prevalence of rumen impaction recorded in this study call for proper environmental sanitation and proper management of small ruminants in the study area.
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Silva, Ayona T., R. J. Wallace, and E. R. Ørskov. "Use of particle-bound microbial enzyme activity to predict the rate and extent of fibre degradation in the rumen." British Journal of Nutrition 57, no. 3 (May 1987): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870048.
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1. A method was developed for extracting enzymes from micro-organisms closely associated with ammoniatreated straw (NH3-S) that had been incubated in nylon bags in the rumen. Incubation of washed straw with 125 ml carbon tetrachloride/l and 20 μg lysozyme/ml for 3 h at 37° gave carboxymethylcellulase (EC3. 2. 1. 4; CMCase) and NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (EC1. 4. 1.2; GDH) activities greater than those extracted by sonication.2. GDH associated with NH3-S increased with incubation time and was highest in sheep receiving a high-barley diet. Particle-bound CMCase activity reached a peak between 16 and 24 h and declined thereafter.3. Particle-bound GDH activity showed no correlation with dry matter (DM) degradation in the rumens of sheep fed on a range of diets. In contrast, CMCase activity after 24 h was highly correlated with DM degradability of the same samples at 24 h (r0.98) and 48 h (r0.94).4. It was concluded that GDH and CMCase can be used as indices of the total population of colonizing rumen micro-organisms and of the fibre-degrading population respectively, and that these enzymes can therefore be used to assess rapidly and with great sensitivity variations in the rumen environment that affect the rate of fibre breakdown.
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Chaucheyras-Durand, Frédérique, Sébastien Masséglia, Gérard Fonty, and Evelyne Forano. "Influence of the Composition of the Cellulolytic Flora on the Development of Hydrogenotrophic Microorganisms, Hydrogen Utilization, and Methane Production in the Rumens of Gnotobiotically Reared Lambs." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 24 (October 22, 2010): 7931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01784-10.
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ABSTRACT We investigated the influence of the composition of the fibrolytic microbial community on the development and activities of hydrogen-utilizing microorganisms in the rumens of gnotobiotically reared lambs. Two groups of lambs were reared. The first group was inoculated with Fibrobacter succinogenes, a non-H2-producing species, as the main cellulolytic organism, and the second group was inoculated with Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and anaerobic fungi that produce hydrogen. The development of hydrogenotrophic bacterial communities, i.e., acetogens, fumarate and sulfate reducers, was monitored in the absence of methanogens and after inoculation of methanogens. Hydrogen production and utilization and methane production were measured in rumen content samples incubated in vitro in the presence of exogenous hydrogen (supplemented with fumarate or not supplemented with fumarate) or in the presence of ground alfalfa hay as a degradable substrate. Our results show that methane production was clearly reduced when the dominant fibrolytic species was a non-H2-producing species, such as Fibrobacter succinogenes, without significantly impairing fiber degradation and fermentations in the rumen. The addition of fumarate to the rumen contents stimulated H2 utilization only by the ruminal microbiota inoculated with F. succinogenes, suggesting that these communities could play an important role in fumarate reduction in vivo.
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Kenenbai, Gulmira Serikbayevna, Urishbai Chomanovich Chomanov, Bakytzhan Bolatovna Omirzhanova, Amina Nurlanovna Tatieva, Rabiga Kassymbek, and Gulzhan Zhumaliyeva. "Processing of beef rumen with ultrasonic waves." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 16 (November 29, 2022): 810–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1794.
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The article discusses the main trends in processing animal products, the development of technologies to improve their quality and technologies to preserve the quality indicators of the product over time. A review of the effects of ultrasound treatment on beef rumen is presented, and the main directions of ultrasound application are determined. The advantages of ultrasonic processing and its influence on the characteristics of raw meat were researched. The modes and parameters (frequency, intensity and duration) of ultrasound treatment of muscle tissue were established based on the results. This study evaluated the effect of ultrasound treatment on beef rumen's physical, microstructural and organoleptic characteristics. The physicochemical, mineral, microbiological, vitamin and amino acid composition of beef rumen and reticulum were also studied. Based on the results of the presented review, it can be concluded that the development of technologies for processing beef rumen with ultrasound is of potential interest. The optimal parameters are 400 and 600 W/m2, with a frequency of 40 kHz, for 50-60 minutes.
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Brzozowska, A. M., K. Słoniewski, J. Oprządek, P. Sobiech, and Z. M. Kowalski. "Why are dairy cows not able to cope with the subacute ruminal acidosis?" Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0116.
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Abstract One of the largest challenges for the dairy industry is to provide cows with a diet which is highly energetic but does not negatively affect their rumens’ functions. In highly productive dairy cows, feeding diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates provides energy precursors needed for maximum milk production, but simultaneously decreases ruminal pH, leading to a widespread prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis. Maximizing milk production without triggering rumen acidosis still challenges dairy farmers, who try to prevent prolonged bouts of low ruminal pH mainly by proper nutrition and management practices. The animals try to avoid overeating fermentable feeds, as it causes negative consequences by disturbing digestive processes. The results of several experiments show that ruminants, including sheep and beef cattle, are able to modify some aspects of feeding behaviour in order to adjust nutrient intake to their needs and simultaneously prevent physiological disturbances. Particularly, such changes (e.g., increased preference for fibrous feeds, reduced intake of concentrates) were observed in animals, which were trying to prevent the excessive drop of rumen fluid pH. Thanks to a specific mechanism called “the postingestive feedback”, animals should be able to work out such a balance in intake, so they do not suffer either from hunger or from negative effects of over-ingesting the fermentable carbohydrates. This way, an acidosis should not be a frequent problem in ruminants. However, prolonged periods of excessively decreased rumen pH are still a concern in dairy cows. It raises a question, why the regulation of feed intake by postingestive feedback does not help to maintain stable rumen environment in dairy cows?
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Kingston-Smith, Alison H., Joan E. Edwards, Sharon A. Huws, Eun J. Kim, and Michael Abberton. "Plant-based strategies towards minimising ‘livestock's long shadow’." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, no. 4 (August 4, 2010): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110001953.
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Ruminant farming is an important component of the human food chain. Ruminants can use offtake from land unsuitable for cereal crop cultivation via interaction with the diverse microbial population in their rumens. The rumen is a continuous flow fermenter for the digestion of ligno-cellulose, with microbial protein and fermentation end-products incorporated by the animal directly or during post-ruminal digestion. However, ruminal fermentation is inefficient in capturing the nutrient resource presented, resulting in environmental pollution and generation of greenhouse gases. Methane is generated as a consequence of ruminal fermentation and poor retention of ingested forage nitrogen causes nitrogenous pollution of water and land and contributes to the generation of nitrous oxide. One possible cause is the imbalanced provision of dietary substrates to the rumen micro-organisms. Deamination of amino acids by ammonia-producing bacteria liberates ammonia which can be assimilated by the rumen bacteria and used for microbial protein synthesis. However, when carbohydrate is limiting, microbial growth is slow, meaning low demand for ammonia for microbial protein synthesis and excretion of the excess. Protein utilisation can therefore be improved by increasing the availability of readily fermentable sugars in forage or by making protein unavailable for proteolysis through complexing with plant secondary products. Alternatively, realisation that grazing cattle ingest living cells has led to the discovery that plant cells undergo endogenous, stress-mediated protein degradation due to the exposure to rumen conditions. This presents the opportunity to decrease the environmental impact of livestock farming by using decreased proteolysis as a selection tool for the development of improved pasture grass varieties.
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Zhang, Ke, Bibo Li, Mengmeng Guo, Gongwei Liu, Yuxin Yang, Xiaolong Wang, Yulin Chen, and Enping Zhang. "Maturation of the Goat Rumen Microbiota Involves Three Stages of Microbial Colonization." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121028.
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With increasing age, the rumen microbiota of new-born ruminants become central in the translation of fibrous feed substances into essential nutrients. However, the colonization process of the microbial community (especially fungal community) remains poorly understood in ruminants at pre-weaning stages. In this study, the rumen bacterial and fungal colonization processes were investigated in goats at eight stages using amplicon sequencing. For bacteria, we found 36 common core genera at D0, D3, D14, D28, and D56, including mainly Bacillus, Alloprevotella, Bacteroides, Prevotella_1, Lactococcus, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214. Firmicutes was the dominant phylum among the total microbiota in newborn goat kids (prior to nursing), while Bacillus, Lactococcus, and Pseudomonas were predominant genera. Interestingly, the proportion of Bacillus was as high as 55% in newborn animals. After milk nursing, the predominant phylum changed to Bacteroidetes, while the proportion of Bacillus and Lactobacillus was very low. CowPi was used to predict the functional gene pathways and we found increases in the abundance of genes associated with amino acid related enzymes, DNA repair and recombination proteins, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, and peptidases after D3. With regard to fungi, we found that there were 51 common genera at day 0 (D0), D3, D14, D28, and D56, including mainly Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Caecomyces. Aspergillus occupied approximately 47% at day 0, but then it decreased from day 3 to day 14. This study indicates that the core microbes of rumen emerged shortly after birth, but the abundance was very different from the core genus of the adult rumen. In addition, we also report a detailed scheme of the bacterial and fungal colonization process in rumens and propose three distinct stages during the rumen colonization process in pre-weaning goats, which will offer a reference for the development of milk substitutes for small ruminants.
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Campione, Adriana, Antonio Natalello, Bernardo Valenti, Giuseppe Luciano, Pablo J. Rufino-Moya, Marcella Avondo, Luciano Morbidini, et al. "Effect of Feeding Hazelnut Skin on Animal Performance, Milk Quality, and Rumen Fatty Acids in Lactating Ewes." Animals 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040588.
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The hazelnut skin is waste biomass rich in bioactive compounds that may affect lipid rumen metabolism, ruminant performance, and products’ quality. Therefore, we investigated the effect of dietary hazelnut skin on milk production and composition and on rumen fatty acids in ewes. During 28 days, 20 Comisana lactating ewes received alfalfa hay ad libitum plus 800 g/head/day of pelleted concentrate containing 36% dried beet pulp (CTRL group; n = 10) or 36% hazelnut skin (HS group; n = 10). The protein percentage was lower in HS milk. Milk fatty acids (FA) partially reflected those of rumen content. Total saturated FA (SFA), odd and branched-chain FA, and n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were greater in CTRL milk. Total monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and 18:1 trans were greater in HS milk; moreover, HS milk showed a double percentage of oleic acid than the CTRL group. Individual SFA were greater in CTRL milk except for 18:0. Differing from the rumen content, total PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and 18:2 n-6 were comparable between groups. Vaccenic and rumenic acid were greater in HS milk. To conclude, dietary HS slightly reduced milk protein percentage but improved atherogenic index and healthy FA in milk. The content of the somatic cells suggested a healthier udder in the HS group.
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Dahl, Sarah-Alica, Martina Hudler, Wilhelm Windisch, Carmen Bolduan, Daniel Brugger, and Andreas König. "High fibre selection by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): evidence of ruminal microbiome adaption to seasonal and geographical differences in nutrient composition." Animal Production Science 60, no. 10 (2020): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19376.
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Context. The European roe deer owes its ability to digest fibre to its microbiome. This is made up of many different species at different levels of abundance and with different differentiations. In Europe, the roe deer is often classified as a so-called ‘concentrate selector’. This term has often been interpreted by different researchers to mean a selector of either protein- or energy-rich food. According to various studies, this selection behaviour is due to the low abundance of fibre-degrading microorganisms. Aims. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of crude nutrients in the rumen of roe deer, with the focus on the fibre fractions, and to show changes among seasons and between habitats. Furthermore, the aim was to find out how far the composition of the ruminal microbiota adapts to these changes. Methods. From 2011 to 2014, we collected the rumens of 245 roe deer in two Bavarian habitat types, a forest and an agricultural habitat. The crude nutrient contents and the size of the total microbiome and the proportions of individual genera were determined in the rumen content. Key results. The average annual concentration of crude fibre in the ingested food is 26–30% and this rises to 38% in certain months. The forest roe deer had the highest proportions of crude fibre in their food and the concentrations of other nutrients were also highly dependent on the season and habitat. Furthermore, the animals also have far less protein in their rumen content than often assumed. The total number of microorganisms in the rumens of the forest deer is significantly higher than in animals living in the agricultural area. The number of microorganisms was highest in the forest roe deer in winter, and in the roe deer from the agricultural area in summer. Clear connections can also be seen between individual groups of microorganisms and particular crude nutrients. The high crude-fibre concentration leads to a high number of fibre-degrading microorganisms, such as, for example, anaerobic fungi or the Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Conclusions. The results showed a high adaptability of the animals to a fibre-rich diet. The microbiome adapts very well to the respective nutrient availabilities. This, in turn, is what allows the roe deer to adapt so readily to diverse habitats and environmental conditions. Implications. Due to the generally high concentrations of fibre, combined with the high numbers of fibre-degraders in the rumen, we suggest that, from now on, we should talk of a roe deer as being a ‘selector’ or ‘browser’ rather than a ‘concentrate selector’.
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Payandeh, Shahab, Farokh Kafilzadeh, Manuela Juárez, Miguel Angel de la Fuente, Darab Ghadimi, and Andrés L. Martínez Marín. "Probiotic supplementation effects on milk fatty acid profile in ewes." Journal of Dairy Research 84, no. 2 (May 2017): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029917000115.
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We hypothesised that probiotic feeding would alter the fatty acid (FA) profile of sheep's milk. Sixteen lactating ewes, kept under the same feeding and management practices, were randomly allocated to receive either a control diet or the same diet supplemented with a commercial multi-strain bacterial probiotic. Milk fat FA contents were monitored fortnightly for eight consecutive weeks from 14 d after lambing. Probiotic supplementation increased the contents of butyric and caproic acids in milk fat and had no negative effects on other relevant FA from the human's health point of view (i.e., no differences in branched chain, vaccenic, rumenic and n-3 FA were observed). Under the conditions assayed in the present work, the contents of milk FA originated from rumen microbial metabolism were scantly altered, which suggests that the rumen conversion pathways of FA were not substantially modified by the probiotics.
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Zavatti, Francesco. "Between History and Power. The Historiography of Romanian National-Communism (1964-1989)." Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea 42 (November 20, 2020): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/chco.71890.
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Este artículo tiene como objetivo el análisis de la relación entre la historia y el poder político en la Rumania comunista durante el gobierno de Nicolae Ceauşescu. La sección de apertura del artículo tiene como objetivo explicar cómo la historiografía rumana fue sustituida por una versión pro-soviética y pro-estalinista, con el objetivo de proclamar la superioridad de la Unión Soviética y del comunismo. En segundo lugar, la primera sección muestra el delicado paso entre el estalinismo y el comunismo nacional. Como explica la primera sección, el liderazgo rumano entendió que eliminar la dependencia de Moscú era esencial para garantizar la estabilidad interna. Por esta razón, tuvo que crearse una legitimidad genuina al reeditar la ideología nacional rechazada en 1948. La historia nacional recuperó su importancia primordial dentro de la cultura rumana, esta vez al servicio de la élite estalinista y al lado de los símbolos marxista-leninistas. La segunda sección tiene como objetivo mostrar el desarrollo del nuevo canon comunista nacional después de 1965, una vez que Nicolae Ceauşescu asumió el poder. La segunda sección presenta las principales tendencias desarrolladas por la historiografía rumana para inspirar lealtad al Partido Comunista Rumano. Como muestra el artículo, a principios de los años ochenta, el nacionalismo y el culto del líder se convirtieron en las principales tendencias de esta metanarrativa histórica. El epílogo señala brevemente las continuidades y los cambios producidos para la historiografía rumana por el cambio de régimen de 1989.
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Yalçin, S., A. Şehu, and A. G. Önol. "Straw degradability as a predictor of intake and growth rate in sheep." Animal Science 67, no. 3 (December 1998): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800032902.
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AbstractThe dry-matter (DM) intake and growth rate in male lambs were predicted from rumen degradability characteristics, rumen DM losses at different times, neutral- or acid-detergent fibre (NDF or ADF) contents and DM apparent digestibility of roughages. Four different straws consisting of wheat, barley, oat and rice were each offered ad libitum to 24 Merino male lambs with 200 glday concentrate for 4 weeks to determine DM intake and growth rate. Apparent digestibilities of the straws were measured with three Merino male sheep. Measurements were made during the last 10 days of each 20-day period. The degradation characteristics of the straws were measured by incubating samples in nylon bags for 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in the rumens of three Merino male sheep fitted with rumen cannulae. The exponential model p = a + b(l - er^) was fitted to the data. Potential degradabilities of DM (defined as a + b) and apparent digestibilities of DM ranged from 530 to 679 and 440 to 560 g/kg, respectively. The mean DM intake of the straws varied from 543 to 745 glday, the digestible DM intake from 236 to 417 glday and growth rate from 17 to 95 glday. Using the degradation characteristics A, B and c in a multiple regression analysis, the correlation coefficients with DM intake and growth rate were 0·79 and 0·70, respectively. NDF and ADF were related to DM intake (i = 0·65; r = 0·64) and growth rate (r = 0·55; r = 0·56). The correlation coefficient between DM apparent digestibility and DM intake was 0·76. It is concluded that the rumen degradation characteristics have potential for predicting intake of straws and growth rate in sheep.
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Xue, Ligang, Dan Wang, Fangyu Zhang, and Liyuan Cai. "Prophylactic Feeding of Clostridium butyricum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Were Advantageous in Resisting the Adverse Effects of Heat Stress on Rumen Fermentation and Growth Performance in Goats." Animals 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182455.
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This study aimed to investigate the effect of the prophylactic feeding of Clostridium butyricum (CB), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), and their mixture before the onset of heat stress on the rumen fermentation and growth performance of goats, and subsequently, on heat stress status. Forty-eight male Macheng Black × Boer crossed goats (22.25 ± 4.26 kg) were divided into four groups—the control group (fed the basal diet), and the CB (0.05% CB added to the basal diet), SC (0.60% SC added to the basal diet), and Mix (0.05% CB and 0.60% SC added to the basal diet) groups—and fed for fourteen days. Then, these goats were kept in a heat stress environment (with a temperature–humidity index of 87.04) for fourteen days. Then, the parameters of rumen fermentation and growth performance were measured. The results showed that the pH values, the activities of cellulolytic enzymes (avicelase, CMCaes, cellobiase, and xylanase), and the concentrations of ammonia-N, total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the rumens of the CB, SC, and Mix groups compared to those of the control group. Moreover, the average daily gain and the digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the CB, SC, and Mix groups compared to those of the control group. These results suggest that these two probiotics and their mixture effectively alleviate the adverse effects of heat stress on rumen fermentation and growth performance via prophylactic feeding.
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Zhou, Mi, Emma Hernandez-Sanabria, and Le Luo Guan. "Assessment of the Microbial Ecology of Ruminal Methanogens in Cattle with Different Feed Efficiencies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 20 (August 28, 2009): 6524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02815-08.
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ABSTRACT Cattle with high feed efficiencies (designated “efficient”) produce less methane gas than those with low feed efficiencies (designated “inefficient”); however, the role of the methane producers in such difference is unknown. This study investigated whether the structures and populations of methanogens in the rumen were associated with differences in cattle feed efficiencies by using culture-independent methods. Two 16S rRNA libraries were constructed using ∼800-bp amplicons generated from pooled total DNA isolated from efficient (n = 29) and inefficient (n = 29) animals. Sequence analysis of up to 490 randomly selected clones from each library showed that the methanogenic composition was variable: less species variation (22 operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) was detected in the rumens of efficient animals, compared to 27 OTUs in inefficient animals. The methanogenic communities in inefficient animals were more diverse than those in efficient ones, as revealed by the diversity indices of 0.84 and 0.42, respectively. Differences at the strain and genotype levels were also observed and found to be associated with feed efficiency in the host. No difference was detected in the total population of methanogens, but the prevalences of Methanosphaera stadtmanae and Methanobrevibacter sp. strain AbM4 were 1.92 (P < 0.05) and 2.26 (P < 0.05) times higher in inefficient animals, while Methanobrevibacter sp. strain AbM4 was reported for the first time to occur in the bovine rumen. Our data indicate that the methanogenic ecology at the species, strain, and/or genotype level in the rumen may play important roles in contributing to the difference in methane gas production between cattle with different feed efficiencies.
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Morgavi, Diego P., Cécile Martin, Jean-Pierre Jouany, and Maria José Ranilla. "Rumen protozoa and methanogenesis: not a simple cause–effect relationship." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 3 (July 18, 2011): 388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511002935.
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Understanding the interactions between hydrogen producers and consumers in the rumen ecosystem is important for ruminant production and methane mitigation. The present study explored the relationships between rumen protozoa, methanogens and fermentation characteristics. A total of six donor sheep harbouring (F, faunated) or not (D, defaunated) protozoa in their rumens (D animals were kept without protozoa for a period of a few months (D − ) or for more than 2 years (D+)) were used inin vitroandin vivoexperiments.In vitrothe absence of protozoa decreased NH3and butyrate production and had no effect on methane. In contrast, the liquid-associated bacterial and methanogens fraction of D+ inocula produced more methane than D − and F inoculum (P < 0·05).In vivofermentation parameters of donor animals showed the same trend on NH3and butyrate and showed that D+ animals were high methane emitters, while D − were the lowest ( − 35 %). The concentration of dissolved dihydrogen measured after feeding followed the opposite trend. Methane emissions did not correlate with the relative abundance of methanogens in the rumen measured by quantitative PCR, but there was a trend for higher methanogens concentration in the solid-associated population of D+ animals compared with D − animals. In contrast, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of methanogens' methyl coenzyme-M reductase A gene showed a clear clustering in liquid-associated fractions for all three groups of donors but fewer differences in solid-associated fractions. These results show that the absence of protozoa may affect differently the methanogen community and methane emissions in wethers.
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Arinzhanova, Maria S. "Analysis of the technology improvement for the preservation of rumen liquids. Artificial rumens of ruminant (review)." Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production 105, no. 2 (2022): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33284/2658-3135-105-2-70.
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Thomas, Donald C., and David P. Hervieux. "The late winter diets of barren-ground caribou in North-Central Canada." Rangifer 6, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.6.2.663.
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Rumen samples from 104 barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) collected in March 1980 and 1981 at 18 sites on the winter range in south-central Northwest Territories (NWT) and northern Saskatchewan were examined microscopically for relative occurrence of plant fragments. The composition of plant fragments in the rumens of calves did not differ from that in older caribou. Samples were homogeneous within sites and among them. Therefore we analyzed composite samples for each site and then pooled the data. Terricolous fruticose and foliose lichens averaged 68.5 ± 1.5% (SE) ot tallied fragments at all 18 sites, followed by conifer needles (11.9 ± 1.2%), green leaves of Vactinium spp., Ledum spp., and other shrubs and iorbs (5.6 ± 0.6%), twigs and bark (5.5 ± 0.4%), bryophytes (4.9 ± 0.6%) and 3.6% unidentified. The lichen component consisted of 8.4 ± 1.5% Stereocaulon spp., 46.9 ± 2.6% other fruticose lichens (largely Cladina spp., Cladonia spp., and Cetraria spp.), and 13.2 ± 1.5% foliose lichens (largely Peltigera spp.). A comparison of rumen contents with the average relative abundance of plants found in feeding craters at 13 sites suggests that use of plant species was not always proportionate to their occurrence.
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Jalč, D., and M. Čertík. "Effect of microbial oil, monensin and fumarate on rumen fermentation in artificial rumen." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 10 (December 11, 2011): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4238-cjas.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of microbial oil on rumen fermentation of a diet composed of 60% hay and 40% barley in an artificial rumen (Rusitec). Microbial oil (MO) was produced by the fungus Thamnidium elegans. This fungus grew on the wheat bran/spent malt grains (3:1) mixture. The fatty acid composition of microbial oil was as follows: 0.7% C<sub>14:0</sub>, 15.4% C<sub>16:0</sub>, 10.1% C<sub>18:0</sub>, 50.9% C<sub>18:1</sub>, 13.9% C<sub>18:2</sub> and 8.4% C<sub>18:3</sub> (GLA, γ-linolenic acid). The effect of monensin MON (66 ppm) and fumarate FUM (6.25 mmol) with and without MO supplementation was also studied. The experiment in Rusitec lasted 11 days. After a stabilization period (5 days), MO was added to fermentation vessel V<sub>2</sub> (6 days), MON to fermentation vessel V<sub>3</sub> (6 days) and FUM to fermentation vessel V<sub>4 </sub>(6 days). MO was also added to V<sub>3</sub> and V<sub>4</sub> on the last day together with MON (V<sub>3</sub>) and FUM (V<sub>4</sub>). The fermentation vessel V<sub>1 </sub>served as control (without additives). The results showed that MO reduced (P < 0.05) mol% acetate and increased (P < 0.05) mol% propionate and n-butyrate. Methane production (mmol/day) was reduced numerically (NS). The efficiency of microbial synthesis (EMS) was also reduced numerically and nitrogen incorporated by the microflora (N<sub>M</sub>) was reduced significantly in MO supplementation. There were no differences in the rumen fermentation when MO was applied together with MON and FUM compared to the vessel where only MO was applied. No additive effect was observed in the relationship MO-ionophore or MO-FUM. Monensin and fumarate applied separately showed their typical effects on rumen fermentation in vitro.
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Benhissi, H., I. Beltrán de Heredia, and A. García-Rodríguez. "Effect of replacing palm fat with high-linoleic cold-pressed rapeseed or sunflower cakes on fatty acid biohydrogenation in an artificial rumen (Rusitec)." Animal Production Science 58, no. 3 (2018): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15348.
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The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting high-linoleic cold-pressed rapeseed or sunflower cakes for palm fat on fatty acids biohydrogenation in an artificial rumen. Three isoproteic and isolipidic diets (forage : concentrate ratio 10 : 90) were evaluated. The three diets consisted of barley straw plus a concentrate mixture supplemented with (1) prilled palm fat (CTR, Control), (2) cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC treatment) or (3) cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC treatment) as a lipid source. The assay was conducted using a Rusitec unit consisting of six vessels (two vessels per treatment). After 7-day adaptation period, nutrients disappearance, rumen fermentation parameters and fatty acid profile of rumen digesta were determined for 3 days. CPRC treatment had no effect on nutrients disappearances and rumen fermentation. In contrast, CPSC reduced neutral detergent fibre (P = 0.04), acid detergent fibre (P = 0.01), protein (P = 0.01), organic matter (P < 0.01) and dry matter (P = 0.01) disappearances, compared with CTR and CPRC. CPSC also decreased total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.01) production and shifted rumen fermentation pattern towards lower acetate (P = 0.03) and higher propionate proportion (P = 0.01), in comparison to CTR and CPRC. Both CPRC and CPSC altered the fatty acids composition of ruminal digesta by decreasing the total saturated fatty acids (P < 0.01) and increasing the accumulation of C18:0 (P < 0.01), total C18:1 cis (P < 0.01) and total C18:1 trans (P < 0.01). Vaccenic acid was increased (P < 0.01) 2.18-fold by CPRC and 4.09-fold by CPSC. C18:1 trans-10 : trans-11 ratio remained constant among treatments (P = 0.31). Rumenic acid was not affected by CPRC but was increased (P = 0.04) 4.25- and 2.83-fold by CPSC compared with CTR and CPRC, respectively. Overall, feeding CPRC or CPSC to ruminants might improve the ruminal fatty acid profile mainly by reducing saturated fatty acids and promoting cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and vaccenic acid accumulation without altering the trans-10 : trans-11 ratio. These changes in rumen fatty acid composition could occur without detrimental effects on ruminal fermentation for CPRC but they might be associated with impaired rumen function for CPSC.
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Azzeruoli, Vanessa. "Rimanendo precari: migranti e crisi economica nel Nordest. I rumeni tra occupazione e disoccupazione." SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 126 (May 2012): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2012-126005.
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Il paper ha l'obiettivo di analizzare l'impatto della crisi economica sui/lle lavoratori/ trici rumeni/e in Veneto, portando in evidenza: le figure piů colpite; le risposte individuali e familiari; i cambiamenti occorsi al mercato occupazionale e del lavoro veneto. La tesi che emerge mostra una forte stabilizzazione della componente migratoria di nazionalitŕ rumena in Veneto. La precarizzazione contrattuale e il peggioramento delle condizioni di lavoro sono evidenti, mentre l'impatto sulle vite delle persone č risultato eterogeneo; lo stato di povertŕ ha interessato solo una piccola componente di intervistati, mentre il peggioramento č diffuso. Il paper si sviluppa attraverso due chiavi di lettura: 1) il mutamento del mercato del lavoro in Veneto, in particolare le modalitŕ di reclutamento e le tipologie contrattuali; 2) gli effetti della crisi economica sulle carriere lavorative e sui percorsi di vita dei/lle migranti. Nelle conclusioni si effettueranno comparazioni con la componente marocchina.
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Seedorf, Henning, Sandra Kittelmann, and Peter H. Janssen. "Few Highly Abundant Operational Taxonomic Units Dominate within Rumen Methanogenic Archaeal Species in New Zealand Sheep and Cattle." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 3 (November 21, 2014): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03018-14.
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ABSTRACTSequencing and analyses of 16S rRNA gene amplicons were performed to estimate the composition of the rumen methanogen community in 252 samples from eight cohorts of sheep and cattle, separated into 16 different sample groups by diet, and to determine which methanogens are most prominent in the rumens of farmed New Zealand ruminants.Methanobacteriales(relative abundance ± standard deviation, 89.6% ± 9.8%) andMethanomassiliicoccales(10.4% ± 9.8%) were the two major orders and contributed 99.98% (±0.1%) to the rumen methanogen communities in the samples. Sequences fromMethanobacterialeswere almost entirely from only four different species (or clades of very closely related species). Each was detectable in at least 89% of the samples. These four species or clades were theMethanobrevibacter gottschalkiiclade andMethanobrevibacter ruminantiumclade with a mean abundance of 42.4% (±19.5% standard deviation) and 32.9% (±18.8%), respectively, andMethanosphaerasp. ISO3-F5 (8.2% ± 6.7%) andMethanosphaerasp. group5 (5.6% ± 5.7%). These four species or clades appeared to be primarily represented by only one or, in one case, two dominant sequence types per species or clade when the sequences were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 99% sequence identity. The mean relative abundance ofMethanomassiliicoccalesin the samples was relatively low but exceeded 40% in some of the treatment groups. Animal feed affected the apparent methanogen community structure of both orders, as evident from differences in relative abundances of the major OTUs in animals under different feeding regimens.
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BAILEY, C. B. "GROWTH OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND THEIR CONTENTS IN HOLSTEIN STEERS: RELATION TO BODY WEIGHT AND DIET." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-072.
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Holstein steers given concentrate or roughage diets were slaughtered at 60, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 kg liveweight. Their gastrointestinal tracts were separated into reticulo-rumen, omasum, abomasum, and intestine, emptied of digesta and weighed. Growth of organs relative to growth of the empty body as a whole was described by the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Relative growth rates of the organs were greater than that of the empty body during transition from milk to a solid diet, and less than that of the empty body (b < 1) after the transition. Post-transition growth rate of the reticulo-rumen was greater than that of the other organs. Diet had no effect on weights of reticulo-rumen, abomasum, or intestine, but omasa of hay-fed steers were heavier than those of concentrate-fed steers. Weight of digesta increased substantially during transition to full anatomical development of the gastrointestinal tract, and thereafter continued to increase in all organs except the abomasum. Hay-fed steers had more digesta in the reticulo-rumina, omasa, and intestines and the digesta had a lower percentage of dry matter than in concentrate-fed steers. Within diets, total digesta dry matter in the entire tract, the reticulo-rumen, and the intestine was proportional to dry matter intake, and it was suggested that development of a prediction equation for estimating digesta from dry matter intake might be possible if more information were obtained on how differences in the amount and nature of diet and the time elapsed since the previous meal affect weight of digesta. Key words: Cattle, diet, digesta, digestive tract, growth
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Bandarupalli, Venkata, and Benoit St- Pierre. "330 Identification and genomic characterization of two novel strains of Prevotella albensis as starch utilizers in the rumen of beef cows." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.234.
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Abstract In cattle fed concentrate diets, rumen amylolytic bacteria digest starch into glucose, which is metabolized for growth. Since metagenomics studies have revealed that uncharacterized ruminal amylolytic bacteria far outnumber known starch utilizers, we have been pursing the identification of novel ruminal amylolytic bacteria. The same Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) was enriched independently from the rumen fluid of two beef cows after culturing with starch. Since this identification was performed using the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene, a metagenomic analysis was conducted to determine whether this OTU represented the same strain or different strains of the same species. A total of 9.25 and 9.16 million sequence reads were respectively generated from a select enriched starch culture from each cow, which had a relative abundance for this OTU of 67.9% and 74.0%, respectively. Contigs were assembled using the publicly available software ABySS, with contigs of at least 2kb in length used for further analysis. Of the enzymes identified by gene annotation of these contigs (using a combination of the online tools RAST and BLASTp), the presence of genes encoding α-amylase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes further supported this OTU as corresponding to a starch utilizer. The alpha-amylase isoforms from the two rumens differed in amino acid length (538 vs 625) and sequence, with their respective closest affiliation being to an uncultured species of Lachnospiraceae (51% amino acid identity) and to Prevotella albensis (95% amino acid identity), respectively. The lactate dehydrogenase isoforms were also found to be different in length (348 aa vs 335 aa) and sequence (100% amino acid identity to Lactobacillus mucosae and 99% to an uncultured species of the genus Olsonella, respectively). These and other gene comparisons together suggest that two strains of the same starch-utilizing OTU have been identified in the rumen of beef cows.