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1
Purcell, Peter James, Tommy M. Boland, Martin O'Brien, and Pádraig O'Kiely. "In vitro rumen methane output of forb species sampled in spring and summer." Agricultural and Food Science 21, no. 2 (June 5, 2012): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.4811.
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The chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation variables and methane (CH4) output of a range of common forb species sampled in spring and summer, and grass silage (14 treatments in total), were determined in this study. Dried, milled herbage samples were incubated in an in vitro rumen batch culture with rumen microbial inoculum (rumen fluid) and buffered mineral solution (artificial saliva) at 39 °C for 24 hours. All herbage chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation variables were affected (p<0.001) by treatment. Rumex obtusifolius (in spring and summer), Urtica dioica (summer) and Senecio jacobaea (summer) had lower (p<0.05) CH4 outputs relative to feed dry matter incubated compared with grass silage, reflecting their lower extent of in vitro rumen fermentation.
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Zhong, Tao, Cheng Wang, Jiangtao Hu, Xiaoyong Chen, Lili Niu, Siyuan Zhan, Linjie Wang, et al. "Comparison of MicroRNA Transcriptomes Reveals the Association between MiR-148a-3p Expression and Rumen Development in Goats." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111951.
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The rumen is an important digestive organ of ruminants. From the fetal to adult stage, the morphology, structure and function of the rumen change significantly. However, the knowledge of the intrinsic genetic regulation of these changes is still limited. We previously reported a genome-wide expression profile of miRNAs in pre-natal goat rumens. In this study, we combined and analyzed the transcriptomes of rumen miRNAs during pre-natal (E60 and E135) and post-natal (D30 and D150) stages. A total of 66 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in the rumen tissues from D30 and D150 goats. Of these, 17 DEMs were consistently highly expressed in the rumens at the pre-weaning stages (E60, E135 and D30), while down-regulated at D150. Noteworthy, annotation analysis revealed that the target genes regulated by the DEMs were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway and Ras signaling pathway. Interestingly, the expression of miR-148a-3p was significantly high in the embryonic stage and down-regulated at D150. The potential binding sites of miR-148a-3p in the 3′-UTR of QKI were predicted by the TargetScan and verified by the dual luciferase report assay. The co-localization of miR-148a-3p and QKI through in situ hybridization was observed in the rumen tissues but not in the intestinal tracts. Moreover, the expression of miR-148a-3p in the epithelium was significantly higher than that in the other layers of the rumen, suggesting that miR-148a-3p is involved in the development of the rumen epithelial cells by targeting QKI. Subsequently, miR-148a-3p inhibitor was found to induce the proliferation of GES-1 cells. Taken together, our study identified DEMs involved in the development of the rumen and provides insights into the regulation mechanism of rumen development in goats.
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Mohamed, Ruba, and Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry. "Methods to study degradation of ruminant feeds." Nutrition Research Reviews 21, no. 1 (June 2008): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422408960674.
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Ruman degradation is crucial in the supply of dietary nutrients to meet the nutrient demands of the anaerobic microbes and body tissues of ruminant animals. Therefore, it is essential to study the dynamics of rumen degradation of various feeds before their potential use to formulate nutritious diets for ruminant animals. Amongst many methods that have been used in the past, thein saccomethod has been the most effective method to study rumen degradation. However, this method is undesirable due to its implications for animal welfare and costs. While manyin vitromethods have been tested as possible alternatives to thein saccomethod to study rumen degradation of feeds, they were unable to remove the need to use fistulated animals to obtain rumen fluid. Although solubility, enzyme- and faeces-basedin vitromethods do not require rumen fluid, they still need data from either thein saccomethod or the rumen fluid-basedin vitromethods for comparison and validation. Therefore, there is a need to developin vitromethods that do not require the need to surgically modify ruminants to obtain rumen fluid to study rumen degradation. We review the potentials and problems associated with the existing methods to study rumen degradation and their implications for the animal industry in different situations.
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Soto, E. C., D. R. Yáñez-Ruiz, G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar, A. Vivas, and E. Molina-Alcaide. "Changes in ruminal microbiota due to rumen content processing and incubation in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters." Animal Production Science 52, no. 9 (2012): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11312.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of rumen content manipulation and its incubation in an in vitro system on the abundance of some microbial groups and the bacterial diversity of goat rumens. Animals and single-flow continuous-culture fermenters were fed diets differing in forage to concentrate ratio (70 : 30; LC and 30 : 70; HC). Rumen contents were sampled after animals’ adaptation to the experimental diets, processed for inoculum preparation and inoculated into fermenters. Fermenter contents were sampled 1 and 7 days after inoculation. Total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, fungi and methanogen abundances were lower in the fermenter than in goat rumens, but no differences were found for Ruminococcus flavefaciens. The abundances of all these microorganisms were similar at 1 and 7 days of rumen content incubation in fermenters. Bacterial species richness did not change due to rumen content processing or the in vitro incubation. Shannon–Wiener index and Pielou evenness were lower in the fermenter than in rumen only when the enzyme HaeIII was used in terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, both in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, showed a segregation of in vivo and in vitro samples, but no trends of grouping for fermenter samples was observed. The HC diet promoted higher abundance of total bacteria than LC in rumen but not in fermenters. Diet only had an effect on bacterial diversity when the enzyme HaeIII was considered. Rumen content processing and incubation in fermenters caused an important decline of the studied ruminal microbial groups although bacterial community structure and diversity did not significantly change.
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Silalahi, Marina. "PEMANFATAN TUMBUHAN SEBAGAI BAHAN RUM-RUMEN (MINUMAN KESEHATAN ETNIS KARO) OLEH PEDAGANG TUMBUHAN OBAT DI PASAR PANCUR BATU SUMATERA UTARA." Care : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/jc.v8i2.1296.
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Written documentation of local knowledge about health drinks, especially the Karo ethnic group, is still limited, although degradation is accelerating with the introduction of information technology. This study aims to determine the diversity of rum-rumen plants, their properties and bioactivity. The method used in the survey and in-depth interviews of 11 traders of medicinal plants is used as a material for making rum-rumen and their benefits. Respondents in this study were all traders of medicinal plants in the Pancurbatu market who traded rum- rumen material. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. The results showed that the rum-rumen is a health drink derived from extracts of 6 plant species originating from 3 families. Leaves and stems are the most widely used organs. The benefits of rum rumen are blood circulation, overcoming headaches, overcoming digestive tract disorders, treating cholesterol and also anti-hypertension. The conclusion that all types of plants used as ruminal ingredients are rich in essential oils. The three plants are Ocimum basilicum, Plectranthus amboinicus and Cymbopogon citratus as the main ingredient of rumen have bioactivity as antimicrobial and anti-cancer especially microbes that infect the digestive and respiratory tract. Rum-rumem drink is very potential to be developed into a health drink to treat digestive and respiratory disorders.
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Malmuthuge, Nilusha, Philip J. Griebel, and Le Luo Guan. "Taxonomic Identification of Commensal Bacteria Associated with the Mucosa and Digesta throughout the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Preweaned Calves." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 6 (January 17, 2014): 2021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03864-13.
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ABSTRACTBacterial colonization in the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of preweaned calves is very important, since it can influence early development and postweaning performance and health. This study investigated the composition of the bacteria along the GIT (rumen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon) of preweaned bull calves (3 weeks old) using pyrosequencing to understand the segregation of bacteria between the mucosal surface and digesta. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a total of 83 genera belonging to 13 phyla were distributed throughout the GIT of preweaned calves, with theFirmicutes,Bacteroidetes, andProteobacteriapredominating. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of selected abundant bacterial genera (Prevotella,Bacteroides,Lactobacillus, andFaecalibacterium) revealed that their prevalence was significantly different among the GIT regions and between mucosa- and digesta-associated communities. Rumens contained the most diverse bacterial population, consisting of 47 genera, including 16 rumen-specific genera, followed by the large intestine and then the small intestine. Bacterial species richness was higher at the mucosal surface than in the local digesta, with the exception of the rumen. The majority of bacteria found on the rumen epithelial surface and within the small intestine could not be identified due to a lack of known genus-level information. Thus, future studies will be required to fully characterize the microbiome during the development of the rumens and the mucosal immune systems of newborn calves. This is the first study to analyze in depth the bacterial composition of the GIT microbiome in preweaned calves, which extends previous findings regarding early rumen colonization and bacterial segregation between mucosa- and digesta-associated microbial communities.
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Moningkey, Sony A. E., R. A. V. Tuturoong, and I. D. R. Lumenta. "PEMANFAATAN ISI RUMEN TERFERMENTASI CELLULOMONAS Sp SEBAGAI CAMPURAN PAKAN KOMPLIT TERNAK KELINCI." ZOOTEC 40, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.40.1.2020.28245.
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UTILIZATION OF FERMENTED RUMENT CONTENT WITH CELLULOMONAS SP IN MIXED COMPLETE FEED FOR RABBIT. Research conducted to learn how to use cattle rumen content by using fermentation processing techniques to enable this rumen to be used as rabbit feed. The material used in this study consisted of cattle rumen contents, starter Cellulomonas sp, rabbits, complete feed. This research consisted of two phase. The first study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design 4 preparations and 6 replications. The fermentation time consists of 0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. For the second study using an experimental method with randomized block design based on the initial body weight of rabbits. The treatment given is the level of use of the best fermented rumen contents in a complete feed ration. Variable which is translated as feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion. Research results The first stage of the P4 study sample (72 hours) as the best guideline is seen from the parameters of crude protein and crude fiber. The results of this study indicate that the use of feed using rumen fermentation (IRF) can increase feed consumption and weight gain. The conclusion of this study is the provision of 30% mixture of fermented rumen contents of Cellulomonas sp in complete feed produced the best results seen from the parameters of consumption, weight gain and feed conversion of rabbit.Keywords: Rumen contents, fermentation, Cellulomonas sp, complete feed, rabbits
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TKALCIC, SUZANA, CATHY A. BROWN, BARRY G. HARMON, ANANT V. JAIN, ERIC P. O. MUELLER, ANDREW PARKS, KAREN L. JACOBSEN, SCOTT A. MARTIN, TONG ZHAO, and MICHAEL P. DOYLE. "Effects of Diet on Rumen Proliferation and Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Calves." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1630.
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Calves inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fed either a high-roughage or high-concentrate diet were evaluated for rumen proliferation and fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Calves fed the high-roughage diet had lower mean rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations and higher rumen pH values than did calves fed the high-concentrate diet. Despite these differences in rumen conditions, the calves fed the high-roughage diet did not have greater rumen populations of E. coli O157: H7 and did not exhibit increased or longer fecal shedding compared with the calves fed the high-concentrate diet. Two calves shedding the highest mean concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 were both fed the high-concentrate diet. There was a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation between fecal shedding and rumen volatile fatty acid concentration in calves fed a high-concentrate diet. The effects of diet on E. coli O157:H7 proliferation and acid resistance were investigated using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Rumen fluid collected from steers fed a high-roughage diet, but not from steers fed a high-concentrate diet, supported the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7. Rumen fluid from steers fed a high-concentrate diet rapidly induced acid resistance in E. coli O157:H7. The impact of diet on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 is still unclear and may depend on dietary effects on fermentation in the colon and on diet-induced changes in the resident microflora. However, rapid development of acid tolerance by E. coli O157:H7 in the rumens of calves fed high-concentrate diets, allowing larger populations to survive passage through the acidic abomasum to proliferate in the colon, may be one factor that influences fecal shedding in cattle on feed.
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Li, Zhipeng, Gemma Henderson, Yahan Yang, and Guangyu Li. "Diversity of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase genes in the rumens of roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed different diets." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 1 (January 2017): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0424.
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Reductive acetogenesis by homoacetogens represents an alternative pathway to methanogenesis to remove metabolic hydrogen during rumen fermentation. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of homoacetogen in the rumens of pasture-fed roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed either oak-leaf-based (tannin-rich, 100 mg/kg dried matter), corn-stover-based, or corn-silage-based diets, by using formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) gene sequences as a marker. The diversity and richness of FTHFS sequences was lowest in animals fed oak leaf, indicating that tannin-containing plants may affect rumen homoacetogen diversity. FTHFS amino acid sequences in the rumen of roe deer significantly differed from those of sika deer. The phylogenetic analyses showed that 44.8% of sequences in pasture-fed roe deer, and 72.1%, 81.1%, and 37.5% of sequences in sika deer fed oak-leaf-, corn-stover-, and corn-silage-based diets, respectively, may represent novel bacteria that have not yet been cultured. These results demonstrate that the rumens of roe deer and sika deer harbor potentially novel homoacetogens and that diet may influence homoacetogen community structure.
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Hook, S. E., K. S. Northwood, A. D. G. Wright, and B. W. McBride. "Long-Term Monensin Supplementation Does Not Significantly Affect the Quantity or Diversity of Methanogens in the Rumen of the Lactating Dairy Cow." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 2 (November 21, 2008): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01672-08.
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ABSTRACT A long-term monensin supplementation trial involving lactating dairy cattle was conducted to determine the effect of monensin on the quantity and diversity of rumen methanogens in vivo. Fourteen cows were paired on the basis of days in milk and parity and allocated to one of two treatment groups, receiving (i) a control total mixed ration (TMR) or (ii) a TMR with 24 mg of monensin premix/kg of diet dry matter. Rumen fluid was obtained using an ororuminal probe on day −15 (baseline) and days 20, 90, and 180 following treatment. Throughout the 6-month experiment, the quantity of rumen methanogens was not significantly affected by monensin supplementation, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The diversity of the rumen methanogen population was investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA clone gene libraries. DGGE analysis at each sampling point indicated that the molecular diversity of rumen methanogens from monensin-treated cattle was not significantly different from that of rumen methanogens from control cattle. 16S rRNA gene libraries were constructed from samples obtained from the rumen fluids of five cows, with a total of 166 clones examined. Eleven unique 16S rRNA sequences or phylotypes were identified, five of which have not been recognized previously. The majority of clones (98.2%) belonged to the genus Methanobrevibacter, with all libraries containing Methanobrevibacter strains M6 and SM9 and a novel phylotype, UG3322.2. Overall, long-term monensin supplementation was not found to significantly alter the quantity or diversity of methanogens in the rumens of lactating dairy cattle in the present study.
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Leedle, Jane A. Z., Michael L. Coe, and Russell A. Frey. "Evaluation of health and ruminal variables during adaptation to grain-based diets in beef cattle." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.07.885.
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SUMMARY Health and ruminal variables were intensively measured during adaptation to grain-based diets in 6 beef cattle with fistulated rumens. The cows had been maintained on prairie grass hay-supplemented diets, and were converted to a grain-based finishing ration by feeding each successive diet (diets 1-4, respectively) for a period of 7 days. Each cow was evaluated and samples were obtained 3 times each day for the first 5 days that each diet was fed. Health variables monitored were rectal temperature, pulse, respiratory and rumen motility rates, fecal consistency, demeanor, blood pH, and blood glucose and l(+) lactate concentrations. Ruminal variables monitored were pH and glucose, dl-lactate, and volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen contents. Data were analyzed by use of a multivariate anova. We determined that most of the health variables were within reference range limits throughout the adaptation period; however, analysis of pulse and respiratory rates indicated that diets 2 and 4 were stressful. Although blood pH continually decreased during feeding of the 4 diets (7.38 to 7.30), blood l(+) lactate and glucose concentrations had large increases only within diet 4. The pH of ruminal contents decreased progressively from 6.8 to 5.3. Rumen glucose concentration was low (< 1 μmol/ml), except with diet 4 in which values were 8 times higher than for other diets. By the end of the study, the ruminal contents of all animals were acidic (pH < 5.5), and, on the basis of higher than background amounts of ruminal glucose and dl-lactate, it was determined that rumen microbial equilibrium had not yet been achieved. Analysis of results of this study suggested that ruminal imbalance could be evaluated by monitoring pulse and respiratory rates, blood pH, and blood glucose concentrations.Assessment of the rumen alone could be accomplished by monitoring the variables of rumen pH, rumen glucose, and dl-lactate concentrations. Respiratory rate, blood and rumen content pH, and blood l(+) lactate concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by time after feeding.
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Castrillo, C., M. Lainez, J. Gasa, and J. A. Guada. "The effect of increasing the proportion of barley straw in pelleted concentrate diets given to lambs on rumen outflow rate and degradation of protein supplements." Animal Science 54, no. 1 (February 1992): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100020572.
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AbstractTwo experiments are described in which growing lambs were offered ad libitum two concentrate pelleted diets containing 60 (diet C) or 230 (diet D) g/kg barley straw.In the first experiment, eight male and eight female lambs were used to determine the outflow rate from the rumen of chromium-mordanted fish meal and soya-bean meal, estimated from faecal marker excretion. Diet D promoted a higher rumen outflow rate (0·0769 per h) than diet C (0·0486 per h); no differences were found either between sexes or between Cr-mordanted protein supplements.In the second experiment, the rumen degradation of fish meal, soya-bean meal, sunflower meal, pea seeds and sweet lupin seeds was studied by incubating the supplements in polyester bags in the rumens of four lambs, following a change-over design. Increasing the proportion of straw to 230 g/kg increased the rate of nitrogen disappearance from all vegetable supplements, the differences being significant only for pea seeds.When degradation kinetics and outflow rates were considered together, effective nitrogen degradability of protein supplements was reduced by the increased proportion of dietary straw, indicating a greater influence of rumen outflow rate than of the increased rate of microbial degradation.
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Hook, Sarah E., André-Denis G. Wright, and Brian W. McBride. "Methanogens: Methane Producers of the Rumen and Mitigation Strategies." Archaea 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/945785.
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Methanogens are the only known microorganisms capable of methane production, making them of interest when investigating methane abatement strategies. A number of experiments have been conducted to study the methanogen population in the rumen of cattle and sheep, as well as the relationship that methanogens have with other microorganisms. The rumen methanogen species differ depending on diet and geographical location of the host, as does methanogenesis, which can be reduced by modifying dietary composition, or by supplementation of monensin, lipids, organic acids, or plant compounds within the diet. Other methane abatement strategies that have been investigated are defaunation and vaccines. These mitigation methods target the methanogen population of the rumen directly or indirectly, resulting in varying degrees of efficacy. This paper describes the methanogens identified in the rumens of cattle and sheep, as well as a number of methane mitigation strategies that have been effectivein vivo.
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Mattila, T., A. J. Frost, and D. O'Boyle. "The growth of salmonella in rumen fluid from cattle at slaughter." Epidemiology and Infection 101, no. 2 (October 1988): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800054273.
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SUMMARYThe pH of the rument contents of cattle was recorded at slaughter; pH ranged from 5.5 to 7–8 and was not correlated with the period from saleyard to slaughter. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured in 43 rumen samples; acetic, propionic and butyric were the major acids present, and the total VFA ranged from 75·9 mM/1 for samples between pH 6–7, to 7·1 mM/1 for samples of pH 8–9. TenSalmonellastrains belonging to 8 serotypes were grown in these 43 rumen samples. Where acid levels of these samples were high and pH low, mostSalmonellasp. were inhibited: as the pH rose (pH 7–8) allSalmonellaserotypes grew, some vigorously; as the total acid declined and pH continued to rise, growth of salmonella ceased. Serotypes and strains of the same serotype differed in their ability to grow in rumen contents, particularly when the pH was low.
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Jalč, D., and M. Čertík. "Effect of microbial oil, monensin and fumarate on rumen fermentation in artificial rumen." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 10 (December 11, 2011): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4238-cjas.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of microbial oil on rumen fermentation of a diet composed of 60% hay and 40% barley in an artificial rumen (Rusitec). Microbial oil (MO) was produced by the fungus Thamnidium elegans. This fungus grew on the wheat bran/spent malt grains (3:1) mixture. The fatty acid composition of microbial oil was as follows: 0.7% C<sub>14:0</sub>, 15.4% C<sub>16:0</sub>, 10.1% C<sub>18:0</sub>, 50.9% C<sub>18:1</sub>, 13.9% C<sub>18:2</sub> and 8.4% C<sub>18:3</sub> (GLA, γ-linolenic acid). The effect of monensin MON (66 ppm) and fumarate FUM (6.25 mmol) with and without MO supplementation was also studied. The experiment in Rusitec lasted 11 days. After a stabilization period (5 days), MO was added to fermentation vessel V<sub>2</sub> (6 days), MON to fermentation vessel V<sub>3</sub> (6 days) and FUM to fermentation vessel V<sub>4 </sub>(6 days). MO was also added to V<sub>3</sub> and V<sub>4</sub> on the last day together with MON (V<sub>3</sub>) and FUM (V<sub>4</sub>). The fermentation vessel V<sub>1 </sub>served as control (without additives). The results showed that MO reduced (P < 0.05) mol% acetate and increased (P < 0.05) mol% propionate and n-butyrate. Methane production (mmol/day) was reduced numerically (NS). The efficiency of microbial synthesis (EMS) was also reduced numerically and nitrogen incorporated by the microflora (N<sub>M</sub>) was reduced significantly in MO supplementation. There were no differences in the rumen fermentation when MO was applied together with MON and FUM compared to the vessel where only MO was applied. No additive effect was observed in the relationship MO-ionophore or MO-FUM. Monensin and fumarate applied separately showed their typical effects on rumen fermentation in vitro.
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Wang, Yan-Lu, Wei-Kang Wang, Qi-Chao Wu, Fan Zhang, Wen-Juan Li, Sheng-Li Li, Wei Wang, Zhi-Jun Cao, and Hong-Jian Yang. "In Situ Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Bacterial Colonization of Corn Silages Differing in Ferulic and p-Coumaric Acid Contents." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112269.
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In plant cell wall, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) are commonly linked with arabinoxylans and lignin through ester and ether bonds. These linkages were deemed to hinder the access of rumen microbes to cell wall polysaccharides. The attachment of rumen microbes to plant cell wall was believed to have profound effects on the rate and the extent of forage digestion in rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bound phenolic acid content and their composition in corn silages on the nutrient degradability, and the composition of the attached bacteria. Following an in situ rumen degradation method, eight representative corn silages with different FA and pCA contents were placed into nylon bags and incubated in the rumens of three matured lactating Holstein cows for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Corn silage digestibility was assessed by in situ degradation methods. As a result, the effective degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre were negatively related to the ether-linked FA and pCA, and their ratio in corn silages, suggesting that not only the content and but also the composition of phenolic acids significantly affected the degradation characteristics of corn silages. After 24 h rumen fermentation, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota were observed as the dominant phyla in the bacterial communities attached to the corn silages. After 72 h rumen fermentation, the rumen degradation of ester-linked FA was much greater than that of ester-linked pCA. The correlation analysis noted that Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Acetitomaculum, and Bifidobacterium were negatively related to the initial ether-linked FA content while Prevotella was positively related to the ether-linked FA content and the ratio of pCA to FA. In summary, the present results suggested that the content of ether-linked phenolic acids in plant cell walls exhibited a more profound effect on the pattern of microbial colonization than the fibre content.
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Frutos, P., A. J. Duncan, and S. A. Young. "The effect of rumen adaptation to oxalic acid on diet choice by goats grazing a spinach/cabbage matrix." BSAP Occasional Publication 20 (1997): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00043500.
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Adaptation of large herbivores to secondary plant compounds found in their food plants may influence their food choice. Plants, which are potentially toxic, may initially be avoided by herbivores but, following sampling and adaptation of detoxification pathways, herbivores may be able to exploit certain toxic plants without detrimental effects. Thus, adaptation of the rumen microbial population can protect the host animal from the toxic effects of plant secondary compounds. Oxalic acid is a plant component found at high concentrations in a range of food plants, such as Beta vulgaris L, and Rumex spp., commonly consumed by ruminants. It is readily degraded in the rumen by Oxalobacter formigenes following a period of adaptation (Allison and Reddy, 1984).
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DePeters, E. J., and L. W. George. "Rumen transfaunation." Immunology Letters 162, no. 2 (December 2014): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.009.
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Flachowsky, Gerhard. "Rumen Microbiology." Animal Feed Science and Technology 113, no. 1-4 (March 2004): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.09.002.
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Mshelbwala, F. M., A. A. Adebiyi, O. L. Ajayi, M. O. Olaniyi, A. A. Oloye, O. O. Adebayo, I. O. Sanni, A. K. F. Kadiri, and S. A. V. Abakpa. "Rumen Impaction: Retrospective study on the prevalence, clinical findings, gross pathology and causes in sheep and goat reared in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.573.
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In the present study, the prevalence, clinical manifestation, pathology and causes of rumen impaction in sheep and goats were determined from 6 years postmortem records, of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, for proper management of the condition. The prevalence was calculated as percentage of occurrence of rumen impaction among cases presented for postmortem examination; as overall, annual, age and sex-specific. The overall prevalence was 16.05%; and was higher in sheep (23.53%) than in goats (10.64%). Annual prevalence varied from 7.14 in 2014 to 25.00% in 2017. Higher prevalence was recorded in adult (23.81%) and female (21.43%) than in young (7.69%) and male (10.26%) animals. Clinical findings included distended abdomen, dullness, anorexia, fever; difficulty in breathing, recumbency and anaemia. Grossly the abdomens were distended; there were severe frothy exudates in the trachea and air ways. The visceral organs were severely congested. The rumens were markedly distended with foreign materials; as well as feed materials in some cases, thereby confusing the condition with pregnancy. The causes of rumen impaction include foreign materials such as nylon (40.00%), twines and ropes (25.00%), plastics and rubbers (10.00%), wire (2.00%) stones and sands (2.00%), bones and unidentified objects (1.00%).While impaction due to green and dry feeds constitute(15.00%) and cassava peels in 5% of the cases. When clinical sign of distended abdomen is observed in female small ruminants, proper examination should be carried out, bearing in mind the possibility of rumen impaction rather than considering only pregnancy. The high prevalence of rumen impaction recorded in this study call for proper environmental sanitation and proper management of small ruminants in the study area.
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Zhao, G. Y., M. Durić, N. A. Macleod, E. R. ØRskov, F. D. Deb Hovell, and Y. L. Feng. "The use of intragastric nutrition to study saliva secretion and the relationship between rumen osmotic pressure and water transport." British Journal of Nutrition 73, no. 2 (February 1995): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950020.
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Four sheep sustained by intragastric nutrition were used to study saliva secretion and the relationship between osmotic pressure in the rumen and net water transport across the rumen wall. Different concentrations of buffer were infused into the rumen to change the rumen osmotic pressure. Salivary secretion was estimated from entrance of P into the rumen. Net water transport across the rumen wall was calculated as the difference between water inflow and water outflow from the rumen. A negative linear relationship between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm/kg) and the water absorption across the rumen wall (Y, ml/h) was found: Y = (394 SE 8·3)–(l·22 SE 0·03) X, r20·83, (P < 0·001), and a positive linear relationship was found between the rumen osmotic pressure (X, mOsm /kg) and the outflow rate of rumen fluid (Y, ml/h): Y = (34·0 SE 8·0) + (0·97 SE 0·03), X, r2 0·56, (P < 0·001). The implication is that rumen osmotic pressure can be a key factor in the control of the net water transport across the rumen wall, the outflow of rumen fluid to omasum and the rumen liquid dilution rate. A method is suggested by which salivary secretion in sheep may be calculated from the water balance in the rumen.
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Soltis, Macey P., Sarah E. Moorey, Amanda M. Egert-McLean, Brynn H. Voy, Elizabeth A. Shepherd, and Phillip R. Myer. "Rumen Biogeographical Regions and Microbiome Variation." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030747.
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The rumen is a complex organ that is critical for its host to convert low-quality feedstuffs into energy. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to volatile fatty acids and other end products is primarily driven by the rumen microbiome and its interaction with the host. Importantly, the rumen is demarcated into five distinct rumen sacs as a result of anatomical structure, resulting in variable physiology among the sacs. However, rumen nutritional and microbiome studies have historically focused on the bulk content or fluids sampled from single regions within the rumen. Examining the rumen microbiome from only one or two biogeographical regions is likely not sufficient to provide a comprehensive analysis of the rumen microbiome and its fermentative capacity. Rumen biogeography, digesta fraction, and microbial rumen–tissue association all impact the diversity and function of the entirety of the rumen microbiome. Therefore, this review discusses the importance of the rumen biographical regions and their contribution to microbiome variation.
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Marsden, M., C. I. Bruce, C. G. Bartram, and P. J. Buttery. "Initial studies on leucine metabolism in the rumen of sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 60, no. 1 (July 1988): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880085.
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1. [3H]leucine infused directly into the rumen of sheep labelled microbial protein and, when compared with the specific activity of the rumen free-leucine pool, indicated that 50% of the bacterial protein leucine originated from the rumen free-leucine pool.2. The lower limit for bacterial protein turnover in the rumen was 0.37/d when calculated as the difference between the specific rate of disappearances of labelled bacteria from the rumen and the liquid-phase dilution rate.3. Intravenously infused leucine also labelled the rumen bacteria. The build-up of specific activity in the rumen bacteria was sigmoidal and did not resemble that of the salivary protein which suggested that the rumen epithelium was a major endogenous protein input to the rumen. Additionally, bacteria isolated from the rumen epithelium had high radioactivity indicating that they were ingesting the rumen epithelial cells.
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Gselman, Anastazija, and Maksimiljan Brus. "Ensiling, In Vitro Rumen Digestion and Soaking in Slurry Altered the Germination Capacity of Rumex obtusifolius Seeds." Agriculture 13, no. 7 (July 4, 2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071347.
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This study investigated whether the process of ensiling and in vitro digestion in rumen juice, as well as the response to soaking in pig or cattle slurry, affects the germination rate and germination energy of Rumex obtusifolius (broad-leaved dock) seeds. Seeds were subjected to different treatments (200 seeds each) in three experiments: (I) seed ensiling (8 weeks) followed by in vitro rumen digestion (24, 36 and 48 h); (II) the soaking of non-ensiled and ensiled seeds in cattle or pig slurry (2, 4 and 24 weeks); and (III) the in vitro rumen digestion (24, 36 and 48 h) of non-ensiled and ensiled seeds followed by soaking in cattle or pig slurry (24 weeks). The control treatment included untreated seed (0—non-ensiled seed; 0—no in vitro rumen digestion; and 0—no soaking in slurry). Germination tests (germination rate and germination energy) were then conducted in four replicates in the germination chamber under alternating day (20–35 °C for 14 h under light) and night conditions (17–20 °C for 10 h without light) at 75% relative humidity. Experiment I showed that ensiling significantly (p ≤ 0.001) reduced both the germination rate and germination energy of R. obtusifolius seeds. In addition, the length of in vitro digestion duration that the non-ensiled seeds were subjected to significantly (p ≤ 0.001) reduced their germination energy but not the total germination rate. However, the seeds that were subjected to the process of ensiling and in vitro digestion in the rumen lost their germination completely. The Experiment II investigated the effects of soaking non-ensiled seeds in slurry and showed that germination rates were comparable in pig and cattle slurry. Longer soaking times significantly reduced the germination rate, with no germination observed after 24 weeks. The Experiment III considered the combined effects of in vitro digestion and slurry soaking and showed that rumen digestion reduced the proportion of germinable seeds. Germination was inhibited in pig slurry, while in cattle slurry, a decreasing germination rate was observed with increasing digestion time.
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Frutos, P., A. J. Duncan, and S. Young. "The influence of different rates of oxalic acid administration on the rate at which oxalic acid is degraded in the rumen of sheep and goats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620059379x.
Full textAbstract:
Oxalic acid is present at high concentrations in certain plants such as Beta vulgaris L. and Rumex spp. and may cause renal toxicity following consumption by ruminants. Oral dosing of animals with free oxalic acid leads to an increase in the rate of oxalic acid breakdown in the rumen (Allison and Reddy, 1984). However, information is lacking on the extent to which the rate of administration of oxalic acid affects the capacity of ruminants to degrade the compound. Moreover, different species with different foraging habits may show different ability to detoxify the oxalic acid.This experiment was carried out in order to determine the extent to which the rate of exposure to oxalic acid affects the capacity of the rumen of sheep and goats to degrade the compound.
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Frutos, P., A. J. Duncan, and S. Young. "The influence of different rates of oxalic acid administration on the rate at which oxalic acid is degraded in the rumen of sheep and goats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031500.
Full textAbstract:
Oxalic acid is present at high concentrations in certain plants such as Beta vulgaris L. and Rumex spp. and may cause renal toxicity following consumption by ruminants. Oral dosing of animals with free oxalic acid leads to an increase in the rate of oxalic acid breakdown in the rumen (Allison and Reddy, 1984). However, information is lacking on the extent to which the rate of administration of oxalic acid affects the capacity of ruminants to degrade the compound. Moreover, different species with different foraging habits may show different ability to detoxify the oxalic acid.This experiment was carried out in order to determine the extent to which the rate of exposure to oxalic acid affects the capacity of the rumen of sheep and goats to degrade the compound.
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Freudenberger, D. O., K. Toyakawa, T. N. Barry, A. J. Ball, and J. M. Suttie. "Seasonality in digestion and rumen metabolism in red deer (Cervus elaphus) fed on a forage diet." British Journal of Nutrition 71, no. 4 (April 1994): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940157.
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Six adult castrated male red deer (Cervus elaphus), fitted with rumen cannulas, were offered chaffed lucerne hay ad lib. during winter and summer, with voluntary food intake (VFI) being respectively 59 and 89 g dry matter intake (DMI)/kg bodyweight 0.75 per d. The same animals were also offered the same feed during summer, with intake restricted to that of winter VFI. The apparent digestibility of gross energy (0.60) or fibre (0.41) and the total capacity (volume) of the rumen were unaffected by season or level of intake. Relative to winter ad lib. feeding, N retention, total rumen pool size (DM +water), rumen pool size as a proportion of capacity, and rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) pool size were increased during summer ad lib. feeding. Relative to winter ad lib. feeding, N retention, rumen ammonia irreversible loss rate (IRL), total rumen pool size, rumen pool size as a proportion of capacity, and rumen ammonia and total VFA pool sizes were also increased during summer restricted feeding. Rumen Lignin fractional disappearance rate (FDPR) was lower in summer than in winter, and there was a nonsignificant trend for rumen fractional outflow rate (FOR) of liquid to follow the same trend. Molar proportions of acetate and propionate were unaffected by season, proportions of n-butyrate were slightly higher in summer, and proportions of iso-butyrate and iso-valerate were higher for summer restricted than for winter ad lib. feeding. When intakes were equalized there were no seasonal changes in rate of rumen water outflow, net rumen water balance or intestinal water absorption. It is concluded that there is a seasonal change in rumen physiology in red deer during summer causing increased total rumen pool size (DM + water), an increase in rumen ammonia production and pool size, and an increase in rumen total VFA pool size which are all independent of the increase in VFI. The increased total rumen pool size in the summer restricted group may indicate an increased mean retention time (MRT) of digesta in the rumen. MRT for particulate matter was calculated to be 29.2 and 34.8 h during winter and summer respectively. This, together with increased rumen ammonia production, may function to maintain rumen fibre digestion when VFI normally increases during summer. The increased rumen VFA pool size may indicate increased VFA production during summer, in the same way as ammonia IRL was increased.
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Zhang, Ke, Bibo Li, Mengmeng Guo, Gongwei Liu, Yuxin Yang, Xiaolong Wang, Yulin Chen, and Enping Zhang. "Maturation of the Goat Rumen Microbiota Involves Three Stages of Microbial Colonization." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121028.
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With increasing age, the rumen microbiota of new-born ruminants become central in the translation of fibrous feed substances into essential nutrients. However, the colonization process of the microbial community (especially fungal community) remains poorly understood in ruminants at pre-weaning stages. In this study, the rumen bacterial and fungal colonization processes were investigated in goats at eight stages using amplicon sequencing. For bacteria, we found 36 common core genera at D0, D3, D14, D28, and D56, including mainly Bacillus, Alloprevotella, Bacteroides, Prevotella_1, Lactococcus, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214. Firmicutes was the dominant phylum among the total microbiota in newborn goat kids (prior to nursing), while Bacillus, Lactococcus, and Pseudomonas were predominant genera. Interestingly, the proportion of Bacillus was as high as 55% in newborn animals. After milk nursing, the predominant phylum changed to Bacteroidetes, while the proportion of Bacillus and Lactobacillus was very low. CowPi was used to predict the functional gene pathways and we found increases in the abundance of genes associated with amino acid related enzymes, DNA repair and recombination proteins, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, and peptidases after D3. With regard to fungi, we found that there were 51 common genera at day 0 (D0), D3, D14, D28, and D56, including mainly Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Caecomyces. Aspergillus occupied approximately 47% at day 0, but then it decreased from day 3 to day 14. This study indicates that the core microbes of rumen emerged shortly after birth, but the abundance was very different from the core genus of the adult rumen. In addition, we also report a detailed scheme of the bacterial and fungal colonization process in rumens and propose three distinct stages during the rumen colonization process in pre-weaning goats, which will offer a reference for the development of milk substitutes for small ruminants.
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WILMAN, D., R. W. DERRICK, and G. MOSELEY. "Physical breakdown of chickweed, dandelion, dock, ribwort, spurrey and perennial ryegrass when eaten by sheep and when macerated." Journal of Agricultural Science 129, no. 4 (December 1997): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004759.
Full textAbstract:
Six plant species were compared in terms of their physical breakdown when eaten by sheep and when macerated: chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.), ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.), spurrey (Spergula arvensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). In two experiments at Aberystwyth in 1985 and 1986, the species were artificially dried and fed to lambs as the total diet. In another experiment in 1987, they were fed fresh, in 1·5 min meals, to yearling sheep.Perennial ryegrass was more difficult to break down than the dicotyledonous species, judging by the particle size distribution in macerated and in chewed material and in the rumen contents and from the rather long time the sheep spent eating and ruminating per 100 g dry matter (DM) intake and the rather high fibrosity index. The width of some of the smaller ryegrass particles in the rumen was such that they must have contained only a single vein. Spurrey was readily broken down by macerating and by chewing and a relatively short time was spent eating and ruminating per 100 g DM intake. The shape of spurrey particles in the rumen was quite similar to that of stemmy ryegrass particles and the fibrosity index of spurrey was high. The breakdown of chickweed was similar to that of spurrey, but the fibrosity index of chickweed was lower. Accumulation of DM in the caecum appeared particularly pronounced in sheep fed ribwort or dock. The dock particles in the rumen typically had a low ratio of length to width and it seemed that dock particles did not need to be reduced in size as much as ryegrass particles before passing out of the rumen.
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Holder, P., P. J. Buttery, and P. C. Garnsworthy. "The effect of dietary asynchrony on rumen nitrogen recycling in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590668.
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Recent work (Sinclair et al. 1993) has suggested that synchronising the rate of rumen breakdown and availability of dietary energy and nitrogenous components can increase capture of rumen degradable nitrogen and improve efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. For rumen bacteria to function efficiently they require a supply of both energy and nitrogen sources together i.e a synchronous diet. Nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen is a major contributor to the nitrogen economy of the animal and supplies substantial quantities of nitrogen to the rumen bacteria (Kennedy & Milligan 1980). The amount of nitrogen recycled to the rumen is diet dependant. This dependency may not solely be due to the levels of dietary nutrients but also to their rate of breakdown and availability to the rumen bacteria. The predominant mechanism controlling nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen appears to be rumen ammonia concentration It has been suggested that the recycling of nitrogen between the blood urea pool and the rumen ammonia pool may be able to compensate for periods of dietary nitrogen deficiency in the rumen due to the asynchrony of availability of the nitrogen and energy components to the rumen bacteria.
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Holder, P., P. J. Buttery, and P. C. Garnsworthy. "The effect of dietary asynchrony on rumen nitrogen recycling in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028373.
Full textAbstract:
Recent work (Sinclair et al. 1993) has suggested that synchronising the rate of rumen breakdown and availability of dietary energy and nitrogenous components can increase capture of rumen degradable nitrogen and improve efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. For rumen bacteria to function efficiently they require a supply of both energy and nitrogen sources together i.e a synchronous diet. Nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen is a major contributor to the nitrogen economy of the animal and supplies substantial quantities of nitrogen to the rumen bacteria (Kennedy & Milligan 1980). The amount of nitrogen recycled to the rumen is diet dependant. This dependency may not solely be due to the levels of dietary nutrients but also to their rate of breakdown and availability to the rumen bacteria. The predominant mechanism controlling nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen appears to be rumen ammonia concentration It has been suggested that the recycling of nitrogen between the blood urea pool and the rumen ammonia pool may be able to compensate for periods of dietary nitrogen deficiency in the rumen due to the asynchrony of availability of the nitrogen and energy components to the rumen bacteria.
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Berata, I. Ketut, Ni Nyoman Werdi Susari, I. Made Kardena, and Arindita Niatazya Novianti. "Pathological Impacts Due to The Existence of Plastic Waste in Rumen of Bali Cattle." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 6, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol6.iss3.2023.26-30.
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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Bali cattle rumen containing plastic waste and its impact on tissues and health risks. A total of 100 Bali cattle were investigated after being slaughtered at several traditional slaughterhouses in Denpasar City. Rumen samples were examined for any plastic waste, meanwhile blood, liver, kidney, lungs, spleen, intestine, and myocardium were collected for evaluation of heavy metals content and histopathological examination. The heavy metal measurement was performed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Those tissues for histopathological examination were fixed in buffer neutral formalin (BNF) and then evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The results of the examination reported 9 rumens (9%) containing plastic waste. The hematological profile showed leucocytosis and the content of lead (0.841 ± 0.522 ppm). Histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, and intestine, were found in various types of degeneration, inflammation, and mild necrosis. In conclusion, the prevalence of plastic waste in the rumen of Bali cattle was 9%, with leucocytosis, lead content was 0.841 ± 0.522 ppm, and various histopathological lesions such as congestion, inflammation, and fatty degeneration in parenchymous tissues.
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Franzolin, Raul, and Burk A. Dehority. "The role of pH on the survival of rumen protozoa in steers." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 10 (October 2010): 2262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001000023.
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In order to study the effect of pH on defaunation in the rumen, four rumen fistulated steers were fed a basal roughage diet for a 4-week adaptation period followed by 17 weeks of feeding with three diets and two feeding levels of high concentrate diet. Rumen outflow fluid rate was evaluated in both ration levels. Rumen protozoa population was monitored weekly and when animals became defaunated, protozoa were reinoculated with rumen contents from one of the faunated steers. At every two weeks, during all the experimental period, rumen pH was measured in all animals at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h after feeding. It was observed an individual animal influence on the establishment and maintenance of the rumen ciliate protozoa population. In all sampling times, mean rumen pH values were higher in faunated steers than in the defaunated ones. No differences were observed in rumen outflow fluid rates between the two ration levels. Extended periods of low rumen pH are probably more detrimental to the survival of ciliate protozoa in the rumen than other factors.
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Kong, Yunhong, Maolong He, Tim McAlister, Robert Seviour, and Robert Forster. "Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Microbial Communities in the Rumens of Cattle Fed Different Diets." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 20 (August 27, 2010): 6933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00217-10.
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ABSTRACT At present there is little quantitative information on the identity and composition of bacterial populations in the rumen microbial community. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using newly designed oligonucleotide probes was applied to identify the microbial populations in liquid and solid fractions of rumen digesta from cows fed barley silage or grass hay diets with or without flaxseed. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were abundant in both fractions, constituting 31.8 to 87.3% of the total cell numbers. They belong mainly to the order Bacteroidales (0.1 to 19.2%), hybridizing with probe BAC1080; the families Lachnospiraceae (9.3 to 25.5%) and Ruminococcaceae (5.5 to 23.8%), hybridizing with LAC435 and RUM831, respectively; and the classes Deltaproteobacteria (5.8 to 28.3%) and Gammaproteobacteria (1.2 to 8.2%). All were more abundant in the rumen communities of cows fed diets containing silage (75.2 to 87.3%) than in those of cows fed diets containing hay (31.8 to 49.5%). The addition of flaxseed reduced their abundance in the rumens of cows fed silage-based diets (to 45.2 to 58.7%) but did not change markedly their abundance in the rumens of cows fed hay-based diets (31.8 to 49.5%). Fibrolytic species, including Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus spp., and archaeal methanogens accounted for only a small proportion (0.4 to 2.1% and 0.2 to 0.6%, respectively) of total cell numbers. Depending on diet, between 37.0 and 91.6% of microbial cells specifically hybridized with the probes used in this study, allowing them to be identified in situ. The identities of other microbial populations (8.4 to 63.0%) remain unknown.
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Kingston-Smith, A. H., R. J. Merry, D. K. Leemans, H. Thomas, and M. K. Theodorou. "Evidence in support of a role for plant-mediated proteolysis in the rumens of grazing animals." British Journal of Nutrition 93, no. 1 (January 2005): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041303.
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The present work aimed to differentiate between proteolytic activities of plants and micro-organisms during the incubation of grass in cattle rumens. Freshly cut ryegrass was placed in bags of varying permeability and incubated for 16 h in the rumens of dairy cows that had previously grazed a ryegrass sward, supplemented with 4 kg dairy concentrate daily. Woven polyester bags (50 μm pore size) permitted direct access of the micro-organisms and rumen fluid enzymes to the plant material. The polythene was impermeable even to small molecules such as NH3. Dialysis tubing excluded micro-organisms and rumen enzymes/metabolites larger than 10 kDa. DM loss was 46·3 % in polyester, 36·2 % in polythene and 38·1 % in dialysis treatments. It is possible that the DM loss within polythene bags occurred due to a solubilisation of plant constituents (e.g. water-soluble carbohydrates) rather than microbial attachment/degradation processes. The final protein content of the herbage residues was not significantly different between treatments. Regardless of bag permeability, over 97 % of the initial protein content was lost during incubationsin situ. Electrophoretic separation showed that Rubisco was extensively degraded in herbage residues whereas the membrane-associated, light-harvesting protein remained relatively undegraded. Protease activity was detected in herbage residues and bathing liquids after all incubationin situtreatments. Although rumen fluid contains proteases (possibly of plant and microbial origin), our results suggest that, owing to cell compartmentation, their activity against the proteins of intact plant cells is limited, supporting the view that plant proteases are involved in the degradation of proteins in freshly ingested herbage.
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Hidayati, Nurul, Riszqina Riszqina, and Desi K. Agustina. "Pengaruh pemberian isi rumen sapi terhadap kualitas fisik dan kimia UMB (Urea Molasses Block)." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science) 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v14i1.367.
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Abstract Urea Molasses Block (UMB) is a supplement feed for ruminants, in solid form which is rich in nutrients. The contents of the rumen can potentially be used as an additional ingredient for the manufacture of supplements in ruminants. However, the quality of the rumen content supplements produced still needs to be studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional content of urea molasses blocks fed with bovine rumen contents at several concentrations and without bovine rumen contents. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely P0: UMB without rumen content, P1: UMB + 10% rumen content, P2: UMB + 20% rumen content, and P3: UMB + 30% rumen content, respectively treatment there were 3 replications. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it can be concluded that the addition of cow's rumen content to Urea Molasses Block (UMB) at various concentrations can affect the physical and chemical qualities of UMB. The more addition of rumen contents as a mixture of Urea Molasses Block (UMB), the higher the crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and water content but the lower the dry matter. The treatment with the best results was P3 (UMB + 30% rumen content) with a crude protein value of 12.11%, 18.87% crude fiber, 8.92% crude fat, and 67.78% dry matter. Keywords: Feed for ruminan; Nutrient content; Urea molasses block Abstrak Urea Molases Block (UMB) adalah pakan suplemen untuk ternak ruminansia, berbentuk padat yang kaya dengan zat-zat makanan. Isi rumen berpotensi dapat dijadikan bahan tambahan untuk pembuatan suplemen pada ternak ruminansia. Namun kualitas suplemen isi rumen yang dihasilkan masih perlu untuk dikaji. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kandungan nutrisi urea molases blok yang diberi isi rumen sapipada beberapa konsentrasi dan tanpa isi rumen sapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu P0: UMB tanpaisi rumen, P1: UMB + 10% isi rumen, P2: UMB + 20% isi rumen, dan P3: UMB + 30% isi rumen, masing –masing perlakuan terdapat 3 ulangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan isi rumen sapi terhadap Urea Molasses Block (UMB) pada berbagai konsentrasi dapat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas fisik dan kualitas kimia UMB. Semakin banyak penambahan isi rumen sebagai bahan campuran Urea Molasses Block (UMB) maka kandungan protein kasar, serat kasar, lemak kasar dan kadar air semakin tinggi tetapi bahan kering semakin rendah. Perlakuan yang memiliki hasil terbaik adalah P3 (UMB + 30% isi rumen) dengan nilai protein kasar 12,11%, serat kasar 18,87%, lemak kasar 8,92%, dan bahan kering 67,78%. Kata kunci: Kandungan nutrisi; Pakan ruminansia; Urea molasses block
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Hegarty, R. S. "Reducing rumen methane emissions through elimination of rumen protozoa." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 8 (1999): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99008.
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Methanogens living on and within rumen ciliate protozoa may be responsible for up to 37% of the rumen methane emissions. In the absence of protozoa, rumen methane emissions are reduced by an average of 13% but this varies with diet. Decreased methane emissions from the protozoa-free rumen may be a consequence of: (1) reduced ruminal dry matter digestion; (2) a decreased methanogen population; (3) an altered pattern of volatile fatty acid production and hydrogen availability; or (4) increased partial pressure of oxygen in the rumen. The decline in methanogenesis associated with removal of protozoa is greatest on high concentrate diets and this is in keeping with protozoa being relatively more important sources of hydrogen on starch diets, because many starch-fermenting bacteria do not produce H2. Because protozoa also decrease the supply of protein available to the host animal, their elimination offers benefits in both decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and potentially increasing livestock production. Strategies for eliminating protozoa are reviewed. None of the available techniques is considered practical for commercial application and this should be addressed.
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Wang, Haibo, Fei Wu, Tianci Guan, Yangxiang Zhu, Zhantao Yu, Depeng Zhang, Siyu Zhang, Huawei Su, and Binghai Cao. "Chopping Roughage Length Improved Rumen Development of Weaned Calves as Revealed by Rumen Fermentation and Bacterial Community." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112149.
Full textAbstract:
Roughage particle size can influence rumen development, which is also determined by rumen microorganisms and their metabolic end-products. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the comprehensive effects of roughage length and rumen bacterial community on the rumen development of weaned calves. A total of thirty-six weaned Angus female calves (125 ± 3 d; 161.2 ± 13.0 kg) were randomly assigned to three diets differing in roughage particle size: 4 cm (short length); 24 cm (medium length); and 44 cm (long length). Results showed that chopping roughage increased dry matter intake and organic matter apparent digestibility; altered rumen fermentation indicated by the increased rumen butyrate and valerate concentrations; and increased plasma glucose, cholesterol, and total protein. Chopping roughage affected rumen bacterial community, as indicated by altering the diversity indices; by increasing ruminal bacteria Papillibacter and Eubacterium_hallii_group, which are involved in butyrate production; and by increasing Synergistetes and Mogibacterium, which are involved in bacterial colonization. In conclusion, chopping roughage at 4 cm was shown to improve the rumen bacterial community, alter rumen fermentation, eventually promote the development of rumen.
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Seyidova, L. "Study of Fauna and Ecology of Species Belonging to Entodynimorpha in the Regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2024): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/102/34.
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Rumen Protozoa are strictly anaerobic and highly specialized ciliates and can live only in the rumen and similar habitats. These Ciliata play an important role in feed utilization and indicate the environmental impact (methane emissions and nitrogen excretion) of ruminant production. Digestion of feed in ruminants depends on the life activity of microorganisms. Without their help, ruminants could not assimilate cellulose with simple non-protein compounds. These microorganisms located in rumen decompose the organic substances in the feed and form volatile fatty acids, ammonia, amino acids, which animals use for their development and reproduction. In the rumen of domesticated cattle and sheep, rumen cilia constitute 20-50% of the total microbial biomass. Rumen Ciliata develop symbiotic relationships with their animal hosts and both symbiotic and predator-prey relationships with other members of the rumen microbiota. The lack of axenic cultures of rumen Ciliata has forced researchers to use other methods to determine the metabolism and functions of rumen Protozoa, such as comparing rumen fermentation and microbial profiles of faunal and non-ciliated cattle or sheep or using in vitro cultures.
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Wisnu, Veiganata. "PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH ISI RUMEN SAPI SEBAGAI MIKROORGANISME LOKAL (MOL)." jurnal ATMOSPHERE 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/atmosphere.v1i1.2958.
Full textAbstract:
Mikroorganisme lokal (MOL) merupakan bioaktivator yang terdiri dari kumpulan berbagai macam mikroorganisme pengurai. Isi rumen sapi dapat menjadi sumber mikroba untuk pembuatan MOL karena isi rumen memiliki berbagai macam mikroorganisme pengurai yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bioaktivator. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui komposisi nasi putih dan isi rumen sapi yang tepat untuk hasil MOL dari isi rumen sapi yang optimal. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan proses fermentasi anaerob selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa mikroba yang terkandung dalam MOL dari isi rumen sapi adalah jenis Bacillus Subtillus, Bacillus Licheniformis, Lactobacillus ruminus, Spirillum, Diplodinium Dentatum, Diplodinium sp, Dasytricha Ruminantium dengan jumlah tertinggi yaitu 92 x 105 Koloni/100 mL serta menunjukan adanya fluktuasi jumlah mikroba yang teridentifikasi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa komposisi nasi puth dan isi rumen sapi yang tepat untuk hasil MOL dari isi rumen sapi yang optimal adalah 400 gram nasi putih dan 75 gram isi rumen sapi
Kata kunci : MOL, Isi Rumen Sapi, Nasi Putih
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Sisriyenni, Dwi, Suryahadi Suryahadi, Komang G Wiryawan, Dwierra Evvyernie, and Dadik Pantaya. "Isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri yang berpotensi mengikat aflatoksin di rumen sapi." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan 4, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jipt.v4i2.2515.
Full textAbstract:
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh aflatoksin terhadap fermentasi rumen secara in vitro dan untuk mendapatkan isolat bakteri rumen yang mampu mengikat aflatoksin. Percobaan terdiri dari tiga tahap, tahap pertama adalah penurunan aflatoksin didalam rumen yang dilakukan secara in vitro. Tahap kedua adalah isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri rumen yang bisa mengikat aflatoksin, dan tahap ketiga adalah uji daya ikat aflatoksin oleh bakteri rumen. Penelitian ini menggunakan rumen sapi yang didapatkan dari rumah potong hewan (RPH) Bubulak Bogor. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial 2x3 dan 2 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah kandungan aflatoksin (tanpa dan penambahan aflatoksin), faktor kedua adalah jenis pakan (ransum dan glukosa), dan faktor ketiga adalah waktu inkubasi (0 dan 4 jam). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan aflatoksin tidak mempengaruhi kondisi rumen (pH, volattile fatty acid (VFA), dan konsentrasi asam laktat rumen), dari hasil isolasi didapatkan 6 isolat dan bakteri rumen yang dapat mengikat aflatoksin hingga 50%.
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Baumont, R., C. H. Malbert, and Y. Ruckebusch. "Mechanical stimulation of rumen fill and alimentary behaviour in sheep." Animal Science 50, no. 1 (February 1990): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004529.
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ABSTRACTThe effects of an increase of rumen fill obtained with polystyrene cubes, and able to stimulate mechanically the rumen wall were investigated on alimentary behaviour and reticulo-rumen motility in sheep. The introduction through a rumen cannula of a volume of polystyrene cubes equal to one-quarter of the ruminal pool size depressed the daily intake of both low-quality cocksfoot hay and good-quality lucerne hay (P < 0·05). Surprisingly, the time spent ruminating was slightly increased and the frequency of contractions during rumination was significantly increased (P < 0·05). In addition, in the sheep fed enterally with a liquid into the rumen, either the mechanical stimulation of the rumen dorsal wall or the introduction of hay (200 g) into the rumen, induced a rumination molility pattern. It is concluded that the intensity of mechanical stimulation of the dorsal sac of the rumen by food particles, which depends upon rumen fill, reduces the time spent eating to increase the duration and intensity of rumination.
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Chaudhry, A. S., and R. A. I. Mohamed. " Fresh or frozen rumen contents from slaughtered cattle to estimatein vitro degradation of two contrasting feeds." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 6 (June 4, 2012): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5961-cjas.
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The present factorial experiment tested the thawed rumen fluid from frozen rumen contents against fresh rumen fluid from the same slaughtered cattle to estimate in vitro degradation of rapeseed meal (RSM) and grass nuts (GN) as two contrasting feeds at various times. Fresh rumen fluid showed higher (P < 0.05) in vitro dry matter (DMD) and crude protein (CPD) degradation than the thawed rumen fluid at most incubation times. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between fresh and differently prepared thawed rumen fluids for mean degradation constants (a, b, c) and effective degradability (P<sub>0.02</sub>) of feeds. While the thawed rumen fluids had lower (P < 0.01) degradation than the fresh rumen fluid, their degradation values correlated very well (R<sup>2 </sup>≥ 0.95) with those for the fresh rumen fluid. It appeared that the thawed rumen fluid can be used to predict in vitro degradation of the selected feeds when frequent access to slaughtered or fistulated animals is restricted. Nevertheless it would be vital to improve the activity of thawed rumen fluid prior to testing its suitability for numerous feeds before recommending its routine use to estimate degradation of ruminant feeds.
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Michalowski, T., J. Harmeyer, and G. Breves. "The passage of protozoa from the reticulo-rumen through the omasum of sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 56, no. 3 (November 1986): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860143.
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1. Protozoa in rumen contents and omasal effluent of growing wethers were counted. The wethers were equipped with rumen and abomasal cannulas, and omasal sleeves attached to the omasal-abomasal orifice. Rumen fluid dilution rates were elevated by continuous infusions of hypertonic mineral solutions (34 litres/d) for 24 d. Rumen contents and omasal effluent were sampled between 9 and 21 h during the last 10 d of each experiment.2. Protozoa1 concentrations in omasal effluent were only 0.24.3 those found in the rumen under normal conditions. The ratio of protozoal concentrations in rumen: those in omasal effluent was for small Diplodinium spp. 4.6 (SD 0.9), forOphryoscolexspp. 4.3 (SD 1.0), forDasytricha ruminantium4.0 (SD 0.5), forIsotrichaspp. 3.8 (SD 0.8), forEntodiniumspp. 3.6 (SD 0.9) and forPolyplastron multivesiculatum2.6 (SD 0.5).3. Elevation of rumen fluid dilution rate by 20 and 55% respectively, increased protozoal concentrations in omasal effluents from 22 to 33% and from 31 to 47% those in rumen contents. The apparent residence times of protozoa in the rumen were decreased 50% by the infusion of a mineral-salt solution. The increase in rumen fluid dilution rate had no significant effect on concentrations of protozoa in the rumen or on the differences of the apparent residence times between different species. The apparent residence time of holotrichs remained the same before and after infusion of the mineral-salt solution.4. Apparent residence times of individual species of protozoa in the rumen were, under normal feeding conditions, 2.55 d, and were four to six times longer than the mean residence time of CrEDTA in the rumen.
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Brzozowska, A. M., K. Słoniewski, J. Oprządek, P. Sobiech, and Z. M. Kowalski. "Why are dairy cows not able to cope with the subacute ruminal acidosis?" Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0116.
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Abstract One of the largest challenges for the dairy industry is to provide cows with a diet which is highly energetic but does not negatively affect their rumens’ functions. In highly productive dairy cows, feeding diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates provides energy precursors needed for maximum milk production, but simultaneously decreases ruminal pH, leading to a widespread prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis. Maximizing milk production without triggering rumen acidosis still challenges dairy farmers, who try to prevent prolonged bouts of low ruminal pH mainly by proper nutrition and management practices. The animals try to avoid overeating fermentable feeds, as it causes negative consequences by disturbing digestive processes. The results of several experiments show that ruminants, including sheep and beef cattle, are able to modify some aspects of feeding behaviour in order to adjust nutrient intake to their needs and simultaneously prevent physiological disturbances. Particularly, such changes (e.g., increased preference for fibrous feeds, reduced intake of concentrates) were observed in animals, which were trying to prevent the excessive drop of rumen fluid pH. Thanks to a specific mechanism called “the postingestive feedback”, animals should be able to work out such a balance in intake, so they do not suffer either from hunger or from negative effects of over-ingesting the fermentable carbohydrates. This way, an acidosis should not be a frequent problem in ruminants. However, prolonged periods of excessively decreased rumen pH are still a concern in dairy cows. It raises a question, why the regulation of feed intake by postingestive feedback does not help to maintain stable rumen environment in dairy cows?
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Kingston-Smith, Alison H., Joan E. Edwards, Sharon A. Huws, Eun J. Kim, and Michael Abberton. "Plant-based strategies towards minimising ‘livestock's long shadow’." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, no. 4 (August 4, 2010): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110001953.
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Ruminant farming is an important component of the human food chain. Ruminants can use offtake from land unsuitable for cereal crop cultivation via interaction with the diverse microbial population in their rumens. The rumen is a continuous flow fermenter for the digestion of ligno-cellulose, with microbial protein and fermentation end-products incorporated by the animal directly or during post-ruminal digestion. However, ruminal fermentation is inefficient in capturing the nutrient resource presented, resulting in environmental pollution and generation of greenhouse gases. Methane is generated as a consequence of ruminal fermentation and poor retention of ingested forage nitrogen causes nitrogenous pollution of water and land and contributes to the generation of nitrous oxide. One possible cause is the imbalanced provision of dietary substrates to the rumen micro-organisms. Deamination of amino acids by ammonia-producing bacteria liberates ammonia which can be assimilated by the rumen bacteria and used for microbial protein synthesis. However, when carbohydrate is limiting, microbial growth is slow, meaning low demand for ammonia for microbial protein synthesis and excretion of the excess. Protein utilisation can therefore be improved by increasing the availability of readily fermentable sugars in forage or by making protein unavailable for proteolysis through complexing with plant secondary products. Alternatively, realisation that grazing cattle ingest living cells has led to the discovery that plant cells undergo endogenous, stress-mediated protein degradation due to the exposure to rumen conditions. This presents the opportunity to decrease the environmental impact of livestock farming by using decreased proteolysis as a selection tool for the development of improved pasture grass varieties.
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Busin, Valentina, Eilidh Geddes, Gordon Robertson, Gillian Mitchell, Philip Skuce, Katie Waine, Caroline Millins, and Andrew Forbes. "A Study into the Identity, Patterns of Infection and Potential Pathological Effects of Rumen Fluke and the Frequency of Co-Infections with Liver Fluke in Cattle and Sheep." Ruminants 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ruminants3010004.
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Rumen fluke (RF) are trematode parasites that have increased in prevalence within European ruminant livestock since the 1990s. Morbidity and mortality can result from the development of juvenile flukes in the duodenum, however, evidence for significant impacts of adult fluke in the rumen of the final host is equivocal. The presence of rumen fluke in Scotland had not previously been quantified, so the purpose of this study was to use historical coprological data collected between 2008 and 2018 at the School of Veterinary Medicine in Glasgow to evaluate the frequency of rumen fluke infection and to compare this with the presence of liver fluke. This analysis showed evidence of adult rumen fluke in 6.6% of samples submitted, with a substantial and significant increase in positive diagnoses from 2016, following which positive rumen fluke diagnoses equaled or slightly outnumbered those of liver fluke. A prospective post-mortem examination study was also carried out to determine the presence of rumen and liver fluke in cattle and sheep, to quantify adult rumen fluke burdens and to assess any pathological changes in the reticulorumen and proximal duodenum associated with infection. The presence of rumen fluke in post-mortem cases was 26.9% (n = 18/67), the majority (66.7%, n = 12/18) with burdens of less than 100 adult rumen flukes. There was no significant difference in mean ruminal papillar density and length in animals with and without adult rumen fluke and no significant gross pathology was observed in the rumen or reticulum. Examination of animals with adult rumen fluke provided no evidence of any consistent associations with acute or chronic inflammatory changes in the duodenum. All rumen fluke collected at necropsy were identified by PCR and sequencing as Calicophoron daubneyi.
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Mir, Nasir Akbar, and Jubeda Begum. "Rumen microbial system, methanogenesis, and methane mitigation strategies in ruminants." Letters In Animal Biology 2, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.62310/liab.v2i1.73.
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Much of the biomass in this world is rich in fibre which is utilised by the ruminants with the help of rumen microbes to produce a good quality protein for human consumption. However, this conversion of fibre to high-quality protein is paralleled by the production of methane which represents the wastage of feed energy and is a powerful greenhouse gas harmful to the global climate. The microbial community in the rumen has co-evolved with their host animal in a symbiotic relationship over millions of years and methanogenesis has emerged as a result of the refinement of the fermentation process in the rumen. The one-to-one relationship between the methanogen population and the methanogenesis has not been established yet, which indicates the role of associated rumen microbiota, substrate availability, and other functional parameters of the rumen. This review has focused on the total rumen microbial structure, methanogen structure, rumen fermentation process, methanogenesis, factors affecting methane production, and methane mitigation strategies. The balance between the H2 producers and H2 consumers in the rumen determines the level of methane production in the rumen. Therefore, decreasing the availability of H2 in the rumen by fostering alternative H2 sinks, such as propionate production, is very instrumental in reducing the rumen methane emissions. Any strategy of methane abatement should concurrently consider the enhancement of propionate production to prevent the inhibition of rumen functions. Although a great deal of information regarding the rumen microbial community structure, rumen physiology, and methane mitigation strategies is currently available, more research is still needed. The majority of the in vivo experiments pertaining to methane abatement strategies discussed in this review are the short term experiments in which long term unwanted effects could not be precisely predicted. Therefore, there is a need for long-term experiments to draw valid and logical conclusions on the methane abatement strategies.
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Suningsih, N., S. Novianti, and J. Andayani. "Level Larutan McDougall dan Asal Cairan Rumen pada Teknik In Vitro." Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia 12, no. 3 (October 15, 2017): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jspi.id.12.3.341-352.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai level larutan McDougall, asal cairan rumen, dan kombinasi berbagai level larutan McDougall dengan asal cairan rumen terhadap kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik, dan protein kasar secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial dengan enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut meliputi: A1B1 = 2:1 (26,67 ml larutan McDougall : 13,33 ml cairan rumen sapi), A1B2 = 2:1 (26,67 ml larutan McDougall : 13,33 ml cairan rumen kerbau), A2B1 = 3:1 (30 ml larutan McDougall : 10 ml cairan rumen sapi), A2B2 = 3:1 (30 ml larutan McDougall : 10 ml cairan rumen kerbau), A3B1 = 4:1 (32 ml larutan McDougall : 8 ml cairan rumen sapi), A3B2 = 4:1 (32 ml larutan McDougall : 8 ml cairan rumen kerbau). Peubah yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO), dan kecernaan protein kasar (KcPK).Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kombinasi antara larutan McDougall dan asal cairan rumen tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK) dan bahan organik (KcBO) namun faktor level larutan McDougall (Faktor A) berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap kecernaan protein kasar (KcPK). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penggunaan berbagai level larutan McDougall yang dikombinasikan baik dengan cairan rumen sapi maupun cairan rumen kerbau menunjukkan kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik yang relatif sama. Namun pada level 2 : 1 memberikan pengaruh yang nyata lebih tinggi terhadap kecernaan protein kasar. Kata Kunci : level, McDougall, cairan rumen, in vitro
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Reyes, Arquimides, Margaret Weinroth, Cory Wolfe, Robert Delmore, Terry Engle, Paul Morley, and Keith Belk. "PSXIV-23 Characterization of microbial communities associated with the rumen lining, digesta and rumen fluid from beef cattle consuming a high energy diet using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.878.
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Abstract The true etiology of liver abscesses is not well known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the microbial communities in the rumen lining, digesta, and rumen fluid from beef cattle consuming a high energy diet, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Twelve crossbred feedlot steers (450 ±10 kg; ~ 3.0 years of age) fitted with ruminal fistulas, consuming a high energy finishing diet (1.43 NEg, Mcal/kg DM) for 21 d were utilized in this experiment. Microbial DNA from three regions within the rumen [rumen lining (ventral/lateral), digesta (geometric center of the rumen), and rumen fluid] was extracted and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Across all sample regions, bacterial sequences were classified into 34 phyla, 76 classes, 143 orders, and 254 families. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant phyla present across all samples. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes detected in rumen fluid was lesser (P < 0.05) when compared to bacteria sampled from the rumen lining and digesta. In contrast, the relative abundance of Firmicutes were greater (P < 0.05) in rumen fluid and the rumen lining when compared to digesta samples. There are very few publications describing the complex community of the rumen microbiome. To our knowledge this is the first publication categorizing microbial populations in three distinct locations within the rumen using next generation sequencing in feedlot cattle.