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Journal articles on the topic 'Rumen ciliates'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fonty, Gérard, Jean Senaud, Jean-Pierre Jouany, and Philippe Gouet. "Establishment of ciliate protozoa in the rumen of conventional and conventionalized lambs: influence of diet and management conditions." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-044.

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The establishment of ciliate protozoa in the rumen was studied in conventional lambs reared under different conditions of management. The role of the microflora in the kinetics of this establishment was also investigated in conventionalized lambs. In lambs reared under farm conditions ciliate protozoa appeared in the following order: Entodinium (15-20 days), Polyplastron, Eudiplodinium, and Epidinium (20–25 days), and Isotricha (50 days). Entodinium was the most abundant (105–106 ciliates mL−1). During the 3rd month, ciliates disappeared spontaneously in about 60% of the lambs during a period that varied from 1 to 4 weeks. In lambs fed only cow's milk Entodinium spp. and Polyplastron multivesiculatum became established at low levels. The results obtained with the conventionalized lambs demonstrate that the establishment of the ciliates in the rumen requires that the bacterial flora be well established beforehand.

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2

Kittelmann, Sandra, Savannah R. Devente, Michelle R. Kirk, Henning Seedorf, Burk A. Dehority, and Peter H. Janssen. "Phylogeny of Intestinal Ciliates, Including Charonina ventriculi, and Comparison of Microscopy and 18S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing for Rumen Ciliate Community Structure Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 7 (January 23, 2015): 2433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03697-14.

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ABSTRACTThe development of high-throughput methods, such as the construction of 18S rRNA gene clone or pyrosequencing libraries, has allowed evaluation of ciliate community composition in hundreds of samples from the rumen and other intestinal habitats. However, several genera of mammalian intestinal ciliates have been described based only on morphological features and, to date, have not been identified using molecular methods. Here, we isolated single cells of one of the smallest but widely distributed intestinal ciliates,Charonina ventriculi, and sequenced its 18S rRNA gene. We verified the sequence in a full-cycle rRNA approach using fluorescencein situhybridization and thereby assigned an 18S rRNA gene sequence to this species previously known only by its morphology. Based on its full-length 18S rRNA gene sequence,Charonina ventriculiwas positioned within the phylogeny of intestinal ciliates in the subclass Trichostomatia. The taxonomic framework derived from this phylogeny was used for taxonomic assignment of trichostome ciliate 18S rRNA gene sequence data stemming from high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing of rumen-derived DNA samples. The 18S rRNA gene-based ciliate community structure was compared to that obtained from microscopic counts using the same samples. Both methods allowed identification of dominant members of the ciliate communities and classification of the rumen ciliate community into one of the types first described by Eadie in 1962. Notably, each method is associated with advantages and disadvantages. Microscopy is a highly accurate method for evaluation of total numbers or relative abundances of different ciliate genera in a sample, while 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing represents a valuable alternative for comparison of ciliate community structure in a large number of samples from different animals or treatment groups.

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3

Tokura, Mitsunori, Kazunari Ushida, Kohji Miyazaki, and Yoichi Kojima. "Methanogens associated with rumen ciliates." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 22, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00365.x.

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4

BERBER, BELMA, and GÖZDE GÜRELLİ. "Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep in Kastamonu, Turkey, and Infraciliature of Diplodinium quinquespinosum, Metadinium affine, and M. tauricum (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae)." Zootaxa 4695, no. 6 (November 13, 2019): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4695.6.5.

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Species distribution and composition of the ciliates found in the ruminal contents of 15 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) living in Kastamonu, Turkey, were investigated. Twenty-four species and 8 morphotypes belonging to 10 genera were identified. The density of the rumen ciliates in sheep was 108.2 (± 150.8) × 104 cells ml−1, and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 10.7 ± 4.6. Among the ciliate species identified, Dasytricha ruminantium was the most abundant, with a prevalence of 93.3%, whereas Diplodinium quinquespinosum, Eudiplodinium rostratum, and Metadinium tauricum were detected in only one animal (6.7% prevalence). D. quinquespinosum, Eudiplodinium rostratum, and Entodinium simulans m. dubardi were detected for the first time in sheep from Turkey. This is the first report of the presence of D. quinquespinosum in the rumen of ruminants in Turkey. The infraciliature of D. quinquespinosum, Metadinium affine, and M. tauricum (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae) was investigated. D. quinquespinosum and M. affine had Diplodinium-type infraciliature, whereas M. tauricum possessed Metadinium medium-type infraciliature.

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5

Wright, André-Denis G., and Denis H. Lynn. "Phylogenetic analysis of the rumen ciliate family Ophryoscolecidae based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequences, with new sequences fromDiplodinium,Eudiplodinium, andOphryoscolex." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-117.

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Phylogenetic relationships within the largest family of entodiniomorphid rumen ciliates, the Ophryoscolecidae, were inferred from comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. These included three new sequences from Diplodinium dentatum (1638 base pairs (bp)), Eudiplodinium maggii (1637 bp), and Ophryoscolex purkynjei (1636 bp). Using morphological characters, Lubinsky constructed a cladogram of the Ophryoscolecidae, and on the basis of his analysis, he divided the family into three subfamilies (Entodiniinae, Diplodiniinae, Ophryoscolecinae) to reflect his "natural" groupings (G. Lubinsky. 1957. Can. J. Zool. 35: 141 – 159). Our cladistic analysis, based on the limited morphological and ultrastructural data available, indicates that there are no synapomorphies supporting the Diplodiniinae sensu Lubinsky. However, based upon the six 18S sequences for the Ophryoscolecidae, the rumen ciliates are monophyletic and fall into three distinct groups corresponding to Lubinsky's subfamilial division of the family. Our molecular analysis shows Entodinium to be the earliest branching rumen ciliate (subfamily Entodiniinae) and Eudiplodinium, not Diplodiium, branching first among the diplodiniines.

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6

Eschenlauer, S. C. P., N. R. McEwan, R. Onodera, R. J. Wallace, and C. J. Newbold. "Cloning and properties of a lysozyme from the rumen ciliate protozoan, Entodinium caudatum." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000569.

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The breakdown of bacterial protein in the rumen leads to a nutritionally wasteful cycle of protein breakdown and re-synthesis, decreasing the flow of microbial protein from the rumen to the small intestine (Williams and Coleman, 1992). Engulfment and subsequent digestion by ciliate protozoa was demonstrated to be the most important cause of bacterial lysis in mixed ruminal micro-organisms incubated in vitro (Wallace and McPherson, 1987). Despite their importance, little is known about the enzymes responsible for the digestion of bacteria in rumen ciliates. The objective of this study was to clone and characterise a lysozyme from Entodinium caudatum, a common rumen protozoan important in the ingestion and breakdown of rumen bacteria (Williams and Coleman, 1992).

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7

Imai, S., S. S. Han, K. J. Cheng, and H. Kudo. "Composition of the rumen ciliate population in experimental herds of cattle and sheep in Lethbridge, Alberta, Western Canada." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-112.

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Rumen ciliate populations were surveyed in 11 Holstein cattle and 6 sheep in Lethbridge (Alta., Canada) to determine species distribution in this Western Canadian environment. A total of 28 ciliate species were identified in cattle and 17 in sheep. The average total number of ciliates per millilitre of rumen content was 6.9 × 104 in cattle and 1.9 × 105 in sheep. The average number of species per host was 20.5 in cattle and 13.8 in sheep. Of the ciliate species detected, species of Entodinium appeared most frequently both in cattle and in sheep. Diplodinium polygonale, Eodinium lobatum, Eo. monolobum, Eremoplastron rostratum, Ostracodinium clipeolum, Os. mammosum, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei were not detected in sheep. In contrast, Ophryoscolex caudatus was not found in cattle. These data indicate that the ciliate faunas of cattle and sheep in this Western Canadian environment are similar to those found in Japan.Key words: ciliate population, rumen, cattle, sheep.

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8

Crha, J., J. Stříž, M. Skřivánek, and Z. Valach. "Rumen Ciliates in Lamb Postnatal Ontogenesis." Acta Veterinaria Brno 60, no. 2 (1991): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb199160020137.

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9

Finlay, Bland J., Genoveva Esteban, Ken J. Clarke, Alan G. Williams, T. Martin Embley, and Robert P. Hirt. "Some rumen ciliates have endosymbiotic methanogens." FEMS Microbiology Letters 117, no. 2 (April 1994): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06758.x.

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10

D., Purevtsogt, Zolzaya M., Demberel Shirchin, and Dugersuren J. "SOME RESULTS OF STUDY ON COUNTS AND MORPHOLOGY OF RUMEN CILIATE PROTOZOA IN PASTURE-RAISED MONGOLIAN SHEEP LAMB." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 19, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v19i3.730.

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The present study was performed to investigate rumen protozoa (ciliates) in pasture-raised Mongolian sheep lambs with their aging, identify the genus and species using the manual relied on morphology of detected ciliates and determine their counts. As a result of this study, ciliates of 6 genera belonging to orders Entodiniomorрhа and Holotrichа were detected and identified and they were aslo documented by photography. Ciliates are distinguished with their own specific features and their main characteristic is structure of hair-like organelles called cilia.

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11

GÜRELLİ, GÖZDE. "Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations." Zootaxa 4286, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4286.4.7.

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Species composition and distribution of ciliates were investigated in the rumen contents of 15 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) living in İzmir, Turkey. Twenty-three species and 11 morphotypes belonging to nine genera were identified. The density of ciliates was 118.3 ± 63.5 × 104 cells ml−1, and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 13.5 ± 5.3. Entodinium simulans was the most abundant species, with a prevalence of 100%. Two morphotypes of Diplodinium flabellum were identified, such as D. flabellum m. aspinatum and D. flabellum m. monospinatum, and E. simulans m. dubardi was found for the first time in domestic sheep in Turkey. The scanning electron microscopic observations of Entodinium longinucleatum, E. bursa, E. rectangulatum m. rectangulatum, E. semahatae, E. exiguum, E. minimum, E. simulans m. caudatum, E. dilobum, Diplodinium flabellum m. aspinatum, D. dentatum, Isotricha prostoma, Metadinium affine, Enoploplastrom triloricatum, Dasytricha ruminantium, Ophryoscolex caudatus m. tricoronatus, Epidinium ecaudatum m. parvicaudatum, and Polyplastron multivesiculatum were studied.

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12

Nsabimana, E., S. Kišidayová, D. Macheboeuf, C. J. Newbold, and J. P. Jouany. "Two-Step Freezing Procedure for Cryopreservation of Rumen Ciliates, an Effective Tool for Creation of a Frozen Rumen Protozoa Bank." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 7 (July 2003): 3826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.7.3826-3832.2003.

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ABSTRACT The present study aimed at the long-term storage of rumen protozoa as living cells in liquid nitrogen. The two-step or interrupted slow freezing procedure was used to cryopreserve six of the dominant species of rumen ciliates isolated from monofaunated animals, Dasytricha ruminantium, Entodinium caudatum, Epidinium ecaudatum caudatum, Eudiplodinium maggii, Isotricha prostoma, and Polyplastron multivesiculatum. We optimized the first step in the interrupted slow freezing procedure, from the extracellular ice nucleation temperature to the holding temperature, and studied the effects of the cooling rates on survival. In addition to the nature of the cryoprotectant (dimethyl sulfoxide), the equilibration temperature and equilibration time (25°C and 5 min, respectively), and the holding time at subzero temperature (45 min) recommended previously (S. Kišidayová, J. Microbiol. Methods 22:185-192, 1995), we found that a holding temperature of −30°C, a cooling rate from extracellular ice nucleation temperature to holding temperature of between 1.2°C/min and 2.5°C/min, depending on the ciliate, and rumen juice as the freezing and thawing medium markedly improved the survival rate. Survival rates determined after 2 weeks in liquid nitrogen were 100% for Isotricha, 98% for Dasytricha, 85% for Epidinium, 79% for Polyplastron, 63% for Eudiplodinium, and 60% for Entodinium. They were not significantly modified after a period of 1 year in liquid nitrogen. Four of the five ciliate species cryopreserved for 8 months in liquid nitrogen successfully colonized the rumen when inoculated into defaunated animals. These results have made it possible to set up a bank of cryopreserved rumen protozoa.

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13

IMAI, Soichi, and GUI RUNG. "Rumen ciliates from the Mongolian gazelle, Procapra gutturosa." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 52, no. 5 (1990): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.52.1063.

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14

Tokura, Mitsunori, Irbis Chagan, Kazunari Ushida, and Yoichi Kojima. "Phylogenetic Study of Methanogens Associated with Rumen Ciliates." Current Microbiology 39, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002849900432.

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15

Gijzen, H. J., K. B. Zwart, and C. K. Stumm. "Episymbiotic association of methanogenic bacteria and rumen ciliates." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 51, no. 4 (July 1985): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02275080.

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16

DEHORITY, BURK A. "Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Some Brazilian Cattle: Occurrence of Several Ciliates New to the Rumen, Including the CycloposthidParentodinium africanum1." Journal of Protozoology 33, no. 3 (August 1986): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05633.x.

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17

CEDROLA, FRANCIANE, ROBERTO JÚNIO PEDROSO DIAS, ISABEL MARTINELE, and MARTA D’AGOSTO. "Description of Diploplastron dehorityi sp. nov. (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae), a new rumen ciliate from Brazilian sheep (Ovis aries)." Zootaxa 4258, no. 6 (May 3, 2017): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4258.6.8.

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To date the genus Diploplastron comprised only one species of ophryoscolecid ciliate, Diploplastron affine, which is characterized by having two retractable ciliary zones in the anterior end of the body, two slender and juxtaposed skeletal plates on the right side, a rod shape macronucleus, and two contractile vacuoles. During study on the characterization of rumen ciliate community composition in Brazilian domestic sheep, we observed ciliates with atypical morphology but with diagnostic features of genus Diploplastron. This study describes Diploplastron dehorityi, a new species of ophryoscolecid ciliate, that differs from D. affine, primarily, in the morphology of skeletal plates, morphology of nuclear apparatus and body shape. In addition to the similarities between the new species and congener species, D. dehorityi has some morphological similarities to species of genus Eremoplastron.

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18

Miltko, R., B. Kowalik, T. Michałowski, and G. Bełżecki. "Chitin as a source of energy for rumen ciliates." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 24, no. 3 (September 8, 2015): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/65625/2015.

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19

D'Agosto, Marta, and Maria Elisa Carneiro. "Evaluation of lugol solution used for counting rumen ciliates." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 16, no. 3 (1999): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751999000300011.

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20

Regensbogenova, M., P. Pristas, P. Javorsky, S. Y. Moon-van der Staay, G. W. M. van der Staay, J. H. P. Hackstein, C. J. Newbold, and N. R. McEwan. "Assessment of ciliates in the sheep rumen by DGGE." Letters in Applied Microbiology 39, no. 2 (August 2004): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01542.x.

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21

Vuyst, A., M. Ausloos, and M. Vanbelle. "Un schéma illustré des Ciliates du rumen de moutons1." Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 24, no. 1-5 (October 9, 2009): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1968.tb01505.x.

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22

ITO, Akira, Soichi IMAI, Masaharu MANDA, and Keiji OGIMOTO. "Rumen Ciliates of Tokara Native Goat in Kagoshima, Japan." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 57, no. 2 (1995): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.57.355.

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23

Kišidayová, S., P. Siroka, and A. Lauková. "Effect of nisin on two cultures of rumen ciliates." Folia Microbiologica 48, no. 3 (May 2003): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02931376.

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24

Reis, Cândida Camila dos, Emilyn Midori Maeda, Franciane Cedrola, Elias Nunes Martins, Fabiana Matielo De Paula, and Isabel Martinele. "Diet and breed alter community structures of rumen protozoa in cattle subjected to different feeding systems." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n2p909.

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The objective were to identify and quantify the rumen protozoa from two genetic groups of beef cattle (Nellore and crossbred European beef cattle) subjected to three feeding systems (pasture, pasture supplement, and confined). Samples of rumen contents were obtained from the center of the ruminal mass after slaughter. Quantification and identification of rumen protozoa were performed with a Sedgewick-Rafter counting chamber by optic microscopy. Data were analyzed using general linear analysis methodology with a Poisson distribution (1 %). In addition, the data underwent of Analisys Principal Component. A effect on ruminal protozoa was observed for the diets and breeds analyzed. Was identified 14 genera, among which Entodinium was predominant in all animals analyzed. Ciliates belonging to Entodiniomorphida, Eodinium, Epidinium, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium, and Ostracodinium showed highest density in Nellore animals when compared with the crossbreed, Nellore × European. Larger numbers of protozoa from the family Isotrichidae (Dasytricha and Isotricha) were observed in animals maintained by pasture or pasture supplement feeding. According to the kind of feeding, those fed exclusively with pasture had a greater diversity of ciliates in comparison to those restricted to, or supplemented with pasture. In one animal, the occurrence of ciliates belonging to the genus Buetschlia, was observed (prevalence of 1.66 %), which is one of only a few records of this genus in ruminants.

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25

Ffoulkes, D., and R. A. Leng. "Dynamics of protozoa in the rumen of cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 3 (May 1988): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880051.

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1. The dynamics of protozoa were studied in two groups of rumen-fistulated cattle fed on a basal diet of molassesad lib., with oaten chaff given at 6 or 18 g/kg live weight. This diet resulted in different mixtures of protozoal species in the populations in the rumen.2. The rumen protozoa were studied by intrarumen injections of protozoa labelled in vitro with [14CH3]choline. An indication of protozoal death and fermentation of protozoal cell residues was obtained by measuring14C loss via the methane pool.3. After a single injection of labelled protozoa, the decline in the specific radioactivity (μCi/g nitrogen) of the protozoal pool in the rumen indicated that first-order kinetic processes applied. Conversely the specific radioactivity of protozoa, incubated in rumen fluid, remained constant indicating no growth in vitro, presumably owing to a rapid exhaustion of essential nutrients.4. The protozoal populations in the rumen of cattle fed on the diet with the low level of oaten chaff were mainly small ciliates; but on the higher level of chaff in the diet, the large ciliates were a higher proportion of the total protozoal population present.5. The mean pool size of protozoa in the rumen was significantly larger and the protozoal half-life tended to be longer for cattle fed on the higher level of chaff in the diet. The apparent production rate of protozoa in cattle fed on each diet was not significantly different and there were no differences in the production rate of methane. The percentage losses of label from protozoa in the rumen via the methane pool were not significantly different on the two diets and indicated that 74% of the protozoa that were apparently irreversibly lost from the rumen could be accounted for by death and lysis in the rumen and therefore only 26% of protozoa apparently entered the lower digestive tract.

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26

Kišidayová, S., P. Houserová, Z. Váradyová, K. Mihaliková, P. Pristaš, and P. Javorský. "Bacterial–protozoal interactions in a microbial community of rumen ciliateEntodinium caudatumculture under mercury stress." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 3 (March 2010): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w09-121.

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We examined the role of rumen ciliates, using Entodinium caudatum as a model organism, in the detoxification of soluble mercury(II) in vitro under conditions with enhanced or reduced diversity of a co-culture bacterial population as well as the effects of long-term mercury(II) stress on in vitro fermentation parameters and major mercury detoxification products. The E. caudatum growth depended on the capability of the co-culture bacterial population to develop resistance to mercury(II) chloride and on culture conditions. The production of fermentation gas was reduced (P < 0.01) in contrast to methane production. Proportions of volatile fatty acids were affected; however, the total concentration of volatile fatty acids was not influenced. No organic mercury species were detected after long-term application (>1 month) of mercury(II) chloride. The major mercury species was inorganic mercury(II) with substantial accumulation in the bacterial fraction (70%) and less in black sediment (21%) and ciliate fraction (9%) at the 25 µmol/L mercury(II) dose. The data indicate that free-living bacteria protect the ciliate cells by transforming mercury(II) into its insoluble forms.

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27

Kišidayová, Svetlana, and Zora Váradyová. "Potential of galvanotaxis to separation and cleaning of rumen ciliates." Journal of Microbiological Methods 57, no. 1 (April 2004): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.021.

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28

Kišidayová, S., Z. Váradyová, and K. Mihaliková. "Highly efficient galvanotaxis apparatus for cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliates." Folia Microbiologica 52, no. 6 (November 2007): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02932194.

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29

Abe, Matanobu, and Tsunenori Iriki. "Mechanism whereby holotrich ciliates are retained in the reticulo-rumen of cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 62, no. 3 (November 1989): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890059.

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The concentrations of holotrichs, reducing sugars and fermentation end-products, and the fluid dilution rates, in the cranial (CR), ventral (V) and caudal (CA) regions of the reticulo-rumen of cows were compared. Additionally, holotrich numbers in fluid and solid digesta samples taken from the dorsal (D) region were determined at different time-intervals. Holotrich numbers expressed per ml fluid at site D were almost twofold those expressed per g solid digesta, and the fluctuation of their numbers in fluid preceded that in solid digesta. Holotrich concentrations at site CR were higher before feeding than after feeding, while those at sites V and CA were lower before feeding than for a few hours after feeding. At sites V and CA, holotrich concentrations fluctuated in good agreement with reducing sugar concentrations, but the increase in the former always preceded that in the latter. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) tended to decrease from site CA to site CR, while the dilution rate was highest in site CR. The results suggest that migration of holotrichs from the reticulum to the rumen and vice versa are the cause of fluctuation in their numbers, and also the mechanism by which they are retained in the rumen of cattle.

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30

Boeckaert, Charlotte, Bruno Vlaeminck, Veerle Fievez, Lois Maignien, Jan Dijkstra, and Nico Boon. "Accumulation of trans C18:1 Fatty Acids in the Rumen after Dietary Algal Supplementation Is Associated with Changes in the Butyrivibrio Community." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 22 (September 26, 2008): 6923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01473-08.

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ABSTRACT Optimization of the fatty acid composition of ruminant milk and meat is desirable. Dietary supplementation of algae was previously shown to inhibit rumen biohydrogenation, resulting in an altered milk fatty acid profile. Bacteria involved in biohydrogenation belong to the Butyrivibrio group. This study was aimed at relating accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates with shifts in Butyrivibrio spp. in the rumen of dairy cows. Therefore, an experiment was performed with three rumen-fistulated dairy cows receiving a concentrate containing algae (9.35 g/kg total dry matter [DM] intake) for 20 days. Supplementation of the diet with algae inhibited biohydrogenation of C18:2 omega 6 (n-6) and C18:3 n-3, resulting in increased concentrations of biohydrogenation intermediates, whereas C18:0 decreased. Addition of algae increased ruminal C18:1 trans fatty acid concentrations, mainly due to 6- and 20-fold increases in C18:1 trans 11 (t11) and C18:1 t10. The number of ciliates (5.37 log copies/g rumen digesta) and the composition of the ciliate community were unaffected by dietary algae. In contrast, supplementation of the diet with algae changed the composition of the bacterial community. Primers for the Butyrivibrio group, including the genera Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, were specifically designed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed community changes upon addition of algae without affecting the total amount of Butyrivibrio bacteria (7.06 log copies/g rumen DM). Clone libraries showed that algae affected noncultivated species, which cluster taxonomically between the genera Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio and might play a role in biohydrogenation. In addition, 20% of the clones from a randomly selected rumen sample were related to the C18:0-producing branch, although the associated C18:0 concentration decreased through supplementation of the diet with algae.

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31

Furness, D. N., and R. D. Butler. "The Cytology of Sheep Rumen Ciliates. II. Ultrastructure of Eudiplodinium maggii1." Journal of Protozoology 32, no. 1 (February 1985): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03041.x.

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Wakita, M., and S. Hoshino. "Enzymatic properties of pyruvate kinase from the rumen ciliates genus Entodinium." International Journal of Biochemistry 21, no. 7 (January 1989): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-711x(89)90210-3.

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Bonhomme, A. "Rumen ciliates: their metabolism and relationships with bacteria and their hosts." Animal Feed Science and Technology 30, no. 3-4 (August 1990): 203–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(90)90016-2.

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34

Dohme, F., A. Machmüller, A. Wasserfallen, and M. Kreuzer. "Comparative efficiency of various fats rich in medium-chain fatty acids to suppress ruminal methanogenesis as measured with RUSITEC." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-113.

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A RUSITEC apparatus equipped with eight fermenters was used to investigate the effects of seven different fats with high proportions of medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0–C16:0) supplied at a level of 53 g kg−1 DM. In detail, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, tallow, milk fat and two types of canola oils, both genetically enriched with lauric acid, were compared with a diet supplemented with prilled fat. The prilled fat was selected from three different rumen-protected fats in a preliminary experiment as the least effective one regarding methane release. Palm kernel oil, coconut oil and one of the canola oils significantly (P < 0.05) decreased methane release, methanogens and ciliates whereas the other fats had only minor effects. With the use of the three effective fats, NDF degradation was also suppressed (P < 0.05), but the rumen fluid concentration of volatile fatty acids remained unchanged. However, at constant acetate proportion, butyrate proportion increased (P < 0.05) at the expense of propionate. Apart from a high proportion of lauric and myristic fatty acids in the fatty acid composition, complete melting at rumen fluid temperature seems to support the ability of some fats to reduce methanogenesis and to suppress methanogens and ciliates. Key words: Methane, fats, medium-chain fatty acids, laurate canola, fermentation, ruminants

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35

Shibitov, Safiullin, and Kozyreva. "SEARCH OF THE POSSIBLE FACTORS OF TRANSMISSION OF THE LEUKOSIS VIRUS OF CATTLE BY ENDOBIOTIC WAYS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.712-718.

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The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of vertebrates is colonized by an extremely diverse anaerobic microbial community consisting of archaea, bacteria, fungi, and various protozoa. Trichostomic ciliates are among the most characteristic and largest protists of this complex enzymatic association, inhabiting both the anterior and posterior parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The transfer of ciliates – endobionts, occurs more often when animals come into contact with other animals of the herd. Regurgitation in cattle occurs reflexively, regularly and frequently, while a significant number of ciliates penetrate the oral cavity. In most ruminants, such social behavior as grooming involves licking the muzzle and sometimes the oral cavity of relatives, with some ciliates being transferred from the mouth of one animal to the mouth of another and soon swallowed. According to the results of PCR-studies of endobiotic ciliates from the rumen of cows for the presence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in them, a negative result was obtained in all samples. Thus, in a homogenized material consisting of different types of ciliates from 12 cows that were spontaneously infected, a PCR methods was obtained negative for the presence of the genetic material of bovine leukemia virus. In our opinion, the data obtained do not completely disprove the hypothesis of endobiotic transmission of BLV due to the relatively small sample of carrier animals and insufficient improvement of the PCR diagnostic method, and these studies should be continued using a larger number of infected with BLV animals and different diagnostic methods.

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Coleman, G. S. "Possible causes of the high death rate of ciliate protozoa in the rumen." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055672.

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SUMMARYThe protozoa in washed suspensions of rumen ciliates were killed by freezing or heating at 49 °C for 5 min before incubation at 39 °C, aeration during incubation or incubation in hypotonic salt solution (30% of ncrmal) and released their intracellular cellulose and amylase during 4–6 h. With the last two treatments it was only necessary to expose the protozoa to the conditions for 2 min to obtain over 50% of maximal enzyme release 4–6 h later. It is suggested that death of the protozoa during exposure to air and/or hypotonic salt solution for short times during drinking and rumination by the host animal could be the explanation for the high postulated protozoal death rate in the rumen. The amylase and cellulase released from the protozoa tested were stable in the presence of mixed rumen bacteria for 1·5 h and could be of importance in the degradation of plant constituents in the rumen.

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37

Cedrola, Franciane, Mariana Rossi, Roberto Júnio Pedroso Dias, Isabel Martinele, and Marta D'Agosto. "Methods for Taxonomic Studies of Rumen Ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora): A Brief Review." Zoological Science 32, no. 1 (February 2015): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zs140125.

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38

Dehority, Burk A. "Rumen Ciliates of Musk-Oxen (Ovibos moschatus Z.) from the Canadian Arctic1." Journal of Protozoology 32, no. 2 (May 1985): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03045.x.

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39

SELIM, Hatem Mohamed, Soichi IMAI, Osamu YAMATO, Ahmed El KABBANY, Fayez KIROLOSS, and Yoshimitsu MAEDE. "Comparative Study of Rumen Ciliates in Buffalo, Cattle and Sheep in Egypt." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 58, no. 8 (1996): 799–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.58.799.

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40

RUNG, Gui, Hiroshi SEKIGUCHI, and Soichi IMAI. "Changes in Rumen Ciliates and in Rumen Fluid Caused by Excessive Brewer's Grain Feeding and Restoration of Them." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 57, no. 11 (1986): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.57.887.

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41

TAKENAKA, Akio, Mitsuto MATSUMOTO, Takeru KOBAYASHI, and Hisao ITABASHI. "The Effects of the Rumen Ciliates Dasytricha, Epidinium and Entodinium on Rumen Bacterial Concentrations and Fermentation in Calves." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 62, no. 4 (1991): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.62.368.

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42

Takizawa, Shuhei, Yasunori Baba, Chika Tada, Yasuhiro Fukuda, and Yutaka Nakai. "Sodium dodecyl sulfate improves the treatment of waste paper with rumen fluid at lower concentration but decreases at higher condition." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 22, no. 3 (January 6, 2020): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00957-8.

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AbstractRumen fluid has been applied to lignocellulosic biomass digest for methane production, and various feed supplements have been shown to improve ruminant digestion of lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, we investigated the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with rumen fluid and subsequent methane fermentation. SDS was mixed with rumen fluid at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 g/L. After SDS addition, the waste paper was pretreated with rumen fluid at 37 °C for 6 h. SDS addition decreased the number of surviving rumen ciliates after pretreatment. SDS addition increased the dissolved chemical oxygen demand during pretreatment; however, SDS addition did not increase the volatile fatty acid concentration. After pretreatment, batch methane fermentation of pretreated waste paper was performed at 35 °C for 45 days. SDS addition at 0.1 and 0.2 g/L shortened the waste paper digestion time and enhanced methane gas production compared to the control. By contrast, SDS addition at 0.4 and 0.8 g/L remarkably inhibited methane production from waste paper. These findings suggest that low concentrations of SDS can improve the efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment with rumen fluid, and can enhance methane production from waste paper.

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43

Miltko, R., T. Michałowski, P. Pristas, P. Javorsky, and J. Hackstein. "Factors influencing morphological variability of rumen ciliates from the genus Ophryoscolex." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 15, Suppl. 1 (September 21, 2006): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/70137/2006.

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44

Devuyst, A., D. Jaramillo, M. Vanbelle, R. Arnould, Ph Ska, and A. Moreels. "Comparaison des Effets de Diverses Rations sur le Développement des Ciliates du Rumen." Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 31, no. 1-5 (October 9, 2009): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1973.tb01272.x.

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45

FURNESS, D. N., and R. D. BUTLER. "The Cytology of Sheep Rumen Ciliates. III. Ultrastructure of the GenusEntodinium(Stein)1." Journal of Protozoology 32, no. 4 (November 1985): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03105.x.

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46

Michałowski, T. "A proposed simple method for determining the outflow of ciliates from the reticulo-rumen." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 14, 1998): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69200/1998.

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ITO, AKIRA, YUTAKA MIYAZAKI, and SOICHI IMAI. "Light Microscopic Observations of Infraciliature and Morphogenesis in Six Species of Rumen Ostracodinium Ciliates." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 48, no. 4 (July 2001): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00177.x.

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48

Regensbogenova, M., N. R. McEwan, P. Javorsky, S. Kisidayova, T. Michalowski, C. J. Newbold, J. H. P. Hackstein, and P. Pristas. "A re-appraisal of the diversity of the methanogens associated with the rumen ciliates." FEMS Microbiology Letters 238, no. 2 (September 2004): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09771.x.

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WAKITA, MASAAKI, RYOJI SAKAUCHI, and SADAO HOSHINO. "Salinomycin alters cellular fatty acid composition of mixed rumen bacteria and genus Entodinium ciliates." Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 35, no. 4 (1989): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2323/jgam.35.327.

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50

Feng, Jin-Mei, Chuan-Qi Jiang, Zong-Yi Sun, Cong-Jie Hua, Jian-Fan Wen, Wei Miao, and Jie Xiong. "Single-cell transcriptome sequencing of rumen ciliates provides insight into their molecular adaptations to the anaerobic and carbohydrate-rich rumen microenvironment." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 143 (February 2020): 106687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106687.

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