Academic literature on the topic 'Rumen ciliates'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rumen ciliates"
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Fonty, Gérard, Jean Senaud, Jean-Pierre Jouany, and Philippe Gouet. "Establishment of ciliate protozoa in the rumen of conventional and conventionalized lambs: influence of diet and management conditions." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-044.
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The establishment of ciliate protozoa in the rumen was studied in conventional lambs reared under different conditions of management. The role of the microflora in the kinetics of this establishment was also investigated in conventionalized lambs. In lambs reared under farm conditions ciliate protozoa appeared in the following order: Entodinium (15-20 days), Polyplastron, Eudiplodinium, and Epidinium (20–25 days), and Isotricha (50 days). Entodinium was the most abundant (105–106 ciliates mL−1). During the 3rd month, ciliates disappeared spontaneously in about 60% of the lambs during a period that varied from 1 to 4 weeks. In lambs fed only cow's milk Entodinium spp. and Polyplastron multivesiculatum became established at low levels. The results obtained with the conventionalized lambs demonstrate that the establishment of the ciliates in the rumen requires that the bacterial flora be well established beforehand.
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Kittelmann, Sandra, Savannah R. Devente, Michelle R. Kirk, Henning Seedorf, Burk A. Dehority, and Peter H. Janssen. "Phylogeny of Intestinal Ciliates, Including Charonina ventriculi, and Comparison of Microscopy and 18S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing for Rumen Ciliate Community Structure Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 7 (January 23, 2015): 2433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03697-14.
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ABSTRACTThe development of high-throughput methods, such as the construction of 18S rRNA gene clone or pyrosequencing libraries, has allowed evaluation of ciliate community composition in hundreds of samples from the rumen and other intestinal habitats. However, several genera of mammalian intestinal ciliates have been described based only on morphological features and, to date, have not been identified using molecular methods. Here, we isolated single cells of one of the smallest but widely distributed intestinal ciliates,Charonina ventriculi, and sequenced its 18S rRNA gene. We verified the sequence in a full-cycle rRNA approach using fluorescencein situhybridization and thereby assigned an 18S rRNA gene sequence to this species previously known only by its morphology. Based on its full-length 18S rRNA gene sequence,Charonina ventriculiwas positioned within the phylogeny of intestinal ciliates in the subclass Trichostomatia. The taxonomic framework derived from this phylogeny was used for taxonomic assignment of trichostome ciliate 18S rRNA gene sequence data stemming from high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing of rumen-derived DNA samples. The 18S rRNA gene-based ciliate community structure was compared to that obtained from microscopic counts using the same samples. Both methods allowed identification of dominant members of the ciliate communities and classification of the rumen ciliate community into one of the types first described by Eadie in 1962. Notably, each method is associated with advantages and disadvantages. Microscopy is a highly accurate method for evaluation of total numbers or relative abundances of different ciliate genera in a sample, while 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing represents a valuable alternative for comparison of ciliate community structure in a large number of samples from different animals or treatment groups.
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Tokura, Mitsunori, Kazunari Ushida, Kohji Miyazaki, and Yoichi Kojima. "Methanogens associated with rumen ciliates." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 22, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00365.x.
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BERBER, BELMA, and GÖZDE GÜRELLİ. "Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep in Kastamonu, Turkey, and Infraciliature of Diplodinium quinquespinosum, Metadinium affine, and M. tauricum (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae)." Zootaxa 4695, no. 6 (November 13, 2019): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4695.6.5.
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Species distribution and composition of the ciliates found in the ruminal contents of 15 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) living in Kastamonu, Turkey, were investigated. Twenty-four species and 8 morphotypes belonging to 10 genera were identified. The density of the rumen ciliates in sheep was 108.2 (± 150.8) × 104 cells ml−1, and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 10.7 ± 4.6. Among the ciliate species identified, Dasytricha ruminantium was the most abundant, with a prevalence of 93.3%, whereas Diplodinium quinquespinosum, Eudiplodinium rostratum, and Metadinium tauricum were detected in only one animal (6.7% prevalence). D. quinquespinosum, Eudiplodinium rostratum, and Entodinium simulans m. dubardi were detected for the first time in sheep from Turkey. This is the first report of the presence of D. quinquespinosum in the rumen of ruminants in Turkey. The infraciliature of D. quinquespinosum, Metadinium affine, and M. tauricum (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae) was investigated. D. quinquespinosum and M. affine had Diplodinium-type infraciliature, whereas M. tauricum possessed Metadinium medium-type infraciliature.
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Wright, André-Denis G., and Denis H. Lynn. "Phylogenetic analysis of the rumen ciliate family Ophryoscolecidae based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequences, with new sequences fromDiplodinium,Eudiplodinium, andOphryoscolex." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-117.
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Phylogenetic relationships within the largest family of entodiniomorphid rumen ciliates, the Ophryoscolecidae, were inferred from comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. These included three new sequences from Diplodinium dentatum (1638 base pairs (bp)), Eudiplodinium maggii (1637 bp), and Ophryoscolex purkynjei (1636 bp). Using morphological characters, Lubinsky constructed a cladogram of the Ophryoscolecidae, and on the basis of his analysis, he divided the family into three subfamilies (Entodiniinae, Diplodiniinae, Ophryoscolecinae) to reflect his "natural" groupings (G. Lubinsky. 1957. Can. J. Zool. 35: 141 – 159). Our cladistic analysis, based on the limited morphological and ultrastructural data available, indicates that there are no synapomorphies supporting the Diplodiniinae sensu Lubinsky. However, based upon the six 18S sequences for the Ophryoscolecidae, the rumen ciliates are monophyletic and fall into three distinct groups corresponding to Lubinsky's subfamilial division of the family. Our molecular analysis shows Entodinium to be the earliest branching rumen ciliate (subfamily Entodiniinae) and Eudiplodinium, not Diplodiium, branching first among the diplodiniines.
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Eschenlauer, S. C. P., N. R. McEwan, R. Onodera, R. J. Wallace, and C. J. Newbold. "Cloning and properties of a lysozyme from the rumen ciliate protozoan, Entodinium caudatum." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000569.
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The breakdown of bacterial protein in the rumen leads to a nutritionally wasteful cycle of protein breakdown and re-synthesis, decreasing the flow of microbial protein from the rumen to the small intestine (Williams and Coleman, 1992). Engulfment and subsequent digestion by ciliate protozoa was demonstrated to be the most important cause of bacterial lysis in mixed ruminal micro-organisms incubated in vitro (Wallace and McPherson, 1987). Despite their importance, little is known about the enzymes responsible for the digestion of bacteria in rumen ciliates. The objective of this study was to clone and characterise a lysozyme from Entodinium caudatum, a common rumen protozoan important in the ingestion and breakdown of rumen bacteria (Williams and Coleman, 1992).
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Imai, S., S. S. Han, K. J. Cheng, and H. Kudo. "Composition of the rumen ciliate population in experimental herds of cattle and sheep in Lethbridge, Alberta, Western Canada." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-112.
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Rumen ciliate populations were surveyed in 11 Holstein cattle and 6 sheep in Lethbridge (Alta., Canada) to determine species distribution in this Western Canadian environment. A total of 28 ciliate species were identified in cattle and 17 in sheep. The average total number of ciliates per millilitre of rumen content was 6.9 × 104 in cattle and 1.9 × 105 in sheep. The average number of species per host was 20.5 in cattle and 13.8 in sheep. Of the ciliate species detected, species of Entodinium appeared most frequently both in cattle and in sheep. Diplodinium polygonale, Eodinium lobatum, Eo. monolobum, Eremoplastron rostratum, Ostracodinium clipeolum, Os. mammosum, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei were not detected in sheep. In contrast, Ophryoscolex caudatus was not found in cattle. These data indicate that the ciliate faunas of cattle and sheep in this Western Canadian environment are similar to those found in Japan.Key words: ciliate population, rumen, cattle, sheep.
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Crha, J., J. Stříž, M. Skřivánek, and Z. Valach. "Rumen Ciliates in Lamb Postnatal Ontogenesis." Acta Veterinaria Brno 60, no. 2 (1991): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb199160020137.
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Finlay, Bland J., Genoveva Esteban, Ken J. Clarke, Alan G. Williams, T. Martin Embley, and Robert P. Hirt. "Some rumen ciliates have endosymbiotic methanogens." FEMS Microbiology Letters 117, no. 2 (April 1994): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06758.x.
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D., Purevtsogt, Zolzaya M., Demberel Shirchin, and Dugersuren J. "SOME RESULTS OF STUDY ON COUNTS AND MORPHOLOGY OF RUMEN CILIATE PROTOZOA IN PASTURE-RAISED MONGOLIAN SHEEP LAMB." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 19, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v19i3.730.
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The present study was performed to investigate rumen protozoa (ciliates) in pasture-raised Mongolian sheep lambs with their aging, identify the genus and species using the manual relied on morphology of detected ciliates and determine their counts. As a result of this study, ciliates of 6 genera belonging to orders Entodiniomorрhа and Holotrichа were detected and identified and they were aslo documented by photography. Ciliates are distinguished with their own specific features and their main characteristic is structure of hair-like organelles called cilia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rumen ciliates"
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Gnanasampanthan, Gnanapragasam. "Immune responses of sheep to rumen ciliates and the survival and activity of antibodies in the rumen fluid." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg571.pdf.
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Videorecording has title: Effect of antibodies on the motility of rumen ciliates. Bibliography: leaves 197-259. Consists of a review of rumen ciliates, their implications in ruminant nutrition and a description of the research methods, the results and the conclusions drawn with regard to the prospects of establishing an immunological basis for the manipulation of rumen ciliates.
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Christophersen, Claus. "Grain and artificial stimulation of the rumen change the abundance and diversity of methanogens and their association with ciliates." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0114.
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[Truncated abstract] In Australia, there is pressure to reduce the amount of methane produced by ruminant livestock because they are the single largest source of methane emitted from anthropogenic sources, accounting for 70.7% of agricultural methane emissions. In addition, methane production represents a loss of gross energy intake to the animal. The organisms that are responsible for methane production in the animal gut are a distinct group of Archaea called methanogens. Methanogens occupy three different niches within the rumen. Some live freely in the rumen digesta (planktonic), others are attached to the outer surface of the rumen ciliates (ectosymbiotic), and some reside within the ciliates (endosymbiotic). The types and number of methanogens, as well as rumen ciliates and their symbiotic interactions, influence the amount of methane produced from the rumen. These factors in turn are affected by many factors, including diet and ruminal retention time. In this thesis, I tested the general hypothesis that increasing the amount of grain in the diet and reducing the retention time would affect the abundance and diversity of methanogens in their different niches, including their association with ruminal ciliates. Twenty-four fistulated sheep were used in a complete factorial design with the sheep randomly divided into four groups. ... The change in DGGE banding patterns and Shannon indices when sheep were fed grain indicated that the types of methanogens changed when sheep were fed low and high grain diets, but their diversity did not. In contrast, the diversity of rumen ciliates decreased when sheep were fed a high grain diet. A total of 18 bands from the DGGE analysis of the ciliates were sequenced. All except one, which was 98% similar to Cycloposthium sp. not found previously in the rumen, matched the sequences for previously identified rumen ciliates. Some of the rumen ciliates identified were not present in sheep fed the high grain diet. On a high grain diet, methanogens associate endosymbiotically with rumen ciliates to get better access to hydrogen. It appears that the association between methanogens and rumen ciliates is dictated by the availability of hydrogen in the rumen and not the generic composition of the ciliate population. Furthermore, endosymbiotic methanogens appear to produce less methane than methanogens in other niches. The pot scrubbers did not change ruminal retention time but they did reduce the acetate/propionate measurements observed in sheep on the high grain treatment. The reason why pot scrubbers had this effect remains unknown, but it is interesting to consider that some physical interaction has occurred between the pot scrubbers, the grain and the sheep that has improved the fermentation parameters in sheep fed a high grain diet. The results from this study have advanced our understanding of the interaction between methanogens and ruminal ciliates, and methanogenesis in the rumen in response to dietary changes and mechanical challenges. Extending this work to look more specifically at the species of methanogens that are most closely linked to high methane production and how they interact with the ruminal ciliates will be critical for manipulating enteric greenhouse gas emissions.
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Ortolan, Josiane Hernandes. "Efeitos da levedura, monensina sódica e salinomicina na degradabilidade, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais e protozoários ciliados de novilhos Nelore arraçoados com dietas concentradas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-17022006-114020/.
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Foram utilizados quatro Novilhos nelore, com peso vivo médio de 190 ± 32 kg, canulados no rúmen num experimento com delineamento Quadrado Latino 4x4, onde o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da levedura, monensina e salinomicina sobre os parâmetros ruminais e o aparecimento de protozoários ciliados ruminais.O experimento foi executado no Campus Administrativo de Pirassununga, na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo. A dieta oferecida aos animais foi composta por silagem de sorgo e concentrado (30:70), onde foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos diferidos de acordo com o aditivo usado, 5,0g de Levedura (Beef Sacc®), 0,42g de salinomicina (Coxistac®), 2,0g de monensina sódica (Rumensin®) e o controle sem aditivo. Os parâmetros avaliados foram degradabilidade ruminal, in situ do volumoso e da dieta total, concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis e nitrogênio amoniacal, pH ruminal, taxa de passagem líquida, turnover e volume ruminal, e identificação e contagem dos protozoários ciliados. O período experimental foi subdividido em vinte e um dias de adaptação e sete de colheita, totalizando vinte e oito dias por período experimental. Foram mensurados os coeficientes de degradabilidade nos períodos de incubação de 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Para a colheita de liquido ruminal foram utilizados os horários 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 horas; as colheitas de marcador de fase liquida (PEG) foram realizadas ás 0; 1,5; 3; 6; 12 e 24 horas após a alimentação. Houve aumento do valor para a fração b na MS, no tratamento levedura (p<0,05), e no tratamento salinomicina. Também houve uma tendência a aumentar a fração b no FDN. O tratamento levedura aumentou significativamente o número de protozoários ciliados no rúmen (p<0,05). Os valores referentes ao pH não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (p>0,05). A concentração de amônia e os valores encontrados para a cinética ruminal não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (p>0,05). O uso de ionóforos melhorou a proporção dos ácidos acético:propiônico, propiônico e butírico enquanto a levedura aumentou a concentração de acido acético (p<0,05).Four Nelore Steers had been used, with average alive weight of 190 ± 32 kg, rumen cannulas, in an experiment with Squared delineation Latin 4x4, where the objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of the yeast culture, monensin and salinomycin on the rumen parameters and the appearance of ciliates protozoa. The experiment was executed in the Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos of the Universidade de São Paulo. The diet offered to the animals was composed for ensilage and concentrated (30:70), where the four differed treatments had been submitted in accordance with the used additive, 5,0g of yeast culture (Beef Sacc), 0,42g of salinomycin (Coxistac), 2,0g of monensin (Rumensin) and the control without additive. The evaluated parameters had been ruminal degradability in situ of voluminous and the total diet, the concentration of volatile fatty acid concentration and ammoniac nitrogen concentration, pH ruminal, liquid passage, turnover and ruminal volume, and number and specie of ciliates protozoa. The experimental period was subdivided in twenty and one days of adaptation and seven of harvest, having totalized twenty and eight days for experimental period. The coefficients of degradability in the incubation periods of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours had been measure. For the harvest of I eliminate ruminal had been used schedules 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours; the harvests of phase marker eliminate (PEG) had been carried through ace 0; 1,5; 3; 6; 12 and 24 hours after the feeding. It had increase of the value for fraction "b" in the MS, the treatment yeast culture, and the salinomycin treatment (p<0,05). Also it had a trend to increase fraction "b" in the FDN. The treatment yeast culture significantly increased the number of ciliates protozoa in rumen (p<0,05). The referring values to pH had not been affected by the treatments (p>0,05). The ammonia concentration and the values found for the kinetic ruminal had not been affected by the treatments (p>0,05). The use of ionophores improved the acid ratio of the acetic:propionic, propionic and butiric while the yeast culture increased the acids concentration of acetic (p<0,05).
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Park, Tansol. "Towards a Better Understanding of the Metabolism, Physiology, and Ecology of Rumen Protozoa: New Insights from Culturomics and Genomics." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511959620750916.
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Eschenlauer, Sylvain Christain Pierre. "Lysosome in the rumen ciliate protozoan, Entodinium caudatum." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327592.
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Vale, Franciane Cedrola. "Taxonomia e morfologia de protozoários ciliados (Listostomatea, Trichostomatia) endossimbiontes de ruminantes domésticos no Brasil." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5795.
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O presente estudo versa sobre taxonomia e morfologia de protozoários ciliados (Litostomatea, Trichostomatia) endossimbiontes de ruminantes domésticos no Brasil. O trabalho encontra-se dividido em quatro seções. A Seção 1 revisa os principais métodos em microscopia e biologia molecular utilizados no estudo taxonômico de protistas ciliados do rúmen. A Seção 2 apresenta um inventário de espécies de protozoários ciliados do rúmen de ovinos no Brasil, no qual foram inventariadas 28 espécies de ciliados, sendo que, Entodinium alces, Metadinium esalqum e Metadinium rotundatum foram observados pela primeira vez em ovinos e outras 12 espécies foram observadas pela primeira vez em ovinos no Brasil. Ainda, a sessão apresenta a redescrição da espécie Entodinium contractum com base na morfologia geral e descrição da infraciliatura oral; a Seção 3 faz a caracterização morfológica de seis morfotipos da espécie Diplodinium anisacanhum e breve revisão taxonômica do gênero Diplodinium. A caracterização morfológica e morfométrica dos morfotipos de D. anisacanthum demonstraram grande similiaridade entre os mesmos sugerindo que tais ciliados constituam uma única espécie dotada de polimorfismos. A breve revisão realizada destaca as incongruências taxonômicas existentes no gênero Diplodinium e aponta a necessidade de estudos recentes com os representantes deste gênero de modo a reformular a taxonomia do grupo. Por fim, a Seção 4 descreve uma nova espécie de ciliado ofrioscolecídeo, Diploplastron dehorityi e redescreve a espécie Diploplastron affine com base em dados morfológicos, morfométricos e detalhes da infraciliatura oral. A nova espécie difere em alguns aspectos da espécie D. affine. As placas esqueléticas em D. dehoryti não são justapostas e possuem formato recurvado. Ainda, a nova espécie possui o corpo em formato oval, diferindo do formato elíptico de D. affine. Além das semelhanças existentes entre a nova espécie e a espécie congênere, D. dehorityi possui grande similaridade morfológica com espécies pertencentes ao gênero Eremoplastron, diferindo apenas no número de placas esqueléticas.
This study is about taxonomy and morphology of endosymbiotic ciliated protozoa (Litostomatea, Trichostomatia) of Brazilian domestic ruminants. The work is divided into four sections. Section 1 reviews the main methods in microscopy and molecular biology used in the taxonomic study of rumen ciliates. Section 2 presents an inventory of species of ciliated protozoa Brazilian sheep, which were inventoried 28 species of ciliates, and, Entodinium alces, Metadinium esalqum and Metadinium rotundatum were first observed in sheep and other 12 species were first observed in Brazilian sheep. Still, the session shows the redescription of Entodinium contractum Kofoid & Christenson (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryosocolecidae) based on general morphology and description of oral infraciliature; Section 3 is the morphological characterization of a polymorphic species of ophryoscolecid ciliate Diplodinium anisacanhum da Cunha and a brief taxonomic revision of the genus Diplodinium Schuberg. The morphological and morphometric characterization of D. anisacanthum showed great similiarities among morphotypes suggesting that such ciliates constitute a single species endowed with polymorphism. A brief review conducted highlights the inconsistencies in the taxonomy of the genus Diplodinium and demonstrates the need for recent studies with representatives of the genus in order to improve the taxonomy of it. Finally, Section 4 describes a new species of ophryoscolecid ciliate Diploplastron dehorityi and redescribe the species Diploplastron affine (Dogiel & Fedorowa) based on morphological and morphometric characterization and details of oral infraciliature. The new species differs in some aspects of the species D. affine. The skeletal plates in D. dehorityi are not juxtaposed and have curved shape. Still, the new species has the oval body, differing from the elliptical body of D. affine. In addition to the similarities between the new species and congener species, D. dehorityi has great morphological similarity to species of the genus Eremoplastron, differing only in the number of skeletal plates.
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Teixeira, César Roberto Viana. "Comparing the responses of rumen ciliate protozoa and bacteria to excess glucose." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2018. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/22141.
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Os microrganismos ruminais têm um papel central na nutrição de ruminantes. Eles têm a capacidade de fermentar componentes do alimento para produzir ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV’s) e crescer (sintetizar proteína microbiana), os quais fornecem a maior parte da energia e aminoácidos exigidos pelos animais. No entanto, quando são fornecidos carboidratos em excesso, a eficiência de crescimento dos microrganismos torna-se baixa porque estes direcionam a energia para outras funções, ao invés de a utilizarem para o crescimento. Diferentes microrganismos respondem a esse excesso de maneiras diferentes. Certas espécies respondem armazenando energia (sintetizando carboidratos de reserva), mas outras espécies respondem dissipando a energia na forma de calor. Para determinar a importância relativa dessas respostas na comunidade microbiana do rúmen, este estudo foi cinduzido com o objetivo de quantificar como os protozoários ciliados e as bactérias responderam à glicose. Teve-se como hipótese que os protozoários ciliados direcionariam mais glicose para a síntese de carboidratos de reserva e desperdiçariam menos energia na forma de calor, em relação as bactérias. Ciliados e bactérias foram isolados do líquido ruminal por filtração e centrifugação, respectivamente. Posteriormente, os ciliados e as bactérias foram suspensos em tampão isento de nitrogênio para limitar o crescimento e dosados com 5 mM de glicose. As amostras foram coletadas ao longo do tempo e, posteriormente, divididas por centrifugação em pellets (células) e sobrenadante. Amostras de pellets foram analisadas quanto à reserva de carboidratos e proteínas, enquanto amostras de sobrenadante foram analisadas para glicose livre, ácido D-L lático, ácido acético, propionato e butirato. Adicionalmente, foi analisado a produção de calor e gases de fermentação (H 2 , CH 4 e CO 2 ). O metabolismo endógeno, a síntese de carboidratos de reserva e o desperdício na forma de calor foram calculados a partir dos dados das análises. A maior parte dos dados foi analisada usando o PROC GLIMMIX do SAS. Teste t de Student foi usado para separar as médias ou determinar se as médias diferiam de 100%. Regressão local (pacote LOCFIT de R; Loader, 1999) foi usada para ajustar os dados das séries no tempo. Em comparação com as bactérias, os ciliados consumiram três vezes mais glicose e sintetizaram carboidratos de reserva quatro vezes mais rápido. Eles incorporaram 53% da glicose em carboidratos de reserva, quase o dobro do valor (27%) obtido para as bactérias. Desperdício de energia na forma de calor não foi detectado para os ciliados, uma vez que toda a produção de calor foi contabilizada pela síntese de reserva de carboidratos e pelo metabolismo endógeno. Em bactérias, a síntese de carboidratos de reserva e o metabolismo endógeno representaram apenas 68% da produção total de calor, assim, elas desperdiçaram grande quantidade de energia por meio da produção de calor (32% da produção total de calor). Esses resultados sugerem que os protozoários ciliados ruminais alteram o curso do metabolismo de carboidratos no rúmen, consumindo glicose mais rapidamente, limitando o uso do excesso de carboidratos pelas bactérias. Essa ação dos ciliados no rúmen provavelmente maximiza a síntese carboidratos de reserva, enquanto minimiza a ocorrência de desperdício de energia na forma de calor.
Rumen microbes hold a central role in ruminant nutrition. They ferment feed components to produce volatile fatty acids (VFA) and grow (synthesize microbial protein), which supplies the greater part of energy and amino acids required by the animals. However, when given excess carbohydrate, microbes growth efficiency becomes low because microbes direct energy to non-growth functions, instead of using it for growth. Different microorganisms respond to this excess in different ways. Certain species respond by storing energy (synthesizing reserve carbohydrate), but other species respond by dissipating the energy as heat (spilling energy). To determine the relative importance of these responses in the microbial community of the rumen, this study aims to quantify how mixed ciliate protozoa and bacteria respond to glucose. It was hypothesized that ciliate protozoa would direct more glucose to synthesis of reserve carbohydrate and less to energy spilling than would bacteria. Ciliates and bacteria were isolated from rumen fluid using filtration and centrifugation, respectively. Posteriorly, ciliates and bacteria were resuspended in nitrogen-free buffer to limit growth and dosed with 5 mM glucose. Samples were collected over time and were subsequently divided in pellet (cells) and supernatant by centrifugation. Pellet samples were analyzed for reserve carbohydrate and protein, while supernatant sample were analyzed for free glucose, D- /L-lactic acid, acetic acid, propionate and butyrate. Additionally, were analyzed heat production and fermentation gases (H 2 , CH 4 and CO 2 ). Endogenous metabolism, reserve carbohydrate synthesis and energy spilling were calculated from the data obtained from the analysis data. Most data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. Student’s t- test was used to separate means or determine if means differed from 100%. Local regression (LOCFIT package of R; Loader, 1999) was used to fit time-series data to smooth curves. Compared to bacteria, ciliates consumed glucose more than 3-fold faster and synthesized reserve carbohydrate 4-fold faster. They incorporated 53% of glucose carbon into reserve carbohydrate, nearly double the value (27%) for bacteria. Energy spilling was not detected for ciliates, as all heat production was accounted by synthesis of reserve carbohydrate and endogenous metabolism. For bacteria, reserve carbohydrate and endogenous metabolism accounted for only 68% of heat production, thus they spilled large amounts of energy (32% of total heat production). These results suggest that rumen ciliates protozoa alter the course of carbohydrate metabolism in the rumen by consuming glucose more rapidly and outcompeting bacteria for excess carbohydrate. This action of the ciliates in the rumen likely maximizes reserve carbohydrate synthesis while minimizing spilling.
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Ankrah, Peter. "Contribution of ciliate protozoa to the rumen fermentation and nutrition of the ruminant /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487598303839471.
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Martin, Heather Christine. "Isolation, purification and characterisation of a novel lysozyme from a rumen ciliate Entodinium caudatum." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301203.
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The rate of breakdown of a range of rumen bacteria by rumen protozoa in whole rumen fluid ranged from 11.5%/h for Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens SH13 to 2.7%/h for Eubacterium ruminantium 2388. When the rates of breakdown of the bacteria were measured using hen's egg white lysozyme, an N-acetylmuramidase, they ranged from 10.1%/h to 1.1%/h. There was correlation between levels of activity in lysozyme and rumen fluid, with R2=0.52 (P>0.01). The rates of breakdown of the rumen bacteria using mutanolysin, also an N-acetylmuramidase were also measured. They ranged from 16.0 to 1.2%/h, and the R2 value was 0.81. When the same bacteria were incubated with an N-acetylglucosaminidase, the rates of breakdown ranged from 3.9 to 0.27%/h, and there was no correlation with the activity in rumen fluid. This implied that the principal bacteriolytic activity in rumen fluid is similar to lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17). Protozoal lysozyme was partially purified from Entodinium caudatum using a combination of cation exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The partially-purified enzyme resembled other lysozymes in that it was a basic protein which degraded Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls and had a high isoelectric point of pI9. It displayed optimal activity at pH 6.5, ionic strength of 0.05 M and at a temperature of 40 °C. It had an apparent affinity constant (Kapp) of 388 mg M. lysodeikticus lysed/I. It had an apparent molecular mass of 14 kDa, from SDS-PAGE, and its N-terminal amino acid sequence slightly resembled that of a distinct class of lysozymes found in Streptomyces species, the fungus Chalaropsis and the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Thus the major type of bacteriolytic activity in rumen fluid was found to be a lysozyme-like enzyme which was partially purified and characterised. Further characterisation of this enzyme could provide important information that would be useful in developing a means of preventing wasteful breakdown of bacterial protein in the rumen.
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Valinote, Amaury Camilo. "Fontes de gordura e utilização de monensina nos parâmetros ruminais e protozoários ciliados de bovinos da raça Nelore." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-05032004-154844/.
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Foram utilizados quatro novilhos Nelore, com fistulas ruminais e peso de 502 ± 32 kg em um experimento em delineamento Quadrado Latino 4x4, com o propósito de avaliar o caroço de algodão e o sal de cálcio de ácidos graxos como fontes de gordura, sobre os parâmetros ruminais e protozoários ciliados, assim como o efeito da monensina dietas com caroço de algodão. O experimento foi conduzido no Campus Administrativo de Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo, na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: dieta controle (CRTL), dieta com sal de cálcio de ácidos graxos (SC), dieta com caroço de algodão (CA), dieta com caroço de algodão sem monensina (CASM). Os parâmetros avaliados foram degradabilidade ruminal in situ do volumoso e da dieta total, concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, pH ruminal, taxa de passagem líquida, turnover e volume ruminal, e identificação e contagem de protozoários ciliados. Cada período experimental foi subdividido em dezesseis dias de adaptação e seis dias de colheita, perfazendo um total de 22 dias por período experimental. Foram mensurados os coeficientes de degradabilidade nos períodos de incubação 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas, o líquido e conteúdo ruminal foram colhidos nos horários 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas; as colheitas de marcador de fase líquida foram realizadas às 0; 1,5; 3; 6; 12 e 24 horas após a alimentação. A degradabilidade da MS da cana-de-açúcar, MS e EE da dieta total não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (p>0,10). A degradabilidade da FDN e FDA do volumoso, e da PB da dieta total apresentaram interação tempo x tratamento (p<0,07). O volume ruminal, taxa de passagem líquida, pH, concentração de ácidos graxos e de nitrogênio amoniacal não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (p>0,10), O tratamento CA apresentou maior valor para turnover que os demais (p<0,07). A taxa de acético:propiônico apresentou interação tempo x tratamento (p<0,05). Os tratamentos com caroço de algodão reduziram a quantidade total de protozoários ciliados (p<0,01), em especial de Entodinium (p<0,01). Nas condições desse experimento, a gordura não afetou os parâmetros ruminais avaliados. Mesmo pequenas quantidades de gordura insaturada, como a liberada pelo caroço de algodão, são suficientemente tóxicas para os protozoários ciliados. A monensina não apresentou efeito quando adicionada a dieta com gordura. As fontes de gordura avaliadas são alternativas para alimentação de ruminantes, sem prejudicar a função ruminal. A adição de monensina parece desnecessária quando há suplementação de gordura. Mais trabalhos devem ser realizados para avaliar o efeito de outros aditivos sobre a gordura, na alimentação de ruminantes, assim como as modificações das gorduras no ambiente ruminal.Four Nellore steers, with rumen cannulas and 502 ± 32 kg were utilized in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design experiment to evaluate the effects of diets with whole cottonseed or calcium salt of fatty acid as lipid source, on ruminal parameters and ciliate protozoa, as well as the monensin effect with diets with whole cottonseed. The study was carried out at Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). The experimental treatments were: control diet (CRTL), salt calcium diet (SC), cottonseed diet (CA), and cottonseed diet without monensin (CASM). The parameters evaluated were roughage and total diet in situ degradability, volatile fatty acids concentration, amoniacal nitrogen concentration, ruminal pH, liquid passage, turnover and ruminal volume, and number and specie of ciliate protozoa. Each experimental period was consisted of 16 days of adaptation and 6 days of colletion, composing 22 days per experimental period. The degradability coefficients at the follow incubation periods: 0; 6; 12; 24; 48; 72 and 96 hours; were measure the rumen liquid and content was sampled at 0; 2; 4; 6 and 8 hours; the liquid marker collected at 0; 1.5; 3; 6; 12 and 24 after feeding. The sugar cane dry matter, and DM and EE total diet degradability did not show statistical difference (p>0.10). The ADF and NDF roughage degradability, and total diet CP degradability showed interaction time x treatment (p<0.07). The ruminal volume, liquid passage, pH, fatty acid concentration and N-NH3 , did not show statistical differences (p>0.10). The CA treatment showed higher turnover value (p=0.0691). The acetic:propionic proportion had time x treatment interaction (p=0.0228). The treatments with cottonseed decreased the total number of ciliate protozoa (p<0,01), especially for Entodinium (p<0,01). In this study conditions, monensin showed no effect when lipid was present on the diet. Even little unsaturated fat quantities in the rumen rumen, as cottonseed fatty acids were prejudicial to ciliate protozoa. The fat sources evaluated are alternatives to ruminant feeding, without deleterious effect to rumen function. The monensin addition seems to be unnecessary with diets with not protect fat. More works are necessary to study others additives on fat fed to ruminants, as well as the fat transformation on rumen environment.
Books on the topic "Rumen ciliates"
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Williams, Alan G. The rumen protozoa. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
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Williams, Alan G. The rumen protozoa. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
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Dehority, Burk A. Laboratory manual for classification and morphology of rumen ciliate protozoa. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.
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Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Burk, A. Dehor¡ty. Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351073912.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Rumen ciliates"
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Ushida, Kazunari. "Symbiotic Methanogens and Rumen Ciliates." In (Endo)symbiotic Methanogenic Archaea, 25–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13615-3_3.
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Ushida, Kazunari. "Symbiotic Methanogens and Rumen Ciliates." In (Endo)symbiotic Methanogenic Archaea, 25–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98836-8_3.
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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Ciliates in the Rumen of Cattle." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 502. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_4087.
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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Ciliates in the Rumen of Cattle." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_4087-1.
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Williams, Alan G., and Geoffrey S. Coleman. "Association of Bacteria and Fungi with Rumen Ciliates." In Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience, 165–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2776-2_5.
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Ellis, Jayne, Kevin Hillman, Alan G. Williams, and David Lloyd. "Hydrogen Production by Rumen Ciliate Protozoa." In Microbiology and Biochemistry of Strict Anaerobes Involved in Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer, 377–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0613-9_38.
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Ellis, Jayne, Kevin Hillman, Alan G. Williams, and David Lloyd. "Hydrogen and Methanogenesis in Rumen Liquor and in Rumen Ciliate/Methanogen Cocultures." In Microbiology and Biochemistry of Strict Anaerobes Involved in Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer, 373–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0613-9_37.
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Huws, Sharon A., Cate L. Williams, and Neil R. McEwan. "Ruminal-ciliated protozoa." In Improving rumen function, 191–220. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0067.08.
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Burk, A. Dehor¡ty. "Classification of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa." In Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa, 1–2. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351073912-1.
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Burk, A. Dehor¡ty. "Rumen Protozoa in the Order Entodiniomorphida." In Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa, 19–20. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351073912-4.
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