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Journal articles on the topic 'Rules and practice'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Weiss, Bernhard. "From Tools to Rules." Philosophical Topics 50, no. 1 (2022): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20225014.

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The paper is interested in likely routes for the evolution of normative practice, which, it is here assumed, is a necessary precursor to the development of language. It argues that each normative practice requires a policing practice, consisting of, at least, moves of commendation, condemnation, and retraction, and it contrasts policing with mere monitoring practice. So the evolution of norms can be seen to be the development of policing from mere monitoring practice. It conjectures that a likely site for such a development to take place is in the active transmission of technology, notably, toolmaking technology. Using data and observations drawn from the archaeological record and the psychology of mimicry, it attempts to illustrate the likely emergence of policing practices.

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2

Hattiangadi, Jagdish. "On rules and practice." Social Epistemology 16, no. 4 (October 2002): 311–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691720210150743.

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3

Haney, Cynthia. "Streamlining hospital practice rules." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 43, no. 2 (February 2012): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000410919.52713.e0.

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4

Myerson, Toby. "Japanese Rules for Practice." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 86 (1992): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700094969.

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5

Williams, John C. "Policy rules in practice." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 49 (December 2014): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2014.09.020.

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6

Young, Mark Thomas. "Artifacts as Rules." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 22, no. 3 (2018): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne2018121789.

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My goal in this article is to explore the extent to which the conception of rule-following which emerges from Wittgenstein’s later works can also yield important insights concerning the nature of technological practices. In particular, this article aims to examine how two interrelated themes of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations can be applied in the philosophical analysis of technology. Our first theme concerns linguistic practice; broadly construed, it is the claim that the use of language cannot be understood as determined by a system of context independent rules. The second, interrelated theme emerges as a consequence of the first; that the meaning of language is rendered indeterminate when analyzed in isolation from contexts of practice. Following the common tendency in the sociology of technology to draw analogies between language and technology, I aim to show how the arguments that Wittgenstein makes for these two claims concerning language can also help us to understand the relation between technical artifacts and technological practices. For, similar to Wittgenstein’s account of rules, it will be shown how artifacts cannot be adequately understood in isolation from a wider background of skillful practice and interpretation. To illustrate this idea, we will examine the case of the Geiger counter, with a view towards illustrating how important aspects of the function of the device are rendered indeterminate when assessed on the basis of physical design alone.

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7

Aitkenhead, Susan. "New rules for safe practice." Paediatric Nursing 17, no. 1 (February 2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed.17.1.3.s1.

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8

Taylor, John R. "Rules for practice in 2008." Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 15, no. 4 (December 2007): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255030701500409.

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9

Dimond, Bridgit. "New fitness to practice rules." British Journal of Midwifery 12, no. 11 (November 2004): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2004.12.11.16712.

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10

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Galı́, and Mark Gertler. "Monetary policy rules in practice." European Economic Review 42, no. 6 (June 1998): 1033–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(98)00016-6.

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11

RALSTON, J. FRED. "Uphold Scope-of-Practice Rules." Internal Medicine News 43, no. 19 (November 2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(10)70977-x.

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12

Plosser, Charles I. "Monetary rules: Theory and practice." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 49 (December 2014): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2014.09.018.

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13

Fiscella, Kevin. "The Context of Simple Rules." Family Medicine 54, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2022.139220.

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14

Lorini, Giuseppe. "Can constitutive rules create a practice?" Revista Opinião Jurídica (Fortaleza) 13, no. 17 (January 29, 2016): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.12662/2447-6641oj.v13i17.p388-397.2015.

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The author investigates the role of constitutive rules in the construction of social reality. He denies that constitutive rules are a sufficient condition of a practice such as a chess game. To create a new practice with rules, it is necessary that there already be the grammar of this practice, that is, the sense of this practice (for example, the sense of game). It is the grammar of a practice and not its constitutive rules that determines the nature of a practice. The sense of a practice cannot be created by constitutive rules.

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15

Heinz Schilcher, P. Dr. "PROPOSED RULES FOR GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 249 (September 1989): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.249.15.

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16

Khanagwal, Vijay Pal, Kunal Khanna, Tarun Dagar, and Sandeep Kumar Giri. "Rules of consent in medical practice." Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine 44, suppl (2022): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0848.2022.00008.2.

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17

McGinn, T. "Practice corner: using clinical prediction rules." Evidence-Based Medicine 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebm.7.5.132.

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18

Sarrailhé, Philippe. "New Rules of Practice in France." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 86 (1992): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700094994.

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19

Longhurst, Chris, and Petra Kendall-Raynor. "NMC rethinks return-to-practice rules." Nursing Standard 33, no. 8 (October 31, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.33.8.7.s4.

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20

Abelson, J., R. C. Atkinson, R. L. Davidson, R. Dulbecco, M. E. Friedkin, G. E. Palade, J. E. Seegmiller, M. I. Simon, and D. Steinberg. "PNAS Paper: Rules and Standard Practice." Science 249, no. 4975 (September 21, 1990): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4975.1358-a.

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21

Taylor, John B. "Discretion versus policy rules in practice." Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 39 (December 1993): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(93)90009-l.

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22

Ashfa, D. M. "Trade Practice Rules in Competition Law." Actual Problems of Russian Law 18, no. 3 (February 20, 2023): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2023.148.3.101-114.

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23

KV, Gayathri, Aneeta Joy, Anu Benny, Bency Thomas, Geena Raju, Jaisy P. Rajan, Kavyakala TC, et al. "Awareness and Practice of Traffic Rules in Preventing Accidents among Orthopedic Patients." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v10i4.4.

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Background of the study : Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) has come out as a prime health concern in India and Abroad which needs multifaceted approach to reduce it. As we all know that nearly 1.35 million people die every year globally due to RTA and every 24 second someone dies on the road. Road traffic injuries are the main cause of death among children and young adults between 5 to 29yrs. One of the most important preventive measures to reduce RTA is following Traffic rules. It’s designed to protect all those who pass on road and if it’s followed nearly 99% of accidents can be prevented. The Aim of this study was to assess the awareness and practice of traffic rules in preventing RTA. Setting and design: A Descriptive survey approach with non-experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study on patients admitted at orthopedic wards at R.L.J Hospital & R.C Methods and Material: 100 samples who fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling technique admitted at orthopedic wards of R.L.J. Hospital & R.C Kolar. The data was collected by using structured questionnaire on awareness and practice checklist. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed using Descriptive and Inferential Statistics like mean, percentage, standard deviation, co-relation and chi-square. Results: The study showed that, out of 100 samples, 46(46%) had moderate awareness regarding RTA and majority54 (54%) had average level of practice and there was positive co-relation between awareness and level of practice. Conclusion: Even though people are having adequate awareness about road traffic rules, negligence in following road traffic rules was the major cause of RTA. Hence an awareness program regarding risk of accidents, impact of accidents on individual, family and society is essential in reducing RTA. Keywords: Road Traffic Accidents, Awareness, Traffic rules, Practice

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24

Oliveira, João, and Martin Quinn. "Interactions of rules and routines: re-thinking rules." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 11, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 503–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-11-2013-0095.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the extant and arguably excessive focus on routines in management accounting research and a relative neglect of rules. It seeks to advance our understanding of how rules and routines may interact in the technology-enabled context of management accounting and control of contemporary organizations. Design/methodology/approach – The authors draw on, and develop, insights from extant literature and from two case studies to explore how rules and routines may interact. Findings – The paper proposes a framework on the interactions of rules and routines across multiple dimensions. The authors adopt a wide notion of rules to include formal rules, rules as internal cognitive structures of human actors and rules technologically embedded in non-human actors. The authors argue that rules underlie and may precede routines, distinguish between repeated practices and routines and explore the role of technology in today’s management accounting practices. Research limitations/implications – This research shows how the process of routinization and, ultimately, institutionalization of practices involves multiple dimensions of rules, as well as both human and non-human actors. With this understanding, researchers and practitioners will be better equipped to, respectively, understand nuances of management accounting change and actually achieve change in practice. Originality/value – This paper highlights the importance of rules in the routinization and institutionalization of management accounting practices and proposes a framework which explores the interactions of rules and routines across three realms: material, action and psychological. Including a material realm, related with technologically embedded rules, in the proposed framework contributes to institutional theory by acknowledging today’s increasing role of technology in organizational life.

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25

Teichmann, Roger. "Explaining the Rules." Philosophy 77, no. 4 (October 2002): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819102000475.

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There is a class of speech-acts employing expressions such as ‘can't, ‘must’, and ‘meant to’, which have a paradigm role in stating the rules that govern a practice. Elizabeth Anscombe called such expressions stopping (or forcing) modals. Although “You can't phi”, etc., are not implicit hypothetical imperatives, it nevertheless makes prima facie sense to ask of a given practice why we go in for it, what the point of it is. Various questions are discussed in connection with these facts, e.g. What distinguishes a rule's applying to someone from its having force (for that person)? Where the practice at issue is a ‘language-game’, does the question “Why do we do this?” still makes sense?

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26

DeKeyser, Robert M. "BEYOND EXPLICIT RULE LEARNING." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19, no. 2 (June 1997): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263197002040.

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This study is a fine-grained analysis of extensive empirical data on the automatization of explicitly learned rules of morphosyntax in a second language. Sixty-one subjects were taught four morphosyntactic rules and 32 vocabulary items in an artificial language. After they had reached criterion on a set of metalinguistic tests of grammar and vocabulary, they engaged in systematic, computer-controlled comprehension and production practice for 8 weeks. Comprehension practice consisted of choosing between pictures displayed on the computer screen to match a sentence; production practice consisted of typing the correct sentence corresponding to a picture. All subjects were taught the same rules and then practiced them, and all subjects had the same amount of comprehension and production practice, but which rules were practiced in comprehension and which in production varied between groups. Results show that the learning of morphosyntactic rules is highly skill-specific and that these skills develop very gradually over time, following the same power function learning curve as the acquisition of other cognitive skills. These results are consistent with current skill acquisition theory.

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27

Cohen, Joshua. "Are clinical practice guidelines impartial?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 20, no. 4 (November 2004): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462304001291.

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In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls demands from citizens who decide upon principles of justice and the rules derived from such principles that they abstract from all particularities that constitute their identity as unique individuals. This demand is unrealistic in policy settings where actual policy-makers convene to provide guidance, establish rules regarding public good, and enact legislation. In practice, I argue, policy-makers, legislators, and others involved in developing social rules that pertain to distributive justice formulate such rules as reasonably partial spectators. To illustrate, I show how clinical practice guidelines are established and mediated by a reasonably partial expert panel whose partial action is publicly justifiable, yet whose claims to impartiality are not.

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28

McKown, Joan, Henry Klehm III, Harold Gordon, David Woodcock, and Daniel Bradley. "SEC publishes final rules amending the rules of practice for administrative proceedings." Journal of Investment Compliance 17, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-09-2016-0045.

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Purpose To explain and evaluate amendments to the rules of practice governing the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) Administrative Proceedings that were adopted by the Commission on July 13, 2016. Design/methodology/approach Describes SEC’s increased pursuit of enforcement actions in APs, criticisms of the AP process, and corrective legislation. Describes the July 2016 amendments covering expansion of the prehearing period, allowance of depositions, timing for completion of document production in discovery phase, required disclosure of affirmative defenses, permitted dispositive motions, and admissibility of hearsay evidence. Assesses the practical impact of the amendments. Makes recommendations concerning advanced preparation for APs, depositions and witness-interview strategies, particular care concerning statements in Wells submission, availability of investigative record to defense counsel, admissibility of hearsay evidence, and defenses based on reliance on counsel. Findings The amended rules are a step in the right direction but do not fully correct the numerous and severe imbalances that exist in the Commission’s administrative enforcement process with respect to the availability of various discovery mechanisms, the timeline for trying a case, and more. Practical implications Every entity or individual that is involved in an SEC enforcement investigation, or that may become a respondent in an SEC Administrative Proceeding, should take certain practical steps such as those recommended in this article to minimize the structural disadvantages it will face and to maximize the benefits conferred by these latest amendments to the rules of practice. Originality/value Practical background and guidance from experienced enforcement, litigation, securities and financial services lawyers.

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29

Wallace, Emma, and Michael E. Johansen. "Clinical Prediction Rules: Challenges, Barriers, and Promise." Annals of Family Medicine 16, no. 5 (September 2018): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.2303.

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30

Schwab, Simon, Perrine Janiaud, Michael Dayan, Valentin Amrhein, Radoslaw Panczak, Patricia M. Palagi, Lars G. Hemkens, et al. "Ten simple rules for good research practice." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 6 (June 23, 2022): e1010139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010139.

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31

Mavraganis, George. "Greece: Rules and Practice on Transfer Pricing." Intertax 23, Issue 11 (November 1, 1995): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1995084.

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32

Ebell, Mark H. "USING DECISION RULES IN PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 22, no. 2 (June 1995): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00521-2.

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33

Wigley, Shelley, and Bobbi Kay Lewis. "Rules of engagement: Practice what you tweet." Public Relations Review 38, no. 1 (March 2012): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.08.020.

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34

Frühwirth, Thom. "Theory and practice of constraint handling rules." Journal of Logic Programming 37, no. 1-3 (October 1998): 95–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-1066(98)10005-5.

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35

Jolowicz, J. A. "Practice directions and the Civil Procedure Rules." Cambridge Law Journal 59, no. 1 (March 2000): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300000027.

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Practice directions are made by the courts under a jurisdiction usually called “inherent”. Directions do not have statutory authority but are sometimes used to introduce important procedural innovations. Now, the Civil Procedure Act 1997 envisages that a rule of court, instead of providing for something, may refer to directions, actual or to be made: directions covered by this do have statutory authority.Practice directions “supplementing” many of the Parts of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 were issued alongside the rules. Not all of these fall within the Act of 1997, but the “inherent” jurisdiction, which has not been displaced, can justify them. In the result, there are now two kinds of practice direction: some have the authority of statute and others do not. This article examines a confusing situation and makes some suggestions.

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36

Kass, Robert E., Brian S. Caffo, Marie Davidian, Xiao-Li Meng, Bin Yu, and Nancy Reid. "Ten Simple Rules for Effective Statistical Practice." PLOS Computational Biology 12, no. 6 (June 9, 2016): e1004961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004961.

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37

Wagenaar, Hendrik. ""Knowing" the Rules: Administrative Work as Practice." Public Administration Review 64, no. 6 (November 2004): 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00412.x.

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38

El-Bolkainy, M. N. "Golden rules in practice of cancer pathology." African Journal of Urology 22, no. 3 (September 2016): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.afju.2016.04.004.

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39

Ravindra, Geetha. "Balancing mediation with rules on unauthorized practice." Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 18, no. 2 (February 2000): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alt.3810180202.

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40

Wennberg, J. E. "Unwanted variations in the rules of practice." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, no. 10 (March 13, 1991): 1306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.265.10.1306.

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41

Wennberg, John E. "Unwanted Variations in the Rules of Practice." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, no. 10 (March 13, 1991): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460100108036.

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42

Shlopak, L. B. "Standards of Good Clinical Practice (GCP)." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 6 (May 28, 2023): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2306-03.

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In the Eurasian Economic Union, the unified rules of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) came into force on May 6, 2017. These rules relate primarily to the circulation of medicines, and, along with good manufacturing practice (GMP) and good laboratory practice (GLP), are fundamental in matters of standardizing the quality of medical care for the population. The scope of these rules covers clinical trials of medicines, where the “subject” is an individual, and affects the ethical and moral aspects of conducting such trials [4]. Compliance with these rules is necessary when conducting clinical trials, the data of which are planned to be submitted to the authorized bodies of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

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43

Cooper, Andrew F., and Vincent Pouliot. "How much is global governance changing? The G20 as international practice." Cooperation and Conflict 50, no. 3 (April 13, 2015): 334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836715576007.

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Is the G20 transforming global governance, or does it reinforce the status quo? In this article we argue that as innovative as some diplomatic practices of the G20 may be, we should not overstate their potential impact. More specifically, we show that G20 diplomacy often reproduces many oligarchic tendencies in global governance, while also relaxing club dynamics in some ways. On the one hand, the G20 has more inductees who operate along new rules of the game and under a new multilateral ethos of difference. But, on the other hand, the G20 still comprises self-appointed rulers, with arbitrary rules of membership and many processes of cooption and discipline. In overall terms, approaching G20 diplomacy from a practice perspective not only provides us with the necessary analytical granularity to tell the old from the new, it also sheds different light on the dialectics of stability and change on the world stage. Practices are processes and as such they are always subject to evolutionary change. However, because of their structuring effects, diplomatic practices also tend to inhibit global transformation and reproduce the existing order.

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44

Clarke, Morgan. "Religious rules and thick description: some thoughts from the anthropology of Islam." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 46, no. 3 (November 21, 2022): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.115500.

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The recent anthropology of ethics has sought to look beyond rules to themes such as the cultivation of the virtuous self. Anthropology generally has grown impatient with what Bourdieu called ‘the fallacies of the rule’ as a key term for describing the social. But rules remain a crucial dimension of ethical practice in many contexts, including religious ones. This article focuses on British Muslim conceptions and practice of the religious rules of Islam in order to highlight the complexity, diversity, and subtlety of everyday practices of rule-following. Sticking to the rules, even in the non-Muslim majority setting of the UK, is important to many, although what it means to follow the rules and how to do so are not always straightforward. By going beyond stereotypes of ‘mere’ ‘rigid’ rules, blindly followed or boldly evaded, I demonstrate both the necessity and the possibility of a thicker description of religious rules. Keywords: Rules; piety; ethics; morality; Islam; Shia; sharia

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45

Greiffenhagen, Christian, and Wes Sharrock. "Two Concepts of Attachment to Rules." Journal of Classical Sociology 9, no. 4 (November 2009): 405–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795x09344450.

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In this paper, we discuss some implications of John Rawls’ paper ‘Two Concepts of Rules’ (1955) for social science. We argue that Rawls’ notion of ‘practice’ is not a straightforward contribution to sociological theory, but rather re-orients the idea of what understanding social actions might be. We explicate how Rawls’ distinction between ‘summary’ and ‘practice’ views of rules might play out in approaching mathematical practice and mathematical expressions. We argue that social constructivists like Bloor hold on to a ‘summary’ conception of rules while Wittgenstein adopts the more radical ‘practice’ conception.

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46

Etz, Rebecca, William L. Miller, and Kurt C. Stange. "Simple Rules That Guide Generalist and Specialist Care." Family Medicine 53, no. 8 (September 3, 2021): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2021.463594.

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The sometimes-paradoxical emergent behavior of complex systems may be explained by the interaction of simple rules. The paradox of primary care—that systems based on primary care have healthier populations, fewer health inequities, lower health care expenditures, and better system-level evidence-based disease care, despite less evidence-based care for individual diseases—may be explained by the iterative interaction among three simple rules that describe the generalist approach: (1) Recognize a broad range of problems/opportunities; (2) Prioritize attention and action with the intent of promoting health, healing, and connection; and (3) Personalize care based on the particulars of the individual or family in their local context. These are complemented by three simple rules for specialist care that represent current approaches to quality and health care system improvement: (1) Identify and classify disease for management; (2) Interpret through specialized knowledge; (3) Generate and carry out a management plan. Health care systems that support the enactment of the simple rules of the generalist approach are likely to have more effective primary and specialty care, and greater population health, equity, quality, and sustainable cost.

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47

Jeannet, Stéphane. "Civil Defence 1977–1997: from law to practice." International Review of the Red Cross 38, no. 325 (December 1998): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400091580.

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Concern has been expressed recently that the rules of international humanitarian law pertaining to civil defence have been somewhat neglected since 1977 and that, 20 years on, the time has come to assess whether these rules are sufficiently realistic and have retained their validity. The purpose of civil defence rules is clear, i.e. “to mitigate the losses, damage and suffering inflicted on the civilian population by the dramatic developments of the means and methods of warfare”. But while the primary purpose of civil defence rules may be formulated quite simply, the means of achieving it are naturally far more complex, indeed increasingly so given the effects of the ever more destructive methods of warfare as well as the changing nature of conflicts, which is resulting in a larger proportion of civilians being killed. It has also been recognized that the rules governing civil defence would remain a dead letter if they were not made known to those for whom they are intended. The current lack of awareness has therefore made efforts to spread knowledge of these rules a matter of necessity.

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48

Kawatoko, Yasuko. "Social rules in practice: “Legal” literacy practice in nepalese agricultural village communities." Mind, Culture, and Activity 2, no. 4 (September 1995): 258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749039509524705.

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49

Okrent, Mark. "Practices and Practicing." Nóema, no. 13 (November 20, 2022): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2239-5474/18857.

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This paper concerns the question of what it is that philosophers have been talking about, or ought to have been talking about, when they talk about ‘a practice’. This issue is complicated by the fact that, in English at least, there are several rather distinct senses of the word ‘practice’, in two of which ‘practice’ is used as a noun, and another two senses in which ‘practice’ is used as a verb. And all of these uses, both nominal and verbal, are actually quite distinct from, but clearly related to, what philosophers have been interested in when they discuss ‘a practice’. In Two Concepts of Rules John Rawls offered a definition of ‘practice’ that has been influential on later philosophical discussions of what it is to be a practice: «I use the word ‘practice’ throughout as a sort of technical term meaning any form of activity specified by a system of rules which defines offices, roles, moves, penalties, defenses, and so on, and which gives the activity its structure. As examples one may think of games and rituals, trials and parliaments». It is a central thesis of Two Concepts of Rules that consequentialist and deontic rules, (or norms), are both essentially involved in the institution and evaluation of practices. It is the thesis of this present paper, however, that if one focuses on the process of practicing a practice in order to develop and maintain the ability to successfully occupy an office in a Rawlsian practice, one can see that Rawls both misidentified the character of those norms and mislocated their targets

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Wiles Higdon, Carolyn, and Katya Hill. "Five SGD Funding Rules of Commitment." Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication 24, no. 4 (September 2015): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/aac24.4.129.

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This article focuses on policy documents of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) that provide guidance to SLPs facing the various issues and challenges of conducting AAC evaluations that result in a speech-generating device (SGD) funding request. Five (5) SGD funding rules of commitment are proposed for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to consider in their clinical practice regardless of the funding source (e.g., school districts, Medicare, Medicaid, major health insurers, or private pay). The rules highlight ethical conduct, advocacy, and consumer protection. SLPs having questions about SGD funding practices and requirements should contact the appropriate ASHA service staff with their questions as the primary source of information and guidance.

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