Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rules and practice

Academic literature on the topic 'Rules and practice'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rules and practice"

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Weiss, Bernhard. "From Tools to Rules." Philosophical Topics 50, no. 1 (2022): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20225014.

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The paper is interested in likely routes for the evolution of normative practice, which, it is here assumed, is a necessary precursor to the development of language. It argues that each normative practice requires a policing practice, consisting of, at least, moves of commendation, condemnation, and retraction, and it contrasts policing with mere monitoring practice. So the evolution of norms can be seen to be the development of policing from mere monitoring practice. It conjectures that a likely site for such a development to take place is in the active transmission of technology, notably, toolmaking technology. Using data and observations drawn from the archaeological record and the psychology of mimicry, it attempts to illustrate the likely emergence of policing practices.
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Hattiangadi, Jagdish. "On rules and practice." Social Epistemology 16, no. 4 (October 2002): 311–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691720210150743.

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Haney, Cynthia. "Streamlining hospital practice rules." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 43, no. 2 (February 2012): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000410919.52713.e0.

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Myerson, Toby. "Japanese Rules for Practice." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 86 (1992): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700094969.

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Williams, John C. "Policy rules in practice." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 49 (December 2014): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2014.09.020.

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Young, Mark Thomas. "Artifacts as Rules." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 22, no. 3 (2018): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne2018121789.

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My goal in this article is to explore the extent to which the conception of rule-following which emerges from Wittgenstein’s later works can also yield important insights concerning the nature of technological practices. In particular, this article aims to examine how two interrelated themes of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations can be applied in the philosophical analysis of technology. Our first theme concerns linguistic practice; broadly construed, it is the claim that the use of language cannot be understood as determined by a system of context independent rules. The second, interrelated theme emerges as a consequence of the first; that the meaning of language is rendered indeterminate when analyzed in isolation from contexts of practice. Following the common tendency in the sociology of technology to draw analogies between language and technology, I aim to show how the arguments that Wittgenstein makes for these two claims concerning language can also help us to understand the relation between technical artifacts and technological practices. For, similar to Wittgenstein’s account of rules, it will be shown how artifacts cannot be adequately understood in isolation from a wider background of skillful practice and interpretation. To illustrate this idea, we will examine the case of the Geiger counter, with a view towards illustrating how important aspects of the function of the device are rendered indeterminate when assessed on the basis of physical design alone.
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Aitkenhead, Susan. "New rules for safe practice." Paediatric Nursing 17, no. 1 (February 2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed.17.1.3.s1.

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Taylor, John R. "Rules for practice in 2008." Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 15, no. 4 (December 2007): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255030701500409.

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Dimond, Bridgit. "New fitness to practice rules." British Journal of Midwifery 12, no. 11 (November 2004): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2004.12.11.16712.

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Clarida, Richard, Jordi Galı́, and Mark Gertler. "Monetary policy rules in practice." European Economic Review 42, no. 6 (June 1998): 1033–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(98)00016-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rules and practice"

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Sánchez, Brigido Rodrigo E. "Groups, rules and legal practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439314.

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Wood, Timothy J. "On the rules-to-episodes transition in classification : generalization of similarity and rules with practice /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/NQ42888.pdf.

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André, Malin. "Rules of Thumb and Management of Common Infections in General Practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5183.

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This thesis deals with problem solving of general practitioners (GPs), which is explored with different methods and from different perspectives. The general aim was to explore and describe rules of thumb and to analyse the management of respiratory and urinary tract infections (RTI and UTI) in general practice in Sweden. The results are based upon focus group interviews concerning rules of thumb and a prospective diagnosis-prescription study concerning the management of patients allocated a diagnosis of RTI or UTI. In addition unpublished data are given from structured telephone interviews concerning specific rules of thumb in acute sinusitis and prevailing cough.

GPs were able to verbalize their rules of thumb, which could be called tacit knowledge. A specific set of rules of thumb was used for rapid assessment when emergency and psychosocial problems were identified. Somatic problems seemed to be the expected, normal state. In the further consultation the rules of thumb seemed to be used in an act of balance between the individual and the general perspective. There was considerable variation between the rules of thumb of different GPs for patients with acute sinusitis and prevailing cough. In their rules of thumb the GPs seemed to integrate their medical knowledge and practical experience of the consultation. A high number of near-patient antigen tests to probe Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A tests) and C-reactive protein (CRP) tests were performed in patients, where testing was not recommended. There was only a slight decrease in antibiotic prescribing in patients allocated a diagnosis of RTI examined with CRP in comparison with patients not tested. In general, the GPs in Sweden adhered to current guidelines for antibiotic prescribing. Phenoxymethylpenicillin (PcV) was the preferred antibiotic for most patients allocated a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection.

In conclusion, the use of rules of thumb might explain why current practices prevail in spite of educational efforts. One way to change practice could be to identify and evaluate rules of thumb used by GPs and disseminate well adapted rules. The use of diagnostic tests in patients with infectious illnesses in general practice needs critical appraisal before introduction as well as continuing surveillance. The use of rules of thumb by GPs might be one explanation for variation in practice and irrational prescribing of antibiotics in patients with infectious conditions.


On the day of the public defence the status of the articles IV and V was: Accepted.
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André, Malin. "Rules of thumb and management of common infections in general practice /." Linköping : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5183.

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Naidu, Vahini. "Rules of origin for services in economic integration agreements : a case study of SADC." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20119.

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The origin of services is increasingly relevant against the backdrop of technological innovation and global value chains. Rules of origin for trade in services are especially important in Economic Integration Agreements, which are proliferating in response to the changes in global trade and production. The Southern African Development Community commenced the Protocol on Trade in Services negotiations in April 2012 with the objective of creating an integrated regional market for services. This study examines the current and dominant approaches to the formulation of rules of origin for trade in services in twenty five (25) Economic Integration Agreements with the purpose of making recommendations, to develop further, the definition of "substantial business operations" for the SADC Protocol on Trade in Services. It concludes, first, that the type best suited for SADC is a rule of origin designed to address broader socio-economic goals in the region. Second, the criteria used to define substantial business operations in the Mainland-Hong Kong, China CEPA provides a basis which SADC can consider as a key determinant of origin, in order to prevent free-riders from benefiting from the trade preferences under the SADC Protocol on Trade in Services. Lastly, the effectiveness of rules of origin will depend on domestic regulation and regional monitoring, evaluation and enforcement mechanisms to support and regulate investments in the services sectors.
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Gray, Joanne Elizabeth. "Google rules: an analysis of Google’s influence on copyright law and practice." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2018. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/8f38181fc9bafc3f0416e2b1de1febdc32838c23e7946325406f7c5b89c5d35a/4007628/GRAY_2018_EMBARGO_3YRS_Google_rules_an_analysis_of_Google_s.pdf.

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This thesis explores Google’s copyright agenda and the political, legal and private processes through which Google has sought its implementation. This is the first comprehensive documentation of Google’s influence on copyright, drawing together evidence from multiple jurisdictions and spanning several years. This thesis is also significant for its insights into the current dynamics of digital copyright rule-making and enforcement and the distribution of power in the digital environment. Indeed, this thesis is a contribution to a larger conversation about a new generation of monopolistic companies, born from the technological developments of the digital age, and the social, political and economic influence they have acquired in contemporary society. The thesis concludes by enumerating strategies for addressing critical problems produced by concentrated private power in the digital environment; in particular, strategies aimed at ensuring digital copyright functions in the interest of a broad range of stakeholders.
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Roguski, Derek. "Language, before our eyes practice, rules, & meaning in Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations /." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/341772.

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Griffiths-Baker, Janine Elizabeth. "Conflicts of interest, fiduciary duties and regulatory rules : the problems of modern legal practice." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/f3ce9fd3-a953-469a-a61d-e5074b74c830.

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Steiner, Hrafn. "Cyber operations, legal rules and state practice : authority and control in international humanitarian law." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142944.

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Sethi, Nayha. "Remaining rooted whilst branching out : an investigation of rules and principles in decision-making." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22043.

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Against the backdrop of health research regulation, this work engages in an exploration of, and offers suggestions towards, how the decision maker can negotiate the complex path of the difficult decision. It is argued that whilst rules and principles are heavily relied upon in order to determine what to do, this reliance takes place without adequate reflection of the different ways in which we seek to rely upon these decision-making aids. What is most often the topic of analysis is the content which rules and principles carry rather than consideration of the different functions which each can fulfil or their (un)suitability in helping the decision maker. Before we consider which principles or rules should inform our decisions, we need to understand why we are using rules and principles. It follows that in order to understand why we might use rules and principles, we must understand how rules and principles can actually help us to reach decisions. Through the development and refinement of a conceptual tree, this thesis sheds light on the how and the why, in order to help decision makers determine the which. Through the metaphor of a continuum, additional insights are offered on the interrelationships that might co-exist between rules and principles. This thesis begins by offering an analysis of pre-existing understandings of rules and principles from legal theory and bioethics literatures. Additionally, I consider the implications of principle-centric and rule-centric approaches to decision-making. Through the overarching metaphor of a tree, a conceptualisation of best practice instantiations, which represent a helpful middle-ground between rules and principles is also offered. This can provide significant practical support to the decision maker in navigating the path of the difficult decision.
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Books on the topic "Rules and practice"

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Orland, Lewis H. Rules practice. 4th ed. St. Paul, Minn: West Pub. Co., 1991.

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Tegland, Karl B. Rules practice. 6th ed. [St. Paul, Minn.]: Thomson/West, 2002.

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Tegland, Karl B. Rules practice. 7th ed. [St. Paul, Minn.]: Thomson/West, 2008.

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W, Smith James. Rules practice. 2nd ed. [St. Paul, Minn.]: Thomson/West, 2006.

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Tegland, Karl B. Rules practice. Eagan, MN: Thomson Reuters, 2014.

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Circuit), United States Court of Appeals (Federal. Rules of practice. Washington, D.C: For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., 1999.

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Culver, Leslie Patrice. Civil rules practice. Eagan, MN: West, 2012.

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United States. Court of Appeals (Federal Circuit). Rules of practice. Washington, D.C: The Court, 1999.

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Section, Oregon Forest Practices. Forest practice rules. [Salem, Or: Forest Practices Section, 1988.

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Section, Oregon Forest Practices. Forest practice rules. [Salem, Or: Forest Practices Section, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rules and practice"

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Thomä, Helmut, and Horst Kächele. "Rules." In Psychoanalytic Practice, 215–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71430-6_7.

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Thomä, Helmut, and Horst Kächele. "Rules." In Psychoanalytic Practice, 250–313. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71878-6_7.

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Facer, Jo. "Practice in a lesson." In Simplicity Rules, 98–100. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351039789-9.

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Reyes, Anselmo. "Rules." In The Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, 42–59. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York : Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. | Series: Lloyd’s arbitration law library: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315474335-4.

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Constable, Marianne, and Linda Ross Meyer. "No rule for the application of rules." In Legal Rules in Practice, 29–43. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003046776-4.

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von Bechtolsheim, Stephan. "Boxes and Rules." In TEX in Practice, 313–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4354-0_9.

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Badami, Sunil. "The Golden Rules." In Creative Writing Practice, 29–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73674-3_3.

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Van Lunen, Bonnie L., Dorice A. Hankemeier, and Cailee E. Welch. "Clinical Prediction Rules." In Evidence-Guided Practice, 167–84. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003524113-13.

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Boyer, Jérôme, and Hafedh Mili. "Business Rules in Practice." In Agile Business Rule Development, 27–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19041-4_2.

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von Bechtolsheim, Stephan. "Glue, Leaders and Rules." In TEX in Practice, 121–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4354-0_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rules and practice"

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Schröder, Sandra, and Georg Buchgeher. "Discovering architectural rules in practice." In the 13th European Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3344948.3344956.

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Krasnyuk, Maxim, and Svitlana Krasniuk. "ASSOCIATION RULES IN FINANCE MANAGEMENT." In SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE: MODERN AND CLASSICAL RESEARCH METHODS. European Scientific Platform, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/logos-26.02.2021.v1.01.

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Vollmers, Tony, and Rob Hindley. "Class Requirements and Practical Solutions to Winterisation." In SNAME 11th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2014-147.

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Winterisation rules are currently used as a means to incorporate historic specification best practice for cold environment shipping into formal notation requirements to be specified for new designs. The background to the development and context of the winterisation rules is given and the transition between such owner led practices and class rule requirements is explored. Cases studies of real applications of the winterisation rules are used to identify practical solutions and key learning points. A review of the structure of winterisation rules in the context of the developing IMO Polar Code requirements is provided. A new approach to structuring and using winterisation rules based on functional requirements is outlined.
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"K-SITE RULES - Integrating Business Rules in the Mainstream Software Engineering Practice." In 10th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001687504460449.

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Lippmeier, Ben, Amos Robinson, and Andrae Muys. "Smart Contracts as Authorized Production Rules." In PPDP '19: Principles and Practice of Programming Languages 2019. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3354166.3354179.

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Shentsova, Ksenia Vladimirovna, and Andrey Vitalyevich Ponomarenko. "Basic rules for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures." In XII International Research-to-practice conference, Chair Anastasia Pavlovna Lapina. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-461433.

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Artemenko, Dmitry, Edvardas Juchnevicius, and Tetiana Iefymenko. "General Rules for Combating Criminal Tax Evasion in Poland." In VII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “CRIMINAL LAW AND OPERATIVE SEARCH ACTIVITIES: PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE”. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010634900003152.

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Lang, Zhenhong. "Research and application of association rules in practice teaching BBS." In 3rd International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msetasse-15.2015.260.

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Li, Jia, and Zheng-hu Pang. "Research on Connotation, Rules and Practice of Adopting International Standards." In 2020 6th International Conference on Information Management (ICIM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icim49319.2020.244695.

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Hatano, Tomomi, Takashi Ishio, Joji Okada, Yuji Sakata, and Katsuro Inoue. "Extraction of Conditional Statements for Understanding Business Rules." In 2014 6th International Workshop on Empirical Software Engineering in Practice (IWESEP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwesep.2014.14.

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Reports on the topic "Rules and practice"

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Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali, and Mark Gertler. Monetary Policy Rules in Practice: Some International Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6254.

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Woodford, Michael. Forecast Targeting as a Monetary Policy Strategy: Policy Rules in Practice. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13716.

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Carty, Anthony, and Jing Gu. Theory and Practice in China’s Approaches to Multilateralism and Critical Reflections on the Western ‘Rules-Based International Order’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.057.

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China is the subject of Western criticism for its supposed disregard of the rules-based international order. Such a charge implies that China is unilateralist. The aim in this study is to explain how China does in fact have a multilateral approach to international relations. China’s core idea of a community of shared future of humanity shows that it is aware of the need for a universal foundation for world order. The Research Report focuses on explaining the Chinese approach to multilateralism from its own internal perspective, with Chinese philosophy and history shaping its view of the nature of rules, rights, law, and of institutions which should shape relationships. A number of case studies show how the Chinese perspectives are implemented, such as with regards to development finance, infrastructure projects (especially the Belt and Road Initiative), shaping new international organisations (such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), climate change, cyber-regulation and Chinese participation in the United Nations in the field of human rights and peacekeeping. Looking at critical Western opinion of this activity, we find speculation around Chinese motives. This is why a major emphasis is placed on a hermeneutic approach to China which explains how it sees its intentions. The heart of the Research Report is an exploration of the underlying Chinese philosophy of rulemaking, undertaken in a comparative perspective to show how far it resembles or differs from the Western philosophy of rulemaking.
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Lochab, Dr Prachi, Dr Lata Rajoria, Dr Sunita Hemani, and Dr Akanksha Akanksha. EVALUATION OF IOTA SIMPLE ULTRASOUND RULES AND HISTOPATHOLOGY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT OVARIAN TUMORS : A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. World Wide Journals, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/5405931.

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Introduction: Ovarian masses present with very vague symptoms and thus it is imperative to establish a quick diagnosis at the rst point of contact. Pre-operative diagnosis of an ovarian mass and its classication as benign or malignant helps in timely referral to specialized gynecologist/oncologist and proper surgical/medical management. IOTA simple Rules provides one such criteria for pre-operative classication of ovarian mass and has proved to be reliable, accurate and highly reproducible in all settings. a hospital Methods: based prospective study was done on 100 patients. Initial pre-operative classication was done using IOTA Simple Rules and the ndings were compared to histo-pathological ndings after surgery which were considered gold standard. Out of the 100 masses under study, 86% Results: could be classied according to IOTA Simple Rules with a sensitivity of 96.36% and specicity of 91.4%. The positive predictive value was 80.3% and the negative predictive value was 94.1%. The accuracy was 85%. Thus, IOTA S Conclusion: imple Rules is a cost-effective, simple, reliable, accurate scoring system with excellent sensitivity and specicity that is easily applicable in primary evaluation of patients with ovarian masses in clinical practice. Only unclassied masses on IOTA Simple Rules need further evaluation. Use of these rules in discriminating the masses will help in timely referral of the patient to specialized gynecologist /oncologist to receive optimal management.
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Tilahun, Nathanael, and Abebe G. Yihdego. Unsuccessful Implementation of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines in Low-Income Countries: The Case of Ethiopia. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.033.

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This policy brief is extracted from a full-fledged research report financed by the International Centre for Tax and Development through the Ethiopian Tax Research Network and published in the British Tax Review, Issue 2, 2023. Much international technical assistance is directed towards increasing the capacity of tax authorities in low-income countries to understand and effectively implement the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and thus retain their fair share of revenue from the transnational economic transactions of multinational enterprises. The outcome of such assistance in the case of Ethiopia has been generally disappointing. Despite more than a decade of effort and nearly two decades since the initial introduction of transfer pricing rules in the tax system, the Ethiopian tax administration has not successfully completed a single transfer pricing audit. Three country-specific factors explain the poor implementation of transfer pricing rules in Ethiopia: the inability of tax officers to adapt from long-standing practices that run counter to OECD Guidelines, institutional ambiguity and rivalry among tax policy and enforcement organs, and the possibility of mock compliance with international standards without there being any such compliance in practice. Resolving some of the critical changes requires external technical assistance and decisive internal political and technocratic leadership, among other things.
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Bizer, Kilian, and Martin Führ. Compact Guidelines: Practical Procedure in Interdisciplinary Institutional Analysis. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627451.

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These guidelines compactly describe how an interdisciplinary institutional analysis is to be implemented in practice: Which steps of analysis and control have to be taken? Which research questions are important and which role do empirical results play in the analysis?The description will be based on the requirements that the legislator has to fulfil with regard to the estimation of effects (as it is regulated in § 44 of the Joint Rules of Procedure of the Federal Ministries (Gemeinsame Ges-chäftsordnung der Bundesministerien, GGO) and in the guidelines of the Eu-ropean Commission). The steps of analysis and examination outlined in this paper can be equally used in relation to institutional design problems in companies (like the ad-justment of determining factors regarding ‘Governance, Risk Management, Compliance’ – GRC), associations or authorities. At the end of the compact guidelines, key terms of institutional analysis will be explained in a glossary. The glossary further contains recommendations on secondary literature.
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Scartascini, Carlos, and Martín Ardanaz. The Economic Effects of Constitutions: Do Budget Institutions Make Forms of Government More Alike? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011487.

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According to an influential theoretical argument, presidential systems tend to present smaller governments because the separation between those who decide the size of the fiscal purse and those who allocate it creates incentives for lower public expenditures. In practice, forms of government vary greatly, and budget institutions -the rules according to which budgets are drafted, approved, and implemented- are one (of many) drivers of such variation. This paper argues that under more hierarchical budget rules, presidential and parliamentary systems generate a similar incentive structure for the executive branch in shaping the size of government. This hypothesis is tested on a broad cross-section of countries, presidentialism is found to have a negative impact on government size only when executive discretion in the budget process is low (that is, in a context of separation of powers). However, the negative effect of presidentialism on expenditures vanishes or is even reversed when the executive`s discretion over the budget process is higher. Hence, budget institutions that impose restrictions on the legislature`s ability to amend budget proposals can make political regimes look more alike in terms of fiscal outcomes.
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8

Dvorianyn, Paraskoviya. Сенситивне інтерв’ю: переживання колективної травми війни. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11727.

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The article analyzes the process of preparation and features of conducting interviews with persons who have fased traumatic experiences in war conditions. A comparative analysis of the typical interview and sensitive interview is presented, which allows journalists to comply with all requirements that would not harm interviewees and preserve the balance in the journalist-guest-audience triad. The essence of the new terminology that began to be used in Ukraine during the full-scale war – «journalism of trauma» and «collective trauma» – is revealed. Emphasis is put on society’s ability to experience and make sense of collective trauma through the stories of individuals told in sensitive interviews. Sensitive content is significant during the war, because through human stories and personal testimonies, the world gets an idea of horrors, so one can feel the fullness of this tragic stage in the country’s history. Russia’s war against Ukraine significantly changed the working conditions of journalists, because the need to cover tragic events (murders, rapes, shelling, destruction) forced media representatives to study new rules of communication. Sensitive interviews require more thorough preparation, often even contradicting the established rules that editorial offices have used for years. Reliving the trauma and strong emotions during such interviews can help society form a new experience if the interview is conducted properly, or retraumatize if the journalist has neglected important rules. Ukrainian interviewers gain this unique practice for world journalism every day, which makes scientific research relevant and necessary. Key words: interview; empathy; collective trauma; sensitive content; standards of journalistic creativity; war journalism.
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9

Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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10

Dos Reis, Laura, Ugo Panizza, and Paolo Manasse. Targeting the Structural Balance. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010871.

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This paper discusses whether a country should conduct fiscal policy by targeting a structural (or cyclically adjusted) fiscal balance. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the concept of cyclically adjusted balance (CAB) and points out practical and conceptual problems related to the interpretation and the measurement of a CAB. The second section discusses the theoretical rationale for having a fiscal rule in general and a rule defined in terms of a cyclically adjusted balance in particular. The third section discusses conceptual and practical problems with adopting fiscal rules and rules that target the structural balance.
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