Journal articles: 'Rugby'

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Alferi, Pierre. "Rugby." Vacarme 18, no. 1 (2002): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/vaca.018.0094.

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Campbell, Tom. "Rugby." Ology: Reviews in Applied Sciences 1 (October 3, 2018): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14297/ras.v1i1.2.

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Rugby the afterlife explores the transition from playing career to a life after the final whistle blows. The book, which is framed against a changing landscape as rugby entered the professional era, presents the individual accounts of how 23 former all blacks players navigated this transition. The author, Wynne Gray, is an award winning sport journalist living in New Zealand.

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Brown, Scott R., Matt Brughelli, Peter C. Griffiths, and John B. Cronin. "Lower-Extremity Isokinetic Strength Profiling in Professional Rugby League and Rugby Union." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0129.

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Purpose:While several studies have documented isokinetic knee strength in junior and senior rugby league players, investigations of isokinetic knee and hip strength in professional rugby union players are limited. The purpose of this study was to provide lower-extremity strength profiles and compare isokinetic knee and hip strength of professional rugby league and rugby union players.Participants:32 professional rugby league and 25 professional rugby union players.Methods:Cross-sectional analysis. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to evaluate peak torque and strength ratios of the dominant and nondominant legs during seated knee-extension/flexion and supine hip-extension/flexion actions at 60°/s.Results:Forwards from both codes were taller and heavier and had a higher body-mass index than the backs of each code. Rugby union forwards produced significantly (P < .05) greater peak torque during knee flexion in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.81 and 2.02) compared with rugby league forwards. Rugby league backs produced significantly greater hip-extension peak torque in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 0.83 and 0.77) compared with rugby union backs. There were no significant differences in hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios between code, position, or leg. Rugby union forwards and backs produced significantly greater knee-flexion-to-hip-extension ratios in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.49–2.26) than rugby union players.Conclusions:It seems that the joint torque profiles of players from rugby league and union codes differ, which may be attributed to the different demands of each code.

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Basson, Jacques, Karel van Deventer, and Wilbur Kraak. "A profile of mini rugby coaches in the Western Cape Province, South Africa." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 1 (November 24, 2017): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117741256.

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A coach and a coaching process that offers a supportive learning environment and appropriate levels of challenge, and that engenders a passion for the sport can produce positive and productive sporting outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine a profile of mini rugby coaches in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Mini rugby coaches (N = 91) completed a 15-item questionnaire to obtain descriptive information about the coaches, as well as their perceptions about their ability and confidence to coach mini rugby. The results indicate that a significant number of coaches did not have any experience in playing rugby (32%) or coaching mini rugby (19%), and the majority of coaches (51%) did not have any form of rugby coaching education. The results also show that a significant number of the coaches did not feel efficacious in coaching mini rugby (23%) and did not believe that they were optimally developing the skills of the mini rugby players (29%). The findings from the current study highlight an unfavourable situation where untrained and inexperienced individuals coach mini rugby, which has important practical implications for rugby administrators, developers of coaching education courses, players, as well as the game itself. One recommendation to remedy this situation would be that all coaches must be educated to coach rugby. A coaching education course designed specifically for mini rugby will aid in preparing individuals to successfully coach mini rugby. The content and structure of coaching education courses also need to be reviewed to ensure it is pertinent to the coaches’ needs.

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Farah, Ghassan J., Brendon C. Mitchell, Matthew R. Schmitz, James D. Bomar, and Eric Edmonds. "Injury Patterns in Rugby Union—America’s Fastest Growing Sport." Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55275/jposna-2022-0019.

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Rugby union is the fastest growing sport in the USA, and its growth is only expected to continue to climb with the approaching 2023 Rugby World Cup. Rugby union carries risk for general and sport-specific injury. Tackles and high-impact collisions are a regular component of the game, and although often compared to American football, rugby union carries a unique pattern of injuries, with certain injuries occurring at a significantly higher rate. This review is aimed at familiarizing our orthopaedic workforce to the sport of rugby union and the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the rugby union athlete. Injury prevention strategies guided by epidemiology, risk factors, and mechanisms of injury in rugby union athletes are critical.

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David, David. "Spin Pass Exercise Model on Rugby Game." Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 2, no. 3 (August 4, 2019): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v2i3.423.

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This study aims to develop a spin pass exercise model in rugby game to obtain empirical data about the effectiveness of the spin pass training model on rugby game at DKI Jakarta Rugby Club. The method which is used in this study is Research and Development method of Borg and Gall which consists of ten steps. The subject of the research is DKI Jakarta rugby club athlete. The final result of this study is a model guidebook and a spin pass training video model on rugby games at DKI Jakarta Rugby Club with a total of 18 final models that have gone through expert evaluation, trial and revision, and effectiveness has been tested. The effectiveness of the spin-pass training model in rugby game at DKI Jakarta Rugby Club uses the "t-test" technique. Data from the results of the pretest and posttest spin-pass exercise on rugby games with a significance level of 0.05. Data on pretest male pretest and post-test results were 4.20 with a post-test of 6.27 while purti pre-test athletes are 3.72 with a posttest of 5.33 (at a significance level of 0.05) , then it shows that the results of the increase in posttest class are higher compared to the male and female athletes pretest group. Thus it can be stated that, the model of spin pass training in rugby game at the DKI Jakarta Rugby Club is effectively used to improve the results of male and female athletes' spin pass. Thus it can be stated that, the spin pass training model in rugby game at the DKI Jakarta Rugby Club is effectively used to improve the results of the spin pass.

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Reiche, Danyel. "National Representation without Citizenship: the Special Case of Rugby." Politics in Central Europe 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 501–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2021-0021.

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Abstract This article is a case study of one of the few sports, rugby, that does not link national representation exclusively to citizenship. It discusses who may represent a country in major events and under which conditions. It analyses the consequences of the rules on different stakeholders; and discusses why the residency rule in particular is subject to much controversy. The author has conducted case studies of the 2019 rugby union and 2017 rugby league men’s World Cups. Academic literature, international news-papers, and rugby-specific websites were reviewed. Other than secondary sources, the researcher also collected primary data through interviews. The interviewees included representatives of Rugby League International Federation and World Rugby. This research reveals that national representation without citizenship is widespread in both codes of rugby. It has also shown that the effects of the eligibility criteria go beyond simplistic rich/poor and center/periphery models. This article argues that the rational for the eligibility criteria is the limited global spread of rugby league and rugby union. Without those lenient rules it would be difficult to organize international competitions.

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Antrobus, Mark R., Jon Brazier, Peter C. Callus, Adam J. Herbert, Georgina K. Stebbings, Praval Khanal, Stephen H. Day, et al. "Concussion-Associated Polygenic Profiles of Elite Male Rugby Athletes." Genes 13, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13050820.

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Due to the high-velocity collision-based nature of elite rugby league and union, the risk of sustaining a concussion is high. Occurrence of and outcomes following a concussion are probably affected by the interaction of multiple genes in a polygenic manner. This study investigated whether suspected concussion-associated polygenic profiles of elite rugby athletes differed from non-athletes and between rugby union forwards and backs. We hypothesised that a total genotype score (TGS) using eight concussion-associated polymorphisms would be higher in elite rugby athletes than non-athletes, indicating selection for protection against incurring or suffering prolonged effects of, concussion in the relatively high-risk environment of competitive rugby. In addition, multifactor dimensionality reduction was used to identify genetic interactions. Contrary to our hypothesis, TGS did not differ between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (p ≥ 0.065), nor between rugby union forwards and backs (p = 0.668). Accordingly, the TGS could not discriminate between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (AUC ~0.5), suggesting that, for the eight polymorphisms investigated, elite rugby athletes do not have a more ‘preferable’ concussion-associated polygenic profile than non-athletes. However, the COMT (rs4680) and MAPT (rs10445337) GC allele combination was more common in rugby athletes (31.7%; p < 0.001) and rugby union athletes (31.8%; p < 0.001) than non-athletes (24.5%). Our results thus suggest a genetic interaction between COMT (rs4680) and MAPT (rs10445337) assists rugby athletes in achieving elite status. These findings need exploration vis-à-vis sport-related concussion injury data and could have implications for the management of inter-individual differences in concussion risk.

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Vasiliu, Ana-Maria, Dan Badea, Patricia Gil, Manuel Carabias-Herrero, and Michal Czerwiowski. "Analysis on the Difficulties Related to the Training Activity Specific to Women’s Rugby." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 14, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.3/613.

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In Romania are just 4 women's rugby teams, and just 60-70 players, the selection and the competition in rugby is difficult. Also, the lack of skills of coaches in the women's rugby sector creates the need to promote education in and through sport with special focus on skills development of coaches interested in women's rugby. The objective of the study is to highlight the vulnerabilities faced by rugby coaches and female rugby athletes and find solutions for eliminating or diminishing prejudices like parents' fears of letting their girls practice a sport that can be considered harsh. The survey contains 27 questions and was applied online via google forms in four countries: Romania, Poland, Portugal and Spain. The research was carried out over a period of 2 months, in 2020. Participants were 126 rugby specialists: coaches, doctors, teachers, managers, referees. Results aim to provide important data for understanding the challenges faced by coaches and specialists in women's rugby 7: how to select girl athletes, what are the things that determine athletes to continue playing rugby, if their training should be different from that of the boys and how the women's rugby game could be promoted. Possible solutions can be: coaches may need to use a full range of questioning and demonstration strategies (use of experienced players to demonstrate, use of video). Physical differences between male and female children aged ten to twelve years of age are usually minimal. Rugby girls seven needs more media coverage.

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Cross, Matt R., Matt Brughelli, Scott R. Brown, Pierre Samozino, Nicholas D. Gill, John B. Cronin, and Jean-Benoît Morin. "Mechanical Properties of Sprinting in Elite Rugby Union and Rugby League." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0151.

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Purpose: To compare mechanical properties of overground sprint running in elite rugby union and rugby league athletes. Methods: Thirty elite rugby code (15 rugby union and 15 rugby league) athletes participated in this cross-sectional analysis. Radar was used to measure maximal overground sprint performance over 20 or 30 m (forwards and backs, respectively). In addition to time at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 m, velocity-time signals were analyzed to derive external horizontal force–velocity relationships with a recently validated method. From this relationship, the maximal theoretical velocity, external relative and absolute horizontal force, horizontal power, and optimal horizontal force for peak power production were determined. Results: While differences in maximal velocity were unclear between codes, rugby union backs produced moderately faster split times, with the most substantial differences occurring at 2 and 5 m (ES 0.95 and 0.86, respectively). In addition, rugby union backs produced moderately larger relative horizontal force, optimal force, and peak power capabilities than rugby league backs (ES 0.73−0.77). Rugby union forwards had a higher absolute force (ES 0.77) despite having ~12% more body weight than rugby league forwards. Conclusions: In this elite sample, rugby union athletes typically displayed greater short-distance sprint performance, which may be linked to an ability to generate high levels of horizontal force and power. The acceleration characteristics presented in this study could be a result of the individual movement and positional demands of each code.

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Chiwaridzo, Matthew, Gillian D. Ferguson, and Bouwien C. M. Smits-Engelsman. "Anthropometric, physiological characteristics and rugby-specific game skills discriminating Zimbabwean under-16 male adolescent rugby players by level of competition." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5, no. 1 (August 2019): e000576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000576.

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ObjectivesDespite growing popularity of adolescent rugby in Zimbabwean schools, little is known about qualities or skills of schoolboy rugby players and how they differ by competitive level. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to identify anthropometric, physiological characteristics and rugby-specific game skills capable of discriminating under-16 (U16) RU players across three proficiency levels.MethodsFollowing development of School Clinical Rugby Measure test battery, elite rugby players (n=41), subelite rugby players (n=30) and non-rugby players (n=29) were enrolled and tested for height, sitting height, body mass, skinfolds, speed, agility, upper and lower muscular strength and power, prolonged high-intensity intermittent running ability, tackling, passing and catching in a cross-sectional study.ResultsElite rugby players displayed significantly better scores for all physiological tests and game skills compared with either subelite or non-rugby players, except for Sit-and-Reach, 20 m speed and L-run tests. However, only vertical jump (VJ) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IRT L1) significantly improved with increasing competitive level. In addition, elite rugby players showed significantly better scores for tackling (p<0.001) and catching (p<0.001) compared with subelites. No statistical differences were observed across competitive levels for height (p=0.43), sum of seven skinfolds (p=0.26) and passing (p=0.27).ConclusionSince VJ and Yo-Yo IRT L1 improved with increasing playing standard, these findings possibly highlight physiological attributes important in elite schoolboy rugby in Zimbabwe. Additionally, development and training of tackling and catching skills in U16 schoolboy rugby is important since they are linked to higher playing standard.

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Hind, Karen, Natalie Konerth, Ian Entwistle, Alice Theadom, Gwyn Lewis, Doug King, Paul Chazot, and Patria Hume. "Cumulative Sport-Related Injuries and Longer Term Impact in Retired Male Elite- and Amateur-Level Rugby Code Athletes and Non-contact Athletes: A Retrospective Study." Sports Medicine 50, no. 11 (July 16, 2020): 2051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01310-y.

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Abstract Background Rugby union and rugby league are popular team contact sports, but they bring a high risk of injury. Although previous studies have reported injury occurrence across one or several seasons, none have explored the total number of injuries sustained across an entire career. As the first to do so, the aim of this study was to report on cumulative injuries and their perceived long-term impact in retired rugby code athletes compared to athletes from non-contact sports. Methods One hundred and eighty-nine former rugby code athletes (rugby union n = 145; rugby league n = 44) and 65 former non-contact athletes were recruited to the UK Rugby Health Project between September 2016 and December 2018. Details on sports participation, sports injuries and concussion history, sports injury-related surgeries, and previous and current health were obtained from a validated, online self-report questionnaire. Results Former elite rugby code athletes (n = 83) reported more total injuries per player (median 39, IQR 35) than former amateur rugby code athletes (n = 106; median 23, IQR 30; p = 0.014) and non-contact sports athletes (n = 65; median 7.5, IQR 15; p < 0.001). Concussion was the most frequently reported injury for the elite and amateur rugby code groups, followed by upper/lower back and knee ligament injuries. These injuries also presented with the highest recurrence. Rugby code groups reported a higher continued impact of previous concussion, neck injuries, shoulder dislocation, ACL tears, and knee ligament injuries (p = 0.003–0.045). The reported prevalence of osteoarthritis was more than twofold greater in the elite rugby code group than in non-contact athletes (51% v 22%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of back pain and/or severe and regular joint pain was high across all groups (47–80%), particularly the elite rugby code group. The total number of joint injuries and sport injury-related surgeries was higher in those who reported current osteoarthritis and current severe and regular joint pain (p < 0.001–p = 0.028). Conclusion Across multiple injury types, past participation in rugby union and rugby league, particularly at elite level, is associated with a high cumulative injury load and a continued impact of previous injuries post-retirement. Given the high number of reported concussions (and their recurrence) and associations between previous injuries during a player’s career and current musculoskeletal conditions, efforts should be prioritized to reduce the occurrence and recurrence of injuries in rugby codes at all levels of the sport. Strategies should also be developed for supporting the specific physical health needs of rugby code athletes post-retirement.

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Williams, JPR. "Rugby Union." Spinal Cord 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101371.

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Nolte, Rochelle. "Rugby Union." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00386.

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Marshall, Stephen. "Rugby Union." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 23, no. 4 (July 2013): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000432185.95333.70.

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Silver, J. R., Michael Edgar, Harry Campbell, Sally O'Driscoll, Su Vui Lo, Peter Donnelly, Sharon Hopkins, and Darren Shickle. "Rugby injuries." Lancet 346, no. 8968 (July 1995): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91250-9.

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Dietzen, Charles J., and Brian R. Topping. "Rugby Football." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 10, no. 1 (February 1999): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30221-3.

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Pene, J. "Le rugby." La Revue de Médecine Interne 14, no. 10 (January 1993): 911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(05)80048-7.

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Richman, Peter B., Gerard X. Brogan, and Mary Jo Lechowicz. "Rugby injuries." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 16, no. 3 (May 1998): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(98)90117-6.

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OʼBrien, C. P. "“Rugby Neck”." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199601000-00012.

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Gulick, Dawn, Brian Berge, Amy Borger, John Edwards, and Jessalynn Rigterink. "Quad Rugby." Strength and Conditioning Journal 28, no. 4 (August 2006): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200608000-00001.

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Long, Marshall. "Rugby Hall." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124, no. 4 (October 2008): 2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4808939.

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Garraway, W. M., D. A. MacLeod, and J. C. Sharp. "Rugby injuries." BMJ 303, no. 6810 (November 2, 1991): 1082–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6810.1082.

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Monsell, F. "Rugby injuries." BMJ 303, no. 6814 (November 30, 1991): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6814.1402.

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Lacey, J. H. "Rugby injuries." BMJ 303, no. 6814 (November 30, 1991): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6814.1402-a.

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Beer, I. "Rugby injuries." BMJ 303, no. 6816 (December 14, 1991): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6816.1552.

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Pedley, H. "Rugby injuries." BMJ 304, no. 6819 (January 11, 1992): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6819.122-b.

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Cleary, Ann. "Rugby Women." Annals of Leisure Research 3, no. 1 (January 2000): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2000.10600883.

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Polster, Burkard, and Marty Ross. "Mathematical Rugby." Mathematical Gazette 94, no. 531 (November 2010): 450–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200001741.

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The December 1978 issue of the Mathematical Gazette [1] contains an elegant and humorous contribution from Anthony Hughes. His Note gives a recipe for determining the optimal spot from which to make a conversion attempt in rugby. Others then elaborated on Hughes' idea; see [2] and [3] in particular. In 1996 Isaksen [4] rediscovered Hughes' results while investigating the kicking of extra points in American gridiron. There are also a number of popularisations and summaries, in which the above results are presented, and in instances rediscovered. The ones of which we are aware are listed in the references; see [5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10].

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Hendricks, Sharief, Kevin Till, Dan Weaving, Alun Powell, Simon Kemp, Keith Stokes, and Ben Jones. "Training, match and non-rugby activities in elite male youth rugby union players in England." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 3 (February 13, 2019): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119829289.

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Rugby union is a late specialisation sport. As a consequence, youth players may still be engaged in other activities and sports throughout the year as they transition to rugby specialisation. Limited research exists quantifying rugby union training and matches as well as engagement in other activities and sports. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and compare rugby union training, matches and other activities of elite youth U15 and U16 rugby union players at different stages of the season. Four-hundred and ninety-two youth (Under-15 and 16-year-old) rugby union players self-reported the frequency, intensity and duration of their participation in rugby union matches, rugby union training, gym, physical education and other sports during three different stages – September to December (Sept–Dec), January to April (Jan–Apr), May to August (May–Aug) – of the year. When all activities were combined, the frequency and volume of rugby matches and training was the greatest during the Sept–Dec stage. The frequency and volume of participating in other sports increased in the May–Aug stage of the season. Gym training frequency, intensity, and duration were stable across the year for both U15 and U16 players. Coaches and practitioners working with elite youth rugby union players should be aware that players are still participating in other activities outside of rugby training and competition. Coaches and practitioners should put structures in place to plan and monitor players' activities in order to optimise the positive outcomes of specialisation (e.g., expertise) while reducing the potential negative outcomes (e.g., injury, burnout).

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Petrie, Freja J., Kelly A. Mackintosh, Chelsea Starbuck, and Melitta A. McNarry. "‘Probably just sexism’- gendered experiences of resource access in rugby." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 21, 2024): e0303972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303972.

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Research pertaining to the experiences of women in rugby is scarce, which, coupled with the limited visibility of the sport and difficulty accessing resources, suggest that women’s rugby remains undervalued. Indeed, evidence of such gender inequalities remains largely anecdotal, with little rigorous research undertaken to understand the perspectives of women in rugby. This study aimed to explore the experiences of a diverse cohort of rugby players in relation to their participation in the sport and their ability to access resources. Twenty UK-based rugby players (10 men, 9 women and 1 non-binary person aged 29.1 ± 8.3 years) from school, university, club, military, and semi-professional environments, volunteered to participate in semi-structured interviews (36 ± 12 minutes) discussing their rugby experiences in relation to their gender and playing level. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken. A widespread under-prioritisation of women in rugby was highlighted. Gender biases were apparent in access to changing rooms, pitches, quality coaches, and playing opportunities, and were reportedly propagated at the managerial level. Irrespective of gender, some amateur players reported difficulty accessing a suitable rugby environment. Insufficient player numbers precluded the formation of second teams, often resulting in inexperienced players competing beyond their ability. Women’s rugby players experienced considerable gender bias. This exploratory study highlights a need to address such issues to protect player welfare. Interventions to change the culture in rugby clubs and increased representation of women in managerial positions in rugby are recommended to enact meaningful change.

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Pasarello, Clerice, and Sabaté Sentís. "The origins of rugby in Catalonia." Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove 8, no. 2 (2021): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spes2102042p.

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Catalan rugby reached the high point of its young and successful history when became one of the founding nations of the International Amateur Rugby Federation (FIRA) and started competing at international level as an autonomous rugby nation. Towards the end 1921 rugby settled in Catalonia penetrating through sports such as football, athletics, boxing and swimming and owing much to French expatriates residing in Barcelona or Catalan citizens who had lived in France. In 1923 the Catalan Football Rugby Union was created due to the aroused need for organized competitions. With this institutionalisation and organisational structure began a flourishing period for the clubs, culminating in 1929 at the Barcelona International Exhibition where rugby was played in front of 60.000 spectators. In spite of this achievement, rugby remained a minority sport with restricted geographical appeal, with a group faithful and loyal followers.

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McCarthy-Ryan, Molly, Joanna Perkins, Gráinne M. Donnelly, Yeomans Caithriona, Mairead Liston, Karina Leahy, Kari Bø, Patrick O'Halloran, and Isabel S. Moore. "Stress urinary incontinence prevalence and risk factors in female rugby players: a common health problem across four nations." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 10, no. 1 (February 2024): e001832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001832.

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ObjectivesFemale athletes engaging in high-impact sports have a higher prevalence of experiencing stress urinary incontinence (SUI). However, the prevalence of sport-specific SUI and associated risk factors in female rugby players is relatively unknown. We aimed to determine the prevalence of general and rugby-related SUI and identify associated risk factors and inciting events in female rugby players.MethodsObservational, cross-sectional study of 396 female rugby players (age 28±8 years, mass 80±18 kg, height 1.90±0.19 m, playing years 7±6 years) participating in rugby across UK and Ireland completed an electronic questionnaire regardless of SUI status.Results63 to 88% of players had SUI, and 43% had rugby-related SUI. There was an association with players reporting a change in incontinence status due to playing rugby (p<0.001). Players who experienced constipation (OR 2.33 (95% CI 1.49 to 3.66)), had given birth (OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.18 to 4.73)) or who had a higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.08)), were identified as having increased odds of rugby-related SUI. For rugby-specific risk factors, playing as a forward (OR 1.97 (95% CI 1.29 to 3.01)) increased the odds, whereas playing at a national compared with amateur level (OR 0.44 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.97)) decreased the odds of rugby-related SUI. The most prevalent inciting SUI events were being tackled (75%), tackling (66%), running (63%) and jumping/landing (59%).ConclusionRugby-related SUI was prevalent in female rugby players. Risk factors were having constipation, a high BMI, being postpartum, playing position and level. Player welfare strategies addressing pelvic floor dysfunction and postpartum rehabilitation are warranted.

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Shill, Isla J., Stephen W. West, James Brown, Fiona Wilson, Debbie Palmer, Ian Pike, Sharief Hendricks, Keith A. Stokes, Brent E. Hagel, and Carolyn A. Emery. "How to harness and improve on video analysis for youth rugby player safety: a narrative review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, no. 3 (September 2023): e001645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001645.

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Video analysis is a useful tool for injury surveillance in rugby union. There are few video analysis studies in the professional female game, with most studies published in the male elite/professional settings. Moreover, there is a sparsity of literature in youth rugby settings. The following narrative review outlines the strengths and limitations of the current video analysis literature for injury surveillance in youth rugby union, highlights the importance of video analysis for youth rugby player safety and welfare, and discusses recommendations for using video analysis to inform player safety in youth rugby.

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Kuhn, Franz. "Zwischen "Locarno“ und „splendid isolation“." apropos [Perspektiven auf die Romania], no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/apropos.0.1362.

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Rugby hat in Deutschland und Frankreich einen ganz unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Stellenwert. Während in Frankreich die Rugby-Sport-Arenen gut gefüllt sind und die höchste französische Spielklasse Top 14 international zu den Top-Ligen zählt, zieht der Rugby-Sport in Deutschland bis heute keine Massen an. Rugby ist dort eine Randsportart. Trotz der sehr unterschiedlichen Entwicklungen blicken beide Länder auf eine gemeinsame Rugby-Geschichte zurück: Zwischen 1927 und 1938 kam es zu einem intensiven Spielverkehr zwischen beiden Ländern. Darunter fallen auch 16 Länderspielvergleiche, die heute, aufgrund der geringen internationalen Bedeutung des deutschen Rugbysports, weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten sind bzw. in der Forschung kaum Berücksichtigung finden. Diese deutsch-französischen Rugby-Beziehungen sind das Ergebnis einer besonderen sport-politischen Konstellation in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Gefördert durch den „Geist von Locarno“ wurde der Spielverkehr 1926 aufgenommen. Die jeweiligen Interessenlagen von Verbänden und Politik führten letztlich dazu, dass die Beziehungen in den 1930er Jahren weiter intensiviert wurden. Es entstand ein Zweckbündnis, aus dem 1934 der internationale Rugby-Verband FIRA hervorgehen sollte.

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Gouttebarge, Vincent, Christa Janse van Rensburg, and Gino Kerkhoffs. "No time to waste: necessary health support for retired professional rugby players." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2021/v33i1a10651.

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There has been increasing scrutiny of professional rugby following the concern that retired players might face several negative health conditions. Currently, support measures addressing the health of retired professional rugby players are not systematically implemented. This is unusual as professional rugby stakeholders have the duty of care to protect and promote the long-term health of retired players. Professional football has a health programme for retired players that is implemented globally. This programme formed the basis for the After Rugby Career Consultation (ARCC) which was developed to empower the sustainable health and quality of life of retired professional rugby players. The ARCC relies on information from three sources: (1) educational material, (2) medical examination, and (3) guidance, referral and/or monitoring. The South African rugby stakeholders have connected to pilot the ARCC as there is no time to waste: a step towards necessary health support for retired professional rugby players is needed.

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Garrett, William, and Suzanne Konz. "A Comparison of Football and Rugby Tackling During Spring Ball." Neurology 93, no. 14 Supplement 1 (September 30, 2019): S5.2—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000580872.25855.25.

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ObjectiveThe study examined the effects tackling style has on forces translated to the brain in football and rugby.BackgroundTackling is linked to concussion due to high or repetitive impact forces. A small number of NFL teams are incorporating the rugby tackle mechanics due to keeping the head out of the way. Rugby style tackle use is increasing in football.Design/MethodsA convenient sample of 30 male football and rugby participants from two universities participated in this observational study. 20 football participants (20 ± 1.61 YO, 71.63 ± 2.71 in, 210.84 ± 45.52 lbs.) had impact sensors placed in the helmet (CUE™ Sports Sensor, Athlete Intelligence, Kirkland, WA) and 10 rugby participants (20.22 ± 3.31 YO, 70.78 ± 2.11 in, 211.78 ± 40.62 lbs.) were fitted with an instrumented mouthguard (VECTOR™ Sports Sensor, Athlete Intelligence, Kirkland, WA) during their respective spring seasons. Participants practiced without intervention. Devices were returned to researchers after activity, and the data was uploaded. Welch’s ANOVA with a Games-Howell post-hoc analyzed the data with significance set at 0.05.ResultsFootball participants tallied 3921 impacts over the course of 12 practices, compared to 1868 impacts over 9 practices received by rugby participants. Welch’s ANOVA determined that there is a difference in the frequency of impacts between football and rugby participants (Welch’s F (1, 4119.84) = 29.41, p < 0.001). Football participants encountered linear impacts at 62.95 ± 36.57g. Rugby participants sustained impacts 20.59 ± 15.79g. The Welch’s ANOVA determined a difference in impact force between the football and rugby participants exists (Welch’s F (1, 5741.884) = 3780.385, p < 0.001).ConclusionsImpact frequency appears to be lower in rugby athletes than football athletes during spring ball. Also, the average impact force appears to be less in rugby athletes. The use of a rugby-style tackle generated lower impact forces in athletes when contact occurs.

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Falaahudin, Ardhika, Yulius Agung Saputro, and Imam Andriyanto. "Pelatihan Perencanaan Progam Latihan Jangka Pendek Pada Bulan Februari-April 2020 Untuk Kejuaraan Jakarta Internasional Rugby 10s." Jurnal Bina Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55081/jbpkm.v1i1.167.

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Abstrak Identifikasi masalah yaitu belum adanya latihan yang membantu percepatan peningkatan kemampuan dalam bermain olahraga rugby. Tujuan pelatihan ini untuk membantu percepatan peningkatan kemampuan dalam bermain olahraga rugby dalam persiapan mengikuti turnamen Jakarta Internasional Rugby 10s. Metode yang digunakan adalah praktek program latihan mikro dan makro. Kegiatan pelatihan diberikan sebanyak 36 kali, yaitu pelaksanaan latihan seminggu 3 kali yaitu hari Senin, Rabu dan hari Jumat jam 16.00 wib-18.00 wib. Metode dalam pelatihan ini menggunkan metode campuran yaitu metode pull feedback dan push feedback. Peserta yang mengikuti adalah 15 atlet dan 3 pelatih yang tergabung di Jogja Rugby Club. Progam latihan mikro dan makro diberikan menggunakan sistem periodisasi jangka pendek. Dari program latihan yang diberikan dalam persiapan mengikuti turnamen Jakarta Internasional Rugby 10s dan mengacu pada hasil pengamatan dan evaluasi dari latihan serta meninjau dari kekurangan dan kelebihan tim. Dengan hasil pelatihan tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa ada peningkatan pemahaman serta kerjasama tim menjadi lebih kompak dibanding sebelumnya. Sehingga tim siap untuk mengikuti kejuaraan rugby Internasional jakarta 10s. Diharapkan evaluasi dari pelatihan tersebut akan memberikan masukan dan perbaikan kepada tim rugby sehingga program latihan yang diberikan akan tepat lebih baik lagi. Dengan hasil program latihan yang tepat akan memberikan hasil yang efektif, efisien dan maksimal. Kata Kunci: Program Latihan, Rugby

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Urahman, Taufik, Hendry Ismawan, and Muhammad Rifai. "Survei kondisi fisik atlet putra rugby Kalimantan timur pada masa pandemi covid-19." Borneo Physical Education Journal 3, no. 1 (June 3, 2022): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/bpej.v3i1.953.

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Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil survei kondisi fisik atlet putra rugby Kalimantan Timur pada masa pandemi Covid-19 yang terdiri atas daya tahan, kekuatan, kecepatan, dan kelincahan. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kondisi fisik atlet putra rugby Kalimantan Timur pada masa pandemi covid-19. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh atlet putra rugby Kalimantan Timur yang berjumlah 48 orang atlet, sampel diambil menggunakan teknik sampling purposive, dengan jumlah 12 orang atlet. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes lari 1,6 km, tes push up selama 60 detik, tes lari 20 meter dan tes shuttle run. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dengan persentase dengan menggunakan bantuan program SPSS Versi 25. Hasil penelitian: (1) Daya tahan atlet putra rugby Kalimantan Timur pada masa pandemi Covid-19 memperoleh hasil rata-rata 8,51 menit dengan kategori kurang. (2) Kekuatan atlet putra rugby Kalimantan Timur pada masa pandemic Covid-19 memperoleh hasil rata-rata 36,33 kali push up dengan kategori cukup. (3) Kecepatan atlet putra rugby Kalimantan Timur pada masa pandemi Covid-19 memperoleh hasil rata-rata 3,67 detik dengan kategori kurang sekali. (4) Kelincahan atlet putra rugby Kalimantan Timur pada masa pandemi Covid-19 memperoleh hasil rat-rata 10,20 detik dengan kategori sangat baik. Kata kunci: Kondisi fisik, Rugby

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Sarwita, Tuti, Zulheri Is, and Septi Hariansyah. "ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE ACEH PON RUGBY ALTET 2021." Jurnal Ilmiah Teunuleh 2, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51612/teunuleh.v2i2.52.

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Rugby is one of the most popular sports abroad. Rugby sport that must have good physical condition for every athlete. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of physical condition of the Aceh PON team rugby athletes. With this type of quantitative descriptive research, the sample in this study was the Putra Pon Aceh Rugby Team as many as 12 athletes. Based on the results of the research on the physical condition test of the endurance level of athletes, the physical condition of the Aceh PON Rugby players was in the "very poor" category of 0% (0 people), "less" 0% (0 people), "enough" of 0% ( 0 people), “good” by 25% (3 people), and “very good” by 75% (9 people). Based on the average score, which is 2,800 the physical condition of the Aceh PON Rugby players in the "good" category.

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Brown, Natalie, Geneviève K. R. Williams, Anna Stodter, Melitta A. McNarry, Olga Roldan-Reoyo, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Isabel S. Moore, and Elisabeth M. P. Williams. "A Global Women’s Rugby Union Web-Based Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 5475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085475.

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Rugby Union (rugby) is a full-contact team sport characterised by frequent collision events. Over one third (2.7 million) of global rugby participants are women and girls. Yet, most rugby research, laws, and regulations are derived from the men’s game with limited transferability to the women’s game. This includes research focused on injury and concussion management. Greater insights are urgently required to enable appropriate adaptations and support for all rugby participants. Therefore, this paper presents the protocol for a project that sought to gather insights into the understanding, experiences, and attitudes of players and coaches in women’s rugby regarding key issues of concussion, injury, and training for injury prevention, as well as the implications of the menstrual cycle for training and performance. From August 2020 to November 2020, online, open, cross-sectional surveys for players and coaches were distributed globally through rugby governing bodies and women’s rugby social media platforms using snowball sampling. Survey responses were recorded anonymously via a GDPR-compliant online survey platform, JISC (jisc.ac.uk, Bristol, England). Participant eligibility included being ≥18 years and either actively playing or coaching women’s rugby 15s and/or sevens, or having done so in the past decade, at any level, in any country. To enhance the number and accuracy of responses, the survey was professionally translated into eight additional languages. A total of 1596 participants from 62 countries (27 ± 6 years; 7.5 ± 5.1 years of playing experience) and 296 participants from 37 countries (mean age = 36.64, SD = 9.09, mean experience = 6.53 years, SD = 3.31) completed the players’ and coaches’ surveys, respectively. Understanding women’s participation in and experiences of rugby is important to enable lifelong engagement and enjoyment of the sport and health during and following participation.

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Fuller, Colin W., Aileen Taylor, Simon P. T. Kemp, and Martin Raftery. "Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study." British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096275.

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O’Beirne, Rónán. "Planet Rugby: An Interactive Information Service for Rugby Union Football200213Planet‐Rugby.com. Planet Rugby: An Interactive Information Service for Rugby Union Football. Gratis." Online Information Review 26, no. 4 (August 2002): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir.2002.26.4.285.13.

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Baldwin, Christopher F., and Roger Vallance. "Women Referees’ Experiences Officiating Rugby Union." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 24, no. 2 (October 2016): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2015-0036.

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Five women rugby union referees who officiated in the New South Wales (NSW) suburban rugby union premiership were interviewed about their experiences refereeing men. After a comprehensive analysis of the interview transcripts, four themes emerged around barriers and challenges to women’s participation in officiating, these themes are: 1) Barriers experienced by women rugby union referees; 2) Success in refereeing male rugby union players; 3) Challenges of women participating in refereeing rugby union; 4) Ways to bring about change. The findings imply that there is discrimination and marginalization present in women’s sports officiating at male games which is in line with the literature in women’s sports coaching. The findings also suggest that women have to be superior and elite athletes with a history of success to be appointed to the best male rugby union matches. Support both on and off the field is crucial to the development and success of female referees.

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Liu, Jiaojiao, Yunan Liu, Ya Wang, and Chao Liu. "Analysing and Data-Driven Modelling the Handling Performance of Rugby Balls under Wet Conditions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (September 14, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2946980.

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This paper studies the effect of moisture on the handling performance of rugby balls, where different moisture conditions will cause a change in skin friction between finger pads and rugby balls. In this study, a set of rugby ball passing tests was performed under wet conditions to test the effect of skin hydration on the performance of ball handling. A comprehensive analysis was then conducted to assess skin frictional properties at various moisture levels. It was observed that skin moisture is strongly associated with the handling performance of rugby balls. Based on the collected experimental data, intelligent data-driven models were finally developed, including a neural network and a fuzzy rule-based system. These models will likely enhance the anticipation of the handling performance of rugby players, which helps in designing specific training programmes and better preparing for rugby games to cope with wet conditions.

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Oftadeh-Moghadam, Shakiba, and Paul Gorczynski. "Mental Health Literacy, Help-Seeking, and Mental Health Outcomes in Women Rugby Players." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2020-0066.

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Within rugby, a plethora of research has focused on male rugby players, with some recent attention being directed to examining their mental health. Such attention has not been evident for their female rugby counterparts. The aims of this study were to ascertain levels of mental health literacy (MHL) and explore demographic differences in United Kingdom semielite rugby players who identified as women, and examine whether MHL is associated with better mental health outcomes and general help-seeking intentions. In total, 208 semielite women rugby players completed an online multisection questionnaire measuring MHL, general help-seeking intentions, distress, and well-being. Overall, most players scored a low rating of well-being; however, those who indicated a previous mental health problem exhibited significantly higher levels of MHL. Players were more likely to display general help-seeking intentions toward an intimate partner or a friend than a health care professional. High levels of distress were reported in 64.4% of players, particularly those who had been previously medically diagnosed with a mental disorder and bisexual rugby players. MHL was significantly, positively correlated with general help-seeking intentions, but not significantly correlated with distress or well-being. This study is the first to examine MHL in women rugby players and suggests that strategies devised by multidisciplinary teams of experts to help promote, engage, and offer tailored mental health support to women rugby players would be beneficial. Further investigations exploring the determinants of, and barriers to, MHL among women rugby players would be worthwhile to better understand and support players throughout their sporting career.

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Heyward, Omar, Stacey Emmonds, Gregory Roe, Sean Scantlebury, Keith Stokes, and Ben Jones. "Applied sport science and medicine of women’s rugby codes: a systematic-scoping review and consensus on future research priorities protocol." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 3 (July 2021): e001108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001108.

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Women’s rugby (rugby league, rugby union and rugby sevens) has recently grown in participation and professionalisation. There is under-representation of women-only cohorts within applied sport science and medicine research and within the women’s rugby evidence base. The aims of this article are: Part 1: to undertake a systematic-scoping review of the applied sport science and medicine of women’s rugby, and Part 2: to develop a consensus statement on future research priorities. This article will be designed in two parts: Part 1: a systematic-scoping review, and Part 2: a three-round Delphi consensus method. For Part 1, systematic searches of three electronic databases (PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost)) will be performed from the earliest record. These databases will be searched to identify any sport science and medicine themed studies within women’s rugby. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews will be adhered to. Part 2 involves a three-round Delphi consensus method to identify future research priorities. Identified experts in women’s rugby will be provided with overall findings from Part 1 to inform decision-making. Participants will then be asked to provide a list of research priority areas. Over the three rounds, priority areas achieving consensus (≥70% agreement) will be identified. This study has received institutional ethical approval. When complete, the manuscript will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The findings of this article will have relevance for a wide range of stakeholders in women’s rugby, including policymakers and governing bodies.

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Paget, Liam D. A., Haruhito Aoki, Simon Kemp, Mike Lambert, Clint Readhead, Keith A. Stokes, Wayne Viljoen, et al. "Ankle osteoarthritis and its association with severe ankle injuries, ankle surgeries and health-related quality of life in recently retired professional male football and rugby players: a cross-sectional observational study." BMJ Open 10, no. 6 (June 2020): e036775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036775.

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ObjectivesTo determine (1) the prevalence of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) among former professional football and rugby players, (2) assess the association between ankle injuries or ankle surgeries with ankle OA, and (3) compare the mental and physical quality of life (QoL) between former professional football and rugby players with and without OA.MethodsWe conducted a questionnaire-based observational study with a cross-sectional design. Former professional football and rugby players were recruited by the Football Players Worldwide and the International Rugby Players. Information concerning ankle OA, sustained ankle injuries and ankle surgeries was gathered (medical record or most recent medical professional). Health-related QoL was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical and mental health scores.ResultsOverall, 553 former professional football (n=401) and rugby (n=152) players were enrolled in the study (response rate of 56%). Ankle OA prevalence among former professional football and rugby players was 9.2% and 4.6%, respectively. Football players were more likely to suffer from ankle OA following every ankle injury and/or surgery. Football and rugby players with ankle OA had similar PROMIS physical and mental health scores to the norm for the general population.ConclusionFormer professional football and rugby players had higher ankle OA prevalence than the general population (3.4%). Football players are more likely to suffer from ankle OA following every ankle injury and/or surgery. No clinically relevant difference was seen for physical or mental health-related QoL among football and rugby players. Preventive measures for ankle injuries are recommended.

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Schoeman, Riaan, and Robert Schall. "Comparison of match-related performance indicators between major professional rugby competitions." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 3 (June 2019): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119848419.

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The study compared performance indicators of four major international rugby union competitions, namely Super Rugby, Aviva Premiership, Guinness Pro 12 and French Top 14. Most performance indicators of Aviva Premiership and Guinness Pro 12 rugby competitions were similar but distinctive from French Top 14 and Super Rugby competitions, which in turn were generally similar. The Aviva Premiership and Guinness Pro 12 had similar numbers of ball carries, tries, offloads, kicks, tackles, line-outs and scrums that were significantly higher than French Top 14 and Super Rugby. Offloads ( p = .0015) and tries ( p = .0368) were significantly higher for Super Rugby than the Guinness Pro 12, but the Guinness Pro 12 had significantly higher counts for carries ( p ≤ .0001), passes ( p = .0010) and kicks ( p = .0054). In contrast, counts of tackle breaks ( p ≤ .0001) and line breaks were significantly higher for Super Rugby in comparison to the Aviva Premiership ( p = .0057), Guinness Pro 12 ( p = .0064) and French Top 14 ( p ≤ .0001). All competitions showed areas of weakness and strength, which could be due to specific game plans followed in the unique pitch and weather conditions during competition.

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Sporner, Michelle L., Garrett G. Grindle, Annmarie Kelleher, Emily E. Teodorski, Rosemarie Cooper, and Rory A. Cooper. "Quantification of Activity During Wheelchair Basketball and Rugby at the National Veterans Wheelchair Games: A Pilot Study." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 33, no. 3 (January 2009): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03093640903051816.

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To date, no published data exists on distances and speeds traveled by rugby or basketball players during game play. The purpose of this study was to provide quantitative information of selected characteristics of wheelchair basketball and rugby game play. A miniaturized data logger was used to collect the distance traveled, average velocity, activity time, and number of starts and stops during basketball and rugby games. Participants were recruited prior to wheelchair basketball and rugby tournaments during the 2007 and 2008 National Veterans Wheelchair Games. Inclusion criteria were age 18 years or older and been participating in wheelchair basketball or rugby. The wheelchair rugby athletes on average traveled 2364.78 ± 956.35 meters at 1.33 ± 0.25 m/sec with 242.61 ± 80.31 stops and starts in 29.98 ± 11.79 min of play per game. The wheelchair basketball athletes on average traveled 2679.52 ± 1103.66 m at 1.48 ± 0.13 m/sec with 239.78 ± 60.61 stops and starts in 30.28 ± 9.59 min of play per game. Previous research has not reported basketball or rugby game play variables such as these, making this data set unique. The information could be used by players and coaches to create training protocols to better prepare for game conditions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rugby'

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