Academic literature on the topic 'Rugby union impacts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rugby union impacts"
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Lokteff, Florent, Remy Canet, Saad Drissi, and Pierre Moretto. "Impacts characterisation in Rugby Union." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 23, sup1 (October 19, 2020): S175—S177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2020.1813425.
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Reha, Tahere, Colm McNabb, Kevin Netto, Paul Davey, and Andrew P. Lavender. "Head Accelerations during a 1-on-1 Rugby Tackling Drill Performed by Experienced Rugby Union Players." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111497.
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Rugby Union is a popular sport played by males and females worldwide, from junior to elite levels. The highly physical skill of tackling occurs every few seconds throughout a match and various injuries associated with tackling are relatively common. Of particular interest are head injuries that result in a concussion. Recently, repeated non-injurious head impacts in sport have attracted the attention of researchers interested in brain health. Therefore, this study assessed head movement during repeated rugby tackle drills among experienced Rugby Union players. Experienced male and female participants performed 15 1-on-1 tackles in a motion analysis laboratory to measure the head movements of the ball carrier and tackler during each tackle, using three-dimensional motion capture. The average peak acceleration of the head for ball carriers was 28.9 ± 24.08 g and 36.67 ± 28.91 g for the tacklers. This study found that the type of head impacts common while performing a tackle in Rugby Union are similar to those experienced by soccer players during heading, which has been found to alter brain function that lasts hours after the event. This has important implications for player health and suggests that mitigation strategies should be considered for Rugby Union.
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King, Doug A., Patria A. Hume, Conor Gissane, and Trevor N. Clark. "Similar head impact acceleration measured using instrumented ear patches in a junior rugby union team during matches in comparison with other sports." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 18, no. 1 (July 2016): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.12.peds15605.
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OBJECTIVE Direct impact with the head and the inertial loading of the head have been postulated as major mechanisms of head-related injuries, such as concussion. METHODS This descriptive observational study was conducted to quantify the head impact acceleration characteristics in under-9-year-old junior rugby union players in New Zealand. The impact magnitude, frequency, and location were collected with a wireless head impact sensor that was worn by 14 junior rugby players who participated in 4 matches. RESULTS A total of 721 impacts > 10g were recorded. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) number of impacts per player was 46 (IQR 37–58), resulting in 10 (IQR 4–18) impacts to the head per player per match. The median impact magnitudes recorded were 15g (IQR 12g–21g) for linear acceleration and 2296 rad/sec2 (IQR 1352–4152 rad/sec2) for rotational acceleration. CONCLUSIONS There were 121 impacts (16.8%) above the rotational injury risk limit and 1 (0.1%) impact above the linear injury risk limit. The acceleration magnitude and number of head impacts in junior rugby union players were higher than those previously reported in similar age-group sports participants. The median linear acceleration for the under-9-year-old rugby players were similar to 7- to 8-year-old American football players, but lower than 9- to 12-year-old youth American football players. The median rotational accelerations measured were higher than the median and 95th percentiles in youth, high school, and collegiate American football players.
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Tee, J. C. "Movement and impact characteristics of South African professional rugby union players." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i2a489.
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Background. Global positioning system (GPS) technology can provide accurate, non-invasive, real-time movement analysis of playersparticipating in team sports. The application of this technology to rugby union will improve training practices by allowing improvedunderstanding of movement characteristics and more individualised programmes.Objectives. To characterise the movement and impact patterns of South African professional rugby union players during match play andcompare these to previously reported data.Methods. Nineteen professional rugby players were tracked using GPS systems during 24 matches during the 2013 rugby season. Playerswere grouped as (i) backs or forwards and (ii) tight forwards, loose forwards, scrumhalves, inside backs or outside backs. Movements werecategorised in speed zones corresponding to walking (0 - 2 m.s-1), jogging (2 - 4 m.s-1), striding (4 - 6 m.s-1) and sprinting (>6 m.s-1). Walkingand jogging were classified as low-intensity and striding and sprinting as high-intensity movement zones. An inbuilt triaxial accelerometer(sampling frequency 100 Hz) measured the total impacts >5G and high-intensity impacts >8G. All data were normalised to time on fieldand reported as mean (standard deviation).Results. There was no difference between forwards and backs in relative distance covered. Backs reached higher maximum speeds thanforwards (backs 8.8 (1.1) v. forwards 7.6 (1.3) m.s-1, effect size (ES) 1.0, and outside backs were the fastest positional group (9.4 (0.9)m.s-1, ES 0.4 - 2.2). Players in all positions spent the majority of time walking (79 - 84%). Backs covered more distance than forwards inhigh-intensity speed zones (forwards 11 (5) v. backs 14 (4) m.min-1, ES 0.7). Tight forwards covered the most distance in low-intensityzones (63 (6) m.min-1, ES 0.3 - 1.7) while scrumhalves ran the most distance in high-intensity zones (20 (5) m.min-1, ES 1.2 - 3.6). Highintensity: low-intensity running ratios ranged from 1:13 (tight forwards) to 1:3 (scrumhalves). Loose forwards and inside backs exhibitedsimilar movement patterns. There was no difference in impact variables between forwards and backs. Inside backs sustained the least totalimpacts (6.5 (1.2) >5G.min-1, ES 0.9 - 2.0) and high-intensity impacts (0.7 (0.2) >8G.min-1, ES 0.5 - 1.4).Conclusions. There were notable differences in the movement of professional rugby union players in different positions, and effectivetraining programmes should reflect these variations.
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Hughes, Angus, Heather Driscoll, and Matt Carré. "Development of Silicone Elastomer for Use in the Assessment of Padded Clothing in Rugby Union." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049077.
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Rugby Union is a collision sport, with both player to player and player to pitch impacts being frequent. Current test standards for padded clothing in rugby use impact surrogates, which may not accurately replicate the human response. Modern technologies use silicone elastomers to represent human soft tissue when testing padding, however many commercially available silicones do not match the load response seen by human tissue. This paper describes the fabrication and validation of a bespoke formulation of commercially available silicone elastomer and deadener concentrations that portray a similar load response to relaxed organic muscle tissue. The mechanical responses, both at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates, have been compared, with improved, more representative behaviour being presented. The validation of this silicone elastomer formulation is important in developing a more biofidelic impact surrogate for the assessment of padded clothing in rugby.
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Ball, Shane, Mark Halaki, and Rhonda Orr. "Movement Demands and Injury Characteristics in Under-20-Years University Rugby Union Players." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-575-18.
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Context Rugby union is a field-based collision sport with high injury rates. Associations between injury characteristics and global positioning system–derived movement demands in rugby union athletes are yet to be investigated. Objective To investigate associations between match injuries and movement demands, anthropometrics, and physical performance in under-20-years university-level rugby union players. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Competition season. Patients or Other Participants Rugby union players (n = 34, age = 19.3 ± 0.6 years) from a university club were recruited. Main Outcome Measure(s) Acute medical attention non–time-loss (NTL), medical-attention time-loss (TL), and total medical-attention (MA) injuries sustained were recorded. Principal component (PC) analysis was performed on player-movement demand variables to identify independent-movement demand components. Pearson correlation and bivariate linear regression were used to test associations between match injuries and PCs. Anthropometric and physical performance measures were tested as predictors of match injuries using a forward stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results Backs had lower anthropometric and performance measures than forwards (P < .05), whereas forwards performed fewer weekly movement demands than backs (P < .05). Increases in body mass and skinfold thickness were associated with more injuries (P < .05). Principal component analysis revealed 3 PCs representing overall performance, high-intensity running (HIR) performance, and impacts. Increases in HIR were associated with decreases in NTL upper limb and trunk (r = −0.32, P = .03), NTL musculoskeletal (r = −0.36, P = .05), NTL total (r = −0.46, P < .01), TL musculoskeletal (r = −0.30, P = .05), MA musculoskeletal (r = −0.41, P < .01), and MA total (r = −0.48, P < .01) injuries. Increases in impacts were associated with increased TL (r = 0.32, P = .03) and MA (r = 0.33, P = .03) head or neck injuries. Conclusions Backs experienced greater weekly movement demands than forwards. Increases in HIR demands were associated with decreased acute injuries in university rugby players. Increases in impacts were associated with more acute head or neck injuries. Positional differences in movement demands, anthropometrics, and physical performance highlight the need for position-specific training.
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Tierney, Gregory J., and Ciaran K. Simms. "Concussion in Rugby Union and the Role of Biomechanics." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.2507.
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Due to the physical and high-impact nature of rugby, head impacts can occur within the game which can result in concussion injuries as well as other moderate-to-severe head injuries 1. Concussion has been defined as “a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces”1 and was found to be one of the more common brain injuries throughout the world.2 This is particularly true in sport; it has been estimated that over half of all concussions are sports related.3 A systematic review of the incidence of concussion in contact sports found that rugby union has a higher incidence rate compared with other sports such as American football and soccer.4
Unlike other sports injuries, detecting a concussion is difficult as the neuropathological changes cannot be recognized on standard neuroimaging technology.5,6 \Therefore, if a player is suspected of having a concussion, they are removed from play for a Head Injury Assessment (HIA). The HIA is a standardized tool for the medical assessment of concussion injuries in rugby and aims to improve detection and patient education.7 The HIA assesses a range of degenerative concussive symptoms including memory, cognitive ability, balance and player discomfort. This concussion diagnosis protocol therefore relies heavily on side-line medical staff to identify if a player is exhibiting concussive symptoms. A major disadvantage to this is that concussion has a variable natural history, with transient, fluctuating, delayed and evolving signs or symptoms.8) This means that symptoms can take up to 48 hours to become apparent.8 It has therefore been acknowledged that the content of the HIA will be modified as the research around concussion diagnosis evolves.8
The reliance on side-line medical staff to accurately identify concussive symptoms means that there is a possibility a concussed player may remain on the field; this is one problem that biomechanical research into concussion is trying to overcome. This study will give an overview of concussion in rugby union with a focus on incidence, severity and protection strategies. It will discuss current biomechanical research and further biomechanical research required in the area of concussion injuries in rugby union.
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Hendricks, Sharief, Martin Sarembock, Ben Jones, Kevin Till, and Mike Lambert. "The tackle in South African youth rugby union – Gap between coaches' knowledge and training behaviour." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 6 (November 2, 2017): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117738880.
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In youth rugby union matches, tackle-related injuries account for 60% of all injuries, 62% of concussion injuries and almost 50% of spinal cord injuries (youth and amateur). Because of this high risk of injury, the inclusion of the tackle in youth rugby has been a topic of discussion in the public and a high priority research area for World Rugby. What a coach knows and his/her attitude toward player safety directly impacts the risk and performance profile of a player. The purpose of this study is to describe the tackle knowledge, attitudes and training behaviours of youth rugby coaches. The entire population of Western Province Rugby Union Premier A1 division (highest level of school rugby) under-19 rugby coaches (n = 8) completed a knowledge and attitude questionnaire and 96 field-training sessions were observed over four weeks. Coaches rated tackling (mean 3.9, 95% confidence interval 3.3–4.4), rucking (mean 3.8, 95% confidence interval 3.0–4.5) and ball-carrying (mean 3.6, 95% confidence interval 2.6–4.6) as high-risk of injury facets of play ( H = 30.8, p < 0.001). Coaching proper technique was rated as very important for safety (mean 4.6, 95% confidence interval 4.2–5.0) and performance (mean 4.8, 95% confidence interval 4.4–5.0, U = 28, p > 0.05). Of the 96 observed training sessions, tackle training was recorded 16% of the time (vs. 84% no tackle training, p < 0.001). Coaches were aware of the risk of injury in the tackle and rated the coaching of proper technique of utmost importance. These positive knowledge and attitudes did not transfer into their tackle training. The discrepancy between coaches' tackle knowledge and attitudes, and their training of the tackle might be related to how competent they believe themselves to be in delivering tackle training.
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Oudshoorn, Bodil Y., Heather F. Driscoll, Marcus Dunn, and David James. "Kinetic and kinematic analysis of stamping impacts during simulated rucking in rugby union." Journal of Sports Sciences 36, no. 8 (June 26, 2017): 914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1346273.
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Tierney, Gregory J., Kevin Gildea, Tron Krosshaug, and Ciaran K. Simms. "Analysis of ball carrier head motion during a rugby union tackle without direct head contact: A case study." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 2 (February 27, 2019): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119833477.
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Rugby union players can be involved in many tackles per game. However, little is known of the regular head loading environment associated with tackling in rugby union. In particular, the magnitude and influencing factors for head kinematics during the tackle are poorly understood. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to measure head motion of a visually unaware ball carrier during a real game tackle to the upper trunk with no direct head contact, and compare the kinematics with previously reported concussive events. Model-Based Image-Matching was utilised to measure ball carrier head linear and angular velocities. Ball carrier componential maximum change in head angular velocities of 38.1, 20.6 and 13.5 rad/s were measured for the head local X (coronal plane), Y (sagittal plane) and Z (transverse plane) axes respectively. The combination of a high legal tackle height configuration and visually unaware ball carrier can lead to kinematics similar to average values previously reported for concussive direct head impacts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rugby union impacts"
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Rayner, Michael. "The impact of professionalisation on elite level rugby union : players' perspective." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-impact-of-professionalisation-on-elite-level-rugby-union(81aa967f-b71b-4851-82f8-3eef54fc394b).html.
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The game of rugby has changed significantly in the course of its history. In the early part of the 19th century it evolved from a folk game played by ruffians to a recreational activity of custom and ritual for public schoolboys (Collins, 2009, Harris, 2010, Smart, 2009). From the 1820s rugby represented an opportunity for gentlemen to demonstrate physical prowess and masculinity and in more recent times it has developed into an activity that reflects the changing attitudes towards professional sport. For the most part of the last one hundred years, rugby union has been arguably the dominant winter sport of the British upper and middle classes, predominantly the male members of the emergent entrepreneurial class. Over the same period it became an important international sport that represented the nationalistic ideals of a number of countries (Black & Nauright, 1998; Collins, 2009; Dine, 2001; Dunning & Sheard, 2005; Ryan, 2008). However, developments within the media industry, professionalism and the transference to a business ethos within sport during the latter decades of the twentieth century exposed rugby union to the realities of commercialism and the influences of a more diverse participating and spectating public. Rugby Union had to become a sport that embraced the demands of the commercial and entertainment sectors in order to survive and develop in the modern sporting environment. This research explores the historical developments associated with the erosion of amateurism and the development of professionalism within the elite level of Rugby Union. Analysis of the development and impact of the professional game in France, New Zealand, South Africa, and Australia provide a basis for comparison with the professional game’s trajectory and impact within the British Isles. Using archival sources, handbooks, interviews with players, manuals and a wide range of other sources, the thesis traces the evolution of attitudes towards professionalism from a players’ perspective and the results developed throughout argues that the very nature of the change in structure of rugby union was not so much a desired direction but rather a necessity.
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Alexander, Debbie. "The impact of repeated mild traumatic brain injuries (concussions) on the cognitive and academic functioning of early adolescent rugby union players: A controlled, longitudinal, prospective study." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3611_1265940500.
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This study investigated, within the context of Brain Reserve Capacity (BRC) theory, whether repeated concussions resulted in residual deficits in cognitive and academic functioning of early adolescent rugby players relative to non-contact sports controls.
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Farrell, Raymond. "An analysis of exercises of authority by governing bodies and courts of law which impact on the freedom of action of professional rugby league players." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320488.
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Arkell, Robin. "Body size, socioeconomic status and training background of a select group of U16 South African rugby union players (2010-2013): The impact on national selection." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20679.
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Background: Rugby Union is an international sport characterized by bouts of short duration, high intensity exercise in which players frequently collide into one another while running at high speeds. Players are commonly required to engage in phases of play involving contact such as tackling, rucking, mauling and scrumming. These phases of play require certain physical qualities, including strength, aerobic power, speed and explosive power. Perhaps, the growth and professionalization of the game has resulted in more emphasis being placed on the physical preparation of the players. Physical preparation of players not only happens at elite senior levels, but has also filtered down into the junior ranks, where it is common for school teams to be trained by professional strength and conditioning coaches. The rules of the game have changed, which have influenced the physical demands. For example, ball-in-play time has increased, players are covering more distance per game, making more tackles and engaging in more scrums. It is therefore important to identify the various physical characteristics that are required to be successful at a particular level of rugby union. The socioeconomic status and ethnicity of the player in association with the physical characteristics can determine the success of an adolescent rugby player. Objective: To determine the association between body mass and stature (referred to as physical characteristics for this study), race, socioeconomic status, and weight training (referred to as non-physical characteristics for this study) on the chances of success among U16 provincial rugby union players. In particular, size, socioeconomic status and ethnicity of players in the U16 national training squad were compared to players who represented their provinces but did not get selected for the national squad. Methods: Data were collected for each player who attended the Coca Cola National Grant Khomo week from 2010 to 2013. Players participating in this tournament had already undergone a process of selection trials to be selected to represent their province at U16 level. The national squad players were chosen based on performances at the Coca Cola National Grant Khomo week. The characteristics of the players selected for the national squad vs. players who did not get selected for the squad from 2010 to 2013 were compared using an ANOVA and the magnitude of the differences were quantified using effects sizes. Results: White players are heavier (ES = 0.59) and taller (ES = 0.8 2) than black players as well as heavier (ES = 0.8 7) and taller (ES = 0.8 2) than coloured players over the four-year period from 2010 to 2013. Players selected into the National squad were on average heavier (ES = 0.5 0) and taller (ES = 0.4 0) than those players not selected into the National squad. White players were the heaviest and tallest of the race groups selected into the National squad (p < 0.0000 2). Players with a high socioeconomic status were heavier (ES = 0.3 0), taller (ES = 0.4 0), and had more playing experience (ES = 0.3 0), than players from a low socioeconomic status background. Grouping according to socioeconomic status did not differentiate between race groups and selection for the national squad. Conclusion: This study showed that the taller and heavier players were more likely to get selected for the national U 16 squad. Since size was also associated with socioeconomic status, the players with a high socioeconomic status had an advantage over players with a low socioeconomic status. These findings have implications for transforming the game to ensure that the representative teams reflect the composition of the South African population.
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Skinner, James Lee. "Environmental turbulence and its impact on strategic change and organisational culture : the case of the Queensland Rugby Union." Thesis, 2001. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15305/.
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The general purpose of this research was to examine the influence of environmental turbulence on the change process occurring throughout the Queensland Rugby Union (QRU) during the 1990s, and to analyse its impact on that organisation's strategic direction and organisational culture. Within these broad parameters, the specific aims
were: first, to understand the ways in which external and/or internal jolts and disturbances have impacted upon the change processes occurring at the QRU; second, to establish the levels of resistance to change within the organisation, and how the QRU managed this resistance between 1995-1999; third, to explain how the QRU
went about managing and legitimising organisational and cultural change between 1995-1999; and finally, to develop a model of organisational change that reveals the
complexity of the change process that occurred within the QRU between 1995-1999.
Book chapters on the topic "Rugby union impacts"
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Humphreys, George G. "The New Deal and Western Kentucky." In The Fall of Kentucky's Rock, 35–80. University Press of Kentucky, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813182339.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the changes to western Kentucky associated with the New Deal and the important roles of leaders from the region in bringing about those changes. New Deal programs starting with the temporary closing of banks and federal banking reform followed by the Civilian Conservation Corps, various relief programs, the Works Progress Administration, and rural electrification and the Tennessee Valley Authority were welcomed by residents in western Kentucky. New Deal provisions encouraging labor unions in the coal mines of the region had a profound impact on the coal industry. Governors Ruby Laffoon and Albert Benjamin "Happy" Chandler, both from western Kentucky played major roles in implementing reforms in Kentucky. U.S. Senator Alben Barkley from Paducah was a major supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, giving a keynote address at the 1932 Democratic national convention and supporting Roosevelt in his 1937 fight with the Supreme Court before becoming that summer Senate Majority Leader. Considerable attention is paid to local efforts to secure road and bridge improvements.