Journal articles: 'Rugby League'

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Cottle, Drew, and Angela Keys. "The Blindside Flick: Race and Rugby League." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v2i2.1406.

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The issue of race was virtually beyond the touchline in Australian rugby league before the 1960s. It was a white man’s game. Institutionalised racism meant that few Aboriginal men played rugby league at the highest professional level. It is now presumed that race and racism has no place in a game where these questions have been historically ‘out of bounds’. The dearth of critical writing in rugby league history indicates that racism in the sport has been subject to a form of social blindness and deemed unworthy of study. Rugby league’s white exclusionist past and the denial of racism in the present era indicate habits of mind which may be described in league argot as the ‘blindside flick’.

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Denham, David. "Global and Local Influences on English Rugby League." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 2 (June 2004): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.2.206.

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This article discusses some of the features of globalization, focusing primarily on the local/global relationship. By restructuring, commodifying, and franchising a highly localized sport, Rugby League, Rupert Murdoch’s media conglomerate, News Corporation, attempted to create a more geographically dispersed sport in order to capitalize on its monopoly on the broadcasting of Rugby League games. This article describes the role of News Corporation and argues that this strategy has not been successful because of the influence of local cultural factors and the absence of local resources in areas new to Rugby League. As a result, Rugby League’s recent plans for future geographical expansion have taken the shape of a top-down, global, media-led initiative that includes the need to stimulate local bases of expansion.

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Woods, Carl T., Anthony S. Leicht, Ben Jones, and Kevin Till. "Game-play characteristics differ between the European Super League and the National Rugby League: Implications for coaching and talent recruitment." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (July 11, 2018): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118788449.

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Objectives To compare the game-play characteristics between the European Super League and the National Rugby League competitions. Methods Eleven team performance indicators were extracted from each match played by every European Super League and National Rugby League team over their respective 2016 season. Data were averaged, classified according to competition (two levels: European Super League and National Rugby League) and modelled using univariate and multivariate techniques. Specifically, effect size statistics enabled between group comparisons, while non-metric multidimensional scaling enabled multivariate insights into competition dissimilarity. Results Seven of the 11 performance indicators showed ‘large’ to ‘very large’ effects. Notably, National Rugby League game-play generated fewer ‘line breaks’, ‘errors’, ‘tackles’ and ‘dummy half runs’ relative to European Super League game-play ( d > 1.2). Despite the National Rugby League generating fewer ‘all runs’ ( d = 1.27 [0.57–1.95]), game-play in this competition generated greater ‘all run distances’ relative to the European Super League ( d = 1.78 [1.02–2.51]). Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed clear multivariate competition dissimilarity, with European Super League and National Rugby League teams orienting distinctive positions on the ordination surface. Further, there was a greater spread in the relative positioning of National Rugby League teams compared to European Super League teams, indicating greater team dissimilarity within the National Rugby League. Conclusions Our observations may be explained by differing competition rule interpretations, in addition to differing game strategies and player skill capabilities. Both coaches and talent recruitment managers associated with these competitions may consider our data to assist with the identification and recruitment of suitable players from these respective competitions.

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Brown, Scott R., Matt Brughelli, Peter C. Griffiths, and John B. Cronin. "Lower-Extremity Isokinetic Strength Profiling in Professional Rugby League and Rugby Union." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0129.

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Purpose:While several studies have documented isokinetic knee strength in junior and senior rugby league players, investigations of isokinetic knee and hip strength in professional rugby union players are limited. The purpose of this study was to provide lower-extremity strength profiles and compare isokinetic knee and hip strength of professional rugby league and rugby union players.Participants:32 professional rugby league and 25 professional rugby union players.Methods:Cross-sectional analysis. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to evaluate peak torque and strength ratios of the dominant and nondominant legs during seated knee-extension/flexion and supine hip-extension/flexion actions at 60°/s.Results:Forwards from both codes were taller and heavier and had a higher body-mass index than the backs of each code. Rugby union forwards produced significantly (P < .05) greater peak torque during knee flexion in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.81 and 2.02) compared with rugby league forwards. Rugby league backs produced significantly greater hip-extension peak torque in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 0.83 and 0.77) compared with rugby union backs. There were no significant differences in hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios between code, position, or leg. Rugby union forwards and backs produced significantly greater knee-flexion-to-hip-extension ratios in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.49–2.26) than rugby union players.Conclusions:It seems that the joint torque profiles of players from rugby league and union codes differ, which may be attributed to the different demands of each code.

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Kuchar, Robert, and Andy Martin. "The Comparison of Competitive Balance between Super Rugby (Sanzar) and English Premiership Rugby: A Case Study from 1996-2014 Season or Not Attractive – No People – No Money." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijek-2016-0009.

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Abstract Most sports are attractive because they are almost unpredictable. The more the competitiveness of league teams, the harder to predict the games and as a result, that league will be more attractive. Message is: more attractive leagues= bigger audience= more attractive for sponsorship= more money in sport. Competitive balance (CB) refers to the balance in sport capabilities of teams. The aim of this paper was to compare the competitive balance between Super Rugby league named SANZAR, which consist of three nations (New Zealand, Australia and South Africa) and English Premiership Rugby League in 1996-2014 seasons and compare them. The data were secondary and collected from the final tables. It was used five models in this study: the three-club and five-club concentration ratio (C3 and C5) and C3/C5 index of competitive balance (C3ICB/C5ICB) were used to analyse the data. The less the index C3ICB/C5ICB and C3/C5 are, the more competitive balance is, and conversely. Standard deviation of game results, the ratio of actual and ideal standard deviation wins, numbers of winners and a placement in the k-th place. The results showed that the Salary cap in Premiership League does not work very effectively and the competitive balance is in last few seasons still worst and worst. Super Rugby has mirror position to Premiership. Last few years are the competitive balance on the right track. Comparison result is for Super Rugby strategy with involving more teams to the league.

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Denham, David. "Modernism and Postmodernism in Professional Rugby League in England." Sociology of Sport Journal 17, no. 3 (September 2000): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.17.3.275.

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This paper is concerned with the application of the idea of postmodernism to explain the rapid changes that have occurred in Rugby League in England since 1995 (Rugby League became the name given to a breakaway code of rugby and is distinct from another version of the sport called Rugby Union). Over a period of a few days in April 1995, News Corporation executives and Rugby League officials set up a new “Super League” in a deal involving millions of pounds that gave News Corporation sole television rights. The state of Rugby League before 1995 is discussed, and recent changes in the marketing, ownership of clubs, and the rationalization and franchising of the sport are described. It is argued that the idea of postmodern society neglects changes in the sport that can be associated with the extension of rationalization and capitalist relations more typically associated with modernity, although the increasing commodification of the sport is changing its culture in ways that support some theories of postmodern culture.

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Dabscheck, Braham. "Rugby League and the Union Game." Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 2 (June 1993): 242–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500203.

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The Association of Rugby League Professionals came to prominence when it achieved a legal victory which thwarted an attempt by the New South Wales Rugby League to introduce an internal draft, a labour market arrangement which reduced the employment and economic freedom of rugby league players. This article provides a history of the association from its origins in the late 1970s through to the draft case and more recent developments. The article presents information on player associations overseas and in Australia, and examines the origins, structure and organization, and various activities of the association. In so doing it provides information on the various labour market rules which have been used in rugby league, and examines the legal, economic and industrial relations dimensions of not only rugby league, but also other professional sporting competitions in Australia and overseas.1

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Gibbs, Nathan. "Common Rugby League Injuries." Sports Medicine 18, no. 6 (December 1994): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199418060-00007.

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Hoskins, W., H. Pollard, K. Hough, and C. Tully. "Injury in rugby league." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 9, no. 1-2 (May 2006): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.013.

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Gabbett, Tim J., and Nathan Domrow. "Risk Factors for Injury in Subelite Rugby League Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 3 (March 2005): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504268407.

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Background Although player fatigue and playing intensity have been suggested to contribute to injuries in rugby league players, no study has confirmed if the level of physical fitness is a risk factor for injury in rugby league players. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for injury in subelite rugby league players. Hypothesis Low physical fitness levels are risk factors for injury in subelite rugby league players. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods One hundred fifty-three players from a subelite rugby league club underwent preseason measurements of muscular power (vertical jump), speed (10- and 40-m sprint), and maximal aerobic power (multistage fitness test) over 4 competitive seasons. All injuries sustained by players were prospectively recorded over the 4 competitive seasons. Results The risk of injury was greater in players with low 10- and 40-m speed. Players with a low maximal aerobic power had a greater risk of sustaining a contact injury. In addition, players who completed less than 18 weeks of training before sustaining their initial injuries were at greater risk of sustaining a subsequent injury. Conclusions Subelite rugby league players with low speed and maximal aerobic power are at an increased risk of injury. In addition, players who complete less than 18 weeks of training before sustaining an initial injury are at greater risk of sustaining a subsequent injury. These findings highlight the importance of speed and endurance training to reduce the incidence of injury in subelite rugby league players.

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Fujak, Hunter, and Stephen Frawley. "Evaluating Broadcast Strategy: The Case of Australian Football." International Journal of Sport Communication 8, no. 4 (December 2015): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2015-0064.

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The central aim of this study was to evaluate the broadcast strategies of Australia’s 2 leading commercial sports leagues, the Australian Football League and the National Rugby League. Specifically, the research focused on assessing the degree of exclusivity and geographic reach embedded in each broadcast agreement. In doing so, the research considered the impact of strategy in providing value to the broadcasters and teams, as well as utility to fans of each league, within Noll’s framework of broadcasting principles.

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Scantlebury, Sean, Sam McCormack, Thomas Sawczuk, Stacey Emmonds, Neil Collins, Jake Beech, Carlos Ramirez, Cameron Owen, and Ben Jones. "The anthropometric and physical qualities of women’s rugby league Super League and international players; identifying differences in playing position and level." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): e0249803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249803.

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Participation in women’s rugby league has been growing since the foundation of the English women’s rugby league Super League in 2017. However, the evidence base to inform women’s rugby league remains sparse. This study provides the largest quantification of anthropometric and physical qualities of women’s rugby league players to date, identifying differences between positions (forwards & backs) and playing level (Women’s Super League [WSL] vs. International). The height, weight, body composition, lower body strength, jump height, speed and aerobic capacity of 207 players were quantified during the pre-season period. Linear mixed models and effects sizes were used to determine differences between positions and levels. Forwards were significantly (p < 0.05) heavier (forwards: 82.5 ± 14.8kg; backs: 67.7 ± 9.2kg) and have a greater body fat % (forwards: 37.7 ± 6.9%; backs: 30.4 ± 6.3%) than backs. Backs had significantly greater lower body power measured via jump height (forwards: 23.5 ± 4.4cm; backs: 27.6 ± 4.9cm), speed over 10m (forwards: 2.12 ± 0.14s; backs: 1.98 ± 0.11s), 20m (forwards: 3.71 ± 0.27s; backs: 3.46 ± 0.20s), 30m (forwards: 5.29 ± 0.41s; backs: 4.90 ± 0.33s), 40m (forwards: 6.91 ± 0.61s; backs: 6.33 ± 0.46s) and aerobic capacity (forwards: 453.4 ± 258.8m; backs: 665.0 ± 298.2m) than forwards. Additionally, international players were found to have greater anthropometric and physical qualities in comparison to their WSL counterparts. This study adds to the limited evidence base surrounding the anthropometric and physical qualities of elite women’s rugby league players. Comparative values for anthropometric and physical qualities are provided which practitioners may use to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of players, informing training programs to prepare players for the demands of women’s rugby league.

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Cross, Matt R., Matt Brughelli, Scott R. Brown, Pierre Samozino, Nicholas D. Gill, John B. Cronin, and Jean-Benoît Morin. "Mechanical Properties of Sprinting in Elite Rugby Union and Rugby League." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0151.

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Purpose: To compare mechanical properties of overground sprint running in elite rugby union and rugby league athletes. Methods: Thirty elite rugby code (15 rugby union and 15 rugby league) athletes participated in this cross-sectional analysis. Radar was used to measure maximal overground sprint performance over 20 or 30 m (forwards and backs, respectively). In addition to time at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 m, velocity-time signals were analyzed to derive external horizontal force–velocity relationships with a recently validated method. From this relationship, the maximal theoretical velocity, external relative and absolute horizontal force, horizontal power, and optimal horizontal force for peak power production were determined. Results: While differences in maximal velocity were unclear between codes, rugby union backs produced moderately faster split times, with the most substantial differences occurring at 2 and 5 m (ES 0.95 and 0.86, respectively). In addition, rugby union backs produced moderately larger relative horizontal force, optimal force, and peak power capabilities than rugby league backs (ES 0.73−0.77). Rugby union forwards had a higher absolute force (ES 0.77) despite having ~12% more body weight than rugby league forwards. Conclusions: In this elite sample, rugby union athletes typically displayed greater short-distance sprint performance, which may be linked to an ability to generate high levels of horizontal force and power. The acceleration characteristics presented in this study could be a result of the individual movement and positional demands of each code.

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Reiche, Danyel. "National Representation without Citizenship: the Special Case of Rugby." Politics in Central Europe 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 501–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2021-0021.

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Abstract This article is a case study of one of the few sports, rugby, that does not link national representation exclusively to citizenship. It discusses who may represent a country in major events and under which conditions. It analyses the consequences of the rules on different stakeholders; and discusses why the residency rule in particular is subject to much controversy. The author has conducted case studies of the 2019 rugby union and 2017 rugby league men’s World Cups. Academic literature, international news-papers, and rugby-specific websites were reviewed. Other than secondary sources, the researcher also collected primary data through interviews. The interviewees included representatives of Rugby League International Federation and World Rugby. This research reveals that national representation without citizenship is widespread in both codes of rugby. It has also shown that the effects of the eligibility criteria go beyond simplistic rich/poor and center/periphery models. This article argues that the rational for the eligibility criteria is the limited global spread of rugby league and rugby union. Without those lenient rules it would be difficult to organize international competitions.

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Twist, Craig, Jamie Highton, Mark Waldron, Emma Edwards, Damien Austin, and Tim J. Gabbett. "Movement Demands of Elite Rugby League Players during Australian National Rugby League and European Super League Matches." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 6 (November 2014): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0270.

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Purpose:This study compared the movement demands of players competing in matches from the elite Australian and European rugby league competitions.Methods:Global positioning system devices were used to measure 192 performances of forwards, adjustables, and outside backs during National Rugby League (NRL; n = 88) and European Super League (SL; n = 104) matches. Total and relative distances covered overall and at low (0–3.5 m/s), moderate (3.6–5 m/s), and high (>5 m/s) speeds were measured alongside changes in movement variables across the early, middle, and late phases of the season.Results:The relative distance covered in SL matches (95.8 ± 18.6 m/min) was significantly greater (P < .05) than in NRL matches (90.2 ± 8.3 m/min). Relative low-speed activity (70.3 ± 4.9 m/min vs 75.5 ± 18.9 m/min) and moderate-speed running (12.5 ± 3.3 m m/min vs 14.2 ± 3.8 m/min) were highest (P < .05) in the SL matches, and relative high-speed distance was greater (P < .05) during NRL matches (7.8 ± 2.1 m/min vs 6.1 ± 1.7 m/min).Conclusions:NRL players have better maintenance of high-speed running between the first and second halves of matches and perform less low- and moderate-speed activity, indicating that the NRL provides a higher standard of rugby league competition than the SL.

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Packard Hill, Esther, and Glen Fuller. "One for the Team." Communication & Sport 6, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479516678419.

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In the decade 2005–2015, National Rugby League players were implicated in a variety of off-field instances of violence against women. These incidents have been covered heavily by the Australian media and have facilitated commentary on violence and sport, rugby league culture, and whether rugby league players have a propensity for violence. From a total corpus of 933 articles, we critically engage with 190 news reports of domestic violence and focus on the way players and others contribute to media commentary about the incidence of domestic violence allegedly perpetrated by their teammates. Our guiding research question is: What is the character of public commentary expressed by rugby league players about incidents of domestic violence involving teammates? We identify four modes of reflexive commentary involving teammate representation that occur in the reporting of rugby league players accused of domestic violence offences. We argue that these four modes of representation articulate greater or lesser degrees of support or criticism between teammates about domestic violence and, even when critical, these discourses work to rearticulate the normative diminished reflexivity afforded men to publicly comment on and about other men.

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Rowe, David. "RUGBY LEAGUE IN AUSTRALIA: THE SUPER LEAGUE SAGA." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 21, no. 2 (May 1997): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019372397021002008.

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Moreira, Alexandre, Tom Kempton, Marcelo Saldanha Aoki, Anita C. Sirotic, and Aaron J. Coutts. "The Impact of 3 Different-Length Between-Matches Microcycles on Training Loads in Professional Rugby League Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0100.

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Purpose: To examine the impact of varying between-matches microcycles on training characteristics (ie, intensity, duration, and load) in professional rugby league players and to report on match load related to these between-matches microcycles. Methods: Training-load data were collected during a 26-wk competition period of an entire season. Training load was measured using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method for every training session and match from 44 professional rugby league players from the same National Rugby League team. Using the category-ratio 10 RPE scale, the training intensity was divided into 3 zones (low <4 AU, moderate ≥4-≤7 AU, and high >7 AU). Three different-length between-matches recovery microcycles were used for analysis: 5−6 d, 7−8 d, and 9−10 d. Results: A total of 3848 individual sessions were recorded. During the shorter-length between-matches microcycles (5−6 d), significantly lower training load was observed. No significant differences for subsequent match load or intensity were identified between the various match recovery periods. Overall, 16% of the training sessions were completed at the low-intensity zone, 61% at the moderate-intensity zone, and 23% at the high-intensity zone. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that rugby league players undertake higher training load as the length of between-matches microcycles is increased. The majority of in-season training of professional rugby league players was at moderate intensity, and a polarized approach to training that has been reported in elite endurance athletes does not occur in professional rugby league.

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Johnston, David, and Ben W. Morrison. "The Application of Naturalistic Decision-Making Techniques to Explore Cue Use in Rugby League Playmakers." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 10, no. 4 (September 18, 2016): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343416662181.

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Within the sport of rugby league, there exists a perceived shortage of talent in playmaking positions. In Australia, an academy dedicated to the development of playmaking skills has recently been established. Although the precise skills targeted by the academy for development are yet to be determined, decision making is presumed to be integral. The current research used the naturalistic decision-making paradigm to inform training initiatives by investigating the decision processes engaged by rugby league playmakers. The research explored whether players of varying ability could be differentiated in relation to a key decision process, cue use. Rugby league playmakers were interviewed using a novel variation of cognitive task analysis, which used both retrospective (i.e., recalled game) and prospective (i.e., unfamiliar rugby league scenario) means. The sample comprised 10 participants: six professional and four semiprofessional rugby league players. From a content analysis, a concept map, cognitive demands tables, and a critical cue inventory were produced. Results indicated that professional players demonstrated greater cue discrimination, assigned different meaning to the cues, and processed cues in a different manner compared with their semiprofessional counterparts. The results offer insights for future training applications in the domain and raise important questions regarding the utility of critical cue inventories in training.

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Manny, Luke, Taylor Wileman, Che Fornusek, and Daniel A. Hackett. "Playing Disability Rugby League with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A Case Study." Sports 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports11020021.

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Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a common inherited neurological disorder that causes damage to peripheral nerves. Reports of CMT patients participating in team-based sports such as disability rugby league are scarce. The objective of this case report was to evaluate the benefits of participation in disability rugby league in a 50-year-old male with CMT. Leg muscle mass and strength was worse for the case subject compared to two age-matched CMT participants with an exercise history; however, evidence of greater function in the case subject was observed through better 6-min walk test performance. Performance in a series of sport specific tests was noticeably worse for the case subject compared to a fellow rugby league player (age matched) with cerebral palsy. Inferior in-game performance was observed for the case subject compared to his fellow rugby league player in terms of distance covered, top running speed, and intensity. However, the case subject may have assumed a different role when playing as evident by the different behaviours he displayed during the games (i.e., less player contacts, tackles, or touches, but more passes of the ball). This case study provides information concerning disability rugby league as an adjunctive mode of treatment for CMT populations.

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Green, Matthew, Gareth Morgan, and Andrew Manley. "Elite rugby league players’ attitudes towards sport psychology consulting." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 8, no. 1 (February 2012): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2012.8.1.32.

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The primary aim of this study was to investigate elite rugby league players’ attitudes towards sport psychology consulting. A secondary aim was to understand the extent to which these attitudes might impact on the utilisation of psychological services in elite rugby league. A purposive sample of elite rugby league players (N=8) participated in a semi-structured interview designed to explore their knowledge, attitudes and experiences of sport psychology support. A general inductive analysis of the qualitative data was performed. Results show that despite the participants displaying positive attitudes and expressing a willingness to engage psychological services, many have concerns regarding how they will be perceived by significant others. Despite all participants describing their own use of specific mental skills in preparation for competition, only one participant confirmed having access to a full-time sport psychologist. Many participants indicated that attitudes of coaches and senior management are a key factor in the apparent lack of provision of psychological services within elite rugby league.

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Brewer, John, and Jackie Davis. "Applied Physiology of Rugby League." Sports Medicine 20, no. 3 (September 1995): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520030-00001.

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Gabbett, Tim, Trish King, and David Jenkins. "Applied Physiology of Rugby League." Sports Medicine 38, no. 2 (2008): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838020-00003.

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Gibbs, Nathan. "Injuries in professional rugby league." American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 5 (September 1993): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100510.

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Croucher, John. "Scoring Patterns in Rugby League." Teaching Statistics 17, no. 2 (June 1995): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9639.1995.tb00865.x.

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GABBETT, TIM J. "Training Injuries in Rugby League." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 16, no. 2 (May 2002): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200205000-00011.

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Waddington, Gordon S. "Sleep apnea in rugby league." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 23, no. 11 (November 2020): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.008.

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Longworth, Thomas, Andrew McDonald, Corey Cunningham, Hussain Khan, and Jane Fitzpatrick. "Do rugby league players under-report concussion symptoms? A cross-sectional study of elite teams based in Australia." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 2021): e000860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000860.

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ObjectiveTo determine the rate of under-reporting of concussion and its symptoms in elite rugby league players in Australia.MethodsThe study was conducted in the preseason of the 2020 National Rugby League (NRL) competition.A total of 151 male, NRL club contracted rugby league players across three professional clubs participated.The participants completed a voluntary, anonymous survey exploring player demographics, concussion data, under-reporting instances and reasons for under-reporting over the 2018 and 2019 rugby league seasons.Results17.2% of surveyed players reported sustaining a likely concussion over the past 2 years and not reporting to medical staff. 22% of NRL first grade players admitted to not reporting at least one concussion during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The most common reason not to report was the player ‘not wanting to be ruled out of the game or training session’ (57.7%), followed by ‘not wanting to let down the coaches or teammates’ (23.1%). 85.4% of surveyed players reported having concussion education by their club in the previous two seasons.Conclusions17.2 % of elite rugby league players in Australia chose not to report likely concussive episodes and concussion-related symptoms during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. Clinicians need to be aware of under-reporting in athletes when assessing players following head injuries. The findings highlight the need for development of validated, objective testing for concussion following sports-associated head injury.

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Shaw, Gary. "Through adversity: the fight for rugby league in the RAF; Soldiers' League: the story of army rugby league." Sport in History 36, no. 4 (June 3, 2016): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2016.1183401.

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Gissane, C., L. H. Phillips, D. Jennings, J. White, and A. Cumine. "Injury in rugby league football: the new super league." British Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.31.1.85.

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Dobson, Stephen, John Goddard, and John O. S. Wilson. "League Structure and Match Attendances in English Rugby League." International Review of Applied Economics 15, no. 3 (July 2001): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692170110052374.

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Savage, Jason, Chloe Hooke, John Orchard, and Richard Parkinson. "The Incidence of Concussion in a Professional Australian Rugby League Team, 1998–2012." Journal of Sports Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/304576.

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Background. Rugby league is a physically demanding team sport and the National Rugby League is the highest-level competition of rugby league in Australia. Frequent tackles and collisions between players result in a high incidence of injury to players. Concussion injuries have been the source of much debate, with reporting varying greatly depending on the definition used.Method. Injury records of 239 players from one professional National Rugby League were analysed during a continuous period of 15 years, with particular interest in the incidence and recurrence of concussions and the change in incidence over time.Result. A total of 191 concussions were recorded, affecting 90 players. The incidence of concussion injuries was found to be 28.33 per 1000 player match hours, with an increase over time (P=0.0217). Multiple concussions were recorded for 51 players.Conclusion. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of concussion injuries was found, without a concurrent increase in the number of head injuries or total injuries. New rules which mandate removal of players from the field may be beneficial for protection of players on the long term, although they risk being counterproductive, if they make players less likely to report their symptoms during matches.

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Hanton, Sheldon, Graham Jones, and Richard Mullen. "Intensity and Direction of Competitive State Anxiety as Interpreted by Rugby Players and Rifle Shooters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.513.

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This study reports the findings of part of an ongoing research program examining sports performers' interpretations of competitive anxiety prior to competition. The notion of ‘directional perceptions’ has questioned the limited utility of examining only the intensity of competitive anxiety responses as has Jones. The purpose of this study was to examine intensity and direction, i.e., interpretation of intensity as facilitative or debilitative, of anxiety symptoms as a function of two types of sport. The types of sport were explosive (rugby league) versus fine motor skills (target rifle shooting). The sample comprised 50 male rugby league participants and 50 target rifle shooters who completed a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 prior to competition. Contingency analysis yielded a significant difference in the number of rugby players who reported somatic anxiety as facilitative and the number of rifle shooters who reported somatic states as debilitative. No such differences were evident for cognitive anxiety. Analysis of variance Indicated no differences between the two groups on the intensity of cognitive and somatic anxiety, but the performers competing in rugby league interpreted both states as being more facilitative to performance; the rugby league players also had higher scores on self-confidence than the shooters. These findings provide continuing support for the measurement of directional perceptions of competitive anxiety and highlight the importance of examining individual sports.

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Booth, Mark, Stephen Cobley, Mark Halaki, and Rhonda Orr. "Is training age predictive of physiological performance changes in developmental rugby league players? A prospective longitudinal study." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 3 (April 21, 2020): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120919909.

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The aim of this study was to determine if training age – rugby league training age, resistance training age and cardiovascular training age – was predictive of changes in physiological performance in developmental rugby league players. Developmental rugby league players from one elite club ( n = 147, mean age = 15.8 ± 1.1 years) playing at Under 16 and Under 18 representative levels were tracked longitudinally over two consecutive seasons. Estimated aerobic capacity, jump height, upper body strength endurance and change of direction were assessed. Mixed method random effect analysis determined relationships between training age domains and physiological change. Positive relationships were observed between rugby league training age and change in estimated V̇O2max ( β = 0.13, p = 0.018), and change in strength endurance ( β = 0.51, p = 0.033), and resistance training age and change in jump height ( β = 0.11, p = 0.007). A negative relationship was observed between rugby league training age with change in change of direction time ( β = –0.06, p = 0.026). Moderate pre-season training effect sizes were identified for change of direction (effect size = –0.42, confidence interval (CI) = –0.8 to 0.1) and jump height (effect size = 0.41, CI = 0.1–0.7), while small pre-season training effect size was apparent for strength endurance (effect size = 0.33, CI = 0.0–0.7) and estimated V̇O2max (effect size = 0.16). Small in-season performance decrements occurred in strength endurance (effect size = –0.23, CI = –0.6 to 0.1) and change of direction (effect size = 0.30, CI = –0.1 to 0.7). Higher pre-study rugby league training age was associated with greater improvements in estimated V̇O2max, strength endurance and change of direction. Additionally, higher resistance training age was associated with greater improvements in vertical jump. Overall, the magnitude of resistance training age and cardiovascular training age may have been too inadequate to meaningfully impact training adaptations in the population. Decrease in effect size for physiological performance changes during the in-season phase suggests that performance enhancements were not maintained across the competitive season.

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Hulin, Billy T., Tim J. Gabbett, Simon Kearney, and Alex Corvo. "Physical Demands of Match Play in Successful and Less-Successful Elite Rugby League Teams." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0080.

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Purpose: To quantify activity profiles in approximately 5-min periods to determine if the intensity of rugby league match play changes after the most intense period of play and to determine if the intensity of activity during predefined periods of match play differ between successful and less-successful teams playing at an elite standard. Methods: Movement was recorded using a MinimaxX global positioning system (GPS) unit sampling at 10 Hz during 25 rugby league matches, equating to 200 GPS files. Data for each half of match play were separated into 8 equal periods. These periods represented the most intense phase of match play (peak period), the period after the most intense phase of match play (subsequent period), and the average demands of all other periods in a match (mean period). Two rugby league teams were split into a high-success and a low-success group based on their success rates throughout their season. Results: Compared with their less-successful counterparts, adjustables and hit-up forwards from the high-success team covered less total distance (P < .01) and less high-intensity-running distance (P < .01) and were involved in a greater number of collisions (P < .01) during the mean period of match play. Conclusions: Although a greater number of collisions during match play is linked with a greater rate of success, greater amounts of high-intensity running and total distance are not related to competitive success in elite rugby league. These results suggest that technical and tactical differences, rather than activity profiles, may be the distinguishing factor between successful and less-successful rugby league teams.

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Cummins, Cloe, and Rhonda Orr. "Analysis of Physical Collisions in Elite National Rugby League Match Play." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0541.

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Objective: To investigate the impact forces of collision events during both attack and defense in elite rugby league match play and to compare the collision profiles between playing positions. Participants: 26 elite rugby league players. Methods: Player collisions were recorded using an integrated accelerometer in global positioning system units (SPI-Pro X, GPSports). Impact forces of collisions in attack (hit-ups) and defense (tackles) were analyzed from 359 files from outside backs (n = 78), adjustables (n = 97), wide-running forwards (n = 136), and hit-up forwards (n = 48) over 1 National Rugby League season. Results: Hit-up forwards were involved in 0.8 collisions/min, significantly more than all other positional groups (wide-running forwards P = .050, adjustables P = .042, and outside backs P = .000). Outside backs experienced 25% fewer collisions per minute than hit-up forwards. Hit-up forwards experienced a collision within the 2 highest classifications of force (≥10 g) every 2.5 min of match play compared with 1 every 5 and 9 min for adjustables and outside backs, respectively. Hit-up forwards performed 0.5 tackles per minute of match play, 5 times that of outside backs (ES = 1.90; 95% CI [0.26,3.16]), and 0.2 hit-ups per minute of match play, twice as many as adjustables. Conclusions: During a rugby league match, players are exposed to a significant number of collision events. Positional differences exist, with hit-up and wide-running forwards experiencing greater collision events than adjustables and outside backs. Although these results may be unique to the individual team’s defensive- and attacking-play strategies, they are indicative of the significant collision profiles in professional rugby league.

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Lovell, Thomas W. J., Anita C. Sirotic, Franco M. Impellizzeri, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Factors Affecting Perception of Effort (Session Rating of Perceived Exertion) During Rugby League Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.1.62.

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) for monitoring training intensity in rugby league.Methods:Thirty-two professional rugby league players participated in this study. Training-load (TL) data were collected during an entire season and assessed via microtechnology (heart-rate [HR] monitors, global positioning systems [GPS], and accelerometers) and sRPE. Within-individual correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between sRPE and various other measures of training intensity and load. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to determine a predictive equation to estimate sRPE during rugby league training.Results:There were significant within-individual correlations between sRPE and various other internal and external measures of intensity and load. The stepwise multiple-regression analysis also revealed that 62.4% of the adjusted variance in sRPE-TL could be explained by TL measures of distance, impacts, body load, and training impulse (y = 37.21 + 0.93 distance − 0.39 impacts + 0.18 body load + 0.03 training impulse). Furthermore, 35.2% of the adjusted variance in sRPE could be explained by exercise-intensity measures of percentage of peak HR (%HRpeak), impacts/min, m/min, and body load/min (y = −0.01 + 0.37%HRpeak + 0.10 impacts/min + 0.17 m/min + 0.09 body load/min).Conclusion:A combination of internal and external TL factors predicts sRPE in rugby league training better than any individual measures alone. These findings provide new evidence to support the use of sRPE as a global measure of exercise intensity in rugby league training.

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Savdie, Elliott, Harry Prevedoros, Ashley Irish, Christopher Vickers, Alan Concannon, Paul Darveniza, and John R. Sutton. "Heat stroke following Rugby League football." Medical Journal of Australia 155, no. 9 (November 1991): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93937.x.

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Austin, Damien, Tim Gabbett, and David Jenkins. "Tackling in a Professional Rugby League." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25, no. 6 (June 2011): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181da781c.

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Gabbett, Tim J., and Rob J. B. Godbolt. "Training Injuries in Professional Rugby League." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, no. 7 (July 2010): 1948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ddad65.

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Gabbett, Tim, and Dean Benton. "Reactive agility of rugby league players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12, no. 1 (January 2009): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.011.

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Johnston, Rich D., Tim J. Gabbett, and David G. Jenkins. "Applied Sport Science of Rugby League." Sports Medicine 44, no. 8 (April 19, 2014): 1087–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0190-x.

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Groeneveld, Margaret. "The History of Rugby League Through the Publications ofLondon League." Sport in History 30, no. 4 (December 2010): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2010.530749.

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Moore, David Anthony, Ben Jones, Jonathon Weakley, Sarah Whitehead, and Kevin Till. "The field and resistance training loads of academy rugby league players during a pre-season: Comparisons across playing positions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): e0272817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272817.

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Male academy rugby league players are required to undertake field and resistance training to develop the technical, tactical and physical qualities important for success in the sport. However, limited research is available exploring the training load of academy rugby league players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the field and resistance training loads of academy rugby league players during a pre-season period and compare training loads between playing positions (i.e., forwards vs. backs). Field and resistance training load data from 28 adolescent male (age 17 ± 1 years) rugby league players were retrospectively analysed following a 13-week pre-season training period (85 total training observations; 45 field sessions and 40 resistance training sessions). Global positioning system microtechnology, and estimated repetition volume was used to quantify external training load, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was used to quantify internal training load. Positional differences (forwards n = 13 and backs n = 15) in training load were established using a linear mixed effect model. Mean weekly training frequency was 7 ± 2 with duration totaling 324 ± 137 minutes, and a mean sRPE of 1562 ± 678 arbitrary units (AU). Backs covered more high-speed distance than forwards in weeks two (p = 0.024), and 11 (p = 0.028). Compared to the forwards, backs completed more lower body resistance training volume in week one (p = 0.02), more upper body volume in week three (p< 0.001) and week 12 (p = 0.005). The findings provide novel data on the field and resistance-based training load undertaken by academy rugby league players across a pre-season period, highlighting relative uniformity between playing positions. Quantifying training load can support objective decision making for the prescription and manipulation of future training, ultimately aiming to maximise training within development pathways.

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Wade, Jarrod, Joel Fuller, Paul Devlin, and Timothy L. A. Doyle. "Lower body peak force but not power is an important discriminator of elite senior rugby league players." Kinesiology 52, no. 1 (2020): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.52.1.14.

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This investigation determined differences in lower body strength and power between elite junior (17-20 years) and elite senior (open-aged) rugby league athletes. Twenty junior and 25 senior athletes performed an isometric mid-thigh pull, countermovement jump, repeated jump, and broad jump tests during a National Rugby League pre-season. The effects of age (junior vs. senior) and position (adjustables vs. hit-up forwards vs. outside backs) on test results were investigated using a two-way analysis of variance. Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pairwise comparisons. Isometric mid-thigh pull absolute peak force was greater for senior players compared to junior players (ES=0.88, p<.05). Countermovement jump absolute peak power was greater for outside backs (ES=1.12) and hit-up forwards (ES=1.23) compared to adjustables (p<.05), greater for senior outside backs compared to junior outside backs (ES=1.53, p<.05), and greater for junior hit-up forwards compared to senior hit-up forwards (ES=1.00, p<.05). This research demonstrated the differences in strength and power of rugby league athletes between playing age and position. Improving lower body strength should be prioritised for athletic development of junior rugby league athletes, with consideration given to requirements across different playing positions.

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Morley, David, Paul Ogilvie, Kevin Till, Martyn Rothwell, Wayne Cotton, Donna O’Connor, and Jim McKenna. "Does modifying competition affect the frequency of technical skills in junior rugby league?" International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 11, no. 6 (November 11, 2016): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954116676107.

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The technical demands of games can be affected by changing the number of players, pitch size and rules. This controlled trial compared the frequency of technical skills between a ‘traditional’ and newly introduced systematically ‘modified’ game of primary rugby league. A total of 475 primary rugby league players (Under 7s to 9s) were filmed playing traditional ( n = 49) and modified ( n = 249) formats. Notational analysis examined the frequency of technical skills (e.g. number of passes) within ‘traditional’ and ‘modified’ games. At each age category, multivariate analysis of variance indicated the clear superiority of the ‘modified’ game for the frequency of technical skills (e.g. Under 7s total skill opportunities – ‘traditional’ = 342.9 ± 47.0; ‘modified’ = 449.4 ± 93.3, d = 1.44, p < 0.001). Systematically modifying the competitive game is an effective way to increase skill opportunities for children within rugby league. Future research should examine the outcomes of modifying games in optimizing skill development in youth sport.

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King, Doug, Patria A. Hume, Natalie Hardaker, Cloe Cummins, Conor Gissane, and Trevor Clark. "Sports-related injuries in New Zealand: National Insurance (Accident Compensation Corporation) claims for five sporting codes from 2012 to 2016." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 16 (March 12, 2018): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098533.

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ObjectivesTo provide epidemiological data and related costs for sport-related injuries of five sporting codes (cricket, netball, rugby league, rugby union and football) in New Zealand for moderate-to-serious and serious injury claims.MethodsA retrospective analytical review using detailed descriptive epidemiological data obtained from the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) for 2012–2016.ResultsOver the 5 years of study data, rugby union recorded the most moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claims (25 226) and costs (New Zealand dollars (NZD$)267 359 440 (£139 084 749)) resulting in the highest mean cost (NZD$10 484 (£5454)) per moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claim. Rugby union recorded more serious injury entitlement claims (n=454) than cricket (t(4)=−66.6; P<0.0001); netball (t(4)=−45.1; P<0.0001); rugby league (t(4)=−61.4; P<0.0001) and football (t(4)=66.6; P<0.0001) for 2012–2016. There was a twofold increase in the number of female moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claims for football (RR 2.6 (95%CI 2.2 to 2.9); P<0.0001) compared with cricket, and a threefold increase when compared with rugby union (risk ratio (RR) 3.1 (95%CI 2.9 to 3.3); P<0.0001). Moderate-to-serious concussion claims increased between 2012 and 2016 for netball (RR 3.7 (95%CI 1.9 to 7.1); P<0.0001), rugby union (RR 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.4); P<0.0001) and football (RR 2.3 (95%CI 1.6 to 3.2); P<0.0001). Nearly a quarter of moderate-to-serious entitlement claims (23%) and costs (24%) were to participants aged 35 years or older.ConclusionsRugby union and rugby league have the highest total number and costs associated with injury. Accurate sport exposure data are needed to enable injury risk calculations.

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Seitz, Laurent B., Matt Barr, and G. Gregory Haff. "Effects of Sprint Training With or Without Ball Carry in Elite Rugby Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 6 (September 2015): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0193.

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Purpose:To compare the effects of sprint training with or without ball carry on the sprint performance of elite rugby league players.Methods:Twenty-four elite rugby league players were divided into a ball-carry group (BC; n = 12) and a no-ball-carry group (NBC; n = 12). The players of the BC group were required to catch and carry the ball under 1 arm during each sprint, whereas the NBC group performed sprints without carrying a ball. The 8-wk training intervention took place during the precompetitive phase of the season and consisted of 2 sessions/wk. Sprint performance was measured before and after the training intervention with 40-m linear sprints performed under 2 conditions: with and without ball carry. Split times of 10, 20, and 40 m were recorded for further analysis. A 3-way (group × time × condition) factorial ANOVA was performed to compare changes in sprint performance with and without the ball, before and after the training intervention for both BC and NBC training groups.Results:The BC and NBC groups experienced similar improvements in 10-, 20-, and 40-m sprint times and accelerations, regardless of the condition under which the sprint tests were performed (P = .19).Conclusions:Sprint training while carrying a rugby ball is as effective as sprint training without carrying a rugby ball for improving the sprint performance of elite rugby league players.

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Sheard, K. G. "‘Breakers ahead!’ professionalization and rugby union football: lessons from Rugby League." International Journal of the History of Sport 14, no. 1 (April 1997): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523369708713968.

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Kirkwood, Graham, Nikesh Parekh, Richard Ofori-Asenso, and Allyson M. Pollock. "Concussion in youth rugby union and rugby league: a systematic review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 8 (January 13, 2015): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093774.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rugby League'

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