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Journal articles on the topic 'Rugby football injuries'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Puren, MS, JG Barnard, and PL Viviers. "Nature and proportion of total injuries at the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club: a comparason of the years 1973 1975 with 2003 -2005." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 5 (December 5, 2007): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2007/v19i5a254.

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Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the nature and proportion of total injuries occurring at Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club in Stellenbosch, South Africa, between the years 1973 - 1975 and 2003 - 2005. Design. Retrospective, descriptive study. Main outcome measures. Injured rugby players from the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club from the different time periods were included in the study. Results from the 1973 - 1975 time period were obtained from two previously published articles (Roy, 1974; Van Heerden, 1976), while data from the 2003 - 2005 time period were available through the Stellenbosch University Rugby Injury Database. Results. An increase in the proportion of head and facial injuries from 1973 - 1975 (21%) to 2003 - 2005 (42%) was found as well as a doubling in the proportion of concussions between the two time periods (12% - 23%). There was an overall decrease in total injuries between the two time periods. Conclusion. The findings highlight the high and increased proportion of head and facial injuries in the game of rugby at the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club. This is a matter that should be further investigated. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (5) 2007: pp. 125-128
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2

Paget, Liam D. A., Haruhito Aoki, Simon Kemp, Mike Lambert, Clint Readhead, Keith A. Stokes, Wayne Viljoen, et al. "Ankle osteoarthritis and its association with severe ankle injuries, ankle surgeries and health-related quality of life in recently retired professional male football and rugby players: a cross-sectional observational study." BMJ Open 10, no. 6 (June 2020): e036775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036775.

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ObjectivesTo determine (1) the prevalence of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) among former professional football and rugby players, (2) assess the association between ankle injuries or ankle surgeries with ankle OA, and (3) compare the mental and physical quality of life (QoL) between former professional football and rugby players with and without OA.MethodsWe conducted a questionnaire-based observational study with a cross-sectional design. Former professional football and rugby players were recruited by the Football Players Worldwide and the International Rugby Players. Information concerning ankle OA, sustained ankle injuries and ankle surgeries was gathered (medical record or most recent medical professional). Health-related QoL was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical and mental health scores.ResultsOverall, 553 former professional football (n=401) and rugby (n=152) players were enrolled in the study (response rate of 56%). Ankle OA prevalence among former professional football and rugby players was 9.2% and 4.6%, respectively. Football players were more likely to suffer from ankle OA following every ankle injury and/or surgery. Football and rugby players with ankle OA had similar PROMIS physical and mental health scores to the norm for the general population.ConclusionFormer professional football and rugby players had higher ankle OA prevalence than the general population (3.4%). Football players are more likely to suffer from ankle OA following every ankle injury and/or surgery. No clinically relevant difference was seen for physical or mental health-related QoL among football and rugby players. Preventive measures for ankle injuries are recommended.
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3

Sparks, J. P. "Rugby football injuries, 1980-1983." British Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.19.2.71.

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4

Garraway, W. M., and D. A. D. Macleod. "Epidemiology of rugby football injuries." Lancet 345, no. 8963 (June 1995): 1485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91040-9.

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5

Macleod, D. A. D., and J. R. Silver. "Epidemiology of rugby football injuries." Lancet 346, no. 8982 (October 1995): 1107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91784-5.

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6

SHEWRING, D. J., and M. H. MATTHEWSON. "Injuries to the Hand in Rugby Union Football." Journal of Hand Surgery 18, no. 1 (February 1993): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(93)90210-7.

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Hand injuries are a common consequence of playing rugby. A prospective study of all rugby injuries referred to a hand clinic over the course of one season was carried out. 72 patients with such injuries were seen. There were 46 fractures and 26 soft tissue injuries. A substantial number were caused deliberately by opponents. One-third of the injuries were thought to be preventable.
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7

Anderson, David Stewart, John Cathcart, Iseult Wilson, Julie Hides, Felix Leung, and Daniel Kerr. "Lower limb MSK injuries among school-aged rugby and football players: a systematic review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (October 2020): e000806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000806.

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ObjectiveThe objective of this systematic review was to explore the incidence of lower limb musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries sustained by rugby union, rugby league, soccer, Australian Rules and Gaelic football players under 18 years. The review sought to identify the mechanisms and types of injury sustained and to compare between sports.DesignThis systematic review focused on the incidence of lower limb injury in adolescent team sports that involved running and kicking a ball. A literature search of studies published prior to January 2020 was conducted using SportDiscus, Medline and PubMed databases. The Standard Quality Assessment Criteria appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of each article included in the review. Two or more authors independently reviewed all papers.ResultsSixteen papers met the inclusion criteria; prospective cohort (N=14), retrospective (n=1) and longitudinal (n=1). These studies investigated injuries in rugby union and rugby league (n=10), football (soccer) (n=3), Australian Rules (n=2) and Gaelic football (n=1). There were a total of 55 882 participants, aged 7–19 years old, who reported 6525 injuries. The type, site and mechanisms of injury differed across sports.SummaryLower limb injuries were common in adolescent rugby, soccer, Gaelic football and Australian Rules football players, however these studies may not fully reflect the true injury burden where recurrent and overuse injuries have not been considered. There were differences between sports in the mechanisms, types and severity of injury.
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8

Noakes, Timothy. "Spinal Injuries in Professional Rugby Football." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 17, no. 6 (November 2007): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000299224.36903.f1.

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9

Elzinga, Kate E., and Kevin C. Chung. "Finger Injuries in Football and Rugby." Hand Clinics 33, no. 1 (February 2017): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2016.08.007.

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10

Farah, Ghassan J., Brendon C. Mitchell, Matthew R. Schmitz, James D. Bomar, and Eric Edmonds. "Injury Patterns in Rugby Union—America’s Fastest Growing Sport." Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55275/jposna-2022-0019.

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Rugby union is the fastest growing sport in the USA, and its growth is only expected to continue to climb with the approaching 2023 Rugby World Cup. Rugby union carries risk for general and sport-specific injury. Tackles and high-impact collisions are a regular component of the game, and although often compared to American football, rugby union carries a unique pattern of injuries, with certain injuries occurring at a significantly higher rate. This review is aimed at familiarizing our orthopaedic workforce to the sport of rugby union and the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the rugby union athlete. Injury prevention strategies guided by epidemiology, risk factors, and mechanisms of injury in rugby union athletes are critical.
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11

Lee, A. J., J. L. Myers, and W. M. Garraway. "Influence of players' physique on rugby football injuries." British Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.31.2.135.

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12

Garraway, W. M., A. J. Lee, D. A. Macleod, J. W. Telfer, I. J. Deary, and G. D. Murray. "Factors influencing tackle injuries in rugby union football." British Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.33.1.37.

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13

Silver, J. R., and D. Stewart. "The prevention of spinal injuries in rugby football." Spinal Cord 32, no. 7 (July 1994): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1994.71.

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14

King, Doug, Patria A. Hume, Natalie Hardaker, Cloe Cummins, Conor Gissane, and Trevor Clark. "Sports-related injuries in New Zealand: National Insurance (Accident Compensation Corporation) claims for five sporting codes from 2012 to 2016." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 16 (March 12, 2018): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098533.

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ObjectivesTo provide epidemiological data and related costs for sport-related injuries of five sporting codes (cricket, netball, rugby league, rugby union and football) in New Zealand for moderate-to-serious and serious injury claims.MethodsA retrospective analytical review using detailed descriptive epidemiological data obtained from the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) for 2012–2016.ResultsOver the 5 years of study data, rugby union recorded the most moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claims (25 226) and costs (New Zealand dollars (NZD$)267 359 440 (£139 084 749)) resulting in the highest mean cost (NZD$10 484 (£5454)) per moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claim. Rugby union recorded more serious injury entitlement claims (n=454) than cricket (t(4)=−66.6; P<0.0001); netball (t(4)=−45.1; P<0.0001); rugby league (t(4)=−61.4; P<0.0001) and football (t(4)=66.6; P<0.0001) for 2012–2016. There was a twofold increase in the number of female moderate-to-serious injury entitlement claims for football (RR 2.6 (95%CI 2.2 to 2.9); P<0.0001) compared with cricket, and a threefold increase when compared with rugby union (risk ratio (RR) 3.1 (95%CI 2.9 to 3.3); P<0.0001). Moderate-to-serious concussion claims increased between 2012 and 2016 for netball (RR 3.7 (95%CI 1.9 to 7.1); P<0.0001), rugby union (RR 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.4); P<0.0001) and football (RR 2.3 (95%CI 1.6 to 3.2); P<0.0001). Nearly a quarter of moderate-to-serious entitlement claims (23%) and costs (24%) were to participants aged 35 years or older.ConclusionsRugby union and rugby league have the highest total number and costs associated with injury. Accurate sport exposure data are needed to enable injury risk calculations.
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15

Cropper, Emma, Cari Thorpe, Simon Roberts, and Craig Twist. "Injury Surveillance during a European Touch Rugby Championship." Sports 7, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030071.

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Background: Touch (rugby/football) is a minimal contact sport for which the type and incidence of injuries remains unknown in Europe. Objectives: To establish the incidence, severity and nature of injuries sustained during a four-day European Touch Championship competition. Methods: A prospective cohort design was adopted to record match-related injuries during the European Touch Championships 2016. Injuries were collected from five countries and classified using the Orchard Sports Injury Classification (OSICS-10). Data were combined from all participating countries and injury incidence was recorded as number of injuries/1000 player hours. Results: A total of 135 injuries were recorded during the tournament with injury incidence calculated as 103.5 injuries per 1000 player match hours. Injuries were mainly recorded as transient (76%) occurring most frequently in the lower limb (69%). Injuries occurred more frequently on successive days, with exception to the final day of the tournament. The number of injuries was not different between the first and second half of matches and there was no relationship between the day of the tournament and the half of the match that injury occurred. Conclusion: Match injury incidence was 103.5 injuries per 100 player match hours. The most injured site was that of the lower limb, with the most common injury type reported as muscle/tendon injury. It is postulated that fatigue plays a role in injury incidence during a multiday tournament.
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16

Lee, Amanda J., and W. Michael Garraway. "The influence of environmental factors on rugby football injuries." Journal of Sports Sciences 18, no. 2 (January 2000): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404100365153.

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17

Usman, J., A. S. McIntosh, and J. P. Best. "The epidemiology of shoulder injuries in rugby union football." British Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 4 (March 27, 2011): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.195.

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18

Usman, J., A. McIntosh, and J. Best. "The epidemiology of shoulder injuries in Rugby Union Football." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13 (December 2010): e67-e68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.604.

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19

Estep, Gerald. "Injuries of the cervical spine in schoolboy rugby football." Journal of Emergency Medicine 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(85)90227-6.

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20

Arvinen-Barrow, Monna, William V. Massey, and Brian Hemmings. "Role of Sport Medicine Professionals in Addressing Psychosocial Aspects of Sport-Injury Rehabilitation: Professional Athletes' Views." Journal of Athletic Training 49, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.44.

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Context: Research from the sport medicine professional's (SMP's) perspective indicates that SMPs are often required to address psychosocial aspects of injuries during treatment. However, only a few authors have investigated injured athletes' experiences with these concerns. Objective: To explore injured professional athletes' views on the role of SMPs in the psychosocial aspects of sport-injury rehabilitation. Design Qualitative study. Setting: Professional association football and rugby union clubs. Patients or Other Participants: Ten professional, male football (n = 4; 40%) and rugby union (n = 6; 60%) players (age = 22.4 ± 3.4 years). Data Collection and Analysis We collected data using a semistructured interview guide, and the data were then transcribed and analyzed following the interpretative phenomenological analysis guidelines. We peer reviewed and triangulated the established emergent themes to establish trustworthiness. Results: Athletes in our study viewed injuries as “part and parcel” of their sports. Despite normalizing sport injuries, athletes reported frequent feelings of frustration and self-doubt throughout the rehabilitation process. However, athletes' perceived the role of SMPs in injury rehabilitation as addressing physical concerns; any intervention aimed at psychosocial outcomes (eg, motivation, confidence) needed to be subtle and indirect. Conclusions: The SMPs working with injured athletes need to understand the psychosocial principles that underpin athletes' sport-injury processes and the effect psychosocial reactions can have on athletes. Moreover, SMPs must understand the self-regulatory processes that may take place throughout injury rehabilitation and be able to apply psychological principles in natural and subtle ways to aid athletes' self-regulatory abilities.
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21

Willigenburg, Nienke W., James R. Borchers, Richard Quincy, Christopher C. Kaeding, and Timothy E. Hewett. "Comparison of Injuries in American Collegiate Football and Club Rugby." American Journal of Sports Medicine 44, no. 3 (January 19, 2016): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546515622389.

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22

Orr, Robin, Ben Schram, and Rodney Pope. "Sports Injuries in the Australian Regular Army." Safety 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6020023.

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Sports participation in the military is important for physical fitness and building morale and camaraderie. However, injuries caused by sports are detrimental to military capability. The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of injury from sports participation in Australian Regular Army personnel. Injury data spanning a two-year period were obtained from the Department of Defence Workplace Health, Safety, Compensation, and Reporting (WHSCAR) database. Data were extracted for the top five sporting activities causing injuries. The most common body sites, natures, and mechanisms of injuries across these five sports were then determined. Sports participation accounted for 11% (n = 1092) of reported injuries (n = 9828). Soccer presented with the greatest number of injuries (23.3%), followed by rugby union/league (22.9%), touch football (18.6%), Australian rules football (12.0%), and basketball/netball (11.9%). The ankle, knee, and shoulder were the most injured body sites (21.9%; 17.2%; 11.6% respectively) across these five sports, with soft tissue injury, dislocation, and fractures being the most common natures of injury (55.1%; 12.7%; 11.9% respectively). The most common mechanisms of injuries were contact with objects (35.1%) and falls (27.4%). The current injury rates, locations, and mechanisms are similar to historical rates suggesting little impact by injury mitigation strategies.
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23

Kim, Jin K., Martin A. Koyle, Min Joon Lee, Gregory J. Nason, Lily Yuxi Ren, and Fardod O'Kelly. "A systematic review of genitourinary injuries arising from rugby and football." Journal of Pediatric Urology 16, no. 2 (April 2020): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.12.019.

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24

Usman, Juliana, Andrew S. McIntosh, Kenneth Quarrie, and Stephen Targett. "Shoulder injuries in elite rugby union football matches: Epidemiology and mechanisms." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18, no. 5 (September 2015): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.020.

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25

King, Doug A., Patria A. Hume, Conor Gissane, and Trevor N. Clark. "Similar head impact acceleration measured using instrumented ear patches in a junior rugby union team during matches in comparison with other sports." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 18, no. 1 (July 2016): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.12.peds15605.

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OBJECTIVE Direct impact with the head and the inertial loading of the head have been postulated as major mechanisms of head-related injuries, such as concussion. METHODS This descriptive observational study was conducted to quantify the head impact acceleration characteristics in under-9-year-old junior rugby union players in New Zealand. The impact magnitude, frequency, and location were collected with a wireless head impact sensor that was worn by 14 junior rugby players who participated in 4 matches. RESULTS A total of 721 impacts > 10g were recorded. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) number of impacts per player was 46 (IQR 37–58), resulting in 10 (IQR 4–18) impacts to the head per player per match. The median impact magnitudes recorded were 15g (IQR 12g–21g) for linear acceleration and 2296 rad/sec2 (IQR 1352–4152 rad/sec2) for rotational acceleration. CONCLUSIONS There were 121 impacts (16.8%) above the rotational injury risk limit and 1 (0.1%) impact above the linear injury risk limit. The acceleration magnitude and number of head impacts in junior rugby union players were higher than those previously reported in similar age-group sports participants. The median linear acceleration for the under-9-year-old rugby players were similar to 7- to 8-year-old American football players, but lower than 9- to 12-year-old youth American football players. The median rotational accelerations measured were higher than the median and 95th percentiles in youth, high school, and collegiate American football players.
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Gissane, Conor, Lisa Hodgson, and De Jennings. "Time-Loss Injuries Versus Non–Time-Loss Injuries in the First Team Rugby League Football." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 22, no. 5 (September 2012): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0b013e318261cace.

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27

Starling, L. "Teams with lower injury rates have greater success in the Currie Cup rugby union competition." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (July 29, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2019/v31i1a6401.

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Background: Professional football teams that rank high on the log at the end of the season generally have fewer injuries than teams that rank lower on the log. This highlights the importance of implementing injury prevention measures, not only to protect player welfare and ensure their longevity in the sport, but also to improve the performance of the team. The association between a low incidence of injury and superior performance during a season may be even more relevant in sports with a higher incidence of injury than football, such as rugby union. Discussion: To examine this association in the South African Currie Cup rugby union competition, time-loss (≥ 1 day training/match play missed) injury data and final position in the competition was examined over five-seasons. Teams who ranked in 1st position had significantly lower average injury rates than teams who ranked in last position [48 injuries per 1 000 player hours (95% C.I 20 to 76) vs 130 injuries per 1 000 player hours (95% C.I 79 to 180)]. More specifically, the team with the lowest injury rate in each season ranked in 1st or 2nd position. This team performance aspect of injury prevention should be highlighted more. In particular, this should be used to assist with communicating the importance of injury prevention programmes to stakeholders directly involved with budgetary allocations in the team.
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Mallick, Anirban, Jahnavi Dande, and Anshul Gupta. "Intramuscular degloving injury of rectus femoris in a young elite athlete: A Case Report." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 5, no. 2 (December 25, 2021): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.5203.

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Injuries to the rectus femoris muscle are common in sports. It is the second most common cause of lower limb muscle injuries in track and field events and third most common cause of injuries in football. It also hasprevalence among basketball, American football and rugby. Intramuscular degloving injury of rectus femoris is a very uncommon injury and has been reported in a few recent case reports. This injury is very specific for rectus femoris because of its peculiar anatomy. However uncommon the injury may be, its inclusion in muscle injury classification system is important in recognising it and treating it as per laid down guidelines. The various classification systems of muscle injury do not have a mention of intramuscular degloving injury. Hence, such injuries are most often missed in diagnosis and present a clinical dilemma to the clinician in terms of rehabilitation protocol and prognosis. The present report is about a rare case of intramuscular degloving injury of rectus femoris in a track and field athlete presenting two years after initial episode with multiple recurrences and loss of flexibility and strength.
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29

Roberts, Simon P., Grant Trewartha, Michael England, William Goodison, and Keith A. Stokes. "Concussions and Head Injuries in English Community Rugby Union Match Play." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 2 (October 21, 2016): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546516668296.

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Background: Previous research has described general injury patterns in community-level rugby union, but specific information on time-loss head injuries has not been reported. Purpose: To establish the incidence and nature of significant time-loss head injuries in English community rugby match play, and to identify the injury risk for specific contact events. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Over 6 seasons, injury information was collected from 46 (2009-2010), 67 (2010-2011), 76 (2011-2012), 50 (2012-2013), 67 (2013-2014), and 58 (2014-2015) English community rugby clubs (Rugby Football Union levels 3-9) over a total of 175,940 hours of player match exposure. Club injury management staff reported information for all head injuries sustained during match play whereby the player was absent for 8 days or greater. Clubs were subdivided into semiprofessional (mean player age, 24.6 ± 4.7 years), amateur (24.9 ± 5.1 years), and recreational (25.6 ± 6.1 years) playing levels. Contact events from a sample of 30 matches filmed over seasons 2009-2010, 2010-2011, and 2011-2012 provided mean values for the frequency of contact events. Results: The overall incidence for time-loss head injuries was 2.43 injuries per 1000 player match hours, with a higher incidence for the amateur (2.78; 95% CI, 2.37-3.20) compared with recreational (2.20; 95% CI, 1.86-2.53) ( P = .032) playing level but not different to the semiprofessional (2.31; 95% CI, 1.83-2.79) playing level. Concussion was the most common time-loss head injury, with 1.46 per 1000 player match hours. The tackle event was associated with 64% of all head injuries and 74% of all concussions. There was also a higher risk of injuries per tackle (0.33 per 1000 events; 95% CI, 0.30-0.37) compared with all other contact events. Conclusion: Concussion was the most common head injury diagnosis, although it is likely that this injury was underreported. Continuing education programs for medical staff and players are essential for the improved identification and management of these injuries. With the majority of head injuries occurring during a tackle, an improved technique in this contact event through coach and player education may be effective in reducing these injuries.
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Tierney, Gregory J., and Ciaran K. Simms. "Concussion in Rugby Union and the Role of Biomechanics." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.2507.

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Due to the physical and high-impact nature of rugby, head impacts can occur within the game which can result in concussion injuries as well as other moderate-to-severe head injuries 1. Concussion has been defined as “a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces”1 and was found to be one of the more common brain injuries throughout the world.2 This is particularly true in sport; it has been estimated that over half of all concussions are sports related.3 A systematic review of the incidence of concussion in contact sports found that rugby union has a higher incidence rate compared with other sports such as American football and soccer.4 Unlike other sports injuries, detecting a concussion is difficult as the neuropathological changes cannot be recognized on standard neuroimaging technology.5,6 \Therefore, if a player is suspected of having a concussion, they are removed from play for a Head Injury Assessment (HIA). The HIA is a standardized tool for the medical assessment of concussion injuries in rugby and aims to improve detection and patient education.7 The HIA assesses a range of degenerative concussive symptoms including memory, cognitive ability, balance and player discomfort. This concussion diagnosis protocol therefore relies heavily on side-line medical staff to identify if a player is exhibiting concussive symptoms. A major disadvantage to this is that concussion has a variable natural history, with transient, fluctuating, delayed and evolving signs or symptoms.8) This means that symptoms can take up to 48 hours to become apparent.8 It has therefore been acknowledged that the content of the HIA will be modified as the research around concussion diagnosis evolves.8 The reliance on side-line medical staff to accurately identify concussive symptoms means that there is a possibility a concussed player may remain on the field; this is one problem that biomechanical research into concussion is trying to overcome. This study will give an overview of concussion in rugby union with a focus on incidence, severity and protection strategies. It will discuss current biomechanical research and further biomechanical research required in the area of concussion injuries in rugby union.
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Kirkwood, Graham, Thomas C. Hughes, and Allyson M. Pollock. "Results on sports-related injuries in children from NHS emergency care dataset Oxfordshire pilot: an ecological study." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 112, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076818808430.

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Summary Objectives To analyse and report on sports-related injuries using enhanced injury data collected by the testbed for the NHS emergency care injury data set and admissions data collected from inpatients. Design Ecological study design. Setting Two Oxfordshire NHS England hospitals. Participants Emergency department attendees and inpatients aged 0–19 years with sports injuries. Main outcome measures Data were analysed from 1 January 2012 to 30 March 2014 by age, gender sport, injury location, injury mechanism and diagnosis including concussion/post-concussion, bone fractures and ligament damage. Admissions data were analysed from 1 January 2012 to 24 January 2015. Results Children and adolescents aged 0–19 years accounted for almost half (47.4%) of sports injury-related emergency department attendances and almost one-quarter (23.5%) of sports injury-related admissions for all ages. The highest rates of attendance occurred at 14 years for boys (68.22 per 1000 person-years) and 12 years for girls (33.72 per 1000 person-years). For male 0–19-year-olds the three main sports were (in order) football (soccer), rugby union and rugby league and for females, trampoline, netball and horse-riding. The largest gender differences were in netball where injuries were predominantly in females and in wheeled motorsports where injuries were predominantly in males. Almost one-quarter of emergency department sports-related injuries recorded were fractures, the highest percentage to the upper limbs. Conclusions Public health departments in local authorities and schools should consider target sports injury prevention at children in the first four years of secondary school. For younger age groups, trampolines in the home warrant improved safety. Rugby and horse-riding should also be a focus for interventions.
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Arvinen-Barrow, Monna, Diarmuid Hurley, and Montse C. Ruiz. "Transitioning Out of Professional Sport: The Psychosocial Impact of Career-Ending Injuries Among Elite Irish Rugby Football Union Players." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 11, no. 1 (March 2017): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2016-0012.

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This study documented the lived career-ending injury experiences among elite Irish rugby football union (IRFU) players. Three players took part in semistructured one-on-one interviews. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith, 1996) revealed that the process of psychosocial injury rehabilitation and the subsequent transition process was for the most part a distressing one and evolved in a cyclical, yet stage-like (Heil, 1994), manner. The nature of the postinjury career transition appeared to be dependent on the interactional balance of participants’ psychosocial responses to injury, existing coping mechanisms, and other factors related to the injury and career transition process. Appropriate social support network, use of sport medicine and counseling professionals, as well as organizational officials are needed to best prepare elite rugby players for life outside of sport, and to ensure a healthy career transition (Taylor & Ogilvie, 1994) out of sport.
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Panagodage Perera, Nirmala Kanthi, Maja R. Radojčić, Stephanie R. Filbay, Steffan A. Griffin, Lucy Gates, Andrew Murray, Roger Hawkes, and Nigel K. Arden. "Rugby Health and Well-Being Study: protocol for a UK-wide survey with health data cross-validation." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e041037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041037.

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IntroductionRugby football (Union and League) provides physical activity (PA) with related physical and mental health benefits. However, as a collision sport, rugby research and media coverage predominantly focus on injuries in elite players while the overall impact on health and well-being remains unclear. This study aims to provide a greater understanding of the risks and benefits of rugby participation in a diverse sample of men and women, current and former rugby Union and League players from recreational to the elite level of play. We will explore: (1) joint-specific injuries and concussion; (2) joint pain and osteoarthritis (OA); (3) medical and mental health conditions; (4) PA and sedentary behaviour and (5) well-being (quality of life, flourishing and resilience).Methods and analysisThe Rugby Health and Well-being Study is designed in two phases: (1) a UK-wide cross-sectional survey and (2) cross-validation using health register data from Scotland. Participants will be at least 16 years old, current or former rugby players who have played rugby for at least one season. We will report standardised, level of play-, sex- and age-stratified prevalence of joint injury, concussion, medical conditions and PA. We will describe injury/concussion prevention expectations and protective equipment use. Rugby-related factors associated with injury, pain, OA, PA, health and well-being will be explored in regression models. We will compare joint pain intensity and duration, elements of pain perception and well-being between recreational and elite players and further investigate these associations in regression models while controlling for confounding variables. In the second phase, we will validate self-reported with health register data, and provide further information on healthcare use.Ethics and disseminationThe Yorkshire and the Humber—Leeds East Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 19/HY/0377) has approved this study (IRAS project ID 269424). The results will be disseminated through scientific publications, conferences and social media.
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Wang, Youdong. "FUNCTIONAL ACTION BIOLOGICAL IMAGE DATA SCREENING METHOD TO REDUCE SPORTS INJURY." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 4 (August 2021): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0111.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The Functional Movement Test (FMS) is an evaluation method for the basic movement patterns of the human body that is designed by Gray Cook. Objective: This paper explores the application value of functional action test (FMS) biological image data in the risk assessment of sports injuries of Chinese rugby players. Methods: Taking the active national football team and provincial football players as the object, the standard FMS test is used to collect the data to determine the best deadline for the total FMS score. Results: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the overall athletes, men and women was significantly different from the assumption of AUC=0.5, which were 0.780 (P=0.000), 0.877 (P=0.001), 0.7130 (P=0.013); The best cutoff points corresponding to the total score of FMS are 13.5 points, 15.5 points, and 13.5 points, respectively. The chi-square test showed that the prevalence of the positive group (the total FMS score was less than the corresponding cutoff point) was significantly higher than the negative group (the total FMS score was greater than the corresponding cutoff point) (P<0.01). The OR values of the total athlete, male and female FMS total score positive groups were 25.85 (95%CI: 3.34∼200.23), 25.00 (95%CI: 2.36∼264.80), 14.22 (95%CI: 1.76∼114.92). Conclusions: Among Chinese rugby players, the total score of FMS has a strong correlation with non-contact sports injuries. The score is 13.5 for women and 15.5 for men. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Hotta, Naoshi, Takahiro Tadokoro, John Henry, Daisuke Koga, Keisuke Kawata, Hiroyuki Ishida, Yuko Oguma, Akihiro Hirata, Masato Mitsuhashi, and Kenji Yoshitani. "Monitoring of Post-Brain Injuries By Measuring Plasma Levels of Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles." Biomarker Insights 17 (January 2022): 117727192211281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11772719221128145.

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Background: Extracellular vesicles (EV) released from neurons into the blood can reflect the state of nervous tissue. Measurement of neuron derived EV (NDE) may serve as an indicator of brain injury. Methods: A sandwich immunoassay was established to measure plasma NDE using anti-neuron CD171 and anti-EV CD9 ([CD171 + CD9+]). Plasma samples were obtained from commercial sources, cross-country (n = 9), football (n = 22), soccer (n = 19), and rugby (n = 18) athletes over time. Plasma was also collected from patients undergoing total aortic arch replacement (TAR) with selective cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass before and after surgery (n = 36). Results: The specificity, linearity, and reproducibility of NDE assay (measurement of [CD171 + CD9+]) were confirmed. By scanning electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking, spherical vesicles ranging in size from 150 to 300 nm were confirmed. Plasma levels of NDE were widely spread over 2 to 3 logs in different individuals with a significant age-dependent decrease. However, NDE were very stable in each individual within a ± 50% change over time (cross-country, football, soccer), whereas rugby players were more variable over 4 years. In patients undergoing TAR, NDE increased rapidly in days post-surgery and were significantly ( P = .0004) higher in those developing postoperative delirium (POD) (n = 13) than non-delirium patients (n = 23). Conclusions: The blood test to determine plasma levels of NDE was established by a sandwich immunoassay using 2 antibodies against neuron (CD171) and exosomes (CD9). NDE levels varied widely in different individuals and decreased with age, indicating that NDE levels should be considered as a normalizer of NDE biomarker studies. However, NDE levels were stable over time in each individual, and increased rapidly after TAR with greater increases associated with patients developing POD. This assay may serve as a surrogate for evaluating and monitoring brain injuries.
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Chatterjee, Mahua, and Ian Hilton. "A Comparison of the Attitudes and Beliefs of Professional Rugby Players from one Club and Parents of Children Playing Rugby at an Adjacent Amateur Club to the Wearing of Mouthguards." Primary Dental Care os14, no. 3 (July 2007): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576107781327151.

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Objective To assess the knowledge that professional rugby players have with regard to the benefits of wearing an oral mouth-guard and the importance that they give to wearing the appliance during play, then to compare these views with those of the parents of children who are beginning to play the sport. Design Questionnaires and covering letters were sent to the parents of children who played rugby at Malton & Norton Rugby Union Football Club (RUFC), which has teams for all age groups from under 7–8 years to adult. Similar questionnaires were sent to the first team squad of Leeds Tykes, a Zurich Premiership rugby union club. The questionnaires asked a series of questions on the use of mouthguards and knowledge of their importance in the prevention of injuries. Results The overall response rate was 76%. Seventy-four of the 100 questionnaires sent to the parents and 25 of the 30 sent to the professional players were completed and returned. Both the professional rugby players and parents felt that mouthguards were essential when playing rugby. The professionals seemed to have a much greater understanding of the benefits that mouth-guards provided. Although parents agreed that children should begin to wear mouthguards as soon as possible, very few actually did. The barriers to providing mouth protection were mainly financial combined with the difficulties of taking the child to the dentist. Conclusions If the results from this small study are representative of the current situation, with regard to the wearing of mouth-guards by professional players and children, it appears that there is a need for all those involved to ensure that rugby-playing children wear mouthguards. Rugby clubs could consider the appointment of honorary dental advisers and devise systems to ensure that cost is not a factor in preventing children from wearing mouthguards.
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Coufalová, Bronislava, and Jan Pinkava. "Some Aspects of Criminal Liability for Sports Injuries." International and Comparative Law Review 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0051.

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Abstract The essence of the problem of using criminal law to affect sports injuries caused in sport lies in the fact that the means of criminal law to interfere in sport or not. From this perspective, we talk about two theories: the theory of absolute immunity sports and the theory of strict adherence to the rule of law. These two concepts are supplemented by a number of theories that perspective as an autonomous system that contains its own rules of conduct that regulate internal relations in sports. In the event that disciplinary liability is not sufficient in this case, can be applied liable under civil and administrative law. In the most serious cases, the possibility of protecting the rights and legitimate interests in sport according to the norms of criminal law. The subject of this article is selected aspects of criminal responsibility in different sports, both individual and collective. From individual sports we mainly deal with skiing. The contact sports in this article will be football, hockey and rugby.
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Begum, Fahima A., Babar Kayani, Justin S. Chang, Rosamond J. Tansey, and Fares S. Haddad. "The management of proximal rectus femoris avulsion injuries." EFORT Open Reviews 5, no. 11 (November 2020): 828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.5.200055.

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Injuries to the quadriceps muscle group are commonly seen in sporting activities that involve repetitive kicking and high-speed sprinting, including football (soccer), rugby and athletics. The proximal rectus femoris is prone to avulsion injuries as rapid eccentric muscle contraction leads to asynchronous muscle activation and different force vectors through the straight and reflected heads. Risk factors for injury include previous rectus femoris muscle or hamstring injury, reduced flexibility of the quadriceps complex, injury to the dominant leg, and dry field playing conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred imaging modality as it enables the site of injury to be accurately located, concurrent injuries to be identified, preoperative grading of the injury, and aids surgical planning. Non-operative management is associated with highly variable periods of convalescence, poor return to preinjury level of function and high risk of injury recurrence. Operative treatment of proximal rectus femoris avulsion injuries with surgical repair or surgical tenodesis enables return to preinjury level of sporting activity and high functional outcomes. Surgical tenodesis of proximal rectus femoris avulsion injuries may offer an avenue for further reducing recurrence rates compared to direct suture anchor repair of these injuries. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:828-834. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200055
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Chapman, P. J. "Players' attitudes to mouthguards and prevalence of orofacial injuries in the 1987 U.S. Rugby Football Team." American Journal of Sports Medicine 17, no. 5 (September 1989): 690–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658901700518.

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Lee, Sangkook, Kriangsak Saetia, Suparna Saha, David G. Kline, and Daniel H. Kim. "Axillary nerve injury associated with sports." Neurosurgical Focus 31, no. 5 (November 2011): E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.8.focus11183.

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Object The aim of this retrospective study was to present and investigate axillary nerve injuries associated with sports. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed 26 axillary nerve injuries associated with sports between the years 1985 and 2010. Preoperative status of the axillary nerve was evaluated by using the Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC) grading system published by the senior authors. Intraoperative nerve action potential recordings were performed to check nerve conduction and assess the possibility of resection. Neurolysis, suture, and nerve grafts were used for the surgical repair of the injured nerves. In 9 patients with partial loss of function and 3 with complete loss, neurolysis based on nerve action potential recordings was the primary treatment. Two patients with complete loss of function were treated with resection and suturing and 12 with resection and nerve grafting. The minimum follow-up period was 16 months (mean 20 months). Results The injuries were associated with the following sports: skiing (12 cases), football (5), rugby (2), baseball (2), ice hockey (2), soccer (1), weightlifting (1), and wrestling (1). Functional recovery was excellent. Neurolysis was performed in 9 cases, resulting in an average functional recovery of LSUHSC Grade 4.2. Recovery with graft repairs averaged LSUHSC Grade 3 or better in 11 of 12 cases Conclusions Surgical repair can restore useful deltoid function in patients with sports-associated axillary nerve injuries, even in cases of severe stretch–contusion injury.
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Pfirrmann, Daniel, Mark Herbst, Patrick Ingelfinger, Perikles Simon, and Suzan Tug. "Analysis of Injury Incidences in Male Professional Adult and Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 410–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.6.03.

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Context: The incidence of injury for elite youth and professional adult soccer players is an important concern, but the risk factors for these groups are different. Objective: To summarize and compare the injury incidences and injury characteristics of male professional adult and elite youth soccer players. Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science using the search terms elite, international, European, soccer, football, injury, injuries, epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, not female, not American football, and not rugby. We also used the search terms professional for studies on professional adult soccer players and high-level, soccer academy, youth, adolescent, and young for studies on elite youth soccer players. Study Selection: Eligible studies were published in English, had a prospective cohort design, and had a minimum study period of 6 months. To ensure that injury data were assessed in relationship to the athlete's individual exposure, we included only studies that reported on injuries and documented exposure volume. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers applied the selection criteria and assessed the quality of the studies. Data Synthesis: A total of 676 studies were retrieved from the literature search. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria: 6 for elite youth and 12 for professional adult soccer players. Conclusions: Injury rates were higher for matches than for training for both youth and adult players. Youth players had a higher incidence of training injuries than professionals. Efforts must be made to reduce the overall injury rate in matches. Therefore, preventive interventions, such as adequately enforcing rules and focusing on fair play, must be analyzed and developed to reduce match-related injury incidences. Reducing training injuries should be a particular focus for youth soccer players.
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Nakamoto, Mitsuhiko, Kana Oshimura, Taisei Hakozaki, Chihiro Yamamoto, and Takemasa Watanabe. "The actual conditions of rugby-related head injuries in Japanese high school players: The analysis of injuries reports between April 2009 and March 2016 of Kansai rugby football association." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 70, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.70.157.

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Hazrati, L. N. "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in contact sports: The Canadian experience." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, S1 (May 2018): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.46.

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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is suggested to be a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by tau deposits in the depth of cortical sulci in neurons and in glioneuronal complexes around blood vessels. Few studies have suggested that it is caused by multiple concussions or subconcussive brain injuries. A recent publication showed that most American football players whose brain were donated to the Boston University concussion center had CTE (Mez et al. 2017). Over the last 6 years, with the help of neuropathologist colleagues across Canada, we have collected the brains of 33 high level professional and amateur athletes. These include 5 National hockey league (NHL) players, 15 Canadian football league (CFL) players, 3 College football players, 3 College hockey players, 2 professional boxers, 1 professional bull rider, 1 BMX champion, 1 rugby player and 2 skiers. All were male and the ages ranging from 15 to 87 years. Our results indicate that only a small portion of cases have CTE. Moreover, most cases are low stage (stage 1 or 2) and this pathology is mainly seen in some of the younger players. Older players either have no pathological findings or have other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. The disparity of results between the 2 groups will be discussed.
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O’Rourke, K. P., F. Quinn, S. Mun, M. Browne, J. Sheehan, S. Cusack, and M. Molloy. "A comparison of paediatric soccer, gaelic football and rugby injuries presenting to an emergency department in Ireland." Injury 38, no. 1 (January 2007): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.06.010.

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Klimek, Chelsey, Christopher Ashbeck, Alexander J. Brook, and Chris Durall. "Are Injuries More Common With CrossFit Training Than Other Forms of Exercise?" Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0040.

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Clinical Scenario: CrossFit is a form of exercise that incorporates rapid and successive high-intensity ballistic movements. As CrossFit is an increasingly popular fitness option, it is important to determine how rates of injury compare to more traditional forms of exercise. This review was conducted to ascertain the incidence of injury with CrossFit relative to other forms of exercise. Focused Clinical Question: Are injuries more common with CrossFit training than other forms of exercise? Summary of Key Findings: (1) The literature was searched for studies that compared injury rates among individuals who participated in CrossFit fitness programs to participants in other exercise programs. (2) The search initially yielded >100 results, which were narrowed down to 3 level 2b retrospective cohort studies that were deemed to have met inclusion/exclusion criteria. (3) In all 3 reviewed studies, the reported incidences of injuries associated with CrossFit training programs were comparable or lower than rates of injury in Olympic weightlifting, distance running, track and field, rugby, or gymnastics. Clinical Bottom Line: Current evidence suggests that the injury risk from CrossFit training is comparable to Olympic weightlifting, distance running, track and field, rugby, football, ice hockey, soccer, or gymnastics. Injuries to the shoulder(s) appear to be somewhat common with CrossFit. However, the certitude of these conclusions is questionable given the lack of randomization, control, or uniform training in the reviewed studies. Clinicians should be aware that injury is more prevalent in cases where supervision is not always available to athletes. This is more often the case for male participants who may not actively seek supervision during CrossFit exercise. Strength of Recommendation: Level 2b evidence from 3 retrospective cohort studies indicates that the risk of injury from participation in CrossFit is comparable to or lower than some common forms of exercise or strength training.
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Chang, Justin S., Babar Kayani, Ricci Plastow, Sandeep Singh, Ahmed Magan, and Fares S. Haddad. "Management of hamstring injuries: current concepts review." Bone & Joint Journal 102-B, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.102b10.bjj-2020-1210.r1.

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Injuries to the hamstring muscle complex are common in athletes, accounting for between 12% and 26% of all injuries sustained during sporting activities. Acute hamstring injuries often occur during sports that involve repetitive kicking or high-speed sprinting, such as American football, soccer, rugby, and athletics. They are also common in watersports, including waterskiing and surfing. Hamstring injuries can be career-threatening in elite athletes and are associated with an estimated risk of recurrence in between 14% and 63% of patients. The variability in prognosis and treatment of the different injury patterns highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to classify injuries accurately and plan the appropriate management. Low-grade hamstring injuries may be treated with nonoperative measures including pain relief, eccentric lengthening exercises, and a graduated return to sport-specific activities. Nonoperative management is associated with highly variable times for convalescence and return to a pre-injury level of sporting function. Nonoperative management of high-grade hamstring injuries is associated with poor return to baseline function, residual muscle weakness and a high-risk of recurrence. Proximal hamstring avulsion injuries, high-grade musculotendinous tears, and chronic injuries with persistent weakness or functional compromise require surgical repair to enable return to a pre-injury level of sporting function and minimize the risk of recurrent injury. This article reviews the optimal diagnostic imaging methods and common classification systems used to guide the treatment of hamstring injuries. In addition, the indications and outcomes for both nonoperative and operative treatment are analyzed to provide an evidence-based management framework for these patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1281–1288.
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Rotem, Tai R., James S. Lawson, Chris W. Aisbett, Stephen F. Wilson, Stella Engel, and Sue B. Rutkowski. "Severe cervical spinal cord injuries related to rugby union and league football in New South Wales, 1984‐1996." Medical Journal of Australia 168, no. 8 (April 1998): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb138989.x.

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Bianchi, Francesco Paolo, Valter Veneziani, Michele Alberto Cantalice, Angela Notarnicola, and Silvio Tafuri. "Epidemiology of injuries among Italian footballers: the role of the playing field." Injury Prevention 25, no. 6 (October 15, 2018): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042968.

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BackgroundFootball has a higher injury rate compared with other team sports such as rugby, in terms of two main categories: intrinsic (individual) and extrinsic (environmental) factors. The playing field is an extrinsic risk factor which has been poorly investigated in the literature.PurposeThe aim of our study was to define the incidence and risk factors of injuries in a cohort of footballers comparing the role of three different types of playing field (hard court, natural grass or synthetic grass).Study designThis was a cross sectional prevalence study.MethodsThe population comprised footballers recruited by a convenience sample; the instrument used for the survey was an anonymous self-administered questionnaire.Results267 football players were enrolled (average age 23.4±4.8 years), of whom 33.7% (n=90/267) played on hard court, 33.0% (n=88/267) on natural grass and 33.3% (n=89/267) on synthetic grass. The overall incidence of injury was 40.1 (95% CI 34.1 to 46.8) ×1000 person-years of training, with higher values for ankle and knee injuries. Ankle injuries (aOR 0.4; P=0.021) were associated with playing on natural grass as a protective factor, while playing on natural grass seemed to be a risk factor for muscular injuries (aOR 2.3; P=0.026).ConclusionOur study showed a high lifetime prevalence of injury among footballers (57%), in particular among athletes who play and train on a hard court. We have studied a topic poorly investigated previously and provide the opportunity to understand interventions to increase the capacity of stakeholders in preventing injuries.
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Daly, Ed, Alan J. Pearce, and Lisa Ryan. "A Systematic Review of Strength and Conditioning Protocols for Improving Neck Strength and Reducing Concussion Incidence and Impact Injury Risk in Collision Sports; Is There Evidence?" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010008.

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The objective of this systematic literature review was to evaluate the evidence regarding the development of neck strength in reducing concussion and cervical spine injuries in adult amateur and professional sport populations. PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched systematically. The criteria for inclusion in the review were as follows: (1) a human adult (≥18 or above); (2) involved in amateur, semi-professional, or professional sports; (3) sports included involved collisions with other humans, apparatus or the environment; (4) interventions included pre- and post-neck muscle strength measures or neck stability measures; (5) outcomes included effects on increasing neck strength in participants and/or injury incidence. Database searches identified 2462 articles. Following title, abstract, and full paper screening, three papers were eligible for inclusion. All of the papers reported information from male participants, two were focused on rugby union, and one on American football. Two of the included studies found a significant improvement in isometric neck strength following intervention. None of the studies reported any impact of neck strengthening exercises on cervical spine injuries. This review has shown that there is currently a lack of evidence to support the use of neck strengthening interventions in reducing impact injury risk in adult populations who participate in sport.
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K Lubega, Samuel, Timothy Makubuya, Haruna Muwonge, and Mike Lambert. "A descriptive prospective study of sports medicine practices for athletes in Uganda." African Health Sciences 21, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i2.43.

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Background: Many international sporting organizations have recommended practices to reduce the risk of injury. These practices include screening for injury, having appropriate emergency medical care, and protocols for managing injury before return-to-play. The extent of the uptake of these practices in a developing country such as Uganda, is unknown. Methodology: Using a descriptive case study approach, this investigation focused on a sample of injured athletes (n = 75) in Uganda from four main sports associations (football, athletics, basketball and rugby). The data were collected through observations and interviews after the injury. Using a best medical practice framework the phases of emergency, intermediate, rehabilitative, and return-to-sports participation were described. Result: Nine conditions/types of injury were included. The results revealed a lack of specific pre-season screening or re- turn-to-play readiness for all the injured athletes. Further, there was a lack of application of best practice principles for most of the injury types. For athletes who received medical care, the results show inconsistencies and inadequacies from the acute stage of the injury to return-to-sports participation. Conclusion: This study identified barriers such as up-to-date knowledge among the sports resource providers; the gaps for appropriate and adequate specific facilities for managing injured athletes, and policies to mandate care of injured athletes. These barriers detract from applying best medical practices. Keywords: Injuries; medical; Uganda; emergency; intermediate; rehabilitation; return-to-sports.
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