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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubrum'

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Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Jiang, H., and MD Johnson. "Swimming behavior of cryptophyte prey affects prey preference of the ambush-feeding ciliate Mesodinium rubrum." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 86 (May 6, 2021): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01964.

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The mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum is an ambush feeder relying on cryptophyte prey motility for prey encounter and perception; therefore, cryptophyte species-specific swimming behaviors affect M. rubrum’s prey preference. Here, a high-speed microscale imaging system was used to quantify the swimming behaviors of 3 cryptophyte species (Teleaulax amphioxeia, Storeatula major, and Guillardia theta) and to conduct quantitative microvideography of M. rubrum-T. amphioxeia predator-prey interaction. T. amphioxeia, a preferred prey of M. rubrum, swam at path-averaged speeds of 155 ± 73 µm s-1 along rather straight paths. In contrast, S. major regularly tumbled slowly downward or upward at 64 ± 16 µm s-1, while G. theta moved slowly in looped/curved trajectories at 57 ± 15 µm s-1; neither supports M. rubrum growth. Only while motionlessly sinking passively did M. rubrum detect and initiate an attack on swimming T. amphioxeia at reaction distances of 8.2 ± 8.2 µm. It seemed that M. rubrum needed to use oral tentacles to initially poke T. amphioxeia’s ventral posterior part and subsequently poke the prey multiple times in a short duration to compromise the prey’s escape ability, presumably by discharging extrusomes into the prey. T. amphioxeia also responded to nearby predators by switching to tumbling similar to S. major in normal swimming, suggesting an effective anti-predator defense behavior that prevents M. rubrum from accurately poking the prey’s ventral posterior part. T. amphioxeia swimming at significantly higher speeds leads to sufficiently high prey encounters and hydrodynamic signals for M. rubrum, thereby partially explaining M. rubrum’s ability to select T. amphioxeia prey.
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2

Perriss, Stephen J., and Harvey J. Marchant. "Mesodinium rubrum (Myrionecta rubra) in an Antarctic brackish lake." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 128, no. 1 (August 31, 1993): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/128/1993/57.

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3

Merialdo, Giacomo. "Corallium rubrum." Revista Médica de Homeopatía 5, no. 2 (May 2012): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1888-8526(12)70137-6.

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4

Norton, J. D., G. E. Boyhan, D. A. Smith, and B. R. Abrahams. "`AU-Rubrum' Plum." HortScience 25, no. 10 (October 1990): 1311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.10.1311.

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5

Liu, Tao, Xingye Xu, Wenchuan Leng, Ying Xue, Jie Dong, and Qi Jin. "Analysis of gene expression changes in Trichophyton rubrum after skin interaction." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.059386-0.

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Trichophyton rubrum, an anthropophilic and cosmopolitan fungus, is the most common agent of superficial mycoses. In this study, T. rubrum infection was modelled by adding human skin sections to a limited medium containing glucose and cDNA microarrays were used to monitor T. rubrum gene expression patterns on a global level. We observed that exposure to human skin resulted in upregulation of the expression levels of T. rubrum genes related to many cellular and biological processes, including transcription and translation, metabolism and secondary transport, the stress response, and signalling pathways. These results provide a reference set of T. rubrum genes whose expression patterns change upon infection and reveal previously unknown genes that most likely correspond to proteins that should be considered as virulence factor candidates and potential new drug targets for T. rubrum infection.
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6

Reis, Ana Paula Carvalho, Giovanna Azevedo Celestrino, Mariana Villas Bôas Igoa, Thais Martins Jesus, Tábata Takahashi França, Daniel Valério Silva Moreira, Paula Ordonhez Rigato, et al. "The Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Release by Human Neutrophils." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020147.

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Neutrophils are the first leukocytes recruited to the site of infection and are thought to be responsible for fungal elimination from the skin such as dermatophytes. Neutrophils are able to secrete reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that can kill different fungi, including Aspergillus, spp., Candida albicans, and Phialophora verrucosa. However, NET production in response to Trichophyton rubrum, the main etiologic agent of dermatophytosis, has yet to be studied. We demonstrated that human neutrophils produce NETs against different morphotypes of T. rubrum in a dose-dependent manner and NET formation is dependent on ROS production. In addition, ROS production by human neutrophils in response to T. rubrum is dependent on NADPH oxidase, but not on fungal viability. NETs mediated killing of T. rubrum. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T. rubrum was able to trigger the production of NETs, suggesting that these extracellular structures may represent an important innate immune effector mechanism controlling physiological response to T. rubrum infection.
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7

Moreno-Giménez, J. C. "Infections by Trichophyton rubrum." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 24, no. 2 (February 1991): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(08)80642-1.

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8

Merialdo, Giacomo. "Corallium rubrum. Caso Rossana." Revista Médica de Homeopatía 5, no. 2 (May 2012): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1888-8526(12)70146-7.

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9

McNamara, Steve, and Harold Pellett. "Acer rubrum ‘Autumn Spire’." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 11, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-11.3.147.

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10

Belogurov, Georgiy A., Maria V. Turkina, Anni Penttinen, Saila Huopalahti, Alexander A. Baykov, and Reijo Lahti. "H+-Pyrophosphatase ofRhodospirillum rubrum." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, no. 25 (April 15, 2002): 22209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m202951200.

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11

Kamalam, A., and A. S. Thambiah. "Giant Cell Granuloma in Trichophyton rubrum Infection/Riesenzellgranulom bei Trichophyton rubrum Infektion." Mycoses 26, no. 5 (April 24, 2009): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1983.tb03205.x.

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12

BUNDHUN, DIGVIJAYINI, RAJESH JEEWON, MONIKA C. DAYARATHNE, TIMUR S. BULGAKOV, ALEXANDER K. KHRAMTSOV, JANITH V. S. ALUTHMUHANDIRAM, DHANDEVI PEM, CHAIWAT TO-ANUN, and KEVIN D. HYDE. "A morpho-molecular re-appraisal of Polystigma fulvum and P. rubrum (Polystigma, Polystigmataceae)." Phytotaxa 422, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.422.3.1.

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Collections of eleven Prunus specimens infected with Polystigma species from Belarus and Russia yielded two existing taxa: Polystigma fulvum (sexual morph) and Polystigma rubrum (asexual morph). DNA based phylogenies of large subunit nuclear rDNA (LSU) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) are provided for the first time for Polystigma fulvum and its placement is confirmed within Polystigmataceae. The concatenated LSU and ITS DNA sequence data for P. rubrum, analyzed to infer its potential relationship to other Polystigma species, also show that strains of P. rubrum are segregated into two subclades with sufficient genetic differences. No significant differences in morphology or morphometry among the strains of P. rubrum between the two subclades, especially vis-à-vis the conidiogenous cell and conidium sizes are observed (P>0.05). Subspecies concept of P. rubrum complex is discussed.
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13

Yoshikawa, Fabio SY, Rikio Yabe, Yoichiro Iwakura, Sandro R. de Almeida, and Shinobu Saijo. "Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 promote control of the fungal pathogen Trichophyton rubrum independently of IL-17 and adaptive immunity in experimental deep dermatophytosis." Innate Immunity 22, no. 5 (April 26, 2016): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425916645392.

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Dermatophytoses are chronic fungal infections, the main causative agent of which is Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). Despite their high occurrence worldwide, the immunological mechanisms underlying these diseases remain largely unknown. Here, we uncovered the C-type lectin receptors, Dectin-1 and Dectin-2, as key elements in the immune response to T. rubrum infection in a model of deep dermatophytosis . In vitro, we observed that deficiency in Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 severely compromised cytokine production by dendritic cells. In vivo, mice lacking Dectin-1 and/or Dectin-2 showed an inadequate pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to T. rubrum infection, impairing its resolution. Strikingly, neither adaptive immunity nor IL-17 response were required for fungal clearance, highlighting innate immunity as the main checkpoint in the pathogenesis of T. rubrum infection.
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14

Maranhão, Fernanda C. A., Fernanda G. Paião, Ana Lúcia Fachin, and Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi. "Membrane transporter proteins are involved in Trichophyton rubrum pathogenesis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.002907-0.

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Trichophyton rubrum is a dermatophyte responsible for the majority of human superficial mycoses. The functional expression of proteins important for the initial step and the maintenance of the infection process were identified previously in T. rubrum by subtraction suppression hybridization after growth in the presence of keratin. In this study, sequences similar to genes encoding the multidrug-resistance ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, copper ATPase, the major facilitator superfamily and a permease were isolated, and used in Northern blots to monitor the expression of the genes, which were upregulated in the presence of keratin. A sequence identical to the TruMDR2 gene, encoding an ABC transporter in T. rubrum, was isolated in these experiments, and examination of a T. rubrum ΔTruMDR2 mutant showed a reduction in infecting activity, characterized by low growth on human nails compared with the wild-type strain. The high expression levels of transporter genes by T. rubrum in mimetic infection and the reduction in virulence of the ΔTruMDR2 mutant in a disease model in vitro suggest that transporters are involved in T. rubrum pathogenicity.
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15

Bassuk, Anna Perkins Nina. "031 EFFECT OF BLANCHING, IBA CONCENTRATION, AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GROWTH AND OVERWINTER SURVIVAL OF CUTTING-PROPAGATED ORNAMENTALS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 432b—432. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.432b.

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Budbreak inhibition and poor overwinter survival (OS) limit successful cutting propagation of Acer rubrum October Glory, A. rubrum Red Sunset, Hamamelis vernalis, H. virginiana and Stewartia pseudocamellia. Localized blanching (banding) of the cutting on the stock plant; a range of 3 IBA concentrations, and foliar spray application of: 1% silver thiosulfate(STS), STS followed ten days later by Gibberellin, GA4/7:250ppm(STS GA),50ppm thidiazuron (TDZ) and TDZ followed by GA4/7 (TDZ GA)were tested for increasing growth and overwinter survival.. Carbohydrates were analyzed in cuttings which did and didn't grow. A. rubrum October Glory*, and Hamamelis spp all had increased OS for cuttings which grew. A. rubrum Red Sunset demonstrated a similar trend. Hamamelis spp. had significant increase in carbohydrates for cuttings which grew. A. rubrum October Glory' exhibited the same trend. S. pseudocamellia did not have increased OS with growth. and showed no increases in carbohydrates with growth, but the cuttings that didn't grow had at least 93 % more carbohydrates than the other species analyzed. All species had higher OS when stored in the 3° C cooler, than in the fluctuating cold frame. Banding increased growth of A. rubrum October Glory, and H. virginiana. IBA concentration affected growth of all species. STS increased growth of H. virginiana and S. pseudocamellia. GA4/7 increased growth of all cuttings except A. rubrum October Glory.
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16

Salim, Maulidiyah, and Wahdaniah Wahdaniah. "Efektivitas Ekstrak Eugenol Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia Galangal L) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Trichophyton Rubrum Dengan Metode Dilusi." Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30602/jlk.v1i2.143.

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Abstract: Galangal is a kind of plant which can also be apllied as medicine for anti-fungi due to its essential oil. Galangal contains about 1% of essential oil that yellow greenery in colored, unique smell, quite bitter and cooling tongue. Metil sinamat 48%, cineoi 20%-30%, kamfer, d-alfa-pinen, galangal, kamfor, gallangol, sesuiterpene, kadinena, hidrates. One of the essential compound is eugenol. This study was aimed to determine the influence of galangal rhizomes extract concentration to the growth of fungi (Trichophyton rubrum) by counting the number of colonies which growing on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) media. Method of this study is quasi experiment, sampling technique by using purposive sampling. The sample used in this research is isolated Trichophyton rubrum. Each galangal rhizomes extract experienced by 6 treatments by using DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) as solvent for consentration 0,05%, 0,06%, 0,07%, 0,08%, 0,09% and 0,1%. Inhibitory test of galangal rhizomes extract have been done by using dilution method, with suspended Trichophyton rubrum by counting the amount of Trichophyton rubrum colonies on each petridish based on certain concentration. Fungi colonies number on each petridish reported in CFU unit (Colony Forming Unit). Based on results, it can be concluded that 0,1% galangal extract had potency to inhibit the growth of Trichophyton rubrum. Data analyzed by using regression test showed that there was an influence of galangal extract concentration to the growth of Trichophyton rubrum which obtained p value=0,000 in 95% confidential level (p=0,00 < 0,05) by meaning that each galangal extract concentration gave effect on Trichophyton rubrum boost.Abstrak: Lengkuas adalah tumbuhan yang berkhasiat obat yang dapat digunakan sebagai obat anti jamur karena mengandung minyak atsiri. Minyak atsiri pada lengkuas memiliki kandungan 1% yang berwarna kuning kehijauan dan berbau khas dan memberikan rasa pahit dan mendinginkan lidah. Metil sinamat 48%, cineoi 20%-30%, kamfer, d-alfa-pinen, galangal, kamfor, gallangol, sesuiterpene, kadinena, hidrates. Salah satu komponen senyawa yang banyak terdapat di dalam minyak atsiri adalah senyawa eugenol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh konsentrasi dari ekstrak rimpang lengkuas terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Trichophyton rubrum dengan melihat jumlah koloni yang tumbuh pada media PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). Metode penelitian ini adalah eksperimental semu, teknik pengambilan sampel dengan cara purposive sampling.Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah isolat Trichophyton rubrum. Masing-masing ekstrak rimpang lengkuas dilakukan dengan 6 perlakuan dengan menggunakan DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) sebagai pelarut pada konsentrasi 0,05%, 0,06%, 0,07%, 0,08%, 0,09%, 0,1%. Uji daya hambat ekstrak rimpang lengkuas dilakukan menggunakan metode dilusi, dengan suspensi jamur Trichophyton rubrum. dengan cara menghitung jumlah koloni jamur Trichophyton rubrum pada masing-masing petridish berdasarkan konsentrasi. Jumlah koloni jamur pada setiap petridish dilaporkan dalam satuan CFU (Colony Forming Unit). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak rimpang lengkuas pada konsentrasi 0,1% sudah dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Trichophyton rubrum. Analisa data dengan menggunakan uji Regresi menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh pada konsentrasi ekstrak rimpang lengkuas terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Trichophyton rubrum dengan nilai p = 0,00 pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (p=0,00 < 0,05) yang artinya terdapat pengaruh pada tiap konsentrasi ekstrak rimpang lengkuas terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Trichophyton rubrum.
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Supriyanto, Supriyanto, Kuswiyanto Kuswiyanto, and Etiek Nurhayati. "Efektivitas Air Perasan Daun Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Trichophyton Rubrum Dengan Metode Dillution Test." Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.30602/jlk.v1i2.155.

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Abstract: This research goals to identify the effect of inhibitory potency in Aloe vera to fungi colonies Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans growth. Samples was scraped Aloe vera leaves which formed into jelly, that considered as 100% concentration (v/v), jelly was made into different concentrations, e.g 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% dan 60% v/v. Furthermore, it observed by the difference between those concentrations in inhibiting fungi colonies growth )Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans). Method used in this study was Dillution Test for identifying fungi colonies growth )Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans). The results reported in percentage of inhibited fungi colonies. In addition, it examined then by using Anova Test to make sure whether there was a difference or not between various concentration in inhibiting fungi colonies beefing up. Based on study, it is known that Aloe vera jelly was able to constrain fungi (Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans) improvement, but it could not capable to kill those fungi perfectly. Statistically, it can be seen that Aloe vera jelly was quite able to inhibit the growth of fungi colonies (Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albican) with significance value P = 0,997 (P > 0,05).Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya hambat jeli lidah buaya (Aloe vera) terhadap pertumbuhan koloni jamur Trichophyton rubrum dan Candida albicans. Sampel berasal dari daging daun lidah buaya yang dikerok berupa jeli, yang konsentrasinya dianggap 100%(v/v), jeli dibuat variasi konsentrasi yaitu 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% dan 60% v/v). Kemudian dilihat perbedaan antara konsentrasi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan koloni jamur Trichophyton rubrum dan Candida albicans. Metode pada penelitian ini menggunakan Dillution Test terhadap pertumbuhan koloni jamur Trichophyton rubrum dan Candida albicans. Hasil penelitian berupa persentase jumlah koloni jamur yang dihambat. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan uji anava untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara konsentrasi perlakuan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan koloni jamur. Berdasarkan dari penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa jeli lidah buaya mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Trichophyton rubrum dan Candida albicans tetapi tidak sampai membunuh dengan sempurna. Namun secara stastisik jeli lidah buaya dapat menghambat pertumbuhan koloni jamur Trichophyton rubrum dan Candida albican dengan nilai signifikansi P = 0,997 (P > 0,05).
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18

Fan, GaoFu, ZhenGuo Xu, XiuShu Liu, Wei Yin, LiHua Sun, Dan Wu, MengQiang Wei, Wei Wang, and YuHua Cai. "Antifungal Efficacy of Gallic Acid Extracted From Pomegranate Peel Against Trichophyton rubrum: In Vitro Case Study." Natural Product Communications 18, no. 1 (January 2023): 1934578X2211486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x221148607.

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Objectives: Trichophyton rubrum is one of the main pathogens causing superficial dermatophytosis, producing symptoms such as skin itching and pain, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Pomegranate peel extract is rich in gallic acid (GA), which has been reported to have biological effects including antifungal activity. However, the morphological and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of GA on T rubrum are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine the antifungal efficacy of GA extracted from pomegranate peel against T rubrum in vitro, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The effects of 0-, 0.5-, and 1 mg/mL GA in pomegranate peel extract on T rubrum was investigated by detecting cell viability using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the ultrastructure of T. rubrum, and transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the enrichment pathway of differentially expressed genes. The identification of biosynthesis-related and key genes in the pathways involved using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technology. Terbinafine hydrochloride (TERB) as a positive control group. Results: Pomegranate peel extract has a GA content of 1.0 mg/mL. Compared with untreated group, following treatment with 1.0 mg/mL GA content is rich in pomegranate peel extract, and the microstructure of T rubrum is destroyed. TEM results show that the number of lipid droplets in T rubrum was significantly increased, mitochondrial vacuoles degenerated, the serosa were damaged, and the boundary of thallus was unclear. In addition, 1 mg/mL GA can significantly inhibit T rubrum proliferation, and its inhibition ability is better than TERB. Transcriptomics results show that GA can change the gene expression profile of T rubrum, specifically: The biosynthesis was blocked, drug resistance was weakened, the transport of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drugs transporter was increased, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was significantly inhibited. Conclusions: Pomegranate peel extract is rich in GA, which strongly inhibited the growth of T rubrum and reduced its drug resistance. This extract is a promising natural antifungal agent for clinical use.
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19

Rocha, Carlos H. Lopes, Flaviane M. Galvão Rocha, Tamires A. Bitencourt, Maíra P. Martins, Pablo R. Sanches, Antonio Rossi, and Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi. "Synergism between the Antidepressant Sertraline and Caspofungin as an Approach to Minimise the Virulence and Resistance in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080815.

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Trichophyton rubrum is responsible for several superficial human mycoses. Novel strategies aimed at controlling this pathogen are being investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of the antidepressant sertraline (SRT), either alone or in combination with caspofungin (CASP). We calculated the minimum inhibitory concentrations of SRT and CASP against T. rubrum. Interactions between SRT and CASP were evaluated using a broth microdilution chequerboard. We assessed the differential expression of T. rubrum cultivated in the presence of SRT or combinations of SRT and CASP. We used MTT and violet crystal assays to compare the effect of SRT alone on T. rubrum biofilms with that of the synergistic combination of SRT and CASP. A human nail infection assay was performed. SRT alone, or in combination with CASP, exhibited antifungal activity against T. rubrum. SRT targets genes involved in the biosyntheses of cell wall and ergosterol. Furthermore, the metabolic activity of the T. rubrum biofilm and its biomass were affected by SRT and the combination of SRT and CASP. SRT alone, or in combination, shows potential as an approach to minimise resistance and reduce virulence.
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20

Buzina, W., D. Lang-Loidolt, and G. Ginter-Hanselmayer. "Trichophyton rubrum in the external auditory meatus. Fallbericht. Trichophyton rubrum im ausseren Gehorgang." Mycoses 47, no. 1-2 (February 2004): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00946.x.

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Yih, Won-Ho, Geum-Og Myung, Hyung-Seop Kim, and Hae-Jin Jeong. "Semiweekly Variation of Spring Population of a Mixotrophic Ciliate Myrionecta rubra (=Mesodinium rubrum) in Keum River Estuary, Korea." ALGAE 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2005.20.3.207.

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22

Mitrovic, Aleksandra, and Jelena Bogdanovic. "Effect of gibberellic acid on total antioxidant activity during Chenopodium rubrum L. ontogenesis invitro." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 1 (2009): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0901049m.

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Total antioxidant activity (TAA) represents the combined ability of diverse antioxidants present in a sample of plant material to scavenge free radicals. Chenopodium rubrum L. sel. 184 is a qualitatively short-day plant; as an early-flowering species, it is a suitable object for studying ontogenesis in vitro. We investigated the effect of GA3 (5 mg/l) on TAA during C. rubrum ontogenesis under two different inductive photoperiodic regimes in vitro. Total antioxidant activ?ity does not change in different phases of C. rubrum ontogenesis under the same photoperiodic treatment. Exposure to continuous irradiation caused an increase of TAA in both C. rubrum plants and collected matured seeds. Gibberellic acid stimulated stem elongation, but did not affect leaf development or the number of matured seeds per plant, regardless of photoperiodic treatment; it induced a decrease of TAA in C. rubrum plants regardless of photoperiodic treatment or the phase of development, while it had no effect on TAA of matured seeds.
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23

Jiang, Y., W. Luo, P. E. Verweij, Y. Song, B. Zhang, Z. Shang, A. M. S. Al-Hatmi, et al. "Regional Differences in Antifungal Susceptibility of the Prevalent Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum." Mycopathologia 186, no. 1 (December 12, 2020): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00515-z.

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AbstractIn vitro susceptibility testing for Trichophyton rubrum has shown resistance to terbinafine, azoles and amorolfine, locally, but epidemiological cutoffs are not available. In order to assess the appropriateness of current first-line antifungal treatment for T. rubrum in China, we characterized antifungal susceptibility patterns of Chinese T. rubrum strains to nine antifungals and also described the upper limits of wild-type (WT) minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (UL-WT) based on our study and another six studies published during the last decades. Sixty-two clinical isolates originating from seven provinces in China were identified as T. rubrum sensu stricto; all Chinese strains showed low MICs to eight out of nine antifungal drugs. Terbinafine (TBF) showed the lowest MICs of all antifungal classes tested in both the Chinese and global groups, with a 97.5% UL-WT MIC-value of 0.03 mg/L. No non-WT isolates were observed for TBF in China, but were reported in 18.5% of the global group. Our study indicated that TBF was still the most active drug for Chinese T. rubrum isolates, and all strains were within the WT-population. TBF therefore remains recommended for primary therapy to dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum in China now, but regular surveillance of dermatophytes and antifungal susceptibility is recommended.
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Petrucelli, Monise Fazolin, Josie Budag Matsuda, Kamila Peroni, Pablo Rodrigo Sanches, Wilson Araújo Silva, Rene Oliveira Beleboni, Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi, Mozart Marins, and Ana Lúcia Fachin. "The Transcriptional Profile of Trichophyton rubrum Co-Cultured with Human Keratinocytes Shows New Insights about Gene Modulation by Terbinafine." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040274.

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The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent of dermatophytoses worldwide. Although a superficial mycosis, its incidence has been increasing especially among diabetic and immunocompromised patients. Terbinafine is commonly used for the treatment of infections caused by dermatophytes. However, cases of resistance of T. rubrum to this allylamine were reported even with the efficacy of this drug. The present study is the first to evaluate the effect of terbinafine using a co-culture model of T. rubrum and human keratinocytes, mimicking a fungus-host interaction, in conjunction with RNA-seq technique. Our data showed the repression of several genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis cascade and the induction of genes encoding major facilitator superfamily (MFS)- and ATP-binding cassette superfamily (ABC)-type membrane transporter which may be involved in T. rubrum mechanisms of resistance to this drug. We observed that some genes reported in the scientific literature as candidates of new antifungal targets were also modulated. In addition, we found the modulation of several genes that are hypothetical in T. rubrum but that possess known orthologs in other dermatophytes. Taken together, the results indicate that terbinafine can act on various targets related to the physiology of T. rubrum other than its main target of ergosterol biosynthetic pathway.
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Summerbell, R. C., R. A. Haugland, A. Li, and A. K. Gupta. "rRNA Gene Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 and 2 Sequences of Asexual, Anthropophilic Dermatophytes Related toTrichophyton rubrum." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 12 (1999): 4005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.4005-4011.1999.

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The ribosomal region spanning the two internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8S ribosomal DNA region was sequenced for asexual, anthropophilic dermatophyte species with morphological similarity to Trichophyton rubrum, as well as for members of the three previously delineated, related major clades in theT. mentagrophytes complex. Representative isolates ofT. raubitschekii, T. fischeri, and T. kanei were found to have ITS sequences identical to that ofT. rubrum. The ITS sequences of T. soudanenseand T. megninii differed from that of T. rubrumby only a small number of base pairs. Their continued status as species, however, appears to meet criteria outlined in the population genetics-based cohesion species concept of A. R. Templeton. The ITS sequence of T. tonsurans differed from that of the biologically distinct T. equinum by only 1 bp, while the ITS sequence of the recently described species T. krajdeniihad a sequence identical to that of T. mentagrophytesisolates related to the teleomorph Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii.
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KHUROO, ANZAR AHMAD, KHALID HUSSAIN, RUQUIA GULZAR, and MANSOOR R. GANAI. "Geum rubrum comb. nov. (Rosaceae), elevation of Geum elatum forma rubrum to species rank." Phytotaxa 541, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.541.1.6.

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Geum elatum forma rubrum (Rosaceae) is elevated here to the rank of species, Geum rubrum comb. nov. from the Himalaya. The species differs from the commonly occurring G. elatum in several distinctive characters which include: smaller flower size (2.2–2.8 cm diameter), elliptic or lanceolate pseudo-sepal, glandular hairs on calyx, red petals, dorsifixed stamens, lesser number of carpels (6–8) and achene size (7.8–8.0 × 1.6–1.8 mm). Based on the morphological study of the fresh plant specimens collected from Kashmir Himalaya, here we provide a detailed description of G. rubrum and photographic illustrations of its diagnostic characters. We also provide comparison of distinguishing features of G. rubrum with its closely related G. elatum to facilitate easier field identification.
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Suparyati, Suparyati, and Winarti Apriliani. "Identifikasi Jamur Trichophyton Rubrum pada Kuku Kaki Petugas Pengangkut Sampah di Dinas Permukiman dan Lingkungan Hidup." Jurnal Kebidanan Harapan Ibu Pekalongan 9, no. 2 (August 5, 2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37402/jurbidhip.vol9.iss2.195.

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Background: Trichophyton rubrum is one of the species of fungus the causes dermatofitosis. Dermatofitosis is a fungal disease that attacks tissues containing keratin in the nails, hair, and stratum corneum in the epidermis. Delivery workers are occupational hazard to health and safety because of their close contact with trash. This leaves the trashmen susceptible to fingernail mold infections. The sample used was the hoisting of a garbage workers at the residential and environmental services in rural districts. To find out the Trichophyton rubrum fungus in the toenails of the settlements and environment service in Pekalongan district. And to find out what the percentage of the Trichophyton rubrum fungus is in the toenails of the settlement and environment workers in Pekalongan district. The type of research used is descriptive using toenails. The sample used was the toenails of a garbage worker with a population of 13 people serving in the settlement and environment services in Pekalongan district with 13 samples. A macroscopic and microscopic examination of the media Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) from 13 toenails samples of the garbage carrier’s hoof found a positive effect on the Trichophyton rubrum fungus as many as 4 samples (30,77%) and negative effect on the Trichophyton rubrum fungus as many as 9 samples (69,23%). There’s a fungal infection of Trichophyton rubrum with 4 samples (30,77%) in the toenails of a garbage carrier.
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28

Huang, Meiling, Hao Huang, Wenyi Lv, Hanyue Xiao, Ye Gao, and Hongfeng Tang. "The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide in the Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum Growth by HaCaT Cells." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (February 12, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8548619.

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Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is one of the most important agents of dermatophyte infection in humans. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of HaCaT cells on T. rubrum, investigate the responsible mechanism of action, and explore the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth by HaCaT cells. The viability of fungi treated with HaCaT cells alone and with HaCaT cells combined with pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor (DPI) or the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NMMA was determined by enumerating the colony-forming units. NOS, ROS, and NO levels were quantified using fluorescent probes. The levels of the NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Micromorphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, fungal keratinase activity was assessed by measuring dye release from keratin azure. In vitro fungal viability, keratinase activity, and ADMA content decreased after HaCaT cell intervention, whereas the levels of ROS, NO, and NOS increased. The micromorphology was abnormal. Fungi pretreated with DPI and L-NMMA exhibited opposite effects. HaCaT cells inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of T. rubrum in vitro. A suggested mechanism is that ROS and NO play an important role in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth by HaCaT cells.
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29

Zhu, Ting, Xia Wang, Zhimin Xu, Jie Xu, Rui Li, Ning Liu, Guochang Ding, and Shunzhao Sui. "Screening of key genes responsible for Pennisetum setaceum ‘Rubrum’ leaf color using transcriptome sequencing." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): e0242618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242618.

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Pennisetum setaceum ‘Rubrum’ is an ornamental grass plant that produces purple leaves in high-light environments and light purple or green leaves in low-light environments, the latter of which greatly reduces its aesthetic appeal. Therefore, we aimed to identify the key genes associated with leaf coloration and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the color changes in P. setaceum ‘Rubrum’ leaves. We performed transcriptome sequencing of P. setaceum ‘Rubrum’ leaves before and after shading. A total of 19,043 differentially expressed genes were identified, and the numbers of upregulated and downregulated genes at T1 stage, when compared with their expression at the T0 stage, were 10,761 and 8,642, respectively. The possible pathways that determine P. setaceum ‘Rubrum’ leaf color included flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis. There were 31 differentially expressed genes related to chlorophyll metabolism, of which 21 were related to chlorophyll biosynthesis and 10 to chlorophyll degradation, as well as three transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of chlorophyll degradation. There were 31 key enzyme genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in P. setaceum ‘Rubrum’ leaves, with four transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin metabolism. The transcriptome data were verified and confirmed reliable by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. These findings provide a genetic basis for improving leaf color in P. setaceum ‘Rubrum.’
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30

CIESIELSKA, ANITA, MAGDALENA KOZŁOWSKA, MAREK GADZALSKI, MARIUSZ WOREK, ADAM JAWORSKI, and PAWEŁ STĄCZEK. "Application of Microsatellite-Primed PCR (MSP-PCR) and PCR Melting Profile (PCR-MP) Method for Intraspecies Differentiation of Dermatophytes." Polish Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 3 (2014): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2014-038.

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In this study, two PCR-based methods (MSP-PCR and PCR-MP) were compared for their abilities to identify intraspecies variations of 23 isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, 78 isolates of Trichophyton interdigitale and 22 isolates of Microsporum canis, obtained mainly from patients in Lódź city. The results allowed to distinguish four types (containing two subtypes) characteristic for T. interdigitale and three types characteristic for T. rubrum using PCR-MP method. Analysis conducted using MSP-PCR with (GACA)4 primer revealed four types for T. rubrum and three types (containing one subtype) for T. interdigitale and with (GTG), primer showed two types (containing one subtype) for T. rubrum and six types (containing one subtype) for T. interdigitale. No differentiation was observed for the M. canis isolates with either method.
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31

Hope, Landon, Sidra Ibad, Etan Marks, Richard Hope, and Clay Cockerell. "Dysmorphic Trichophyton rubrum mimicking Blastomycosis." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 4, no. 2 (March 8, 2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.4.2.10.

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We will describe a 62 year old immunocompromised, diabetic, male patient who presented with several cutaneous lesions. The patient was 4 years post-nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma and 6 months post-renal transplantation at time of presentation. Initial clinical impression was thought to be deep fungal infection or metastatic carcinoma. Trichophyton rubrum with a dysmorphic morphology simulating blastomycosis was ultimately diagnosed.
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32

Mathiasen, Robert L., Carolyn M. Daugherty, and Brian P. Reif. "Arceuthobium rubrum (Viscaceae) in Mexico." Madroño 56, no. 2 (April 14, 2009): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-56.2.99.

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33

Chang, Patricia, Francia Madrid, and Heidi Logemann. "Dermatofitosis generalizada por trichophyton rubrum." Revista médica (Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Guatemala) 160, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36109/rmg.v160i2.336.

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34

Molin, L., and Bolla K. "Thymopentin in chronicTrichophyton rubrum infection." Survey of Immunologic Research 4, S1 (March 1985): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02919069.

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35

SOLOVASTRU, L. "Trichophyton rubrum in electron microscopy." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 11 (September 1998): S235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9959(98)95451-4.

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36

Castaño, E., and J. Borbujo. "Tiña facial por Trichophyton rubrum." FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria 12, no. 2 (February 2005): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1134-2072(05)71172-5.

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37

Cognetti, G. "FAO Congress on Corallium rubrum." Marine Pollution Bulletin 20, no. 2 (February 1989): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(89)90237-3.

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38

Myers, Charles R., and Mary Lynne Perille Collins. "Penicillin-binding proteins ofRhodospirillum rubrum." Current Microbiology 17, no. 3 (May 1988): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01573469.

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39

del Gaudio, D., G. Fortunato, M. Borriello, J. M. Gili, P. Buono, G. Calcagno, F. Salvatore, and L. Sacchetti. "Genetic Typing of Corallium rubrum." Marine Biotechnology 6, no. 6 (December 2004): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-004-3001-9.

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40

Bosshard, Hans Rudolf, R. Max Wynn, and David B. Knaff. "Binding site on Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome c2 for the Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome bc1 complex." Biochemistry 26, no. 24 (December 1987): 7688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00398a023.

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41

Zhang, Damao, Wenqi Cai, Xia Zhang, Weidong Li, Yi Zhou, Yaqian Chen, Qiulin Mi, et al. "Different pruning level effects on flowering period and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum." PeerJ 10 (May 10, 2022): e13406. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13406.

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“Pruning” is a simple and efficient way to control the flowering period, but it is rarely used in perennial woody ornamental plants. In this paper, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum was pruned in different degrees, and the relationship between pruning intensity and flowering number, and flowering time and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were compared. After statistics, it was found that pruning could advance blossoms of L. chinense var. rubrum; also, light and heavy cutting could both obtain a larger number of flowers. In addition, through correlation analysis, it was found that during the flowering period, the Rfd parameter of the unpruned treatment had a very significant positive correlation with the number of flowers FN, which was 0.81. In other pruning treatment groups, Rfd and FN also presented a certain positive correlation, indicating that the Rfd parameter can be used to predict the number of flowers during the flowering process of L. chinense var. rubrum. The research results provided a new idea for the regulation of the flowering period of L. chinense var. rubrum and other woody ornamental plants and laid the foundation for the diversified application of L. chinense var. rubrum.
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42

Gräser, Y., A. F. A. Kuijpers, W. Presber, and G. S. de Hoog. "Molecular Taxonomy of the Trichophyton rubrum Complex." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 9 (2000): 3329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.9.3329-3336.2000.

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The validity of taxa around Trichophyton rubrum was evaluated by a combination of phenetic and molecular methods. Morphological and physiological features were compared to results of sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal operon, PCR fingerprinting, and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. The 15 species and varieties investigated (Trichophyton circonvolutum, Trichophyton fischeri,Trichophyton fluviomuniense, Trichophyton glabrum, Trichophyton gourvilii, Trichophyton kanei, Trichophyton kuryangei, Trichophyton megninii, Trichophyton pedis, Trichophyton raubitschekii, Trichophyton rodhaini,Trichophyton rubrum var. nigricans,Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton violaceumvar. indicum, and Trichophyton yaoundei) were reclassified or synonymized as T. rubrum or T. violaceum.
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43

Hutasoit, Chintya Mei Desia, Yuni Setyaningsih, and Andri Pramono. "ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CACAO BEAN SHELLS EXTRACT (Theobroma cocoa L.) ON TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM GROWTH IN VITRO." Biomedika 12, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/biomedika.v12i2.10176.

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ABSTRACTTrichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophytosis etiology. The antifungal agent has several problems such as fungal resistance and therapy side effects. Cacao (Theobroma cocoa L.) bean shells extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins which have an antifungal effect. This study aimed to test the in vitro cacao bean shells extract antifungal (especially: Trichophyton rubrum) effectiveness by agar well diffusion method. This was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. This study used cacao bean shells extract concentration 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, ketokonazol as positive control, and aquadest as negative control. The average inhibition diameter of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% cacao bean shells extract concentration were 10.65 mm, 18 mm, 26.92 mm, and 37.22 mm, respectively, while the ketoconazole inhibition diameter was 51.52 mm. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc with Mann-Whitney. The results showed significant differences between each treatment group (p0.05). Cacao bean shells extract had an antifungal effect in inhibiting the growth of Tricophyton rubrum invitro.Keywords: Trichophyton rubrum, Cacao Bean Shells, Antifungal, Agar Well Diffusion Method, ABSTRAKTrichophyton rubrum adalah penyebab paling umum dermatofitosis. Obat dermatofitosis (antijamur) memiliki beberapa masalah seperti resistensi dan efek samping terapi. Ekstrak cangkang biji kakao (Theobroma cocoa L.) mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, dan saponin yang memiliki efek antijamur. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji efektivitas antijamur (khususnya Trichophyton rubrum) ekstrak cangkang biji kakao secara in vitro dengan metode difusi agar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan post-test only control group design. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrasi ekstrak cankang biji kakao 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100%, ketokonazol sebagai kontrol positif, dan aquadest sebagai kontrol negatif. Rata-rata diameter hambat konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100% secara berturut-turut yaitu: 10,65 mm, 18 mm, 26,92 mm, dan 37,22 mm, sedangkan daya hambat ketoconazole adalah 51,52 mm. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan post hoc dengan Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara masing-masing kelompok perlakuan (p 0,05). Ekstrak cangkang biji kakao memiliki efek antijamur dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Tricophyton rubrum invitro.Kata kunci: Trichophyton rubrum, Anti-jamur, Cangkang Biji Kaka, Metode Difusi Sumuran Agar
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Lowther, Abigail L., Ally-Khan Somani, Melissa Camouse, Frances T. Florentino, and Stephen C. Somach. "Invasive Trichophyton Rubrum Infection Occurring with Infliximab and Long-Term Prednisone Treatment." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 11, no. 2 (March 2007): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2007.00009.

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Background: A 64-year-old woman presented with erythematous plaques, tender nodules, and pustules of the dorsal right hand and both legs following long-term treatment with systemic steroids and infliximab. Skin biopsy demonstrated dermal inflammation with foci of necrosis and multinucleated giant cells containing fungal spores. Tissue culture grew Trichophyton rubrum. Objective: To report a case that demonstrates the pathophysiology of invasive T. rubrum infection, the mechanisms of action and uses of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-inhibiting drugs, and how these drugs may increase patients' risk of invasive dermatophytosis. Conclusion: Dermatophytes such as T. rubrum rarely cause invasive disease. This unusual presentation of invasive T. rubrum occurred with immunosuppression by infliximab and systemic steroids. Patients should have a thorough examination for signs of latent infection before TNF-α inhibitors are prescribed, including inspection of the skin and nails for signs of dermatophytosis.
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45

Zhang, Li, Xiaoying Yu, Xia Zhang, Damao Zhang, Weidong Li, Lili Xiang, Yujie Yang, Yanlin Li, and Lu Xu. "Phenotypic Diversity Analysis of the Progeny Variation of a ‘Mosaic Leaf’ Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum Based on Flower Organ Characteristics." Diversity 14, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110913.

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Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is a common landscape plant. Because of the preference for the ‘red leaf’ trait, the ‘flower color’ trait was ignored in breeding, and the genetic diversity of L. chinense var. rubrum was replaced by a few genotypes. Therefore, the potential value of flower color traits was affected, and the genetic diversity was not fully exploited. In this study, we utilized a cultivar with mosaic-colored flowers and leaves and observed 15 phenotypic traits in its flower organs and its progeny, as well as a total of 60 different flower color materials. We analyzed the variation characteristics and diversity of flower colors, and qualitatively described and preliminarily classified flower colors using the ISCC-NBS and CIELab systems to explore the correlation with the flower color phenotype from the distribution and content of anthocyanins. The phenotypic diversity of the flower organs was enriched, and genetic differences in flower color were significant for the L. chinense var. rubrum, with most of the 15 phenotypic traits showing significant positive correlations, and the most critical phenotypes are sepal, petal and nectary color, as well as petal length. According to the CIELab color system and anthocyanin content and distribution characteristics, it is considered more accurate and convenient to classify the color phenotypes of L. chinense var. rubrum flowers into five categories. In this study, for the first time, the flower organ phenotype of L. chinense var. rubrum has been systematically analyzed, and it is explored as a reference method for breeding new cultivars of a diverse range of colors in L. chinense var. rubrum.
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46

Azizah, Nur Asy Syifa, Anny Thuraidah, and Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti. "Fungicidal Effects of Chloroform Extract of Red Galangal (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Sch) on the Growth of Trichophyton rubrum." Tropical Health and Medical Research 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35916/thmr.v4i1.59.

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Trichophyton rubrum is the most common causative agent of anthropophilic dermatophytosis worldwide. Treatment of dermatophytosis can use natural ingredients. In Indonesia, several medicinal plants have been used, one of which is red galangal (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Sch). This study aims to determine the effectiveness of red galangal rhizome chloroform extract on the growth of Trichophyton rubrum. This study is a True Experiment study with Posttest Only With Control Group Design consisting of 8 treatments namely positive control, extract control, 0 mg/mL (negative control), 20 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/ml, and 60 mg/mL extract of red galangal rhizome chloroform with 3 repetitions. The antifungal activity test was carried out using the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC), and Bioautography Test. The results showed that the red galangal rhizome chloroform extract in the Agar Overlay Bioautography Test contained an inhibition zone on the growth of Trichophyton rubrum. The determination of MIC and MFC were 20 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively. The study concludes that the red galangal rhizome chloroform extract affects the growth of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum. Research can be continued by knowing more specifics about the bioactive compounds from the red galangal rhizome, which have antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum.
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Boyd, Meagan, Mary Anne Panoyan, Paul Michael, and Kabwe K. Nkongolo. "Development and characterization of species-diagnostic ISSR and SCAR DNA markers for differentiating red maple (Acer rubrum) and silver maple (A. saccharinum)." Genome 62, no. 8 (August 2019): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0037.

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Red maple (Acer rubrum) and silver maple (A. saccharinum) are sister species that readily hybridize in nature. No genetic or barcoding markers have been tested in these species. The main objective of the present study is to develop and characterize molecular markers for distinguishing A. rubrum and A. saccharinum and to validate the hybridity of A. freemanii derived from their crossings using the ISSR marker system. Thirteen A. rubrum and seven A. saccharinum populations were used. Four ISSR primers including ISSR 5, ISSR 8, ISSR 10, and ISSR UBC 825 were selected to amplify genomic DNA from the two species and their hybrids. Each primer generated at least one species-diagnostic ISSR marker for a total of six. Analysis of A. freemanii collected from North Dakota (USA) confirmed that the genotypes screened were true hybrids between A. rubrum and A. saccharinum. These markers were cloned and sequenced. Successful sequences were converted to SCAR markers using specifically designed primers. Overall, the developed diagnostic and specific ISSR and SCAR markers are useful in the certification of these two maple species and their hybrids. They can be used in tracking the introgression of A. rubrum and A. saccharinum DNA in other hybrid trees or populations.
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48

Hernández-Urcera, Jorge, Pilar Rial, María García-Portela, Patricia Lourés, Jane Kilcoyne, Francisco Rodríguez, Amelia Fernández-Villamarín, and Beatriz Reguera. "Notes on the Cultivation of Two Mixotrophic Dinophysis Species and Their Ciliate Prey Mesodinium rubrum." Toxins 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120505.

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Kleptoplastic mixotrophic species of the genus Dinophysis are cultured by feeding with the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum, itself a kleptoplastic mixotroph, that in turn feeds on cryptophytes of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera (TPG) clade. Optimal culture media for phototrophic growth of D. acuminata and D. acuta from the Galician Rías (northwest Spain) and culture media and cryptophyte prey for M. rubrum from Huelva (southwest Spain) used to feed Dinophysis, were investigated. Phototrophic growth rates and yields were maximal when D. acuminata and D. acuta were grown in ammonia-containing K(-Si) medium versus f/2(-Si) or L1(-Si) media. Dinophysis acuminata cultures were scaled up to 18 L in a photobioreactor. Large differences in cell toxin quota were observed in the same Dinophysis strains under different experimental conditions. Yields and duration of exponential growth were maximal for M. rubrum from Huelva when fed Teleaulax amphioxeia from the same region, versus T. amphioxeia from the Galician Rías or T. minuta and Plagioselmis prolonga. Limitations for mass cultivation of northern Dinophysis strains with southern M. rubrum were overcome using more favorable (1:20) Dinophysis: Mesodinium ratios. These subtleties highlight the ciliate strain-specific response to prey and its importance to mass production of M. rubrum and Dinophysis cultures.
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Knight, Patricia R., D. Joseph Eakes, and Charles H. Gilliam. "ROOT CONTROL OF URBAN TREES." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 263A—263. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.263a.

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Two inch caliper Acer rubrum, Quercus phellos, and Platanus occidentalis were planted March 26, 1990, into 8' × 8' planting holes that were lined with either Typar Biobarrier, Dewitt Pro-5 Weed Barrier or left unlined as a control. There has been little or no root penetration beyond the Biobarrier for the 3 tree species during the first 3 years of this study. At the end of 1990, the control and the Dewitt Pro-5 had similar root penetration numbers. By the end of 1991, the Dewitt Pro-5 had greater root penetration than did the control for A. rubrun. Root penetration of Dewitt Pro-5 and the control treatment was similar for Q. phellos and P. occidentalis. There were no differences in root penetration for Dewitt Pro-5 and the control in 1992 for any species. There were no differences in height for any tree species following the 1990 or 1991 growing seasons and no difference following the 1992 growing season for A. rubrum and Q. phellos. The control treatment had the grearest height for P. occidentalis in 1992. There were no differences in caliper due to root control treatment for the 3 species during the first 3 years of this study.
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50

SARI, SITA AULIA, RUBEN DHARMAWAN, and PARAMASARI DIRGAHAYU. "The antifungal effect of roselle calyx extract on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 10, no. 1 (December 6, 2012): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f100103.

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Sari SA, Dharmawan R, Dirgahayu P. 2012. The antifungal effect of roselle calyx extract on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro. Biofarmasi 10: 17-22. Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection on skin that one of them caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Dermatophytosis treatment by using chemical drugs has many shortcomings, such as a high cost and a drug resistance. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx content was flavonoid, which have an antifungal effect. Flavonoids on roselle calyx include anthocyanin, gossypeptin (hexahydroxyflavone) 3-glucoside, flavonol glucoside hibiscritin, flavonoid gossypeptin, delphinidine 3-monoglucoside, cyanidin 3-monoglucoside. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of roselle calyx on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro. The study was performed as an experimental laboratory. The object of study was T. rubrum. The sample of T. rubrum colonies in this study was taken by a random sampling. The study used T. rubrum colonies on seven Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates. Each plate had four holes. Each hole was filled by aquadest as a negative control, fluconazole 25 µg/mL as a positive control, and various roselle calyx extract concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The plates were incubated in an incubator with a temperature of 25oC for 7 days and measured for the diameter of roselle calyx extract inhibition effect. The data were collected and analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Least Significance Difference (LSD) tests on SPSS 16.0 for Windows. The result of One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a difference of inhibition diameter mean among all of the various roselle calyx extract concentration groups (p<0.05). The diameter of roselle calyx extract inhibition effect increased for each concentration up to 50%. The inhibition diameter of positive control compared to 20% roselle calyx extract concentration had no a significant difference. The study was concluded that roselle calyx extract has an antifungal effect to T. rubrum growth in vitro.
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