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Abadie, Laurence. "Corallium rubrum et ses utilisations." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2P061.
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Edgren, Tomas. "Electron transport to nitrogenase in Rhodospirillum rubrum /." Stockholm : Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm university, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-874.
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Harris, Katherine S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Diversity of polycyclic triterpenoids in Rhodospirillum rubrum." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58195.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24).
Sedimentary rocks of all ages abound with geostable lipids of microbial origin, but many biomarkers lack known organismal sources and clear environmental contexts. Here we used Rhodospirillum rubrum, a metabolically versatile, genetically tractable c-Proteobacterium, to explore the diversity of its non-polar terpenoids as a function of growth condition and growth phase. We analyzed the nonpolar fraction of lipids extracted from R. rubrum grown under aerobic, anaerobic, heterotrophic and phototrophic conditions and detected a variety of bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic and pentacyclic triterpenoids, derived from the enzymatic cyclization of squalene and produced in amounts comparable to diploptene. Identified compounds included bicyclic polypodatetraenes, malabaricatriene, euphadiene, adianane, and fernene. Prior to this work, malabaricatriene was an "orphan" biomarker suspected to have a microbial origin, yet it lacked a proven source. We observed similar patterns of polycyclic terpenoids in other hopanoid-producing c-proteobacteria, including Zymomonas mobilis, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and Rhodomicrobium vannielii. The presence and relative abundance of polycyclic triterpenoids in R. rubrum varied with the growth stage (exponential versus early stationary phase) and growth condition (photoheterotrophic versus photoautotrophic growth). Since R. rubrum's genome contains a single squalene-hopene cyclase gene, the array of triterpenoids produced by it and other c-proteobacteria likely evolves from this enzyme performing low-fidelity cyclization. The observed diversity of sedimentary triterpenoids might therefore result from a select few squalene-hopene cyclase enzymes operating with varying specificity under a range of physiological and environmental conditions, rather than reflecting a great diversity of squalene-hopene cyclases.
by Katherine Harris.
S.M.
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Ball, Lucy Margaret. "Antifungals and the trichophyton rubrum cell wall." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670146.
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Wang, He. "Metabolic regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum /." Stockholm : Department of biochemistry and biophysics, Stockholm university, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29404.
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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2009.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted. Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Gerken, Uwe. "Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an einzelnen Lichtsammelkomplexen des Purpurbakteriums R. rubrum." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10720632.
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Silveira, Henrique Cesar Santejo. "A capacidade de infecção do dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum está correlacionada com a sinalização do pH extracelular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-27052011-094600/.
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Dermatofitoses são comumente causadas por fungos que parasitam pele e unha de humanos, cuja propagação depende do contato entre os hospedeiros infectados e não infectados. Muitos fatores contribuem para a patogenicidade dos dermatófitos, dentre eles, a capacidade de se instalar no ambiente ácido da pele se reveste de importância. Sendo assim, para ser bem sucedido, o dermatófito precisa ter capacidade aderente, germinação e penetração rápida das hifas e, portanto, dispor de uma maquinaria metabólica que atue de forma eficiente em pH ácido. A fim de identificar genes supostamente expressos nos passos iniciais da infecção, submetemos a linhagem H6 do dermatófito T. rubrum ao pH ácido por 30 minutos e 1 hora e isolamos dessas condições experimentais os transcritos com elevada expressão, empregando a metodologia de Biblioteca Subtrativa Supressiva (SSH). Obtivemos um total de 234 unigenes cujos transcritos revelaram ampla diversidade funcional. Esses transcritos estão envolvidos em 13 processos celulares diferentes, tais como, metabolismo, defesa e virulência, síntese de proteínas e transporte celular. Desses, confirmamos por Northern blotting, os genes que expressam as proteínas carboxipeptidase S1, acetoamidase, aconitase, dessaturase, a proteína TINA, transportador de aminoácidos, fator de alongamento alfa 1, proteína ribossomal L10, e uma proteína hipotética. Nesses experimentos também foi utilizada a linhagem de T. rubrum pacC-1, que tem o seu gene pacC rompido, com o objetivo de verificar se estes genes isolados seriam regulados pela proteína PacC. O gene pacC codifica uma proteína homóloga ao regulador transcricional PacC/Rim101p da conservada via de sinalização do pH. Verificamos que o gene pacC se expressa preferencialmente em pH 8.0 e que embora o padrão de processamento da proteína PacC seja dependente do pH a forma íntegra da proteína PacC foi identificada tanto em pH ácido como alcalino. Por outro lado, o mutante pacC-1 apresentou diminuida capacidade infectiva em fragmentos de unha humana quando comparado com a linhagem selvagem. Além disto, a atividade queratínolitica do mutante também se mostrou diminuída quando comparada ao controle, confirmando o papel da proteína PacC na capacidade infectiva do T. rubrum.Dermatophytosis is commonly caused by fungi that parasite human skin and nail, whose propagation depends on the contact between infected and noninfected hosts. Many factors contribute to the pathogenicity of the dermatophytes. Among them, the capacity to install in the skin´s acid ambient bears great importance. Thus, in order to be successful, the dermatophyte needs to have adhering capacity, fast germination and penetration of hyphae and, therefore, needs to afford a metabolic machinery which acts efficiently in acid pH. In order to identify genes supposedly expressed in the initial steps of infection, we submitted the strain H6 of the dermatophyte T. rubrum to the acid pH for 30 minutes and 1 hour and isolated, from this experimental conditions, the transcripts with high expression, employing the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). We obtained a total of 234 unigenes whose transcripts revealed a wide functional diversity. These transcripts are involved in 13 different cell processes, such as metabolism, defense and virulence, protein synthesis and cell transport. Among these, we confirmed through Northern blotting the genes which express the proteins carboxipeptidase S1, acetamidase, aconitase, fatty acid desaturase, NIMA interactive protein (TINA), amino acid permease, elongation factor 1-alpha, 60S ribosomal protein L10 and a hypothetical protein. In these experiments, we also used the T. rubrum pacC- 1 strain, which has its pacC gene disrupted, aiming at verifying whether these isolated genes would be regulated by the PacC protein. The pacC gene encodes a protein homologous to the PacC/Rim101p transcriptional regulator of the conserved route of pH signaling. We verified that the pacC gene is expressed preferentially in both pH, and that although the processing pattern of the PacC protein is dependent on the pH, the full form of the PacC was identified as alkaline. On the other hand, the pacC-1 mutant presented diminished infecting capacity in human nail fragments when compared to the wild strain. Moreover, the keratinolytic activity of the mutant also seemed diminished when compared to the control, confirming the role of the PacC protein in the infecting capacity of T. rubrum.
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Mendes, Niege Silva. "Influência do Gene pacC na Regulação de Manosiltransferases no Dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum em Função de Variações Nutricionais e pH Ambiente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-19012012-164637/.
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A regulação da expressão gênica é essencial para os fungos se adaptarem às adversidades ambientais, como alterações no pH extracelular, escassez de nutrientes, força iônica e oscilações de temperatura. A resposta adaptativa ao pH ambiente é bem caracterizada em fungos modelo como Aspergillus nidulans, e envolve a via de transdução de sinal constituída pelos produtos dos genes pal e pacC. No dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum, o gene pacC foi inativado, e a linhagem mutante apresentou uma diminuição na atividade das queratinases, indicando que, de alguma forma, este gene está envolvido na regulação da atividade queratinolítica deste dermatófito, e consequentemente na sua virulência e patogenicidade. Além disto, a glicosilação protéica é uma importante forma de regulação pós traducional, estruturando e estabilizando glicoproteínas que podem ser da via secretória, da parede ou da membrana celular. O processo de glicosilação protéica sofre influência do pH extracelular e da fonte nutricional. Foi ainda relatado que este tipo de regulação pós traducional também sofre influência dos genes palB e pacC, indicando que estes genes tenham um papel na glicosilação de enzimas secretadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência do pH e da fonte nutricional na expressão de genes que codificam enzimas de N- e O-manosilação, e sua possível modulação pela proteína PacC no dermatófito T. rubrum. Para tanto, foi analisado, por PCR em tempo real, o perfil transcricional destes genes nas linhagens H6 (controle) e pacC-1, utilizando-se como fonte de carbono glicose, glicose e glicina ou queratina em vários tempos de cultivo, em pH 5,0 ou 8,0. A análise da expressão gênica revelou que quando a linhagem controle é cultivada em queratina em pH 5,0 ocorre um aumento da expressão da O-manosiltransferase, comparado com o cultivo em glicina com glicose e glicose. Porém, nestas mesmas condições o gene da N-manosiltransferase da linhagem mutante apresenta maiores níveis de expressão que os da linhagem controle. Em pH 8,0 pode-se notar grande semelhança entre os perfis de expressão apresentados por estes dois genes. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o gene pacC tem um papel importante no sensoriamento de nutrientes em meio ácido, modulando a expressão destas transferases, nas condições avaliadas. Estas enzimas podem ativar proteínas que atuam na hidrólise da queratina, ou mesmo formar glicoproteínas de parede celular que são essenciais na adesão do fungo à célula do hospedeiro, sugerindo um papel das manosiltransferases no processo infeccioso.Gene expression regulation is essential for fungi to adapt to environmental adversities, such as changes in the extracellular pH, nutrient starvation, ionic strength, and temperature. The adaptive response to ambient pH is well characterized in model fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans, and involves the signal transduction pathway consisting of the products of the pal and pacC genes. In the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum, the pacC gene was inactivated and the mutant strain showed a decreased activity of keratinases, indicating that, somehow, this gene is involved in the regulation of the keratonolytic activity of this dermatophyte, and consequently in its virulence and pathogenicity. Moreover, protein glycosylation is an important form of post-translational regulation, playing a role in protein folding and stability of glycoproteins of the secretory pathway, cell wall or membrane. The process of protein glycosylation is influenced by extracellular pH and nutritional source. It has also been reported that this type of post-translational regulation is also influenced by the palB and pacC genes, indicating that these genes have a role in glycosylation of secreted enzymes. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the pH and nutritional source in the expression of the genes coding for the N-and O-manosylation enzymes, and their possible modulation by PacC in the dermatophyte T. rubrum. To this end, the transcriptional profile of these genes was analyzed, by Real Time PCR, in the H6 (control) and pacC-1 strains, using glucose, glucose with glycine, or keratin as the carbon source, in several culture times, at pH 5.0 or 8.0. Gene expression analysis showed that when the control strain is grown in keratin at pH 5.0 there is an increased expression of the O-manosyltransferase encoding gene, compared to the cultivation in glucose and glucose with glycine. However, at the same conditions the gene coding for the N-manosyltransferase presented higher levels of expression in the mutant strain in relation to the control strain. At pH 8.0 there is a great similarity between the expression profile of these two genes. The obtained results indicate that pacC gene plays an important role in nutrient sensing at acidic pH by modulating the expression of these transferases in the conditions evaluated. These enzymes can activate proteins that play roles in the hydrolysis of keratin, or even forming cell wall glycoproteins that are essential for the adhesion of the fungus to the host cell, suggesting a role of the manosyltransferases in the infectious process.
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Ward, Barbara Ann. "The systematics of Ceramium : a molecular and morphological approach." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247395.
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Cabello, Bergillos Fernando. "Cultivo en biorreactores de rhodospirillum rubrum en condiciones fotoheterotróficas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5316.
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La presente tesis está enmarcada en el desarrollo de los sistemas de soporte de vida biológicos, de especial aplicación para los viajes espaciales tripulados de larga duración.Concretamente, este trabajo se centra en el estudio, análisis, modelización y escalado de uno de los cinco compartimentos que integran el bucle MELiSSA, el compartimento fotoheterotrófico.
Los experimentos han sido encaminados a determinar la influencia de la naturaleza de la radiación, de la irradiancia incidente y de la naturaleza y concentración de la fuente de carbono sobre la velocidad de crecimiento de las células de R. rubrum.
También se ha analizado las consecuencias del cambio de escala del fotobiorreactor, observando la particular influencia de las condiciones ambientales en la composición y en el crecimiento de las células de R. rubrum.
La información experimental obtenida ha servido para la construcción de un modelo que predice el crecimiento de las células en función de la concentración de fuente de carbono y de la cantidad de radiación subministrada. En una primera fase se calcula el perfil de irradiancia en el interior del cultivo en función de la irradiancia incidente, de la concentración de células y de las dimensiones del fotobiorreactor, y después este perfil es utilizado para determinar la velocidad de crecimiento de las células teniendo también en consideración las condiciones de cultivo.
Asimismo, el modelo se ha utilizado como una herramienta para el dimensionado del fotobiorreactor piloto a una escala suficiente para conseguir los objetivos de demostración fijados en el Proyecto MELiSSA.
Finalmente, se ha diseñado el fotobiorreactor a escala piloto, así como todos los equipos auxiliares necesarios (depósitos pulmones, válvulas, sondas, circuito de esterilización, lazos de control, caudalímetros, etc.) para la operación del compartimento en condiciones estériles durante largos periodos de tiempo.
The present thesis is developed in the mark of the development of biological support systems for the long-term space manned missions.
Specifically, this study is centred in the analysis and scale-up of one of the five compartments that integrate the MELiSSA loop, the photoheterotrophic compartment.
The experiments have been designed to determine the influence of the nature of the radiation, the incident irradiance and the nature and concentration of the carbon source on the growth rate of R. rubrum cells. Moreover, it has been studied the consequences of the scale-up of the photobiorreactor and it has been observed that the influence of the environmental conditions in the composition and the growth rate of R. rubrum cells is a key factor.
The experimental data obtained has been used for the construction of a model, which is developed, calibrated and validated in this thesis. The model predicts the growth of the cells based on two parameters: the concentration of carbon source in the culture and the amount of radiation supplied. In a first step, the profile of irradiance inside the culture is calculated, which depends on the concentration of cells and the dimensions of the fotobiorreactor. Then, in a second step, the profile of irradiance is used to determine the cells growth rate.
Moreover, the model has been used as a tool for the sizing of the fotobiorreactor at pilot scale. And, finally, the pilot fotobiorreactor has been designed, as well as all of the auxiliary equipment that is needed (buffer tanks, valves, sensors, circuit of sterilization, control loops, mass flowmeters, etc.) for the operation of the photobiorreactor in sterile conditions during long periods of time.
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Jonsson, Anders. "Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase in the Diazotroph Rhodospirillum rubrum." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7050.
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Self, Susan Jane. "Cloning, sequencing and expression cytochrome C2 from Rhodospirillum rubrum." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46542.
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Santiago, Karla Letícia. "Interação de células dendríticas com conídios de Trichophyton rubrum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-15032017-162614/.
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Os dermatófitos são um grupo de fungos que têm a capacidade de invadir o tecido queratinizado (pele, pêlos e unhas) de seres humanos e animais para produzir uma infecção denominada de dermatofitose. O Trichophyton rubrum é o principal patógeno causador de dermatofitose. As lesões causadas por estas espécies são crônicas e de carater pouco inflamatória. A doença apresenta evolução lenta e pacientes cronicamente infectados não respondem bem a terapia antifúngica. Assim como na maioria dos patógenos, o sistema imune inato é determinante na resposta antifúngica. Neutrófilos, macrófagos e células dendríticas constituem as células efetoras do sistema imune. A resposta imune aos dermatófitos ainda não está bem elucidada. Atualmente é aceito que a resposta imune mediada por células é responsável pelo controle da infecção. Poucos estudos têm focado a resposta imune inata a esses fungos. Assim, fomos estudar a interação de células dendríticas de pacientes com dermatofitose com conídios de T. rubrum. Nossos resultados mostraram que células dendríticas derivadas de monócitos (CDDM) foram capazes de fagocitar conídios de T. rubrum e ainda verificamos que estas células permaneceram viáveis após fagocitose. Quando analisamos a viabilidade dos conídios de T. rubrum, após 24 e 48 horas de interação com CDDM, verificamos que após 48horas houve um aumento no número de conídios viáveis quando estes foram fagocitados por células de pacientes, mostrando que CDDM de paciente não conseguem matar os conídios após fagocitose. Avaliamos a liberação de óxido nítrico por CDDM e a análise dos resultados mostrou que não houve diferença significativa na liberação de NO pela CDDM na presença de conídio de T. rubrum. Analisamos a expressão de moléculas co-estimulatórias como CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40 e HLA-DR em pacientes com dermatofitose e em indivíduos controle, observamos que não houve diferença na expressão dessas moléculas na presença de conídios de T. rubrum quando comparadas com culturas de CDDM sem conídios. Entretanto, houve uma diminuição do número de células de pacientes que expressam estas moléculas na presença de conídio de T. rubrum. Foi detectado um aumento significativo na secreção de TNF-α e de IL-12 pelas CDDM de pacientes quando em contato com conídio de T. rubrum. Avaliamos a capacidade das CDDM de indivíduos controle e pacientes pulsadas com concentrações crescentes de tricofitina em ativar linfócitos T CD4 e também verificamos o perfil de citocinas secretadas pelos linfócitos T CD4 após proliferação. Os resultados demonstraram que as CDDM foram capazes de estimular a proliferação de linfócitos somente em pacientes com dermatofitose. Foi detectado um aumento significativo na secreção de IL-4 pelos LT CD4 de indivíduos controle. Nossos resultados sugerem uma diferença no perfil de secreção de citocinas em indivíduos controle e pacientes. Indivíduos controle não produzem IL-12 e estimulam preferencialmente linfócitos T CD4 secretores de IL-4. Por outro lado, células dendríticas de pacientes produzem IL-12 e induzem a ativação de linfócitos T produtores de IL-4 e IL-10The dermatophytes are a group of fungi that have the capacity to invade the keratinized tissue (skin, hair and nails) of humans and animals to produce an infection called dermatophytosis. The Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative pathogen of dermatophytosis. Injuries caused by these species are chronic inflammatory and little character. The disease shows slow evolution and chronically infected patients do not respond well to antifungal therapy. Like most pathogens, the innate immune system is crucial in the antifungal response. Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells are the effector cells of the immune system. The immune response to dermatophytes is not yet well elucidated. Currently it is accepted that the immune response mediated by cells is responsible for controlling the infection. Few studies have focused on the innate immune response to these fungi. Thus, we study the interaction of dendritic cells from patients with dermatophytosis with conidia of T. rubrum. Our results showed that dendritic cells derived from monocytes (CDDM) were capable of phagocytosed conidia of T. rubrum and found that these cells remained viable after phagocytosis. When we analyze the viability of conidia of T. rubrum after 24 and 48 hours of interaction with CDDM shows that after 48hours an increase in the number of viable conidia when they were phagocytized by cells of patients, showing that CDDM not kill the patient after the conidia phagocytosis. Evaluated the release of nitric oxide by CDDM and analysis of results showed that there was no significant difference in the release of NO by CDDM in the presence of conidia of T. rubrum. We analyzed the expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40 and HLA-DR in patients with dermatophytosis and in control subjects, we observed that there was no difference in expression of these molecules in the presence of conidia of T. rubrum compared with cultures of CDDM without conidia . However, there was a decrease in the number of cells of patients who express these molecules in the presence of conidia of T. rubrum. It was observed a significant increase in the secretion of TNF-α and IL-12 by CDDM of patients when in contact with conidia of T. rubrum. Evaluate the capacity of individuals to control and CDDM patients pulsed with increasing concentrations of trichophytin to activate CD4 T lymphocytes and also see the profile of cytokines secreted by CD4 + T lymphocytes after proliferation. The results showed that the CDDM were able to stimulate the proliferation of lymphocytes only in patients with dermatophytosis. We observed a significant increase in the secretion of IL-4 by CD4 L T to control individuals. Our results suggest a difference in the profile of secretion of cytokines in control subjects and patients. Control subjects did not produce IL-12 and preferentially stimulate CD4 T lymphocytes secreting IL-4. Furthermore, dendritic cells of patients produce IL-12 and induce the activation of T lymphocytes producing IL-4 and IL-10
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Campos, Marina Reis de Moura. "Interação de Trichophyton rubrum com macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-20112006-075010/.
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Trichophyton rubrum, importante agente de dermatofitoses, é um fungo queratinofílico, capaz de parasitar tecidos como pele e unha. É o principal responsável pelas dermatofitoses crônicas e refratárias ao tratamento e como é uma espécie antropofílica encontra-se muito bem adaptado ao parasitismo humano. Por tratar-se de uma micose cutânea, torna-se necessário o estudo dos fenômenos que ocorrem durante o encontro deste fungo com uma das principais células do sistema imunológico que primeiramente reconhecem o antígeno. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a interação de T.rubrum com macrófagos, para aumentar o conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na resposta imunológica nesta importante patologia. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de fagocitose de conídios de T.rubrum, seguidos da análise da expressão de moléculas de superfície celular, dosagem de citocinas e viabilidade de macrófagos. Verificamos que o exoantígeno de T.rubrum provocou diminuição da fagocitose de conídios e partículas de zymosan pelos macrófagos. Entretanto, o exoantígeno não interferiu na expressão de moléculas de superfície celular e não foi capaz de estimular os macrófagos a secretar TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10 e óxido nítrico. Já os conídios fagocitados por macrófagos, provocaram diminuição significativa na expressão de suas moléculas de superfície, tais como MHC classe II, CD80 e CD54. Após fagocitose de conídios, os macrófagos foram capazes de secretar uma grande quantidade de TNF-α e IL-10 e após 8 horas de cultivo, os conídios internalizados iniciaram processo de formação de hifa, provocando lise e a conseqüente morte destas células. Por estes achados e pelos estudos prévios já realizados com o T.rubrum, pensamos que a persistência desta infecção fúngica possa estar relacionada com a ação inibitória do fungo sobre os macrófagos, levando à cronicidade observada nestas lesões.Trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen causing dermatophytosis, accounting for approximately 80% of the reported cases of onychomycosis. Since 90% of the chronic dermatophyte infections are caused by T. rubrum, it is likely that this pathogen must have evolved mechanisms that evade or suppress cell-mediated immunity. Several reports have highlighted the participation of phagocytes in the immune defense against fungi; however, few studies have addressed the role of these cells in dermatophytosis. In this study, we investigated the interactions of resident and peritoneal macrophages with T. rubrum. We show here that the interaction of T. rubrum conidia with resident macrophages results in the production of TNF-α and IL-10 but not IL-12 and nitric oxide. Infected macrophages down-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD54). We also show that phagocytosis of T. rubrum conidia is inhibited by the addition of fungal exoantigens or mannan. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that after 8 h of conidia ingestion macrophage viability decreased drastically. Electron microscopy revealed that the ingested conidia grow and differentiate into hyphae inside macrophages leading to rupture of the macrophage membrane.
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Vidal, Luiz Henrique Ilkiu. "Atividade de extratos aquosos de plantas sobre Trichophyton rubrum." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2008. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000146651.
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Desde a pré-história os seres humanos e os microrganismos partilham uma vida em comum. Alguns destes organismos podem ser considerados benéficos ao homem, sendo utilizados como alimentos ou medicamentos. Entretanto, alguns outros são nocivos, podendo causar desde o apodrecimento de alimentos até doenças mortais. Dentre os microrganismos nocivos, existe um grupo de fungos causadores de doenças na pele, denominados dermatófitos, que englobam fungos dos gêneros Trichophytom, Microsporum e Epidermophytom. Estes fungos são os causadores de diversas infecções conhecidas como ?tínhas?, que podem se desenvolver em diferentes partes do corpo humano e também de alguns animais. O controle destas doenças é bastante difícil, devido a resistências que estes organismos vem adquirindo pelo uso abusivo de medicamentos, e também devido a dificuldade de obter-se medicamentos que possam combater seu desenvolvimento, sem afetar a saúde do hospedeiro, uma vez que as células fúngicas possuem características muito semelhantes às dos seres humanos. Pesquisas buscando uma forma mais eficiente de controle destas infecções, que não causem efeitos adversos aos pacientes, apontam as plantas medicinais como uma fonte de recursos para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Este projeto teve como objetivo a utilização de extratos vegetais aquosos visando o controle de fungos dermatófitos. Foram escolhidas para fazerem parte desta pesquisa Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium, Baccharis trimera, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cymbopogum winterianus, Momordica charantia, Ocimum gratissimum, Plantago major, Porophyllum ruderale, Ruta graveolens, Salvia officinalis, Symphytum officinale e Tetradenia riparia, plantas que apresentavam na literatura especializada ou eram citadas no conhecimento popular como contendo propriedades antifúngicas ou antimicrobianas. Os extratos aquosos foram produzidos com proporção planta:solvente 1:10 (p/v), os tratamentos foram realizados em placas de Petri de 80mm, com três concentrações de extratos (50, 100 e 200?g/ml) incorporados em ágar Sabouraud dextrose, havendo um tratamento controle, sem a adição de extrato. As placas, após inoculadas foram dispostas em estufa com temperatura constante de 30ºC e as avaliações foram realizadas aos 3 e 7 dias após a inoculação. O crescimento dos inóculos foi medido de duas formas distintas, com o uso de régua e de uma grade, sendo que a metodologia da grade mostrou melhor desempenho por ser mais rápida e de fácil execução. Entre as plantas testadas destacaram-se os extratos de Ocimum gratissimum e de Tetradenia riparia, que na maior concentração testada na pesquisa conseguiram inibir o desenvolvimento dos inóculos.From pre-historic humans and microorganisms share a life together. Some of these organisms may be considered beneficial to humans and is used as food or medicines. However, some others are harmful and can cause from the decay of food by deadly diseases. Among the harmful microorganisms, there is a group of fungi that cause diseases of the skin, called dermatophytes, which include fungi of the genera Trichophytom, Microsporum and Epidermophytom. These fungi are the cause of various infections known as "tinea", which can develop into different parts of the human body and also of some animals. The control of these diseases is very difficult because these bodies is acquiring resistance to the abuse of drugs, and also because of the difficulty to get drugs that can combat their development, without affecting the health of the host, since the fungal cells possess characteristics closely resembling those of humans. researches seeking a more efficient way of controlling these infections, which cause no adverse effects to patients, show the medicinal plants as a source of resources for the development of new medicines. This project aimed to the use of aqueous plant extracts seeking control of dermatophyte fungi. Were chosen to be part of this research Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium, Baccharis trimera, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cymbopogum winterianus, Momordica charantia, Ocimum gratissimum, Plantago major, Porophyllum ruderale, Ruta graveolens, Salvia officinalis, Symphytum officinale and Tetradenia riparia, plants that in literature or popular knowledge were quoted in as containing antimicrobial or antifungal properties. The aqueous extracts were produced with a proportion plant:solvent 1:10 (w/v), the treatments were performed in Petri dishes of 80mm, with three concentrations of extracts (50, 100 and 200?g/ml) embedded in Sabouraud dextrose agar, with a control treatment, without the addition of extract. The plates, after inoculation were arranged in a laboratory oven with constant temperature of 30ºC and the evaluations were performed at 3 and 7 days after inoculation. The growth of inocula was measured in two different ways, using a ruler and a square grid, and the methodology of the grid showed better performance by being faster and easier implementation. Among the plants tested were the extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Tetradenia riparia, in the highest concentration tested in the research managed to inhibit the development of inocula.
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Bressani, Viviani Olivastro. "Caracterização da resposta imunológica celular em pacientes portadores de dermatofitoses extensas causadas por Trichophyton rubrum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-28022012-155722/.
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Os dermatófitos são fungos que apresentam a capacidade de invadir o estrato córneo da pele e de outros tecidos queratinizados como os cabelos e as unhas. Esses fungos podem provocar infecções em qualquer local da pele, no entanto os pés, região inguinal, axilas, couro cabeludo e unhas são mais freqüentemente afetados. O Trichophyton rubrum é um fungo antropofílico responsável por aproximadamente 80% das micoses superficiais em humanos. Indivíduos saudáveis podem apresentar dermatofitoses, embora nesses indivíduos a doença ocorra de forma localizada. Por outro lado, indivíduos que apresentam comprometimento da imunidade celular tendem a apresentar formas mais disseminadas. Tendo o objetivo de avaliar a resposta imunológica celular de pacientes portadores de dermatofitoses extensas causadas pelo Trichophyton rubrum, utilizamos um método bastante sensível de avaliação da imunidade celular que mede a resposta linfoproliferativa a mitógenos como: a fitohemaglutinina (PHA); o anti-CD3 (OKT3); e o Pokeweed (PWM). Foram avaliadas também as respostas linfoproliferativas para antígenos como: o antígeno metabólico de Candida sp (CMA); o extrato antigênico do Trichophyton rubrum, e o peptídeo sintético (YIIDTGIDID) que corresponde ao principal epítopo do fungo. Avaliamos também a dosagem das citocinas IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 e IFN- sob estímulo inespecífico pela PHA e CMA, e sob estímulo específico pelo peptídeo imunodominante do fungo. Os resultados da imunofenotipagem celular para CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56 e CD206 nos mostraram que não houve diferença entre os grupos de controles e pacientes. Os resultados dos ensaios de linfoproliferação demonstraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos controles e pacientes sob o estímulo inespecífico do PWM e ao antígeno não relacionado CMA. Houve semelhança dos resultados para os grupos controles e pacientes frente ao estímulo pelo extrato antigênico, e diferenças significativas entre os grupos controles e pacientes frente ao peptídeo imunodominante, onde o índice de estimulação foi nitidamente superior para o grupo controle. A quantificação de citocinas demonstrou diferença significativa apenas para IFN- entre os grupos de controles e pacientes sob os estímulos de PHA e do peptídeo sintético. Podemos concluir que o extrato fúngico obtido é antigênico e induz linfoproliferação. No entanto, a resposta ao peptídeo YIIDTGIDID (Tri r2) foi mais específica. Nosso trabalho demonstrou que nem todos os pacientes com Dermatofitoses extensas apresentam uma resposta celular deficiente, pois esses pacientes demonstram respostas tanto para o extrato quanto para o peptídeo antigênico de Trichophyton rubrumDermatophytes are fungi that have the ability to invade the stratum corneum of the skin and other keratinized tissues such as hair and nails. These fungi can cause infections anywhere on the skin, however the feet, inguinal region, axillae, scalp and nails are most often affected. Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic fungus responsible for approximately 80% of superficial mycoses in humans. Healthy individuals can present dermatophytoses, although in these individuals the involvement occurs on localized areas. On the other hand, individuals with impaired cellular immunity tend to have disseminated forms. With the aim of evaluating the cellular immune response of patients with extensive dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, we used a very sensitive method for assessing cellular immunity, measuring the lymphoproliferative response to mitogens such as: phytohemagglutinin (PHA); anti-CD3 (OKT3); and pokeweed (PWM). We also evaluated the lymphoproliferative response to antigens as: the metabolic antigen of Candida sp (CMA), the antigenic extract of Trichophyton rubrum; and the synthetic peptide (YIIDTGIDID) that corresponds to the main fungal epitope . We also evaluated the levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN- after stimulation by PHA, CMA, and the immunodominant peptide of the fungus. The immunophenotyping results showed no differences between the groups of patients and controls. The lymphoproliferation test results showed significant differences between the groups of patients and controls under the PWM and CMA stimuli. There were similar results for the groups of controls and patients after the antigenic stimulation by the extract, and significant differences between the groups of controls and patients against the immunodominant peptide, being the stimulation index significantly higher for the control group. The cytokines quantification showed a significant difference between the groups of controls and patients only for IFN- under PHA and the synthetic peptide stimulation. We can conclude that the obtained fungal extract is antigenic and can stimulate lymphoproliferation. However the response to the peptide YIIDTGIDID (Tri r2) was more specific. We showed that not all patients with extensive dermatophytosis have an impaired cellular response, demonstrating responses to both the extract and the antigenic peptide of T. rubrum
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Crawford, David William. "The physiological ecology of the red-water ciliate Mesodinium rubrum." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332829.
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Kirnak, Halil. "Developing a Theoretical Basis for Demand Irrigation of Acer Rubrum." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392735898.
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Schwarz, Bernd Jörg. "Molekular-sensorische Charakterisierung wertgebender Geschmacksstoffe in roten Johannisbeeren (Ribes rubrum)." Münster Schüling, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993318681/04.
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Alshammari, Saud. "Proteomic Evaluation and Cytotoxicity of Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Leaves." Chapman University Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pharmaceutical_sciences_theses/4.
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Red maple (Acer rubrum), also known as swamp, water or soft maple, is endemic to eastern and central North America and was widely used as traditional medicine by the first peoples. Commercially, its well-known products include maple syrup and high-quality lumber. The potential medicinal benefits of phenolic compounds extracted from the red maple plant, such as glucitol-core containing gallotannins, include antioxidant, and antiglycation effects as well as their importance in cosmetic applications. Plant-derived proteins and peptides are important biomolecules; however to date, there is no published data on the identification of proteins/peptides from red maple leaves. Therefore, the present study focuses on the activity guided purification of proteins from red maple leaves collected in spring and fall seasons. In addition, the focus of this project was in the evaluation of maple leaves employing bottom-up proteomics and De Novo protein profiling by PEAKS Studio-X and Gene Ontology Bioinformatics. The red maple leaves were grounded, defatted in hexane and proteins extracted in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.5. The extracted crude proteins were recovered by precipitation in 80% ammonium sulfate. The first-dimensional chromatography of crude extracted proteins was performed on a gel filtration column (HiLoad 16/600 Superdex200). The separation of crude extract and the partially purified gel filtration fraction was conducted by reversed-phase HPLC. The crude and eluted fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The extract was screened for cytotoxicity activity on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 breast cancer (MCF-7), M.D. Anderson Metastasis Breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines and anti-inflammatory activity on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell line from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The drug Doxorubicin was used as a positive control whereas untreated cells as a negative control in these experiments Preliminary data revealed that active protein fractions were eluted at two different regions of gel filtration chromatography both in spring and fall leaves. Bottom-up proteomics of crude and active fractions by PEAKS Studio-X and MASCOT bioinformatics database identified over 54 proteins. The Gene Ontology Annotation classified these proteins involved in the biological processing, cellular compartment, and molecular functions.
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Handrick, René. "Neuartige Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrat) Depolymerasen aus Paucimonas lemoignei und Rhodospirillum rubrum." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10934926.
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Selao, Tiago. "Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum : Through proteomics and beyond." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-42101.
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Adaptability is one of the reasons for the success of bacteria, allowing them to survive in conditions where no other organisms would be able to thrive. Nitrogen deficiency, for example, can be a limiting factor for the growth of micro-organisms, as this element is an essential part of almost all types of biomolecules. As such, some bacteria have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome nitrogen limitation. Nitrogen fixing bacteria, or diazotrophs, use a specific enzyme complex, nitrogenase, in order to harness this element from the enormous reservoir that is the Earth’s atmosphere. However, nitrogen fixation is a demanding process for the cells, requiring vast amounts of energy and tight regulation. In this thesis we explore the mechanisms regulating nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum, a purple non-sulphur photosynthetic bacterium. Using proteomics tools, we show how the regulation of both the nitrogen and carbon fixation processes is interconnected, possibly in order to maintain the intracellular redox balance. Using a new detergent molecule, we also demonstrate how nitrogen availability affects the chromatophore membrane proteome. Our studies have revealed the crucial role of the cellular pool of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) for adequate signaling through the PII proteins and the effects resulting from artificially manipulating this metabolite’s concentration. In R. rubrum nitrogenase is also subjected to post-translational control (the “switch-off” effect) and this work shows for the first time that the enzyme modifying nitrogenase (Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-ribsosyl Transferase or DRAT) forms a complex with the PII protein GlnB. This complex allows DRAT activation and its formation – and, therefore, DRAT activity – is regulated by binding of ADP:ATP and 2OG to GlnB. Upon light withdrawal, nitrogenase activity anaerobically in the dark is also here demonstrated to be dependent on the activity of the pathway starting in pyruvate formate-lyase and we show how different nitrogen sources influence the switch-off response. This response can, in some conditions, be modified by addition of pyruvate and we have studied how this metabolite influences nitrogenase activity and switch-off regulation. This study allows a better understanding of the underlying processes controlling the metabolic routes in R. rubrum and also provides new insights into regulation of enzyme activity, paving the road for the complete establishment of the mechanisms regulating nitrogenase switch-off.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Submitted.
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Jones, A. M. "Studies on fouling algae with specific reference to Ceramium rubrum c.a.Agardh." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370502.
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Jacob, Tiago Rinaldi. "Expressão, regulação e funcionalidade de genes HSPs no dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-15052014-105536/.
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O dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum é um fungo filamentoso, queratinofílico e antropofílico, sendo o principal agente etiológico de micoses cutâneas em humanos. Sua distribuição cosmopolita e seu acometimento grave em pacientes imunocomprometidos fazem dele um dos desafios a ser enfrentado pelos serviços de saúde pública mundial. As interações patógeno-hospedeiro envolvem diferentes processos relacionados com a degradação de queratina e com modificações metabólicas que permitem sua adesão e posterior penetração nos tecidos infectados. Essas alterações são importantes para o sucesso do processo infeccioso e envolvem mecanismos que modulam a expressão gênica, a secreção de proteínas específicas, a adaptação metabólica e as alterações no pH cutâneo, fundamentais para o estabelecimento da infecção. Dentre as proteínas que participam do processo de interação patógeno-hospedeiro estão as proteínas de choque térmico HSPs (Heat Shock Proteins), relacionadas aos mais diversificados processos celulares. Nesse sentido, a hipótese desse trabalho foi avaliar se os genes hsps de T. rubrum, bem como seu principal fator de transcrição (Hsf1), estão envolvidos nos processos de resposta a situações adversas e na interação com o microambiente hospedeiro, e se estes genes são modulados pelo fator de transcrição pacC, um regulador envolvido na sinalização do pH ambiente. Para tanto, a expressão dos genes hsps foi analisada em resposta ao cultivo de T. rubrum em diferentes meios de cultura, durante a exposição a antifúngicos, estresse térmico e interação com fragmentos de unha e pele humanas. O envolvimento da Hsp90 na modulação da expressão gênica, na suscetibilidade a antifúngicos e na interação de T. rubrum com fragmentos de unha humana foi avaliado utilizando-se um inibidor químico específico para esta proteína. Os resultados indicam uma expressão variável dentre os genes hsps e até mesmo dentro de cada família HSP, em resposta a cada condição ambiental ou interação a que o fungo foi exposto. Além disto, temos indício de que a expressão dos genes hsps seja modulada pelo fator de transcrição PacC, através da modulação do fator de transcrição Hsf1. Constatamos ainda, a influência de Hsp90 na susceptibilidade de T. rubrum às drogas Itraconazol e Micafungina, e no desenvolvimento de T. rubrum em fragmentos de unha humana. Esses resultados revelam a participação das proteínas HSPs em diversos aspectos do metabolismo de T. rubrum, e sugerem a participação de Hsp90 na patogenicicade e na suscetibilidade a drogas deste dermatófitoThe dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is a filamentous, keratinophilic, and anthrophophilic fungi, being the major etiologic agent of cutaneous mycoses in humans. Its cosmopolitan distribution and the severe infection in immunocompromised patients make it one of the challenges to be faced by public health agencies worldwide. Hostpathogen interactions involve different processes related to keratin degradation and metabolic changes that allow adhesion and subsequent penetration of the infected tissue. These changes are important to the success of the infectious process and involve mechanisms that modulate gene expression, secretion of specific proteins, and metabolic adaptation, and cutaneous pH changes, essential to the establishment of the infection. Among the proteins that participate in the host-pathogen interaction are the heat shoch proteins (HSPs), related to diverse cellular processes. Thus, the hypothesis of this work was to evaluate whether T. rubrum hsp genes, as well as their major transcription factor (Hsf1), are involved in the response to adverse situations and in the interaction with the host microenvironment, and if these genes are regulated by the transcription fator PacC, a regulator of the pH signaling pathway. The expression of the hsp genes was evaluated in response to the cultivation of T. rubrum in different culture medium, during exposure to antifungal drugs, heat stress, and interaction with human nail and skin. The involvement of T. rubrum Hsp90 in the modulation of gene expression, susceptibility to antifungal drugs, and interaction with human nails was evaluated by using a chemical inhibitor, specific to this protein. Our results indicate a variable expression of the hsp genes, even among members of the same HSP family, in response to each environmental condition or interaction, to which the fungus was exposed. Furthermore, we have evidence that the hsp gene expression is modulated by the PacC transcription factor, by modulating the expression of the Hsf1 coding gene. We also found that Hsp90 is involved in T. rubrum susceptibility to the drugs Itraconazole and Micafungin, and in the development of this dermatophyte in human nails. These results reveal the involvement of HSPs in several aspects of T. rubrum metabolism, suggesting a role for Hsp90 in the pathogenicity and drug susceptibility in this dermatophyte
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Peters, Anna L. "The Effects of Soil Phosphorus on Acer rubrum Fecundity." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1398164024.
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Goszka, Abigail R. "Seed Production and Seed Quality in Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564752025178858.
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Hammel, Jörg U. "Bakteriochlorophyllvorstufen und Pigment-Protein-Komplexe in Rhodospirillum rubrum ST3 und GN11." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-29780.
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Carlesi, Lorenzo. "Genetic variability and structuring of deep Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) populations." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2613/.
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ABSTRACT
Given the decline of shallow-water red coral populations resulting from over-exploitation and mass mortality events, deeper populations below 50 metres depth (mesophotic populations) are currently the most harvested; unfortunately, very little is known about their biology and ecology. The persistence of these populations is tightly linked to their adult density, reproductive success, larval dispersal and recruitment. Moreover, for their conservation, it is paramount understand processes such as connectivity within and among populations. Here, for the first time, genetic variability and structuring of Corallium rubrum populations collected in the Tyrrhenian Sea ranging from 58 to 118 metres were analyzed using ten microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial markers (mtMSH and MtC). The aims of the work were 1) to examine patterns of genetic diversity within each geographic area (Elba, Ischia and Praiano) and 2) to define population structuring at different spatial scales (from tens of metres to hundreds of kilometres). Based on microsatellite data set, significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to elevated heterozygote deficiencies were detected in all samples, probably related to the presence of null alleles and/or inbreeding, as was previously observed in shallow-water populations. Moreover, significant levels of genetic differentiation were observed at all spatial scale, suggesting a recent isolation of populations. Biological factors which act at small spatial scale and/or abiotic factors at larger scale (e.g. summer gyres or absence of suitable substrata for settlement) could determine this genetic isolation. Using mitochondrial markers, significant differences were found only at wider scale (between Tuscany and Campania regions). These results could be related to the different mutation rate of the molecular makers or to the occurrence of some historical links within regions. A significant isolation by distance pattern was then observed using both data sets, confirming the restricted larval dispersal capability of the species. Therefore, the hypothesis that deeper populations may act as a source of larvae helping recovery of threatened shallow-water populations is not proved. Conservation strategies have to take into account these results, and management plans of deep and currently harvested populations have to be defined at a regional or sub regional level, similarly to shallow-water populations. Nevertheless, further investigations should be needed to understand better the genetic structuring of this species in the mesophotic zone, e.g. extending studies to other Mediterranean deep-water populations.
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Pereira, Fillipe de Oliveira. "Investigação do mecanismo da atividade antifúngica de monoterpenos frente a cepas de Trichophyton rubrum." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6745.
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Trichophyton rubrum is the main responsible microorganism of chronic cases of dermatophytosis on nails, feet, hands, torso, neck and scalp, with high rates of resistance to antifungal agents. The clinical and epidemiological importance concerned dermatophytosis encourage studies for searching of new antifungal agents. In this context, attention has been drawn to the products from aromatic plants, especially essential oils and their components. The monoterpenes stands out due to widespread recognition of its antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it was investigated the antifungal activity of the monoterpenes citronellal, geraniol and citronellol against 14 strains of T. rubrum. For this, it was determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each drug, as well as their effects on mycelial growth (dry weight), the viability (logCFU/mL), conidial germination and morphogenesis. The action of the drugs on the fungal cell wall (test with sorbitol) and on the fungal cell membrane (release of cellular material, complex with ergosterol and ergosterol synthesis) were also investigated. Moreover, it was analyzed the interference on the infectivity of T. rubrum (in vitro nail infection). Among the tested monoterpenes, geraniol and citronellol were the most potent, since they showed lower MIC values. Assays were performed with geraniol (MIC = 32 μg/mL and MICx2 = 64 μg/mL) and citronellol (MIC = 128 μg/mL and MICx2 = 256 μg/mL), they significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and conidial germination. The monoterpenes showed fungicidal effect and caused caused abnormalities in morphogenesis showing large, short and twisted hyphal in the strains ATCC1683 and LM422. With sorbitol, the MIC values of these monoterpenes increased against the strain ATCC1683, suggesting action on the fungal cell wall. The results of the assays on the cell membrane showed that geraniol and citronellol released intracellular material, formed complexes with the ergosterol and decreased content of ergosterol. Therefore, the results suggest that that geraniol and citronellol act on the membrane of T. rubrum by a mechanism that appears to involve a complex with ergosterol and inhibition its biosynthesis, indirectly affecting the cell wall and causing cell lysis. Moreover, geraniol and citronellol at MIC and MICx2 also prevented infection of T. rubrum on nail fragments. Thus, the monoterpenes geraniol and citronellol are presented as promising antifungal agents, with potential applicability in the treatment of dermatophytosis, especially against the agent T. rubrum.
Trichophyton rubrum é o principal agente responsável por quadros crônicos de dermatofitoses em unhas, nos pés, nas mãos, no tronco, pescoço e couro cabeludo, com altos índices de resistência aos antifúngicos. A importância clínica e epidemiológica dispensada às dermatofitoses impulsionam estudos que visam à descoberta de novos agentes antifúngicos. Neste contexto, grande atenção vem sendo dada aos produtos oriundos de plantas aromáticas, especialmente os óleos essenciais e seus componentes. Entre estes, os monoterpenos se destacam por possuírem amplo reconhecimento do seu poder antimicrobiano. Por isso, foi investigada a atividade antifúngica dos monoterpenos citronelal, geraniol e citronelol frente a 14 cepas de T. rubrum. Para tal, foi determinada a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de cada produto, como também os seus efeitos sobre o crescimento micelial (massa seca), a viabilidade (LogUFC/mL), a germinação de conídios e a morfogênese de T. rubrum. A ação dos produtos sobre a parede celular fúngica (ensaio com sorbitol) e sobre a membrana plasmática fúngica (perda de material citoplasmático, complexação com ergosterol e síntese de ergosterol) também foi investigada. Além disso, foi analisada a interferência sobre a infectividade de T. rubrum (infecção in vitro em unhas). Entre os monoterpenos testados, geraniol e citronelol foram os mais potentes, pois apresentaram menores valores de CIM. Ensaios foram realizados com geraniol (CIM = 32 μg/mL e CIMx2 = 64 μg/mL) e citronelol (CIM = 128 μg/mL e CIMx2 = 256 μg/mL), nos quais eles inibiram significativamente o desenvolvimento micelial e a germinação dos conídios. Os monoterpenos apresentaram efeito fungicida e provocaram alterações na morfogênese formando hifas largas, curtas e tortuosas nas cepas ATCC1683 e LM422. Com sorbitol, os valores de CIM desses monoterpenos aumentaram frente à cepa ATCC1683, sugerindo ação sobre a parede celular fúngica. Os resultados dos ensaios sobre a membrana plasmática mostraram que geraniol e citronelol provocaram liberação de material intracelular, formaram complexos com o ergosterol e diminuíram o conteúdo de ergosterol. Diante dos resultados, sugere-se que o geraniol e citronelol atuam sobre a membrana de T. rubrum por um mecanismo que parece envolver a complexação com o ergosterol e inibição de sua biossíntese, afetando indiretamente a parede celular e ocasionando lise celular. Além do mais, geraniol e citronelol, na CIM e CIMx2, também inibiram a infecção de T. rubrum em fragmentos ungueais. Dessa maneira, os monoterpenos geraniol e citronelol se apresentam como promissores agentes antifúngicos, com potencial aplicabilidade no tratamento das dermatofitoses, em especial contra o agente T. rubrum.
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Persinoti, Gabriela Felix. "Análise do Perfil Transcricional do Dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum durante a Interação com o Agente Inibidor Acriflavina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-22042013-113234/.
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O dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum é um fungo filamentoso, antropofílico que infecta preferencialmente tecidos queratinizados, e é o agente etiológico mais frequentemente isolado em casos de dermatofitoses humanas. Recentemente, este fungo tornou-se a causa de infecções profundas e generalizadas em pacientes imunocomprometidos. As estratégias terapêuticas para controlar esse tipo de infecção apresentam várias limitações, como o aparecimento de linhagens resistentes e o número restrito de alvos celulares disponíveis. Novas estratégias terapêuticas são necessárias, sendo o foco de muitas investigações. Acriflavina é uma droga citotóxica com atividade antifúngica envolvida na inibição da topoisomerase. Embora seja um composto intercalante de DNA, já foi relatada a super expressão de genes que codificam enzimas envolvidas no transporte de elétrons na cadeia respiratória mitocondrial e no transporte de ferro em resposta a esta droga, sugerindo um amplo espectro de efeitos celulares. A fim de melhor compreender seus efeitos moleculares, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o transcriptoma de T. rubrum em resposta a acriflavina. Os perfis transcricionais em resposta a esta droga foram analisados utilizando a metodologia de RNA-seq empregando o sequenciamento em larga escala SOLiD System. Foram comparadas quatro bibliotecas sendo uma o cultivo de T. rubrum em meio Sabouraud e três períodos de exposição à droga: 3 horas, 12 horas e 24 horas. Foram geradas aproximadamente 200 milhões de reads, as quais foram filtradas e alinhadas no genoma de T. rubrum disponível no Dermatophyte Comparative Database Broad Institute utilizando os algoritmos Bowtie e Tophat. As reads alinhadas foram processadas utilizando os algoritmos Cufflinks e Cuffdiff para estimar a abundancia dos transcritos e testar os genes diferencialmente expressos entre o controle e as condições de exposição à droga. Foram identificados 3.153 genes diferencialmente expressos. Após o estabelecimento de critérios mais estringentes, foram selecionados 490 genes diferencialmente expressos em resposta à droga. Estes genes estão relacionados a vários processos celulares como reações de oxidação e redução, transporte transmembrana, transporte de íons e metais e a patogenicidade. Os genes envolvidos com patogenicidade foram reprimidos, sugerindo que a droga interfira com processos importantes para instalação e manutenção da infecção no hospedeiro. Outros fatores de virulência como genes envolvidos no ciclo do glioxilato, também foram reprimidos pela droga. Além disso, genes da via de biossíntese do ergosterol foram reprimidos pela droga, o que constitui um provável novo mecanismo de ação de acriflavina. Os resultados obtidos nesta análise em larga escala contribuem com a elucidação dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na adaptação ao estresse em dermatófitos e podem auxiliar o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antifúngicas. Além disso, estes resultados contribuem com a anotação do genoma e transcritoma de T. rubrum e outros dermatófitos.The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic filamentous fungus that infects keratinized tissues and is the most common etiologic agent isolated in cases of human dermatophytoses. Recently, it has become the cause of deep and widespread infections in immunocompromised patients. Therapeutic strategies to control these infections have several limitations, such as the appearence of resistant strains and the limited number of antifungal cellular targets. New therapeutic strategies are necessary, being the focus of many investigations. Acriflavine is a cytotoxic drug with antifungal activity involved in topoisomerase inhibition. Although it presents DNA intercalating properties, it has already been reported the over-expression of genes coding for enzymes involved in mitochondrial respiratory-electron transport and in iron transport in response to this drug, suggesting a broad spectra of cellular effects. In order to better understand its molecular effects we evaluated T. rubrum transcriptome in response to acriflavine in a time-course assay using the next generation sequencing technology SOLiD System. RNA-seq was performed comparing T. rubrum growth in Sabouraud medium as the control and the three periods of drug exposure, 3h, 12h, and 24h. RNA-seq generated approximately 200 million short reads that were mapped to the Broad Institutes Dermatophyte Comparative Database using Bowtie and TopHat algoritms. Differential gene expression analysis was performed using Cufflinks and Cuffdiff. It was identified 3,153 differentially expressed genes. A more stringent cut-off threshold was established and this analysis revealed a subset of 490 genes modulated in response to the stress caused by exposure of T. rubrum to acriflavine. These genes are involved in various cellular processes such as oxidation-reduction reactions, transmembrane transport, metal ion binding, and pathogenicity. The genes involved in pathogenicity were down-regulated, suggesting that this drug interferes with virulence factors that allow the development of infection and persistence of the dermatophyte in the host. Other virulence factors such as genes involved in the glyoxylate cycle were also repressed by the drug. Moreover, genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis pathway were down-regulated by the drug and may constitute a new mechanism of action of acriflavine. The results obtained in this large scale analysis provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of T. rubrum to stress conditions and may aid the development of new antifungal drugs. Furthermore, these results contribute to improve gene annotation and open reading frame prediction for T. rubrum and other dermatophyte genomes and transcriptomes.
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Soares, Luciana Arantes [UNESP]. "Estudo da atividade antidermatofitica de Protocatecuatos contra T. rubrum e T. interdigitale." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94784.
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
São evidentes a necessidade de novas substâncias antifúngicas e a grande importância dos produtos naturais no desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas terapêuticas. Assim, neste estudo avaliou-se a atividade antifúngica dos derivados sintéticos esterificados do ácido protocatecuico. Todos os isolados apresentaram bons resultados ao teste de suscetibilidade aos derivados sintéticos do ácido protocatecuico demonstrando que 62,5% foram ativos em relação para dois isolados de T. rubrum (Tr1 e Tr2), T. rubrum MYA 3108 (Tr3) e isolado clínico T. interdigitale (Tm1) e 68,7%, para isolado clínico T. interdigitale (Tm2) e T. interdigitale ATCC 40131 (Tm3) dos 16 compostos testados. Como referência para avaliação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foram considerados todos os resultados com valores ≤ 62,5 ug\mL. A combinação fluconazol mais protocatecuatos de pentila, hexila, heptila, octila e nonila foi aditivo para isolados clínicos Tr1, Tm1 e Tm3, exceto a combinação com fluconazol mais protocatecuato de heptila, que revelou um efeito sinérgico contra Tm3. A griseofulvina em combinação com protocatecuato de nonila mostrou atividade sinérgica em duas linhagens de dermatófitos, atividade aditiva para quatro linhagens. Oito derivados do ácido protocatecuico foram associados quimicamente com o miconazol sendo encontradas interações sinérgicas e aditivas. Foi testada a associação entre protocatecuatos e o antifúngico nistatina, resultando interações antagônicas, demonstrando assim que o polieno...
There is a clear need for new antifungal compounds, and the importance of natural products in the development of novel therapeutic tools. In this study, it was evaluated the antifungal activity of protocatechuic acid esters. All of the fungus isolated showed good results when testing susceptibility to synthetic derivatives of protocatechuic acid, showing that 62.5% were active against two strains of T. rubrum (Tr1 e Tr2), T. rubrum MYA 3108 (Tr3) and clinical isolate T.interdigitale (Tm1) and 68.7% for clinical isolate of T. interdigitale (Tm2) and T. interdigitale ATCC 40131 (Tm3) of the 16 compounds tested. Reference values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were considered ≤ 62.5 ug/ mL. The combination of fluconazole plus pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl and nonyl protocatechuates was additive to clinical isolates Tr1, Tm1 and Tm3, except the combination fluconazole plus heptyl protocatechuate, which showed a synergistic effect on Tm3. Griseofulvin in combination with nonyl protocatechuate exhibited synergistic activity two towards dermatophyte strains, additive interaction for four strains. When eight protocatechuic acid derivatives were chemically associated with miconazole, were observed synergistic and additive effects. We tested the association between protocatechuates and nystatin, resulting in antagonistic interactions. Thus it demonstrated that have not a polyene antifungal best when... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Yoshikawa, Fábio Seiti Yamada. "A participação dos receptores da imunidade inata na resposta contra Trichophyton rubrum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-04052016-104324/.
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Dermatofitoses são infecções fúngicas de natureza crônica cujo principal agente etiológico é Trichophyton rubrum. Apesar de sua alta ocorrência mundial, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos nestas infecções. Neste trabalho investigamos a participação de duas classes de receptores de imunidade inata (NLRs e CLRs) na resposta a T.rubrum e avaliamos o perfil proteômico de macrófagos quando estimulados com o fungo. Observamos que T.rubrum foi capaz de induzir a produção de IL-1β dependente do inflamassomo NLRP3 e destacamos o papel da sinalização de IL-1 na modulação da resposta de IL-17. Determinamos os CLRs dectina-1 e dectina-2 como receptores essenciais na produção de citocinas inflamatórias e para o controle da infecção experimental. Curiosamente, a IL-17 e os linfócitos T e B foram dispensáveis para a eliminação do fungo. Também identificamos a proteína CLEC1A como uma novo receptor para fungos, envolvido no reconhecimento de glicolipídeos de T.rubrum. Por fim, a análise proteômica de macrofagos revelou a vimentina e a plastina-2 como duas proteínas potencialmente envolvidas na relação patógeno-hospedeiro.Dermatophytosis are chronic fungal infections whose main causative agent is Trichophyton rubrum. Despite its high incidence worldwide, the immunological mechanisms underlying these infections remain largely unknown. Here we investigated the involvement of two classes of innate immune receptors (NLRs and CLRs) in the reponse to T.rubrum and performed a proteomic profiling of macrophages upon T.rubrum stimulation. We observed that T.rubrum was able to drive NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β production and highlighted IL-1 signaling as an important component in the shaping of the IL-17 response. We defined the CLRs dectin-1 and dectin-2 as key receptors for the induction of inflammatory cytokines and for the infection control in the in vivo settings. Curiously, IL-17 cytokines and T and B lymphocytes were dispensable for fungal clearance. In addition, we uncovered CLEC1A as a new receptor in fungal sensing, involved in the recognition of T.rubrum glycolipids. Finally, the proteomic analysis revealed Vimentin and Plastin-2 as two proteins potentially involved in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Soares, Luciana Arantes. "Estudo da atividade antidermatofitica de Protocatecuatos contra T. rubrum e T. interdigitale /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94784.
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Orientador: Ana Marisa Fusco AlmeidaBanca: Anderson Assunção Andrade
Banca: Luis Octávio Regasini
Resumo: São evidentes a necessidade de novas substâncias antifúngicas e a grande importância dos produtos naturais no desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas terapêuticas. Assim, neste estudo avaliou-se a atividade antifúngica dos derivados sintéticos esterificados do ácido protocatecuico. Todos os isolados apresentaram bons resultados ao teste de suscetibilidade aos derivados sintéticos do ácido protocatecuico demonstrando que 62,5% foram ativos em relação para dois isolados de T. rubrum (Tr1 e Tr2), T. rubrum MYA 3108 (Tr3) e isolado clínico T. interdigitale (Tm1) e 68,7%, para isolado clínico T. interdigitale (Tm2) e T. interdigitale ATCC 40131 (Tm3) dos 16 compostos testados. Como referência para avaliação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foram considerados todos os resultados com valores ≤ 62,5 ug\mL. A combinação fluconazol mais protocatecuatos de pentila, hexila, heptila, octila e nonila foi aditivo para isolados clínicos Tr1, Tm1 e Tm3, exceto a combinação com fluconazol mais protocatecuato de heptila, que revelou um efeito sinérgico contra Tm3. A griseofulvina em combinação com protocatecuato de nonila mostrou atividade sinérgica em duas linhagens de dermatófitos, atividade aditiva para quatro linhagens. Oito derivados do ácido protocatecuico foram associados quimicamente com o miconazol sendo encontradas interações sinérgicas e aditivas. Foi testada a associação entre protocatecuatos e o antifúngico nistatina, resultando interações antagônicas, demonstrando assim que o polieno... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: There is a clear need for new antifungal compounds, and the importance of natural products in the development of novel therapeutic tools. In this study, it was evaluated the antifungal activity of protocatechuic acid esters. All of the fungus isolated showed good results when testing susceptibility to synthetic derivatives of protocatechuic acid, showing that 62.5% were active against two strains of T. rubrum (Tr1 e Tr2), T. rubrum MYA 3108 (Tr3) and clinical isolate T.interdigitale (Tm1) and 68.7% for clinical isolate of T. interdigitale (Tm2) and T. interdigitale ATCC 40131 (Tm3) of the 16 compounds tested. Reference values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were considered ≤ 62.5 ug/ mL. The combination of fluconazole plus pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl and nonyl protocatechuates was additive to clinical isolates Tr1, Tm1 and Tm3, except the combination fluconazole plus heptyl protocatechuate, which showed a synergistic effect on Tm3. Griseofulvin in combination with nonyl protocatechuate exhibited synergistic activity two towards dermatophyte strains, additive interaction for four strains. When eight protocatechuic acid derivatives were chemically associated with miconazole, were observed synergistic and additive effects. We tested the association between protocatechuates and nystatin, resulting in antagonistic interactions. Thus it demonstrated that have not a polyene antifungal best when... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Favier, Lidia. "Etude cinétique et stoechiométrique de la croissance de Rhodospirillum rubrum en photobioréacteur." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF22538.
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Une étude expérimentale de la croissance de la bactérie pourpre non sulfureuse Rhodospirillum rubrum en mode continu dans un photobioréacteur cylindrique radialement éclairé fonctionnant en photohétérotrophie a été réalisée afin de comprendre sa réponse métabolique en condition de limitation par la lumière. Un ensemble de données cinétiques et stoechiométriques ont été recueillies. Une étude du métabolisme de R. Rubrum par une approche flux métabolique a été ensuite réalisée afin de comprendre à l'échelle cellulaire le couplage entre la lumière et les cinétiques de croissance. Ceci a permis de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques métaboliques de cette bactérie, d'établir une stoechiométrie globale et d'estimer le rendement quantique moyen pour la synthèse d'une mole de biomasse. Enfin, les informations obtenues ont permis d'obtenir un modèle de connaissance pour la croissance de cette bactérie. Ce modèle a été validé en simulation pour différentes conditions opératoires
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Le, Goff Carine. "Approches physiologique et moléculaire de la calcification chez le corail rouge de méditerranée Corallium rubrum." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066439/document.
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Le processus de calcification chez Corallium rubrum conduit à la formation de deux structures squelettiques composées de CaCO3, l’axe squelettique et les sclérites, de taille et de forme différentes. Comme chez de nombreuses espèces calcifiantes, la calcification se fait sous contrôle biologique impliquant notamment des enzymes et des transporteurs ioniques. Une question centrale est d’identifier les mécanismes communs ou propres à chaque espèce qui sous-tendent leur convergence fonctionnelle envers ce processus. Deux approches ont été utilisées pour caractériser ces mécanismes chez C. rubrum: 1) Une approche physiologique avec le développement d’une technique de culture de microcolonies sur lamelles permettant d’observer différents stades de calcification, et de mesurer le pH aux sites de calcification par imagerie confocale ; 2) Une approche moléculaire afin de caractériser une famille d’enzymes, les anhydrases carboniques (ACs), qui jouent un rôle clef dans la calcification.Nous avons réalisé une cartographie du pH en effectuant des mesures dans différents compartiments intra- et extracellulaires. Nos résultats montrent notamment que le pH aux sites de calcification est supérieur à celui du milieu circulant dans les canaux gastrodermiques et non à celui l’eau de mer. Les mesures d’expression différentielle des ACs dans différents tissus mettent en évidence une isozyme préférentiellement exprimée dans les cellules calcifiantes.Ces résultats intégrés dans un contexte de calcification comparée pointent sur la convergence fonctionnelle des ACs et de la régulation du pH par les cellules calcifiantes, tout en soulignant des divergences évolutivesThe calcification process in Corallium rubrum leads to the formation of two skeletal structures made of calcium carbonate, the skeletal axis and sclerites, of different size and shape. As in many calcifying species, calcification occurs under a biological control that involves enzymes and ion transporters. A central issue is to determine the common and the species-specific mechanisms of calcification in order to identify functional convergences in this process. Two approaches were used to characterize these mechanisms in C. rubrum: 1) A physiological approach involving the development of a microcolony culture technique on glass coverslips, allowing the observation of the different stages of calcification, and the measurement of pH at the sites of calcification by the use of confocal microscopy; 2) A molecular approach to characterize an enzyme family, the carbonic anhydrases, which play a key role in calcification.We performed pH mapping by making measurements in different intra- and extracellular compartments. Our results show higher pH values at the sites of calcification compared with the fluid circulating in the gastrodermal canals, but not with the seawater surrounding the microcolony. Measurements of differential expression of carbonic anhydrases in different tissue fractions highlight an isozyme preferentially expressed in the calcifying cells.Within comparative calcification perspectives, these results point towards the functional convergence of carbonic anhydrases and pH regulation by the calcifying cells, while highlighting evolutionary divergences
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Kelting, Matthew P. "Effects of Soil Amendments and Biostimulants on the Post-transplant Growth of Landscape Trees." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36957.
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Use of soil amendments at planting is one of the time-honored traditions in horticulture, although their effectiveness has been questioned by many. Recently, humate and humate-based products, generally known as biostimulants, have been marketed to increase transplant success. In this study, three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of soil amendments and biostimulants on post-transplant growth of landscape trees. The first experiment, conducted in a greenhouse, determined the effects of several biostimulant treatments (granular humate, water-soluble humate, liquid humate, liquid humate+ = humic acid, hormones, and vitamins) and fertilizer levels (low, medium, high) on the growth of container-grown Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut) seedlings. Biostimulants did not increase top growth compared to control treatments, but root growth was increased by granular humate at a medium fertilizer rate. The second experiment examined the effects of biostimulants (granular humate, water-soluble humate, liquid humate+) on the post-transplant root growth and sap-flow of landscape-sized balled and burlapped Acer rubrum L. (red maple) grown in root observation compartments (rhizotrons). Biostimulants did not increase root growth over control treatments, but sap-flow was increased. The third experiment, conducted in the field (Groseclose silt loam soil) investigated the effects of soil amendments (peat, and compost) and biostimulants (granular humate, and liquid humate+) on the post-transplant growth of Crataegus phaenopyrum (Blume) Hara (Washington hawthorn) and red maple transplanted bare-root, and grown under combinations of irrigated vs non-irrigated and fertilized-at-planting vs non-fertilized-at-planting regimes. Hawthorn controls generally had less top growth than the other soil treatments as a whole. No soil treatment was higher than control for top growth of red maple. However, root growth of red maple was highest in the peat-treated trees. Stem diameter and dry mass for the control and compost treatments were higher than the biostimulant treatments in irrigated plots, but no differences were observed in non-irrigated plots. Granular humate-treated trees resulted in higher stem diameter and dry mass than the liquid humate+-treated trees in non-irrigated plots. There were no effects of fertilizer, or irrigation on growth after two growing seasons for either species.Master of Science
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Contant, Charles W. "Relationships between Acer rubrum L., Mycorrhizae, and reclamation activities in the Sudbury region." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0027/MQ31421.pdf.
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Benz, Sabine. "Studies on the #alpha# and #beta# of the H'+-ATPase from Rhodospirillum rubrum." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390450.
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Perrin, Franck. ""Corralium rubrum L. " en Gaule, du VIe au Ier siècle avant J. -C." Paris, EPHE, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995EPHEA001.
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Kovach, Katherine Elizabeth. "Assessment of Genetic Variation of Acer rubrum L. and Liriodendron tulipifera L. Populations in Unmanaged Forests of the Southeast United States." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31282.
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Acer rubrum L. and Liriodendron tulipifera L. are prolific throughout their ranges in the Southeastern U.S. and also have increasingly important roles in forestry and wood products in this region. The relatively low density and intermediate strength of the wood makes them versatile for use in many different wood products. Exploring the genetic structure of these species could provide a foundation for further genetic and breeding exploration with these economically important trees. This study utilizes amplified fragment length polymorphism to determine the level of genetic diversity of these species in contrasting physiographic provinces. AFLP was performed using five primer combinations on samples collected from six unmanaged populations of each species in the Mountains and Coastal Plain of the Southeastern U.S. Wood density was determined using an X-ray densitometer. A. rubrum lacked strong genetic structure while L. tulipifera showed differentiation between physiographic provinces. Genetic diversity of A. rubrum was lower within the Mountain populations (He: 0.327) than the Coastal Plain populations (He: 0.365). The average wood density for A. rubrum is lower in the Mountains (539.00 kg/m^3) than in the Coastal Plain (575.43 kg/m^3). Genetic diversity of L. tulipifera was higher overall (He: 0.289) than within the Mountain populations (He: 0.281) or the Coastal Plain populations (He: 0.271). The average wood density for L. tulipifera is greater in the Mountains (445.45 kg/m^3) than in the Coastal Plain (441.67 kg/m^3).Master of Science
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Autenrieth, Caroline [Verfasser], and Robin [Akademischer Betreuer] Ghosh. "Untersuchungen zur Assemblierung der photosynthetischen Einheit von Rhodospirillum rubrum / Caroline Autenrieth ; Betreuer: Robin Ghosh." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1124841385/34.
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Pratlong, Marine. "Le défi évolutif du changement climatique, processus adaptatifs chez le corail rouge (Corallium rubrum)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4118/document.
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En Méditerranée, le corail rouge présente un important rôle écologique dans les écosystèmes benthiques de substrat dur. Les conditions environnementales, et notamment thermiques extrêmement contrastées que cette espèce subit sur l'ensemble de son aire de répartition, en font un modèle intéressant pour l'étude de l'adaptation locale. Dans un premier temps, nous avons confirmé que les différences d'expressions de gènes étaient maintenues au cours du temps, en absence de stress thermique chez des individus issus de profondeurs différentes à Marseille. Certains des gènes identifiés sont de bons candidats pour l'étude de l'adaptation locale et de forts arguments en faveur de la conservation de cette fonction chez les cnidaires. Afin d'identifier d'éventuelles bases génétiques de l'adaptation locale chez le corail rouge, nous avons mis en place un protocole d'échantillonnage de paires de populations `surface vs profondeurs' dans trois régions géographiques différentes suivi d'un séquençage via RAD-Séquençage. L'analyse de la structure génétique neutre indique une connectivité réduite entre les populations de surface et à fois populations de surface et les populations profondes qui pourrait limiter les capacités de recolonisation des populations les plus exposées aux pressions du changement global. Nous avons identifié un signal probable d'adaptation locale, sans qu'une convergence dans les gènes ou les fonctions candidats n'ait été observée. L'analyse de la structure génétique chez le corail rouge a conduit à l'identification de marqueurs génétiques du sexeThe Mediterranean red coral has an important ecological role in Mediterranean benthic ecosystems and is submitted to major anthropic pressures because of its direct (exploitation) and indirect (attractivity for recreational scuba-diving) economical values. Because of the extremely contrasted thermal conditions it deals with along his range the red coral is an interesting model for the study of local adaptation. We first confirmed that gene expression differences were maintained along time, in absence of thermal stress in individuals from different depths in Marseille. Some of these genes were good candidates for the study of local adaptation and strong arguments supporting the conservation of this function in cnidaria.In order to identify potential genetic basis of the local adaptation in the red coral, we built a sampling design of pairs of `shallow vs deep' populations in three geographical regions and sequenced via RAD-Sequencing the corresponding individuals. The analysis of neutral genetic structure of the studied populations highlighted a limited connectivity of shallow populations with both shallow populations and deep populations that could counteract recolonization abilities of population the most exposed to global change. Several methodological obstacles have been met in the detection of loci under selection in such strongly structured species. By keeping in mind these potential biases, we highlighted a potential signal of local adaptation in Marseille and Corsica, without any convergence in candidates genes and functions. The analysis of the genetic structure of the red coral led us to the identification of sex genetic markers
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Fair, Barbara A. "Growth response and adaptability of acer rubrum and acer XFREEMANII cultivars to soil compaction." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1117571227.
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Torrents, Oriol. "Biologie des populations du corail rouge Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) de Méditerranée nord-occidentale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22072.pdf.
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Le corail rouge de Méditerranée Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) est un octocoralliaire colonial sessile à longue durée de vie (> 100 ans) qui possède un squelette calcaire arborescent de couleur rouge. Le corail rouge est une espèce emblématique de Méditerranée parce qu’il a été récolté depuis l’antiquité pour l’utilisation de son squelette calcaire en bijouterie et ornementation. Les principales sources de mortalité de cette espèce sont les récoltes humaines et les événements de mortalité massive causés par des anomalies thermiques positives. Les principales conséquences de ces mortalités ont été la diminution de l’abondance des populations et de la taille moyenne des colonies. Malgré sa renommée, la biologie et l’écologie du corail rouge sont encore mal connues et leur connaissance s’avère indispensable pour une bonne gestion de populations. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse ont été d’améliorer la connaissance globale de la biologie et écologie de cette espèce en étudiant des populations de côtes françaises méditerranéennes et d’apporter des données nécessaires pour les gestionnaires. Cette thèse a été dédiée à l’étude de paramètres essentiels de son cycle de vie comme la croissance et la biologie de la reproduction sur un grand nombre de populations (17 au total, réparties entre les côtes rocheuses près de Marseille et la Réserve naturelle de Scandola située à l’ouest de la Corse). Elle a aussi été le cadre de la première étude expérimentale sur la thermotolérance du corail rouge. Le corail rouge présente un taux moyen de croissance en diamètre de 0,15 mm par an. Malgré le grand nombre de colonies étudiées, les taux de croissance semblent être du même ordre de grandeur quel que soit l’habitat : intérieur ou extérieur des grottes, 20 ou 40 mètres de profondeur, les côtes de Calanques ou les côtes de l'ouest de la Corse. Par contre, la fécondité (nombre de gonades par polype), étudiée sur ces mêmes populations, semble être influencée par l’habitat. Ainsi, les populations de corail rouge localisées à l’intérieur des grottes montrent une fécondité significativement inférieure à celle des populations situées à l’extérieur des grottes. Cependant, aucune différence significative n’a pas été trouvée pour la fécondité entre populations situées à des profondeurs contrastées (18 – 22 m vs 39 – 42 m). L’étude de la biologie de la reproduction de l’espèce a été complétée par des travaux sur le cycle reproducteur, sur le sex–ratio qui semble être 1:1, sur la taille à la première reproduction située à moins de 3 cm de hauteur correspondant à 7 – 10 ans, sur la différence de maturité des gonades en profondeur, sur la variabilité annuelle de la fécondité qui s’avère être faible sur 3 ans et finalement sur les effet de l’anomalie thermique positive de l’été 2003 sur la reproduction. Finalement, des expérimentations sur la thermotolérance en aquarium ont été realisées sur deux populations provenant de profondeurs très contrastées (11 – 14 m vs 39 – 42 m). Ainsi, le seuil maximal de résistance a été trouvé aux alentours de 25 °C, température à laquelle les colonies commencent à se nécroser après 10 – 15 jours d’exposition. L’augmentation de la température de l’eau de mer affecte aussi la calcification et l’activité des polypes. La population peu profonde a montré une résistance plus élevée aux augmentations de température et ceci pour les trois variables de réponse étudiées. En conclusion, ce travail a permis d’avancer sur la compréhension de la dynamique de population du corail rouge. Les résultats seront essentiels pour le développement de modèles de dynamique de populations et également, ils faciliteront les recherches sur les facteurs environnementaux et/ou génétiques qui modulent la réponse des populations face au changement global. Finalement, ces nouvelles connaissances aideront au développement et à l’amélioration des plans de gestion et de conservation du corail rougeThe precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) is a long–lived colonial sessile octocorallian which develops a red calcareous skeleton well–appreciated since antiquity for its value in jewellery and ornamentation. Professional harvesting, poaching and mass mortality events associated with positive thermal anomalies are the major sources of disturbance for this species. These disturbances have caused a marked decrease both in the abundance and size of colonies in the present populations. The persistence of these populations is linked to management and conservation plans constructed using reliable information about both main life history traits and population dynamics. Despite its value meaning, little is known about the biology and ecology of red coral. The main goals of this study is to provide data about significant life history traits (growth and reproduction) of red coral populations dwelling along the Mediterranean French rocky coasts in order to contribute our understanding of the biology and ecology of this species. In addition, this study will provide information about the effects of mass mortality events on red coral populations in order to better understand how these disturbances affect its population dynamics. The mean growth rate of red coral colonies was 0. 15 mm per year in diameter. Despite the large number of populations studied, growth rates remained stable across a wide variety of habitats analysed. Habitat comparisons were made between cave entrance vs cave interior, 20 vs 40 m depth and Calanques region vs west coast of Corsica Island. However, fecundity (number of mature gonads per polyp) analysed on the same populations seems only to be influenced by food availability. Thus, red coral populations dwelling at the entrance of caves showed larger fecundity than populations dwelling at the interior of the same caves. On the other hand, populations dwelling in contrasted depths (18 – 22 m vs 39 – 42 m) did not show any significant differences on fecundity. The study of reproduction biology of red coral has been completed by studies on reproductive cycle, sex ratio (1:1 overall studied populations), age and size at first reproduction (less than 3 cm corresponding to 7 – 10 years), differential gonad maturity in contrasted locations in both cave and depth factors analyses, inter-annual variability on fecundity (it seems to be low along three years) and the effects of mass mortality events on red coral fecundity. Finally, experiments on thermal tolerance in aquaria have been performed using two populations dwelling at contrasted depths (11 – 14 vs 39 – 42 m). The upper thermal limit was 25 °C. At this temperature, red coral colonies showed necrosis after 10 – 15 days. Polyp activity and calcification was also affected by increase of seawater temperature. Three experiments indicate that colonies from shallow populations had greater thermal tolerance to elevated temperatures than those from the deeper ones. In conclusion, this study furnished data to complete information about population dynamics of red coral. It is the aim of this study is to contribute to the development of mathematical models that can be used to explore the response of red coral populations under different disturbance regimes, as well as to facilitate future research about genetic or environmental factors which can modulate responses of these populations to environmental changes associated to climate change. Finally, these informations will help to improve both management and conservation plans
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Rugiu, Luca. "Genetic structuring of red coral (Corallium rubrum L. 1758) recruits in a submarine cave." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4897/.
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Maranhão, Fernanda Cristina de Albuquerque. "Análise da expressão gênica no dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum mimetizando a infecção in vitro: pH e diferentes fontes de carbono regulando genes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-03042009-162004/.
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Dermatófitos são fungos filamentosos com a habilidade de invadir substratos queratinizados e causar dermatofitoses em humanos e animais, penetrando profundamente apenas em hospedeiros imunocomprometidos. Trichophyton rubrum é um fungo antropofílico e cosmopolita, o mais comum agente de micoses superficiais, que usa componentes celulares como proteínas e lipídeos após uma específica regulação de sua expressão gênica governada pelo pH ambiente e sensoriamento celular. A virulência de T. rubrum é relacionada com a secreção de enzimas proteolíticas, um importante fator determinante na invasão, utilização e subseqüente disseminação através do estrato córneo. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar através de Hibridização Subtrativa Supressiva (SSH) genes de T. rubrum preferencialmente expressos durante o crescimento na presença de queratina e lipídeos, quando T. rubrum degrada fontes de carbono tipicamente encontradas em células epidérmicas. Inicialmente, nós avaliamos as mudanças no pH extracelular durante seu crescimento em queratina e lipídeo (depois de 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h e 7 dias) em pH inicial 5,0, onde foi observado um gradual aumento do pH basal sob ambas as condições de teste, comparado com a condição glicose (controle). Também identificamos 576 transcritos de T. rubrum diferencialmente expressos por SSH usando conídios cultivados por 72 h em queratina como teste e em glicose como controle. Os genes de T. rubrum ativados codificam proteínas putativas que foram validadas por cDNA dot-blot e northern blot, mostrando similaridade com proteínas fúngicas envolvidas no metabolismo básico, crescimento e virulência, p. ex., transportadores ABC-MDR, MFS e ATPase de cobre, permease, NIMA interactive protein, poliproteína Gag-Pol, fatores de virulência subtilisinas serino-proteases (Sub 3 e 5) e metaloproteases (Mep 3 e 4) e Hsp30. Adicionalmente, entre os 762 clones obtidos na biblioteca da condição lipídeo (72 h), 80 transcritos superexpressos foram confirmados por cDNA dot-blot, revelando 14 unigenes similares à proteínas de vários organismos patogênicos, como glicoproteína 43 kD, transportador MDR, proteína G, quitina sintase e serino/treonina fosfatase. Transcritos do gene TruMDR2, codificador de um transportador ABC, foi isolado tanto na presença de queratina quanto em lipídeo, e a análise da linhagem mutante TruMDR2 de T. rubrum mostrou uma redução na atividade infectante, caracterizada pelo baixo crescimento em unhas humanas comparada com o tipo selvagem. A alta expressão de transportadores por T. rubrum em condições que mimetizam a infecção e a redução na virulência de TruMDR2 durante o modelo in vitro sugerem que transportadores estão envolvidos na patogenicidade de T. rubrum. Outro linhagem mutante (pacC-1) com um nocaute no gene pacC que codifica um fator de transcrição regulado pelo pH local, mostrou a expressão de proteases (Sub 3 e 5 e Mep 4) diminuída após o crescimento em queratina em comparação com o tipo selvagem em análises de northern blots. Essas proteases tem uma atividade ótima em pH alcalino, e nossos resultados indicam uma regulação defectiva do gene pacC de T. rubrum na ativação de proteases. Em conclusão, através do uso de SSH foi possível identificar genes de T. rubrum ativados após tratamentos específicos, o que sugere a importância dos mesmos na interação dermatófito-hospedeiro, instalação e manutenção da doença. Esses resultados disponibilizam novos dados sobre T. rubrum que levarão a um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos no crescimento, metabolismo geral e patogenicidade, e também auxiliar na identificação de novos e efetivos alvos de drogas para dermatófitos.Dermatophytes are a group of fungi filamentous that have the ability to invade keratinized substrates, causing dermatophytosis in humans and animals and only penetrate deeper if the host is immunocompromised. Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic and cosmopolitan fungi, the most common agent of superficial mycoses, which uses cell components such as proteins and lipids after a specific regulation of its gene expression governed by pH environment and sensing cell. The virulence T. rubrum is related to secretion of proteolytic enzymes, an important factor determinant in the invasion, utilization and subsequently dissemination through the stratum corneum. The aim of this study was to indentify by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) T. rubrum genes preferentially expressed during growth in the presence of keratin and lipids, upregulated when this fungus degrades carbon source typically found at epidemic cells. Initially, this work evaluated the changes in the extracellular pH during its growth in keratin and lipid (after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h and 7 days) at initial pH 5.0, where we observed a gradual increase of basal pH under both tests when compared to glucose condition (control). Also, we identified 576 T. rubrum transcripts differentially expressed by SSH using conidia cultivated for 72 h in keratin as tester, and in glucose as driver. The T. rubrum genes upregulated encode putative proteins that were validated by cDNA dot-blot and northern blot, showing similarity to fungi proteins involved in basic metabolism, growth and virulence, i.e., transporters ABC-MDR, MFS and ATPase of copper, permease, NIMA interactive protein, Gag-Pol polyprotein, virulence factors serine-protease subtilisins (Sub 3 and 5) and metalloproteases (Mep 3 and 4) and Hsp30. Additionally, among the 762 clones obtained in a library of lipid condition (72 h), 80 over-expressed transcripts were confirmed by cDNA dot-blot, revealing 14 unigenes similar to proteins of several pathogenic organisms, like glicoprotein 43 kD, MDR transporters, G protein, chitin synthase and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase. Transcripts of TruMDR2 gene, encoding an ABC transporter in T. rubrum, were isolated in the presence of keratin and lipid, and the examination of TruMDR2 mutant T. rubrum showed a reduction in infecting activity, characterized by low growth in human nails compared to wild-strain. The high expression of transporter by T. rubrum in conditions that mimetize the infection and the virulence reduction of TruMDR2 in an in vitro model suggests that transporters are involved in T. rubrum pathogenicity. Another mutant, pacC-1 with a knockout in PacC gene that encodes a transcription factor regulated by local pH, showed the expression of proteases (Sub 3, Sub 5 and Mep 4) decreased after growth in keratin (72 h) in comparison to wild-strain in northern blot analyzes. These proteases have an optimal activity in alkaline pH, and our results indicate a defective regulation of T. rubrum pacC gene in the activation of proteases. In conclusion, by means of SSH to identify genes upregulated in T. rubrum after specific treatments, their importance in the dermatophyte-host interaction, installation and maintenance in the disease is suggested. These results provide new insights about T. rubrum that will contribute to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms about the growth, metabolism and pathogenicity, and may also aid in the identification of novel effective drug targets for dermathophytes.
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Santos, Rodrigo da Silva. "Regulação da expressão gênica no patógeno humano Trichophyton rubrum em resposta ao pH ambiente, a variações nutricionais e na interação dermatófito-hospedeiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-15052014-104035/.
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O patógeno Trichophyton rubrum é um fungo queratinofílico e o principal agente de micoses cutâneas humanas. O processo de degradação de substratos queratinizados por dermatófitos está relacionado com a alcalinização do ambiente, o que modula a expressão e a secreção de enzimas responsáveis pela captação e utilização dos nutrientes presentes no microambiente hospedeiro. Essa modulação do pH parece determinante para o sucesso do processo infeccioso, quando o fungo se depara com o pH ácido da pele humana. A hipótese deste trabalho foi verificar se há influência do pH e da fonte nutricional na modulação da expressão de genes de T. rubrum que codificam proteínas envolvidas nos processos de autofagia (atg8 e atg15), adesão celular (sowgp) e de alguns fatores de transcrição (pacC, bZIP/cys-3 e nuc-1), e se estes processos estão relacionados à patogenicidade deste dermatófito. De modo a avaliar a modulação da expressão destes genes na patogenicidade e sobrevivência fúngica, T. rubrum foi cultivado em meios de cultura tamponados (pH 5,0 e pH 8,0) e não tamponados, contendo glicose, glicina, glicose com glicina, ou queratina como fonte nutricional. Os genes envolvidos no processo de autofagia também foram avaliados na presença do inibidor de autofagia 3-metiladenina (3-MA). Além disso, o perfil transcricional destes genes de T. rubrum foi avaliado durante a interação ex vivo com unha e pele humana. As análises demonstraram a influência concomitante da fonte nutricional e do pH ambiente na modulação da expressão dos transcritos gênicos estudados nas diferentes linhagens de T. rubrum utilizadas neste trabalho (CBS, H6 e pacC-1). Nossos resultados revelaram que o crescimento destas linhagens é maior na fonte nutricional queratina, quando comparado com as outras fontes nutricionais (glicose e glicina), havendo uma diferença na taxa de crescimento entre as linhagens neste substrato preferencial. Os genes bZIP/cys-3 e nuc-1 apresentaram perfil de expressão semelhante, mais elevada durante cultivos longos, respondendo a condições de estresse nutricional e pH alcalino, sugerindo a participação dos mesmos nos processos de crescimento e sobrevivência do fungo. Além disso, mecanismos regulatórios diferentes destes genes devem ocorrer nas três linhagens de T. rubrum em relação ao crescimento na fonte nutricional queratina. A variação transcricional do gene pacC em resposta às diferentes fontes nutricionais sugere que sua expressão depende das condições nutricionais encontradas por esse fungo, sendo o pH uma resposta secundária. Nossos resultados sugerem ainda que a via de autofagia seja importante para o desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de T. rubrum nestes substratos, e que o FT PacC atue regulando um dos pontos deste processo, visto que o gene atg15 apresenta um perfil semelhante de expressão ao gene pacC, e o gene atg8 tem perfil antagônico de expressão nas linhagens H6 e pacC-1, nas condições avaliadas neste trabalho. 3-MA inibiu a transcrição dos genes atg8 e atg15 em T. rubrum de modo especifico, e por consequência a via de macroautofagia. Os dados de expressão de sowgp sugerem que essa molécula atue durante a privação nutricional e situações de estresse pelo dermatófito, provavelmente desempenhando seu papel na progressão e manutenção do processo infeccioso, permitindo a permanência do fungo em tecidos queratinizados, e auxiliando na fixação do fungo ao epitélio humano. Desta maneira, nossos resultados fornecem informações sobre os eventos moleculares envolvidos na regulação da expressão genica durante a adaptação de T. rubrum ao pH, à variação nutricional, e interação com células e moléculas do microambiente hospedeiro. Os resultados revelam o envolvimento do processo de autofagia e de moléculas de adesão no sensoriamento e resposta a variações ambientais, e a modulação dos fatores de transcrição bZIP/Cys-3, Nuc-1 e PacC durante a adaptação de T. rubrum ao pH e à fonte nutricional podem ser importantes na regulação de moléculas necessárias para sua patogenicidade.The pathogen Trichophyton rubrum is a keratinophylic fungi and the major agent of cutaneous mycosis in humans. The process of degradation of keratinized substrates by dermatophytes is related with environment alkalinization, which modulates the expression and secretion of the enzymes responsible for the acquisition and utilization of nutrients from the host microenvironment. This pH modulation seems to be determinant for the success of the infectious process when the fungus encounters the acidic pH of the human skin. The hypothesis of this study was to determine whether there is influence of ambient pH and nutritional source in the modulation of gene expression of T. rubrum genes coding for proteins involved in the processes of autophagy (atg8 and atg15), cellular adhesion (sowgp) and some transcription factors (pacC, bZIP/cys-3 and nuc-1), and if they are related with the pathogenicity of this dermatophyte. To evaluate the modulation of the expression of these genes in fungal pathogenicity and survival, T. rubrum was cultivated in buffered (pH 5.0 and pH8.0) or non-buffered media, containing glucose, glycine, glucose and glycine, or keratin as nutrient source. The autophagy-related genes were also analyzed in the presence of 3- methyladenine (3-MA) autophagy inhibitor. Moreover, the transcriptional profile of these genes was evaluated during T. rubrum ex vivo interaction with human nail and skin. The analyses demonstrate the simultaneous influence of the nutritional source and environment pH in the modulation of gene transcription in the different T. rubrum strains evaluated here (CBS, H6 and pacC-1). Our results revealed that growth of these strains is higher in keratin source, compared with other nutrient sources (glucose or glycine), and that they present different growth rates in this preferential substrate. The genes bZIP/cys-3 and nuc-1 presented a similar expression profile, which is higher during longer periods of growth, responding to nutritional stress and alkaline pH, suggesting their involvement in fungal growth and survival. Also, different regulatory mechanisms of these genes in these three T. rubrum strains might be implicated during keratin degradation. The transcriptional variation in the pacC gene in response to different nutritional sources, suggests that its expression is dependent on the nutritional conditions, being the ambient pH a secondary response. Furthermore, our results indicate that the autophagy pathway is important for T. rubrum survival and development during nutrient and pH adaptation, and that PacC might regulates some points of this process, since atg15 and pacC genes presented a similar expression profile, and atg8 has antagonistic expression profiles in the H6 and pacC-1 strains, in the conditions evaluated here. 3-MA inhibited the transcription of atg8 and atg15 T. rubrum genes in a specific manner, and thus inhibited the macroautophagy process. The expression profile of the sowgp gene suggests that this molecule is important during nutrient starvation and stress situation, probably having a role in the progression and maintenance of the infectious process, allowing fungal maintenance in the host keratinized tissues, contributing to fungal adherence to human epithelia. Taken together, our results provide insights into the molecular events involved in the regulation of gene expression during T. rubrum adaptation to pH, nutritional variation and interaction with the host cells and molecules. Our data reveals the involvement of the autophagy process and adhesion molecules in sensing and response of environmental changes, and the modulation of the bZIP/Cys-3, Nuc-1 and PacC transcription factors during T. rubrum adaptation to pH and nutrient source might be important in the regulation of molecules required for its pathogenicity.
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Valdes, Dominguez Oscar Carlos. "Die Bedeutung von endogenem und künstlichem Auxin für die Kultivierung photoautotropher Zellen von Chenopodium rubrum." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976609401.
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Baeza, Lilian Cristiane [UNESP]. "Análise de genes diferencialmente expressos por Trichophyton rubrum na presença de queratina e tipagem molecular." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100120.
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As dermatofitoses são processos infecciosos de pele, pêlo e unhas muito comuns no mundo inteiro. Trichophyton rubrum é o dermatófito mais freqüentemente isolado em lesões superficiais de pele e unha. Estudos envolvendo este patógeno são cada vez mais importantes devido ao aparecimento de linhagens resistentes aos medicamentos antifúngicos disponíveis no mercado e ao comportamento invasivo deste agente em pacientes com o sistema imune comprometido. Estes fatos e poucos estudos levam à necessidade de se ampliar o conhecimento sobre a biologia deste agente. Visando colaborar nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve dois objetivos centrais: 1) Realizar a tipagem molecular de isolados clínicos de T. rubrum com e sem relação epidemiológica por RAPD (Amplificação Randômica de DNA Polimórfico) com duas seqüências randômicas diferentes (denominadas de 1 e 6), bem como a análise dos elementos repetitivos (TRS-1 e TRS-2) do espaço não transcrito (NTS) do DNA ribossomal (DNAr) e 2) Identificar transcritos envolvidos na interação deste patógeno com fonte humana de queratina, através do RDA (Análise de Diferença Representacional). A aplicação do RDA permitiu pela primeira vez a identificação de alguns transcritos expressos, provavelmente relacionados à patogênese deste microrganismo.
Dermatophytosis is common infection process which occurs in skin, hair and nails and Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequently isolated dermatophyte. Studies on this pathogen are becoming increasingly important because of frequent reports on resistant strains to antifungal drugs commercially available and the invasive behavior of these agents in immunocompromised patients. These facts, associated with few studies with this agent, indicate the need to expand the information about the fungal biology. As a contribution to this goal, the present study had two central objectives: 1) To compare different methodologies for molecular typing of clinical isolates of T. rubrum epidemiologically related and unrelated for RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) with two different random primers (denominated of 1 and 6); as well as the analysis of the repetitive elements (TRS-1 and TRS-2) of the space non-transcribed (NTS) of the ribosomal DNA (DNAr) and 2) To identify transcripts involved in the interaction of this pathogen with human keratin by RDA (Representational Difference Analysis). The application of the RDA allowed for the first time the identification of expressed transcripts during the microorganism proliferation that could be related to the T. rubrum virulence.
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Mather, O. C. "X-ray crystallographic studies of Rhodospirillum rubrum transhydrogenase and Arabidopsis thaliana aldo keto reductase 2." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412556.
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