Journal articles on the topic 'Rubella epidemics'
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Al Qurashi, Maysaa Mohamed. "Role of fractal-fractional operators in modeling of rubella epidemic with optimized orders." Open Physics 18, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2020-0217.
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Abstract Fractal-fractional (FF) differential and integral operators having the capability to subsume features of retaining memory and self-similarities are used in the present research analysis to design a mathematical model for the rubella epidemic while taking care of dimensional consistency among the model equations. Infectious diseases have history in their transmission dynamics and thus non-local operators such as FF play a vital role in modeling dynamics of such epidemics. Monthly actual rubella incidence cases in Pakistan for the years 2017 and 2018 have been used to validate the FF rubella model and such a data set also helps for parameter estimation. Using nonlinear least-squares estimation with MATLAB function lsqcurvefit, some parameters for the classical and the FF model are obtained. Upon comparison of error norms for both models (classical and FF), it is found that the FF produces the smaller error. Locally asymptotically stable points (rubella-free and rubella-present) of the model are computed when the basic reproduction number { {\mathcal R} }_{0} is less and greater than unity and the sensitivity is investigated. Moreover, solution of the FF rubella system is shown to exist. A new iterative method is proposed to carry out numerical simulations which resulted in getting insights for the transmission dynamics of the rubella epidemic.
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ROBERTS, M. G., and M. I. TOBIAS. "Predicting and preventing measles epidemics in New Zealand: application of a mathematical model." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 2 (April 2000): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003556.
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A mathematical model of the dynamics of measles in New Zealand was developed in 1996. The model successfully predicted an epidemic in 1997 and was instrumental in the decision to carry out an intensive MMR (measles–mumps–rubella) immunization campaign in that year. While the epidemic began some months earlier than anticipated, it was rapidly brought under control, and its impact on the population was much reduced. In order to prevent the occurrence of further epidemics in New Zealand, an extended version of the model has since been developed and applied to the critical question of the optimal timing of MMR immunization.
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Davidkin, I., H. Peltola, and P. Leinikki. "Epidemiology of rubella in Finland." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00459-en.
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Before rubella vaccination programmes began, rubella infection was prevalent in Finnish children. The disease occurred as epidemics at intervals of a few years. Rubella infection was most often contracted between the ages of 2 and 12 years. Vaccinations specifically aimed at eradicating rubella were begun with monocomponent vaccine in the mid-1970s, and the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination programme with two injections got underway in 1982. A clear reduction in rubella cases was evident a few years after the launch of the MMR programme. Owing to a sufficiently high vaccination coverage (>95% since 1987), circulation of the indigenous rubella virus in the Finnish population ceased in the late 1990s. Some rubella cases have been imported to Finland since elimination, but they have not caused any secondary cases. This shows unambiguously that protection against rubella continues to be effective, although our cohort studies imply that the vaccine induced antibody levels do decrease with time. The MMR programme has also eliminated congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from the country. The last CRS case was recorded in 1986. As a result of the high coverage two dose MMR vaccination programme, rubella was successfully eliminated from Finland. How long the acquired protection will last remains to be seen.
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Doroudchi, M., A. Dehaghani Samsami, K. Emad, and A. A. Ghaderi. "Seroepidemiological survey of rubella immunity among three populations in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 7, no. 1-2 (March 15, 2001): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2001.7.1-2.128.
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We used indirect ELISA assay to test 1193 sera for rubella IgG and IgM antibodies in a seroepidemiological survey of three age- and gender-differentiated sample populations in Shiraz: 203 children aged 2-7 years, 255 paired mothers and neonates [cord blood] and 480 women aged 14-70 years. Seropositivity among women aged 14-70 years was 96.2%. No IgM positive case was found among the 255 tested cord blood samples. Seropositivity among the 203 children was 97.0% [much higher than previously reported]. This may be due to rubella epidemics, which tend to occur every 6-10 years. The impact of introducing rubella vaccination is discussed.
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Miller, C. L. "Rubella in the developing world." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (August 1991): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048688.
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Before Gregg's historic observation [1] rubella was not considered to have clinical or epidemiological importance in any country. In the western world epidemics occurred at varying intervals but with little morbidity and apparently only minor complications. Despite confirmation of Gregg's findings from many quarters, it was not until the worldwide outbreaks in the 1960s that the aftermath of rubella infection in pregnancy was fully realized. As a result of the 1964 outbreak in New York City, more than 1000 children were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and over 300 pregnancies either aborted spontaneously or were terminated for rubella infection [2]. The number of children affected represented 1% of births in the city; if extrapolated to the whole country this gave an estimated total of 30000 cases of CRS. No such disasters have so far been reported from the developing world.
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Wang, Changyin, Zhen Zhu, Qing Xu, Aiqiang Xu, Xueqiang Fang, Lizhi Song, Weixiu Li, Ping Xiong, and Wenbo Xu. "Rubella Epidemics and Genotypic Distribution of the Rubella Virus in Shandong Province, China, in 1999–2010." PLoS ONE 7, no. 7 (July 24, 2012): e42013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042013.
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PEBODY, R. G., W. J. EDMUNDS, M. CONYN-van SPAENDONCK, P. OLIN, G. BERBERS, I. REBIERE, H. LECOEUR, et al. "The seroepidemiology of rubella in western Europe." Epidemiology and Infection 125, no. 2 (October 2000): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899004574.
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Most of the countries in western Europe have now implemented mass infant rubella immunization programmes, instead of or in addition to selective vaccination in order to achieve the elimination of congenital rubella syndrome.The European countries Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands undertook large, national serological surveys collecting several thousand serum specimens during 1994–8. Antibodies against rubella virus were detected by a variety of enzyme immuno-assays. Comparability of the assay results was achieved by a standardized methodology. The age- and sex-stratified serological results were related to the schedules, coverage of rubella vaccination and the incidence in these countries.The results show widely differing levels of immunity to rubella both in the general population and in the specific age groups of males and females. A low rate (< 5%) of susceptibles in childhood and adolescents of both sexes was obtained only in Finland and the Netherlands.Countries such as Italy with only moderate coverage for the infant immunization programme currently have both high susceptibility levels in the general population and in the at-risk population. The likelihood is of continued epidemics of rubella with cases of congenital rubella syndrome. The continued implementation of selective vaccination will help to offset the impact of this ongoing transmission and to protect women on reaching childbearing age.
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EDMUNDS, W. J., O. G. VAN DE HEIJDEN, M. EEROLA, and N. J. GAY. "Modelling rubella in Europe." Epidemiology and Infection 125, no. 3 (December 2000): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800004660.
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The prevention of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), as a complication of rubella infection during pregnancy, is the main aim of rubella vaccination programmes. However, as vaccination of infants leads to an increase in the average age at which those who were not immunized become infected, certain rubella vaccination programmes can lead to an increase in the incidence of CRS. In this paper we use a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of rubella virus to investigate the likely impact of different vaccination policies in Europe. The model was able to capture pre-and post-vaccination patterns of infection and prevalence of serological markers under a wide variety of scenarios, suggesting that the model structure and parameter estimates were appropriate. Analytical and numerical results suggest that endemic circulation of rubella is unlikely in Finland, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and perhaps Denmark, provided vaccine coverage is uniform across geographical and social groups. In Italy and Germany vaccine coverage in infancy has not been sufficient to interrupt rubella transmission, and continued epidemics of CRS seem probable. It seems unlikely that the immunization programmes in these countries are doing more harm than good, but this may be partly as a result of selective immunization of schoolgirls. Indeed, in both these countries, selective vaccination of schoolgirls with inadequate vaccination histories is likely to be an important mechanism by which CRS incidence is suppressed (unlike the other countries, which have had sufficiently high infant coverage rates to withdraw this option). Reducing inequalities in the uptake of rubella vaccine may bring greater health benefits than increasing the mean level of coverage.
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Sugishita, Yoshiyuki, Naotaka Shimatani, Shigetaka Katow, Takuri Takahashi, and Narumi Hori. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the 2012–2013 Epidemics in Tokyo, Japan." Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 68, no. 2 (2015): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.195.
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Wesolowski, Amy, Keitly Mensah, Cara E. Brook, Miora Andrianjafimasy, Amy Winter, Caroline O. Buckee, Richter Razafindratsimandresy, Andrew J. Tatem, Jean-Michel Heraud, and C. Jessica E. Metcalf. "Introduction of rubella-containing-vaccine to Madagascar: implications for roll-out and local elimination." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 117 (April 2016): 20151101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.1101.
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Few countries in Africa currently include rubella-containing vaccination (RCV) in their immunization schedule. The Global Alliance for Vaccines Initiative (GAVI) recently opened a funding window that has motivated more widespread roll-out of RCV. As countries plan RCV introductions, an understanding of the existing burden, spatial patterns of vaccine coverage, and the impact of patterns of local extinction and reintroduction for rubella will be critical to developing effective programmes. As one of the first countries proposing RCV introduction in part with GAVI funding, Madagascar provides a powerful and timely case study. We analyse serological data from measles surveillance systems to characterize the epidemiology of rubella in Madagascar. Combining these results with data on measles vaccination delivery, we develop an age-structured model to simulate rubella vaccination scenarios and evaluate the dynamics of rubella and the burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) across Madagascar. We additionally evaluate the drivers of spatial heterogeneity in age of infection to identify focal locations where vaccine surveillance should be strengthened and where challenges to successful vaccination introduction are expected. Our analyses indicate that characteristics of rubella in Madagascar are in line with global observations, with an average age of infection near 7 years, and an impact of frequent local extinction with reintroductions causing localized epidemics. Modelling results indicate that introduction of RCV into the routine programme alone may initially decrease rubella incidence but then result in cumulative increases in the burden of CRS in some regions (and transient increases in this burden in many regions). Deployment of RCV with regular supplementary campaigns will mitigate these outcomes. Results suggest that introduction of RCV offers a potential for elimination of rubella in Madagascar, but also emphasize both that targeted vaccination is likely to be a lynchpin of this success, and the public health vigilance that this introduction will require.
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Abdulkadir, Abdulbari, and Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot. "Risk Factors for Rubella Transmission in Kuyu District, Ethiopia, 2018: A Case-Control Study." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2019 (September 16, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4719636.
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Background. Rubella is a vaccine-preventable disease associated with a significant morbidity and adverse pregnancy outcomes, mainly if acquired in the first trimester of pregnancy with serious consequences to the fetus. Despite increased episodes of rubella epidemics (127 outbreaks in 2009–2015), rubella national vaccination is not yet introduced in Ethiopia. In January 2018, an increase of fever and rash cases was reported in Kuyu District of Oromia. We investigated the outbreak to confirm rubella, determine risk factors, and guide interventions. Methods. We identified rubella cases from health centers and conducted a case-control study (1 case : 2 controls) with 150 participants, from March 12 to 15, 2018. Cases were people who presented with fever and rash or laboratory-confirmed cases. Controls were age matched (<15 yrs) with neighbors selected purposively. We interviewed parents by a structured questionnaire and observed the housing condition. Variables include sex, age, vaccination status, family size, contact history, housing condition, and travel history. Simple logistic regression was used to select the candidate variable at a P value <0.25. We identified risk factors at P<0.05 with AOR and 95% CI by multivariate logistic regression. Results. We identified 50 cases (with no death), and out of them, seven (14%) were confirmed cases (rubella IgM positive). The mean age of the cases was 6 ± 3 years and of the controls was 8 ± 4 years. Family size >5 (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.5–4.11), not well-ventilated living room (AOR = 4.7; 95% CI: 3.43–8.12), history of contact with rash people (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.6 3.5), no history of diarrhea in the last 14 days (AOR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6–0.9), and no history of vitamin A supplementation (AOR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.7–2.6) were significant factors for rubella infection. Conclusions. We identified rubella outbreak in the rural area. Crowded living condition, large family size, not receiving vitamin A in the last 6 months, and contact with people with symptoms of rubella were factors that drove the outbreak, while not having diarrhea in the last 14 days was the protective factor. We recommended the introduction of rubella immunization national programs and advocated the policy on rubella vaccine and strengthening surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome and rubella.
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Yang, Hyun Mo. "Modelling Vaccination Strategy Against Directly Transmitted Diseases Using a Series of Pulses." Journal of Biological Systems 06, no. 02 (June 1998): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339098000145.
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When a SIR model with a constant contact rate is used to describe the dynamics of directly transmitted infections, oscillations, which decay exponentially as time goes on, are obtained. By using this kind of model, we obtained the natural- and inter-epidemics periods of the disease. These two quantities are quasi-periods, since we are considering damped oscillations. The above two periods were estimated from rubella seroprevalence data from a small Brazilian community and, based on them, a vaccination strategy in a series of pulses was designed. The vaccination time lag between pulses is related to the natural-epidemics period, instead of the inter-epidemics period, multiplied by a fraction usually less than unity (the security factor). The results for different controlling scenarios showed that a series of pulses vaccination strategy can be a good option for developing countries.
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Stiefel, Laurence. "Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)." Pediatrics In Review 16, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.16.12.474.
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Erythema infectiosum (EI), also known as fifth disease, is one of the most common childhood exanthems. The condition first was described by Tschamer in 1889 and initially was thought to be a manifestation of rubella. It is seen most often in children ages 4 to 15 years and has peak incidences in winter and spring. It can present in focal outbreaks or in community-wide epidemics, which can last from 3 to 6 months. Infection rates of 20% to 50% have been noted in families and classrooms. The condition was termed fifth disease because of the numerical designation it originally was given (following measles, scarlet fever, rubella, and Filatov-Dukes disease, now regarded as a mild atypical form of scarlet fever).
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Sutovskaya, Diana V., Alla V. Burlutskaya, Larisa V. Dubova, Daria R. Krylova, and Olga G. Korobkina. "Immunological Protection Against Vaccine-Preventable Infections (Hepatitis B, Measles, Rubella, Mumps, Diphtheria, Tetanus) of Russian and Foreign Students: A Simultaneous Study." Pediatric pharmacology 16, no. 6 (February 22, 2020): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v16i6.2074.
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The increase in the incidence of vaccine-preventable infections is due to the low level of immunological protection of the population, which against the background of active migration processes can determine high risks of outbreaks of infectious diseases and the development of epidemics. To study the tension of post-vaccination immunity to hepatitis B, measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus among Russian and foreign students studying in a Russian university. The study included students who received a full course of vaccination and revaccination for hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, measles, rubella and mumps in accordance with the National Calendar of the Russian Federation (including students from Turkmenistan and Syria), similar immunization programs in Israel (students from Jordan and Palestine) and Tajikistan who did not have (according to medical records) these infections in the past. Evaluation of the state of immunity was carried out by determining antibodies by ELISA (hepatitis B virus and rubella), RPHA (tetanus and diphtheria toxoids) and RTGA (mumps and measles virus). The minimum protective level of antibodies was established when their concentration to HBsAg > 0.01 IU/ml, rubella virus > 10 IU/ml, titer to tetanus toxoid 1:20; diphtheria toxoid 1:40, mumps virus 1:10, measles 1: 4. 40 Russian and 63 foreign students were examined. The minimum protective level of antibodies and higher against tetanus and diphtheria toxoids has been established for all students, for hepatitis B — only for Russian students. The minimum protective level of antibodies to measles among Russian students was absent in 5 (13%), against mumps — 4 (10%), and rubella — 2 (5%) cases. Among foreign students, an insufficient level of antibodies to hepatitis B was recorded in 18 (29%), for measles — 19 (30%), for mumps — 15 (24%), for rubella — 4 (6%) cases. Insufficient protection of Russian and foreign students to measles, rubella and mumps was established, only foreign students to hepatitis B.
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Shimizu, Kazuki, Ayaka Teshima, and Hiromi Mase. "Measles and Rubella during COVID-19 Pandemic: Future Challenges in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010009.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted essential health services. Simultaneously, it has created opportunities for citizens to raise awareness of personal hygiene, mask wearing, and other preventive measures. This brief report aims to clarify the epidemiological trends of measles and rubella in Japan and to explore future challenges for controlling these diseases during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Although Japan eliminated measles in 2015, the number of measles patients has gradually increased since then, and reached 744 in 2019. In the 2010s, Japan experienced two large rubella epidemics, and the majority of the patients were reported in Tokyo and other metropolitan areas. While the transmission of measles and rubella seems to be suppressed during the COVID-19 pandemic, closing the gap in routine childhood vaccination will be challenging in any country. Moreover, supplementary immunization campaigns for adults have also been disrupted, and they must be invigorated. While the pandemic has a devastating effect on a global scale, it should be utilized as a good opportunity to regain faith in vaccines, implement an evidence-based vaccination policy, and strengthen international cooperation.
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Kayano, Taishi, Hyojung Lee, Ryo Kinoshita, and Hiroshi Nishiura. "Identifying geographic areas at risk of rubella epidemics in Japan using seroepidemiological data." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 102 (January 2021): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1458.
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BRUMMER-KORVENKONTIO, M., O. VAPALAHTI, P. KUUSISTO, P. SAIKKU, T. MANNI, P. KOSKELA, T. NYGREN, H. BRUMMER-KORVENKONTIO, and A. VAHERI. "Epidemiology of Sindbis virus infections in Finland 1981–96: possible factors explaining a peculiar disease pattern." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 2 (October 2002): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007409.
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Pogosta disease (PD), an epidemic rash-arthritis occurring in late summer is caused by Sindbis virus (SINV) and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. Altogether 2183 PD cases were serologically confirmed 1981–96 in Finland, with an annual incidence of 2.7/100000 (18 in the most endemic area of Northern Karelia). The annual average was 136 (varying from 1 to 1282) with epidemics occurring in August–September with a 7-year interval. Studies on 6320 patients with suspected rubella (1973–89) revealed 107 PD cases. The depth of snow cover and the temperature in May–July seemed to predict the number of cases. The morbidity was highest in 45- to 65-year-old females and lowest in children. Subclinical SINV infections were 17 times more common than the clinical ones. The SINV-antibody prevalence in fertile-age females was 0.6% in 1992; the estimated seroprevalence in Finland is about 2%. Among game animals the tetraonids (black grouse and capercaillie) had the highest seroprevalence (65%) in the epidemic year of 1981.
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Drenjančević, Ines, Senka Samardžić, Ana Stupin, Katalin Borocz, Peter Nemeth, and Timea Berki. "Measles Vaccination and Outbreaks in Croatia from 2001 to 2019; A Comparative Study to Other European Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074140.
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Due to the current burden of COVID-19 on public health institutions, increased migration and seasonal touristic traveling, there is an increased risk of epidemic outbreaks of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological data on MMR immunization coverage and the number of measles cases in 2001–2019 in Croatia and a number of European countries. Results revealed a decreasing trend in vaccination in 2001–2019 throughout Europe. However, Croatia and Hungary still have the highest primary and revaccination coverage, compared to other analyzed countries. The highest number of measles cases was in 2017 in Romania. There was no significant correlation between the percentage of primary vaccination and the number of measles cases (r = −0.0528, p = 0.672), but there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of revaccination and the number of measles cases (r = −0.445, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results of the present study emphasize the necessity to perform a full protocol of vaccination to reach appropriate protection from potential epidemic outbreaks. Furthermore, in the light of present migrations, documenting the migrants’ flow and facilitating vaccination as needed is of utmost importance to prevent future epidemics.
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Tanır, Gönül, and Rumeysa Yalçınkaya. "Re-Emergence of Measles in the World and Our Country: Causes and Consequences." Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 35, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36519/kd.2022.3742.
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Measles, an old and highly contagious disease successfully controlled by vaccination, has revived worldwide epidemics without reaching its elimination and eradication goals. In this review, epidemiological data from the United States and Turkey were mainly analyzed. Vaccine rejection or hesitation has been mentioned as one of the reasons for the recurrence of measles. This review includes evaluating the cases followed in our hospital in three time periods when the number of measles cases increased in our country. Demographic data, vaccination status of the patients, complications, and prognosis were also emphasized. Keywords: measles, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, vaccination refusal, measles elimination
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Wesolowski, Amy, C. J. E. Metcalf, Nathan Eagle, Janeth Kombich, Bryan T. Grenfell, Ottar N. Bjørnstad, Justin Lessler, Andrew J. Tatem, and Caroline O. Buckee. "Quantifying seasonal population fluxes driving rubella transmission dynamics using mobile phone data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 35 (August 17, 2015): 11114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423542112.
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Changing patterns of human aggregation are thought to drive annual and multiannual outbreaks of infectious diseases, but the paucity of data about travel behavior and population flux over time has made this idea difficult to test quantitatively. Current measures of human mobility, especially in low-income settings, are often static, relying on approximate travel times, road networks, or cross-sectional surveys. Mobile phone data provide a unique source of information about human travel, but the power of these data to describe epidemiologically relevant changes in population density remains unclear. Here we quantify seasonal travel patterns using mobile phone data from nearly 15 million anonymous subscribers in Kenya. Using a rich data source of rubella incidence, we show that patterns of population travel (fluxes) inferred from mobile phone data are predictive of disease transmission and improve significantly on standard school term time and weather covariates. Further, combining seasonal and spatial data on travel from mobile phone data allows us to characterize seasonal fluctuations in risk across Kenya and produce dynamic importation risk maps for rubella. Mobile phone data therefore offer a valuable previously unidentified source of data for measuring key drivers of seasonal epidemics.
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Radovanovic, Zoran. "Anti-vaccinationists and their arguments in the Balkan countries that share the same language." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 145, no. 3-4 (2017): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh161214046r.
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The objective has been an analysis of anti-vaccination situation in the language-related Balkan countries. Mass and organized opposition to vaccination in this part of the world is a relatively recent phenomenon. It has been an offshoot of the respective ideas from the West, associated with New Ageism, postmodernism, and similar worldviews, but particularly beefed up by MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine fear in the late 1990s. The four key local leaders from four countries have been selected to represent the whole diversity of the Balkan anti-vaccination scene. Each of them exerts his/her influence throughout the region. The result is that vaccination coverage has substantially decreased in many areas. Outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases that have to follow sooner or later would eventually, at least temporarily, bring a blow to the credibility of anti-vaccinationists. We already witnessed such a trend in Bosnia and Herzegovina where vaccines were not readily available during the Bosnian wars in 1990s. As a result, major epidemics of measles, mumps, and rubella recently took place all over the country. A dynamic balance between the influence of anti-vaccination movement and the incidence of diseases, characterized by an inverse relationship (the more damaging impact of vaccine opponents on public health, the more cases of diseases, and vice versa) has been a pattern that health services have to deal with.
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Mise, Keiji, Ayako Sumi, Shintaro Takatsuka, and Shin-ichi Toyoda. "Associations between Meteorological Factors and Reported Mumps Cases from 1999 to 2020 in Japan." Epidemiologia 2, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2020013.
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The present study investigated associations between epidemiological mumps patterns and meteorological factors in Japan. We used mumps surveillance data and meteorological data from all 47 prefectures of Japan from 1999 to 2020. A time-series analysis incorporating spectral analysis and the least-squares method was adopted. In all power spectral densities for the 47 prefectures, spectral lines were observed at frequency positions corresponding to 1-year and 6-month cycles. Optimum least-squares fitting (LSF) curves calculated with the 1-year and 6-month cycles explained the underlying variation in the mumps data. The LSF curves reproduced bimodal and unimodal cycles that are clearly observed in northern and southern Japan, respectively. In investigating factors associated with the seasonality of mumps epidemics, we defined the contribution ratios of a 1-year cycle (Q1) and 6-month cycle (Q2) as the contributions of amplitudes of 1-year and 6-month cycles, respectively, to the entire amplitude of the time series data. Q1 and Q2 were significantly correlated with annual mean temperature. The vaccine coverage rate of a measles–mumps–rubella vaccine might not have affected the 1-year and 6-month modes of the time series data. The results of the study suggest an association between mean temperature and mumps epidemics in Japan.
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Lewis, David. "The Autism Biosolids Conundrum." International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 1, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v1i1.4.
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ABSTRACT
Before Congress passed the Clean Water Act of 1972, municipalities throughout the United States discharged hazardous municipal and industrial wastes directly into rivers and other waterways. Every chemical and biological agent linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including those linked to “autism spectrum disorders” (ASDs), spilled into coastal waters and settled on the bottoms of the oceans. The solution to pollution was dilution. To comply with the Clean Water Act of 1972, President Carter created wastewater treatment plants throughout the United States to extract heavy metals and toxic organic chemicals from water and concentrate them in sewage sludges that were dumped offshore and buried in landfills. In 1988, Congress banned ocean dumping of sewage sludges because of their potential for causing vaccine-derived polio epidemics. Suddenly, high concentrations of every heavy metal, toxic organic chemical and vaccine-derived viruses linked to autism, including rubella and cytomegalovirus, had no place to go but land. The solution to pollution shifted from diluting pollutants in water to concentrating them on land at hundreds of thousands to millions of times higher concentrations, including on commercial farms that produce our nation’s food supplies. Now, all of the most dangerous pollutants regulated by EPA no longer require biomagnification up the food chain to harm public health. Promoted by EPA and the USDA as safe and environmentally beneficial, land application practices quickly spread worldwide. Here, the author relies largely, albeit not exclusively, on EPA’s own research to address the implications. As a whole, it indicates that the global shift that EPA’s 503 Sludge Rule created in the accumulation of pollutants from ocean sediments to populated land surfaces is causally related to sharp increases in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide. Autism in its severe infantile form is more or less at the center of this entire class of disorders that appears to have become epidemic beginning in late 1988. EPA dismissed controversial claims linking MMR vaccination to autism, but never addressed the role that widespread land application of sewage sludges (a.k.a. biosolids), which contain highly virulent strains of vaccine-derived measles, rubella and other viruses, may play in autism. Notwithstanding this glaring omission, the global shift that EPA policies on biosolids created in human exposures to complex mixtures of measles, rubella and other viruses derived from live vaccines, combined with high concentrations of potentially every heavy metal and chemical pollutant linked to autism, could explain sharp increases in the incidences of autism and other ASDs that began in 1988.
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Likhtshangof, Alexander Zinovievich. "Main stages of studying childhood infectious diseases." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped53116-122.
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The article deals with the history of studying the most common childhood specific infectious diseases: measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, scarlet fever, mumps, chickenpox, and rubella. Similarities are clearly observed in the history of their study, so it was possible to distinguish four main phases according to reflection of the problem in medical literature, mainly scientists’ attention to one or another side of the pathological process, the discoveries made. 1) Since the first appearance of childhood infectious diseases in the medical literature until the mid XVI century: fragmentary references in the doctors’ writings and historical chronicles. 2) Mid XVI century - mid XIX century: due to a rise of the diseases incidence their empirical study started, many of them were described for the first time. While describing epidemics clinical and epidemiological features of diseases were specified. 3) Mid XIX century - mid XX century: the ethiopathogenesis of childhood infectious diseases was studied, their agents were found. These discoveries led to a break-through in the treatment (serums, antibacterials). 4) Period of mass vaccination against most childhood infectious diseases.
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Cohen, D., Kh Muhsen, Y. Aboudy, H. Harari, E. Mendelson, and M. S. Green. "Use of rubella seroepidemiological data for assessment of previous vaccination policy and for decision making in response to epidemics in Israel." Vaccine 24, no. 27-28 (July 2006): 5604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.024.
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SMALLMAN-RAYNOR, M. R., A. D. CLIFF, and J. K. ORD. "Common acute childhood infections and appendicitis: a historical study of statistical association in 27 English public boarding schools, 1930–1934." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 8 (December 14, 2009): 1155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809991439.
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SUMMARYAlthough the involvement of common childhood infections in the aetiology of acute appendicitis has long been conjectured, supporting evidence is largely restricted to a disparate set of clinical case reports. A systematic population-based analysis of the implied comorbid associations is lacking in the literature. Drawing on a classic epidemiological dataset, assembled by the School Epidemics Committee of the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council (MRC) in the 1930s, this paper presents a historical analysis of the association between termly outbreaks of each of six common childhood infections (chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever and whooping cough) and operated cases of acute appendicitis in 27 English public boarding schools. When controlled for the potential confounding effects of school, year and season, multivariate negative binomial regression revealed a positive association between the level of appendicitis activity and the recorded rate of mumps (β=0·15, 95% CI 0·07–0·24,P<0·001). Non-significant associations were identified between appendicitis and the other sample infectious diseases. Subject to data caveats, our findings suggest that further studies are required to determine whether the comorbid association between mumps and appendicitis is causal.
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BAN, Fumihiko, Yukio MASUI, Yoshinori ITABASHI, and Sakae INOUYE. "A Seroepidemiological Study on the Rubella Immunity Generated by Vaccination and Nationwide Epidemics in Japan : Analysis Using Big Data of a Commercial Diagnostic Laboratory." Kansenshogaku Zasshi 94, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.94.174.
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Lederman, Howard M., Margaret A. Connolly, Ram Kalpatthi, Russell E. Ware, Winfred C. Wang, Lori Luchtman-Jones, Myron Waclawiw, Jonathan C. Goldsmith, and James F. Casella. "Effects of Hydroxyurea (HU) On Lymphocyte Subsets and the Immune Response to Pneumococcal, Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccination in the Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical Trial - BABY HUG - (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00006400)." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.243.243.
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Abstract Abstract 243 Susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumonia, is well known in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hydroxyurea (HU) is commonly used in adults and children with SCD, but, little is known about the effects of HU on immune function in SCD and recommendations for immunization are lacking. As HU reversibly inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, causing cell cycle arrest at the G1-S interface, we postulated that HU might delay the transition from naïve to memory T cells, resulting in a delay in immunologic maturation, with deleterious effects on vaccine responses; therefore, T cell subsets, including conversion of naïve to memory T cells and antibody (Ab) responses to pneumococcal (Pnu), measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccinations were studied during the BABY HUG Trial of HU for infants and toddlers with SCD. Methods: Blood was collected for measurement of: T cell subsets at entry (9–18 mos of age), age 24 mo and exit after 2 yrs of treatment; Pnu Ab levels were measured (by EIA after preabsorption with C-polysaccharide) at entry, before and 2–8 wks after 23-valent polysaccharide (PS) PCV23 vaccine at age 24 mo, and exit; and MMR antibodies at entry, 1–10 weeks after MMR at age 12 mo, age 24 mo and exit. Results: Of the 193 subjects in BABY HUG, T cell subsets were available for 91 HU and 88 placebo (PL) subjects. At entry, there were no significant differences in absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), or % or absolute T cell subsets between the HU and PL groups. At age 24 mo, both groups had an age-related decline in ALC, with significant differences between the HU and PL groups in ALC (5740 vs. 7323/mm3; p=0.003), absolute CD4 cells (1912 vs. 2247/mm3; p=0.022) and memory CD4 cells (392 vs. 487/mm3; p=0.003). The same pattern was seen at exit for ALC (4836 vs. 5764/mm3; p=0.015), absolute CD4 cells (1510 vs. 1747/mm3; p=0.043) and memory CD4 cells (360 vs. 444/mm3; p=0.003). IgG Ab levels to Pnu antigens were measured at entry [after 3 doses of PS/protein conjugate (PC) PCV7 containing Pnu PS type 26 (6B), but not 51 (7F)], before and after immunization with PS PCV23 vaccine at 24 mo, and at exit, with no significant differences between the HU and PL groups in mean Ab levels at any time point for either serotype (Fig 1&2). For those immunized with MMR prior to study treatment, there were no differences in % immune for measles, mumps, or rubella between the HU and PL groups at any time point. For 40 HU and 38 PL subjects immunized after starting study treatment, there was a smaller % of HU-treated children with protective response to measles vaccine 1 – 10 wks after immunization [HU 71.4% (10/14) vs. PL 100% (24/24); p=0.014]. Response to mumps [HU 78.6% (11/14) vs. PL 91.7% (22/24)] and rubella [HU 66.7% (10/15) vs. PL 92% (23/25)] vaccines showed similar trends, but no statistical significance. The HU vs. PL difference in failure of response to at least one vaccine virus was of similar significance (p = 0.021) to that of measles alone. By age 24 mo, there were no significant differences in response to MMR (89.7 to 100%). Mean Ab levels to measles and rubella were also significantly lower in the HU group 1–10 wks after immunization (p=0.005 and p=0.011, respectively). Conclusions: HU given to infants and young children with SCD causes a reduction in ALC, CD4 T cell and memory T cell counts. Additional monitoring of HU-treated children with SCD for these and related T cell parameters is warranted until the biological effects on immunity are known with certainty. Response to Pnu vaccine was not affected by HU therapy, suggesting that there is no increased risk for Pnu sepsis in infants and children with SCD treated with HU, consistent with the clinical results in the BABY HUG trial. Although the sample was small, a delay in achieving protective measles Ab levels was seen in the HU group, and possibly for mumps and rubella. This delay cannot be estimated precisely, due to study design, but Ab levels to all 3 viruses were similar at exit, indicating that effective immunization can be achieved despite HU use. For endemic or local epidemics of measles, mumps, rubella or other pathogens requiring immunization, adherence to recommended accelerated immunization schedules will be especially important for children with SCD treated with HU. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Off-label use of hydroxyurea in infants and children. Casella:Adventrx: Consultancy, Research Funding.
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Pananos, A. Demetri, Thomas M. Bury, Clara Wang, Justin Schonfeld, Sharada P. Mohanty, Brendan Nyhan, Marcel Salathé, and Chris T. Bauch. "Critical dynamics in population vaccinating behavior." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (December 11, 2017): 13762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704093114.
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Vaccine refusal can lead to renewed outbreaks of previously eliminated diseases and even delay global eradication. Vaccinating decisions exemplify a complex, coupled system where vaccinating behavior and disease dynamics influence one another. Such systems often exhibit critical phenomena—special dynamics close to a tipping point leading to a new dynamical regime. For instance, critical slowing down (declining rate of recovery from small perturbations) may emerge as a tipping point is approached. Here, we collected and geocoded tweets about measles–mumps–rubella vaccine and classified their sentiment using machine-learning algorithms. We also extracted data on measles-related Google searches. We find critical slowing down in the data at the level of California and the United States in the years before and after the 2014–2015 Disneyland, California measles outbreak. Critical slowing down starts growing appreciably several years before the Disneyland outbreak as vaccine uptake declines and the population approaches the tipping point. However, due to the adaptive nature of coupled behavior–disease systems, the population responds to the outbreak by moving away from the tipping point, causing “critical speeding up” whereby resilience to perturbations increases. A mathematical model of measles transmission and vaccine sentiment predicts the same qualitative patterns in the neighborhood of a tipping point to greatly reduced vaccine uptake and large epidemics. These results support the hypothesis that population vaccinating behavior near the disease elimination threshold is a critical phenomenon. Developing new analytical tools to detect these patterns in digital social data might help us identify populations at heightened risk of widespread vaccine refusal.
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Armstrong, Normadeane, and Nancy O'Donnell. "Anniversary of rubella epidemic." Lancet 364, no. 9431 (July 2004): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16714-7.
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Chamales, Ingrid A., Peter G. Napolitano, and Cesar Rosa. "Vaginal Mucositis in Measles." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, no. 6 (1995): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744995000184.
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Background: Measles (rubeola), a common childhood exanthema, occurs infrequently in adults. Vaginal mucositis in association with measles is not commonly described.Case: During a recent measles epidemic, 2 female patients presented with high fever, myalgia, exanthema, and prostration. On examination, each patient had marked inflammation and tenderness of the vaginal mucosa, prompting the presumptive diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome. The evolution of the illness was consistent with measles. Cervicovaginal cultures were negative for pathogens. Acute and convalescent antibody titers for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, leptospirosis, and Proteus Ox-19 were not consistent with a recent infection. The sera also were negative for anti-toxic shock toxin-1 and anti-streptolysin. Measles antibody titers were consistent with a recent infection.Conclusion: Vaginal mucositis is an unusual manifestation of measles that may mimic toxic shock syndrome.
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Zhuzzhasarova, Aygerim, Dinagul Baesheva, Bayan Turdalina, Aliya Seidullaeva, Alena Altynbekova, Madiyar Nurgaziev, Bakhytzhan Abdullaev, and Almagul Kushugulova. "Epidemiology Survey of Measles in Kazakhstan." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (July 21, 2021): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6542.
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BACKGROUND: Measles (rubella) is a highly contagious disease that is caused by a virus in the Paramyxoviridae family. The measles virus is directly responsible for more than 100,000 deaths each year. Epidemiological studies have linked measles to increased morbidity and mortality many years after infection, but the reasons underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. The virus attacks immune cells, causing acute suppression of the immune system. The World Health Organization recommends a two-dose vaccination policy, with the first dose administered during the 1st year of life, and coverage should be maintained in at least 90–95% of the population to halt transmission. In many countries, the measles vaccine is included in the immunization program and is freely available to all. Today, despite active immunization of the population, measles still occurs in the Republic of Kazakhstan. AIM: The objective of our study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in the Republic of Kazakhstan during the rise of the disease. METHODS: Statistical data were obtained from the Committee on Public Health Protection on the incidence of measles in The Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from November 1, 2018 to December 30, 2019. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiology survey. RESULTS: The article contains epidemiological data on the incidence of measles in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan among children, age, and gender characteristics. CONCLUSION: In the period from November 2018 to December 2019, there was a tendency to increase the incidence of measles in the republic. In terms of morbidity, Nur-Sultan was the leader, where the number of cases was 22.9% (n = 3181). The largest number of registered cases, 58.2% (n = 5745), occurred in children aged 1–14 years. Measles remains an unresolved global problem and groups of undervaccinated and unvaccinated populations remain vulnerable during epidemics.
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Shenge, J. A., G. N. Odaibo, and D. O. Olaleye. "Outbreak of Measles in vaccinated population in Southeastern Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i3.4.
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Background: Outbreaks of respiratory disease, febrile illness and rash occurred in two adjoining rural communities of Imo State, Southeastern, Nigeria, at different times between 2006 and 2020. Laboratory investigation was carried out to determine the aetiological agent of the outbreak.
Methodology: Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 6 individuals showing symptoms of disease, within 3-4 days of appearance of rash. Venous blood samples were also collected from a total of 41 symptomatic persons, their contacts and individuals with resolved infections. Swabs were inoculated into Vero, HEp-2c, B95a and MDCK cell lines. Sera were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G and M to rubella and measles viruses, while immunofluorescence assay was used to detect Lassa fever virus immunoglobulins. Descriptive data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Results: Four of the 6 (66.7%) swab samples showed viral activity or cytopathic effect characterized by clumping of cells in Vero cells while 2 (33.3%) in Hep-2c characterized by rounding up of cells. Thirty-nine (95.1%) sera were positive for measles IgG while 13 (31.7%) were positive for IgM. Thirty-six (87.8%) sera were positive for rubella IgG but none was positive for IgM. None of the sera was positive for Lassa fever virus IgG and IgM.
Conclusion: Measles virus was responsible for the outbreak among previously vaccinated population in the communities, while Rubella and Lassa fever viruses were excluded as the etiological agents of the outbreak.
Keywords: Epidemics; IgG and IgM; Cell lines; Vaccination; Measles virus
French title: Épidémie de rougeole dans la population vaccinée du sud-est du Nigéria
Contexte: Des flambées de maladies respiratoires, de maladies fébriles et d'éruptions cutanées sont survenues dans deux communautés rurales voisines de l'État d'Imo, dans le sud-est du Nigéria, à des moments différents entre 2006 et 2020. Une enquête en laboratoire a été menée pour déterminer l'agent étiologique de l'épidémie.
Méthodologie: Des écouvillons oropharyngés ont été prélevés sur 6 individus présentant des symptômes de maladie, dans les 3 à 4 jours suivant l'apparition de l'éruption cutanée. Des échantillons de sang veineux ont également été prélevés sur un total de 41 personnes symptomatiques, leurs contacts et des personnes souffrant d'infections résolues. Des écouvillons ont été inoculés dans des lignées cellulaires Vero, HEp-2c, B95a et MDCK. Les sérums ont été analysés en utilisant un test immuno-enzymatique (ELISA) pour les immunoglobulines G et M contre les virus de la rubéole et de la rougeole, tandis que le test d'immunofluorescence a été utilisé pour détecter les immunoglobulines du virus de la fièvre de Lassa. Les données descriptives ont été analysées à l'aide du progiciel statistique pour les sciences sociales (SPSS).
Résultats: Quatre des 6 échantillons sur écouvillon (66,7%) ont montré une activité virale ou un effet cytopathique caractérisé par l'agglutination des cellules dans les cellules Vero, tandis que 2 (33,3%) dans Hep-2c étaient caractérisés par un arrondissement des cellules. Trente-neuf (95,1%) sérums étaient positifs pour les IgG contre la rougeole tandis que 13 (31,7%) étaient positifs pour les IgM. Trente-six (87,8%) sérums étaient positifs pour les IgG contre la rubéole, mais aucun n'était positif pour les IgM. Aucun des sérums n'était positif pour les IgG et IgM du virus de la fièvre de Lassa.
Conclusion: Le virus de la rougeole était responsable de l'épidémie parmi la population précédemment vaccinée dans les communautés, tandis que les virus de la rubéole et de la fièvre de Lassa ont été exclus comme agents étiologiques de l'épidémie.
Mots clés: épidémies; IgG et IgM; Lignées cellulaires; Vaccination; Virus de la rougeole
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Kanbayashi, Daiki, Takako Kurata, Hideyuki Kubo, Atsushi Kaida, Seiji Yamamoto, Kazutaka Egawa, Yuki Hirai, et al. "Ongoing rubella epidemic in Osaka, Japan, in 2018–2019." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2019.10.3.001.
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A large rubella epidemic is currently ongoing since 2018 in Osaka, Japan. The detected rubella viruses were classified into genotypes 1E lineage 2 and 2B lineage 1. These strains may have been imported from endemic countries, and these viruses spread within the susceptible population.
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Papa, Anna, Georgia Gioula, Antonis Antoniadis, and Vassiliki Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina. "Rubella Epidemic Strain, Greece, 1999." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 9 (September 2004): 1696–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040117.
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Pozdnyakov, A. A., and O. P. Chernyavskaya. "Manifestations of the Epidemic Process of Measles and Rubella at the Present Stage." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, no. 5 (October 23, 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-45-53.
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Relevance.Measles and rubella have been known to humanity for centuries. These two infections have a number of similarities. However, despite all the similarities and a single elimination program, it is not possible to achieve the same results by the level of the incidence of these infections. Goal. Identify common features and differences in the manifestations of the epidemic process of measles and rubella at the present stage and formulate a hypothesis on their explanation.Materials and methods. Methods of retrospective epidemiological analysis of morbidity were used: Evaluation of the statistical significance of the differences in indicators with the Student’s test. To compare the rate of decrease in the incidence of measles and rubella their exponential approximations using the method of least squares were used. To process the research data, the Microsoft Excel program was used.Results.In the pre-vaccination period, the incidence of measles was 4.6 times higher than rubella. For major infections in this period characterized by a pronounced cyclic morbidity, while the intervals between cyclical rises for measles are shorter, and the amplitude of cycles is higher. As the population was vaccinated, the incidence of these infections decreased, while the rate of decline in the incidence of rubella was higher than that of measles. Also, a faster decrease in morbidity and smoothing of the cyclicity, a transition to older age groups, a gradual exit from the incidence of younger age groups confirm that the rubella has a contact number less then measles.Conclusion.The current level of population immunity is sufficient to eliminate rubella in a relatively short time. For measles, which has greater contagiousness and a contact number, and is more demanding for population immunity, this level is not enough. As a consequence, rubella shows better «manageability» in immunization than measles.
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LUGNÉR, A. K., L. MOLLEMA, W. L. M. RUIJS, and S. J. M. HAHNÉ. "A cost-utility analysis of antenatal screening to prevent congenital rubella syndrome." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 8 (December 17, 2009): 1172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809991336.
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SUMMARYIn low vaccination coverage regions (LVR) in The Netherlands people often reject participation in the National Immunization Programme for religious reasons. During a rubella epidemic in 2004–2005, 32 pregnant women were notified with rubella, and 11 babies were born with defects related to maternal infection. This study presents a cost-utility analysis of a screening and vaccination programme for rubella focusing on three scenarios: (1) screening non-vaccinated pregnant women in LVR; (2) screening all pregnant women in LVR; (3) screening all non-vaccinated pregnant women in The Netherlands (including pregnant first-generation non-Western immigrant women). Cost-utility was estimated over a 16-year period which included two rubella outbreaks. Observed complications from the 2004–2005 epidemic were used to estimate average cost savings and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained. The programme would be cost-effective (€1100/QALY gained) when assuming an acceptability of vaccination of 20% in women belonging to orthodox protestant risk groups.
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Panagiotopoulos, T., and T. Georgakopoulou. "Epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Greece, 1994-2003." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00461-en.
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In 1993, there was a large epidemic of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Greece. The epidemiology of rubella and CRS after 1993 is described in this paper using information from surveillance data and published studies and reports. The incidence of rubella fell sharply after 1993, but a smaller outbreak occurred in 1999, mainly in young adults, and four CRS cases (4.0 per 100 000 live births) were recorded. A very high proportion of the child population in Greece are currently vaccinated for rubella, while teenagers are inadequately covered (60-80% in different studies). A substantial proportion of women of childbearing age are susceptible to rubella (10-20% in urban areas). This could lead to local or more extended outbreaks. This situation shows that a comprehensive preventive policy should be implemented.
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Herrmann, K. L. "Rubella in the United States: toward a strategy for disease control and elimination." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (August 1991): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048676.
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More than 25 years have passed since the last rubella epidemic in the United States. The rubella pandemic of 1964–5 demonstrated clearly the extraordinary teratogenic potential of the rubella virus. In the United States alone, it is estimated that more than 12500000 cases of rubella occurred during the winter and spring of 1964–5. Congenital rubella infection occurred in an estimated 30000 pregnancies, 10000 resulting in fetal death or therapeutic abortion and 20000 resulting in infants born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) [1]. In contrast, during 1988, only 225 cases of rubella were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, the lowest annual total since rubella became a nationally notifiable disease in 1966 [2]. However, in 1989, this downward trend of reported cases was interrupted, with the number of reported rubella cases in the United States increasing nearly twofold, and in 1990, the total increased another threefold (to more than 1000 cases) [3]. Although the 1990 reports represent the highest total since 1982, the overall incidence of rubella in the United States has still declined by more than 98% since 1969, the year rubella vaccine was licensed (Fig. 1).
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Toda, Kohei, Susan Reef, Miyuki Tsuruoka, Makiko Iijima, Thanh Huyen Dang, Thi Hong Duong, Van Cuong Nguyen, and Tran Hien Nguyen. "Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Vietnam 2011–2012—CRS epidemic after rubella epidemic in 2010–2011." Vaccine 33, no. 31 (July 2015): 3673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.035.
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Kamada, Momoka, and Tsuneaki Kenzaka. "A Case of Rubella Caused by Rubella Vaccination." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091040.
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We present an extremely rare case of rubella that developed after rubella vaccine administration. A 54-year-old man complained of back and neck pain for some days. He presented with generalized rash and arthralgia that had persisted for two days before his visit. His vital signs were normal, and arthralgia had disappeared during an examination, but lymphadenopathy in the left posterior neck and pink papules were observed throughout the body. He had received his first Rubella vaccination 17 days before this visit and had attended a crowded festival. Owing to the rubella epidemic in that prefecture, we performed a rubella antibody test and polymerase chain reaction assay using blood, urine, and pharyngeal swab specimens. Rubella IgG and IgM antibody titers were 3 and 1.48, respectively. The pharyngeal swab yielded positive results for the 1a vaccine strain. Therefore, he was diagnosed with rubella due to rubella vaccination. His symptoms improved eventually. His clinical course was uncomplicated. Symptoms resolved within one week without specific treatment. The vaccine rubella strain is not as highly infectious as wild-type rubella strains. If rubella symptoms appear after vaccination, it must be investigated whether these are vaccine-specific adverse reactions, wild-strain rubella onset, or other eruptive viral infections.
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Bloom, S., A. Rguig, A. Berraho, L. Zniber, N. Bouazzaoui, Z. Zaghloul, S. Reef, A. Zidouh, M. Papania, and J. Seward. "<p>Congenital rubella syndrome burden in Morocco: a rapid retrospective assessment</p>." Community Ear and Hearing Health 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.56920/cehh.208.
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Background: WHO recommends that countries considering introduction of rubella vaccine into their immunisation programme assess their burden of congenital rubella syndrome, to determine whether vaccination is warranted. However, few guidelines exist for such assessments in developing countries. We retrospectively estimated the burden of congenital rubella syndrome in Morocco, and assessed our methods of rapid case finding.
Methods: We undertook case finding in the two cities with Morocco’s main tertiary care referral centres, using medical records from births between Jan 1, 1990, and May 31, 2002, disability records from 1965 to 1997, and retinal examinations from deaf students born between 1985 and 1994, applying the WHO definition for a clinically confirmed case of congenital rubella syndrome. We also reviewed disability data for evidence of epidemic periodicity and estimated yearly incidence of the syndrome from congenital cataract data for births between 1990 and 2001.
Findings: We identified 62 clinically confirmed cases of congenital rubella syndrome from medical records, 148 from disability records, and 15 in deaf students. We noted no epidemic periodicity in disability data, and estimated a yearly incidence of the syndrome in Morocco of 8.1-12.7 cases per 100,000 livebirths.
Interpretation: We show evidence of congenital rubella syndrome in Morocco and support the addition of rubella vaccination to the national programme. Various data sources can be explored to rapidly assess burden of the syndrome; ophthalmology departments and outpatient cardiology clinics could offer the most potential for such case finding, dependent on documentation practices.
Published courtesy of:Lancet. 2005; 365(9454):135-141
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Chechetova, S., Z. Dzholbunova, R. Kadyrov, and A. Uzakbaeva. "Problems of Diagnostics of Measles and Rubella in Kyrgyzstan at the Present Stage." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/09.
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The analysis of the epidemiological situation of measles in the Kyrgyz Republic was conducted, against the background of a decrease in the possibility of using laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis of measles, which negatively affects the timely conduct of anti-epidemic measures to isolate patients and monitor contact. Among suspicious patients on measles the group of children at which strew is formed disappears in 1–2 days and the measles diagnosis is excluded without laboratory inspection. Most often they stop with a diagnosis of ARI, an allergic rash, and patients are discharged home. In this group, a retrospective blood test was performed in 20 patients with rubella ELISA, which made it possible to identify this infection in 10 patients. During the period of the epidemic rise in measles, there is an increase in the incidence among children and rubella, so children suspicious for measles should also be examined for rubella.
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RUIJS, W. L. M., M. E. J. L. HULSCHER, S. J. M. HAHNÉ, R. S. VAN BINNENDIJK, and J. VAN DER VELDEN. "Feasibility of a rubella screening and vaccination programme for unvaccinated young women." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 9 (February 4, 2009): 1319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001982.
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SUMMARYThe feasibility of a rubella screening and vaccination programme for unvaccinated young women was assessed after the 2004/2005 epidemic in The Netherlands. All 640 young women in two villages with low vaccination coverage were invited for a rubella seroprevalence test. Information on vaccination status was gathered by written questionnaire. Women testing seronegative were offered free rubella vaccination. The feasibility of the programme was evaluated in terms of participation, rubella susceptibility, and acceptance of the vaccination offer by seronegative women. The participation rate was 48% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44–52] with 108 unvaccinated participants. Eleven per cent (95% CI 6–19) of the women were identified as susceptible to rubella, of whom 17% (95% CI 2–48) accepted the vaccination offer. In the end only 0·9% (95% CI 0·1–2·5) of the target population was given protection by the programme. Under the present conditions this programme proved to be an inefficient strategy for rubella protection.
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Kayano, Taishi, Hyojung Lee, and Hiroshi Nishiura. "Modelling a Supplementary Vaccination Program of Rubella Using the 2012–2013 Epidemic Data in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081473.
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From 2012–2013, Japan experienced a major epidemic of rubella, involving a total of 12,614 rubella cases and 45 confirmed cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). One of the contributory factors in this outbreak may have been that the majority of adult males remained unvaccinated. To plan for a supplementary immunization program (SIP) to elevate the herd immunity level, it is critical to determine the required amount of vaccine and identify the target age groups among males for the SIP. The present study aimed to answer these policy questions, employing a mathematical model and analyzing epidemiological datasets from 2012–2013. Our model allowed us to reconstruct the age- and sex-dependent transmission patterns, and the effective reproduction number during the exponential growth phase in 2013 was estimated to be 1.5. The computed next-generation matrix indicated that vaccinating adult males aged from 20–49 years in 2013, using at least 17 million doses, was considered essential to prevent a major epidemic in the future. The proposed model also indicated that, even with smaller doses of vaccine, the SIP in adult males could lead to a substantial reduction in the incidence of rubella, as well as CRS. Importantly, the present study endorses a substantial background risk of observing another major epidemic from 2018–2019, in which cases may be dominated by adult males aged from 25–54 years, that is, our identified age groups plus a five-year time lag from 2013 to 2018.
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Bichurina, M. A., N. V. Zheleznova, and A. A. Sharova. "Measles and rubella in the North-West of Russia in period of elimination." Journal Infectology 13, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-4-106-112.
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Aim: To evaluate the epidemic situation on measles and rubella and to carry out the laboratory diagnostics of these infections in the North-West of Russia in the period of elimination.Materials and Methods. In 2016-2019 a total of 534 blood serum samples from patients with measles diagnosis, 210 – from patients with rubella diagnosis and 1251 – from patients with exanthema were studied by ELISA using “VectoMeasles-IgM” and “EIA-Rubella-IgM” test-systems.Results. Measles incidence in NWR varied from 0 to 0.96 per 100,000 in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Among measles patients the proportion of children and adults changed in 2018-2019, adults constituted 65.9%. Patients not vaccinated against measles and those with the unknown vaccination status were mainly involved in epidemic process (85%). High level of patients with revaccination status was revealed in 2018 (18.4%). These patients demonstrated high levels of IgG (>3.0 IU/ml) as well as high percentage of IgG avidity (>94.3%) on 4-7th day of rash onset thus evidencing secondary immune response. Molecular studies of the samples from patients revealed the circulation of D8 and B3 genotypes of measles virus. Strains of D8 and B3 genotypes were represented by 3 and 4 variants, respectively. Rubella incidence did not exceed 0.13 per 100,000. Strains of rubella virus of genotype 1E were detected.Conclusion. The data of annual measles incidence and molecular studies of circulating wild type measles viruses prove the on-going measles elimination process in the NorthWest of Russia. For rubella, the persistent phase of elimination was demonstrated in the region.
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Semenenko, T. A., T. П. Gotvyanskaya, E. N. Kudryavtseva, E. V. Rusakova, A. V. Nozdracheva, L. F. Evseeva, M. I. Korabelnikova, D. V. Dubodelov, I. S. Shmyr, and S. N. Kuzin. "Seroprevalence of Measles, Rubella and Mumps Antibodies in Foreign Citizens Registered in Moscow Region (Labour Migrants)." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 16, no. 3 (June 20, 2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-3-11-15.
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The aim of the study was to determine the role of foreign citizens registered in Moscow region, in the maintenance of the epidemic process of measles, rubella and mumps based on the basis of their susceptibility to these infections and compare with the control group (residents of the Russia Central Federal District - donors of blood). Materials and methods. Examination included 909 samples of blood sera obtained from migrant workers and 939 blood donors (residents of the Central Federal district of Russia) which were tested for the presence of antibodies (IgG) to measles, rubella and mumps with the help of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Average relative density of seronegative persons among the surveyed migrants and donors to rubella virus ranged from 6.6 to 9.8%, the measles virus - 13.5 and 16.5%, respectively, statistically significant distinctions in groups were not established. The proportion of seronegative persons to mumps virus twice and more exceeded the standard documentation level among migrants and donors (32.5 and 47.5% respectively). Conclusion. There was a significant excess of the permissible level of seronegative persons to the measles, rubella and mumps viruses among migrant workers and blood donors, which creates preconditions for maintenance of epidemic process and dictates the necessity of carrying out the corrective vaccination (or revaccination) of non-immune persons
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muji, mubidin, semra cavaljuga, amer custovic, rahima jahic, and sead ahmetagic. "CHARACTERISTICS OF RUBELLA EPIDEMIC IN TUZLA CANTON." Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science 6, no. 2 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jeos.20170616084454.
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John, M. A. St, and S. Benjamin. "An epidemic of congenital rubella in Barbados." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 20, no. 3 (September 2000): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.2000.11748140.
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Awodeji, Motunrayo A., and Waidi F. Sule. "Adult Males and Females in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria Manifest Extremely Low Level of Rubella Virus Susceptibility: Herd Immunity Implication." Pan African Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/pajols/9102/20(0160).
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Introduction: Despite the epidemic-prone nature of rubella and absence of its vaccine in routine immunization in Nigeria, there have been no reported cases of rubella outbreak in Osogbo, capital city of Osun State. We therefore hypothesized that susceptibility to rubella viral infection was low among males and females attending LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo. Methodology: To verify this, 89 sera of consecutively selected consenting males and females in the General-Out-Patient Department of LAUTECH Teaching Hospital were tested for presence of protective level of anti-rubella virus IgG antibody using ELISA. Relevant socio-demographic/clinical data were obtained with interviewer-administered questionnaires. The serologic results were analyzed vis-à-vis the participants’ data. Results: The 89 participants were aged 3-85 years (mean age: 39.4 years) with 38.2% as males (mean age: 36.3 years). Overall rubella virus IgG seropositivity was 97.8%. Consequently, the rubella viral infection susceptibility rate was 2.2%, with group-specific susceptibility ranging from 0.0% to 4.2%. The susceptibility for males and females were 2.9% and 1.8% respectively. None of the participants’ variables was statistically associated with the susceptibility; this was mainly due to zero susceptibility of most groups of the participants. The 11 pregnant women and the 7 participants reporting skin rash had zero susceptibility to rubella. Conclusion: The study concludes that males, as well as females, had very low level of susceptibility suggestive of herd immunity against the virus which apparently was responsible for absence of rubella outbreaks in Osogbo, Osun State. As the high positivity rate indicated rubella endemicity, we recommend inclusion of rubella virus-containing immunization in national routine immunization for children and young adults, as well as, public enlightenment regarding rubella in Osogbo, Osun State.