Academic literature on the topic 'Rubber Testing Standards'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rubber Testing Standards"
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Kang, Wei, Jiefu Liu, Wei Xiong, Tianyu You, Xinxin Wang, Kexin Zeng, Yingao Deng, Zichao Guo, and Ke Yuan. "Basic mechanical and fatigue properties of rubber materials and components for railway vehicles: A literature survey." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 587–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0054.
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Abstract Rubber material is widely used in railway vehicles due to its superior damping performance. The testing methods, fatigue, and aging theories of rubber materials are of great significance to improve the design, manufacture, and application of rubber components for railway vehicles. This work systematically introduces the constitutive theory, mechanical testing standards, and testing methods of rubber materials. Then, the aging mechanism is described and the research progress of rubber fatigue properties is reviewed from the perspectives of fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation. Moreover, the reinforcement methods of rubber materials are presented. Finally, according to the working conditions of rubber components in railway vehicle, the technical difficulties and future research trends of fatigue characteristics analysis of rubber materials and components are pointed out.
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Karmanova, O. V., S. G. Tikhomirov, E. V. Lintsova, and L. V. Popova. "Research of the properties of rubber-cord composites in the presence of new adhesion promoters." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-3-221-226.
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Studies of experimental adhesion modifiers based on a mixture of fatty acids from the production of light vegetable oils. The properties of rubber compounds and their vulcanizates obtained using experimental adhesion promoters KK with cobalt content from 7.5 to 16.5% are investigated. The plastic-elastic and vulcanization properties of the properties of breaker rubber compounds based on polyisoprene, the physical and mechanical properties of breaker rubbers and the bond strength in the “rubber-brass-plated steel cord system” were studied. When testing belt rubbers containing experienced adhesion promoters or an imported analog of Manobond 680C, the following features were revealed. The plasticity of the prototypes was in the range of 0.2-0.4. This indicates satisfactory processing properties. The Mooney viscosity of the prototypes was lower than that of the production sample. The use of experienced adhesion promoters instead of the analogue (Manobond 680C) increases the resistance to scorching. On the basis of the analysis of elastic-strength properties, it was found that in terms of the conditional tensile strength, the prototypes were inferior to the serial ones. However, rubbers containing the KK-12, KK-13.5, KK-15 promoters met the control standards. The tensile elongation at break of the experimental rubbers is higher than that of the serial sample. This may indicate the formation of a more uniform cure network in the presence of the test products. When testing rubber-metal-hard composites, it was noted that, under normal conditions, the experienced adhesion promoters have advantages over Manobond 680C. However, at elevated temperatures, under conditions of salt and steam-air aging, they are slightly inferior to Manobond 680C. It has been established that the experimental adhesion promoters provide the required set of technical properties of belt rubbers with a CO2 + content of 12–16.5% wt. Thus, it is possible to recommend the adhesion promoters KK 12, KK-13.5, KK 15 for practical use in the composition of belt rubber compounds. This will allow replacing a foreign-made product and reducing the cost of production.
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Dardas, Agnes Z., Viviana M. Serra Lopez, Lauren M. Boden, Daniel J. Gittings, Kevin Heym, Emily Koerber, Taras Grosh, and Jaimo Ahn. "A simple surgical mask modification to pass N95 respirator-equivalent fit testing standards during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 24, 2022): e0272834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272834.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has infected hundreds of millions of people resulting in millions of deaths worldwide. While N95 respirators remain the gold standard as personal protective equipment, they are resource-intensive to produce and obtain. Surgical masks, easier to produce and obtain, filter ≥95% submicron particles but are less protective due to a lack of seal around a user’s face. This study tested the ability of a simple surgical mask modification using rubber bands to create a seal against particle exposure that would pass N95 standards. Methods and findings Forty healthcare workers underwent TSI PortaCount mask fit testing using an ASTM Level 1 surgical mask modified with rubber bands. Fit Factor was determined after testing four standard OSHA N95 fit testing scenarios. Performance of the properly-modified surgical mask was compared to that of a poorly-modified surgical mask, an unmodified standard surgical mask, and an N95 respirator. Thirty-one of forty (78%) healthcare workers passed Fit Factor testing using a properly-modified mask. The Fit Factor success rate significantly improved by subsequent test date (p = 0.043), but was not associated with any other participant characteristics. The average Fit Factor score for the properly-modified mask was 151 (SD 65.2), a significantly better fit than the unmodified mask score of 3.8 (SD 3.1, p<0.001) and the poorly-modified mask score of 24.6 (SD 48.4, p<0.001) but significantly lower than a properly fitted N95 score of 199 (SD 4.5, p<0.001).do. Conclusions Rubber bands, a low-cost and easily-accessible modification, can improve the seal and protective ability of a standard surgical mask to the level of an N95 respirator. This could mitigate N95 respirator shortages worldwide and provide individuals in under-resourced regions a practical means for increased personal respiratory protection.
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Rahartri, Rahartri. "ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN INFORMASI STANDAR DI KAWASAN PUSPIPTEK SERPONG: BERDASARKAN JENIS DAN KLASIFIKASINYA." BACA: JURNAL DOKUMENTASI DAN INFORMASI 40, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.baca.v40i2.436.
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This study aims to find out the standard information needs in the Puspiptek Region. While the specific objective of this study is to know the types of standard and standard classification required. The study was carried out descriptively. The data were collected by inventorying standard information needs during the 2011-2017 period. The results of this study concluded: 1) the type of standard information needed in Puspiptek Serpong Area are ASTM, JIS, ISO, BS, SNI, DIN, IEC, UIC; 2) based on the classification, the standards needed in the Puspiptek Serpong area are: a) ASTM, miscellaneous material classification; miscellaneous subjects; cementious, ceramic, concrete, and masonry material; b) JIS, railway engineering classification; chemical engineering; mechanical engineering; c) ISO, rubber and plastic industries classification; metallurgy; road vehicles engineering; d) British standard, agriculture classification; construction materials and building; chemical technology; e) SNI, metallurgy classification; food technology; construction materials and building; f) DIN standard, rubber and plastic industries classification; paint and colour industries; g) IEC standard, electrical engineering classification; testing/ environmental testing. The results of this study can be the recommendations for decision makers in the context of procurement/provision of documents, especially standard documents in the Puspiptek Serpong, for the development of science and technology.
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Lai, Mun Kou, Hiu Hong Teo, and Jien Ye Lee. "Recycled Cigarette Filter as Reinforcing Filler for Natural Rubber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.39.
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Natural rubber is highly resilient and possesses many outstanding characteristics but inferior in aspects like modulus and hardness. This however can be improved by reinforcement, forming a composite. The rubber compound in this study was prepared according to the ASTM D3184 standards and reinforced using cellulose acetate (CA) from recycled cigarette filter, partly as an effort to reduce the amount of waste. Moreover, cigarette filter is highly toxic due to the nicotine content thus requires care when is recycled. From the rheological and mechanical testing conducted i.e. scorch and cure time, torque, tensile test and tear strength, it seems to indicate a small amount of up 4 phr (parts per hundred rubber) of CA, is beneficial in improving the properties of the rubber compound.
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Ramirez-Vazquez, Isaias, Fermin Pascual Espino-Cortes, and Carlos Gómez-Yáñez. "Direct Current Inclined Plane Testing on Silicone Rubber Composites Reinforced with Silica Nano Particles." Journal of Nano Research 71 (January 25, 2022): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.71.135.
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Polymer insulators traditionally used in HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) are used in HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) transmission lines. For these polymer insulators, silicone insulating rubber, based on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), is used in industry to manufacture high voltage insulators for power lines. Silicone rubber material ages due to pollution and environmental factors such as UV (ultraviolet light), rain, and temperature. Moreover, no international standard is available to standardize its functional characteristics to ensure its best performance in HVDC regime. Standards usually define the testing procedures to measure the resistance of the materials to these conditions. One of the tests used to evaluate the performance in AC (alternating current) of the housing material of polymeric insulators is the inclined plane test (IPT). This test has the purpose of assessing the tracking and erosion resistance of housing materials. However, for the IPT, no consensus is reached yet for this testing in Direct Current (DC) voltage. In addition, there are no indications whether the formulations that have been successfully used for HVAC work fine; also, in HVDC regime, or not. In this paper, an investigation of the tracking and erosion resistance under positive DC IPT is presented. In this way, the study was carried out on skirts of an HVAC commercial insulator and samples of a new outstanding composite silicone rubber formulation filled with micro and nano particles. The results show that HVAC silicone rubber formulations could not be suitable for HVDC applications under highly polluted conditions. In the case of the new enhanced composite, it is shown how nano particles used in this material significantly enhance the performance during DC tracking and erosion testing well above other materials tested in previous works. Also, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the composites is used to correlate thermal stability with the DC IPT performance.
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S.Pd., M.Kom., Rahmad Fauzi. "IMPLEMENTASI JARINGAN SARAF TIRUAN DENGAN METODE BACKPROPAGATION TERHADAP BIBIT TANAMAN KARET." JURNAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37081/ed.v1i1.104.
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Availability of seeds is one of the critical success factors of increasing the productivity of rubber plantations, the empirical use of seeds as one component technology has made a great contribution in increasing the productivity of rubber plantations. To obtain plant materials of good quality, it is worth noting the procurement process as well as the quality standards of seeds produced, if all quality standards at every election seedlings to be planted, it is certain that the results will be planted in accordance with what had been planned as long as it is balanced with proper maintenance based technical. Artificial Neural Networks can be used to obtain information about the quality of rubber seedlings by using Backpropagation, observations and measurements of rubber seed 51 seeds were used as a sample, of 50 rubber seed of the 35 samples used as training data and 16 samples as test data, observations done by looking at the characteristics of rubber seed color, reflectivity, results marinade, long beans, broad beans and thick seeds. From the results of the training conducted by Artificial Neural Networks as many as 35 sample data by using architecture patterns 6 15 1 obtained accuracy rate of 94.29%, which means that the artificial neural network has been able to identify the quality of the rubber plant seeds, to prove the results of the training testing using a sample of 16 pieces of new data that has not been trained before, the test results showed the accuracy rate of 100%, of the test results can be concluded that the application of Artificial Neural Networks to identify quality rubber seedlings with architectural 6 15 1 more accurate compared to other architectures
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Liu, Jing Hui. "Laboratory Investigation of Moisture Damage in Asphalt Rubber Hot Mixes Using Warm Mix Technology." Advanced Materials Research 598 (November 2012): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.598.438.
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The advantages of using asphalt rubber pavement strategies have been validated by many research efforts. However, the most obvious disadvantage of asphalt rubber hot mix is requiring a higher mix and placement temperature in order to obtain adequate workability, which results in higher energy requirements and asphalt easy ageing. By utilizing Warm Mix Asphalt(WMA) technology the temperature requirements of the asphalt rubber hot mix can be reduced significantly. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is the name given to certain technologies that reduce the production and placement temperatures of asphalt mixes. Asphalt Rubber Hot Mix of containing Warm Mix technology is a very promising technology whether in energy saving or improving pavement performance. One of the main concentrations of crumb rubber mix is now on the moisture damage evaluation due to WMA additives. In this study, the objective was to conduct a laboratory investigation of moisture damage in Warm Rubber Mix Asphalt(WRMA). Currently, there are no standards or laboratory test data to support the knowledge area on the susceptibility of asphalt rubber mixtures to moisture damage. The widely accepted testing procedures i.e. indirect tensile strength (ITS) and tensile strength ratio (TSR) were performed to determine the moisture susceptibility of the mixtures.
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Gros, X. E. "Technical Note: Detection of delamination in tyres using eddy currents." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 211, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407971526236.
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Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a useful tool to assess the structural integrity of components in order to maintain quality and safety standards. A low-cost electromagnetic technique based on eddy currents induced into a material appeared promising for the inspection of composite materials. Experiments were carried out in order to assess the potential of eddy currents in detecting delamination in rubber tyres. Infrared thermography was used to verify inspection results achieved with eddy currents. Non-destructive examination results are presented in this paper; these confirm that eddy current testing is an economically viable alternative for the inspection of steel reinforced truck tyres.
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John, Reji, and Shiv Kumar. "D evelopment and Testing of a Closed Loop Feedback Controlled Magnetorheological Fluid Anti-vibration Mount for Onboard Naval Applications." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 4 (June 28, 2016): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.10211.
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An intelligent semi-active anti-vibration mount using a magnetorheological (MR) fluid is designed and developed for onboard applications. The mount consists of a load bearing elastomer, MR fluid chamber; MEMS based vibration sensor and a controller for closed loop feedback mechanism. The controller regulates the solenoid current in the MR fluid chamber, which in turn regulates the flow of MR fluid through the valve. Comparison of the performance of MR mount with a passive resilient rubber mount shows that the former provides 7 dB extra damping at resonance compared to the later and the isolation of MR mount starts at 10 Hz compared to 50 Hz by rubber mount. This mount can operate in real time, passive and active modes by using a closed loop feedback control mechanism. The efficacy of the mount for outdoor applications is evaluated by characterizing the mechanical, environmental, electrical and electromagnetic properties as per MIL-17185, JSS-55555 and IEC 61000 standards and found to be superior compared to passive mounts. The mount is being evaluated for onboard applications in INS Ranvijay.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rubber Testing Standards"
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Murgatroyd, J. "Impact energy absorption of playground surfaces." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
Find full textBooks on the topic "Rubber Testing Standards"
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Rubber, Natural and Synthetic - General Test Methods, Carbon Black (Annual Book of a S T M Standards Volume 0901). Astm Intl, 1999.
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1999 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Rubber Products, Industrial Specifications and Related Test Methods; Gaskets; Tires (Annual Book of a S T M Standards. Volume 09.02.). Astm Intl, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rubber Testing Standards"
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Brown, R. P. "Standards and standards organizations." In Physical Testing of Rubber, 22–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0529-3_3.
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"Tensile Testing of Elastomers." In Tensile Testing, 155–62. 2nd ed. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060155.
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Abstract Elastomers comprise a subclass of polymers that display the ability to stretch and recover that is typical of a rubber band. This chapter describes the properties determined by tensile testing of elastomers and the factors influencing them, namely, structuring of the molecular matrix, compounding, specimen preparation, specimen type, vulcanization parameters, and temperature. The chapter also provides information on ASTM D 412, the most widely referenced standard for determining the tensile properties of elastomers.
Conference papers on the topic "Rubber Testing Standards"
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Azmi, Nurul Nadiah, Mohd Nor Azmi Ab Patar, Siti Noor Azizzati Mohd Noor, and Jamaluddin Mahmud. "Testing standards assessment for silicone rubber." In 2014 International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technologies (ISTMET). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istmet.2014.6936529.
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Lugbauer, M., E. Badisch, and A. Kröll. "Wear Behaviour and Performance of a Cost-Effective Iron-Based, Carbide-Reinforced, Sintered Coating." In ITSC2010, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. DVS Media GmbH, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2010p0010.
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Abstract In every industry wear plates and parts are demanded in heavy duty standards at cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness. For that reasons a new kind of coating technology was developed, and first applied on parts for agricultural machinery for getting results from the field. Simultaneously lab tests were done to compare the wear behaviour and performance of these sintered iron-based coatings with mainly chromium-carbides and borides in it, with other well known wear-resistant coatings like hard chrome, thermal sprayed coatings (Ni-matrix/WC), PTA welded coatings (Ni-matrix/WC, high speed steel) and processed steel like Hardox. Wear tests were performed under 3-body-abrasion as well as combined impact/abrasion conditions, respectively. Dry-sand rubber-wheel procedure according ASTM G65 was used to investigate low stress abrasion, whereas for high stress abrasion investigations a steel wheel was used. A special designed impeller-tumbler apparatus was used for combined impact and abrasion wear tests. Analysis after testing was done quantitatively by gravimetric mass loss, and qualitatively using SEM microscopy (edge stability, wear mechanisms). The ambition of this investigation is to secure the wear performance of the sintered iron-based coating at low production costs compared to well known anti-wear solutions applied in wear intensive industries.
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Bastiaan, Jennifer M., and Amir Khajepour. "Finite Element Modeling of Tire With Validation Using Tensile and Frequency Response Testing." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38286.
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A physical testing program is performed in support of finite element model creation for a 50-series passenger car tire. ABAQUS finite element analysis software is used along with its standard material models. Uniaxial tension testing of tire samples cut from the tread composite, tread rubber and sidewall composite is performed in order to obtain material properties. Hyper-elastic material coefficients for tread rubber are fit using uniaxial tension test data. Results show that the Arruda-Boyce hyper-elastic material model fits the test data well and it predicts reasonable overall behavior in uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression. Most other hyperelastic material models are found to predict unrealistic behavior in uniaxial compression for the tire samples, especially in the 0 to 20% compressive strain range. Frequency response testing of two inflated passenger car tires of different sizes, makes and models is also performed to assist in defining the viscoelastic material model for tread rubber. Test results show that tire modal damping is in the 2 to 4% range for most modes below 200 Hz, and the response curves, modal density and modal damping are remarkably similar for the two tires tested. The tire finite element model with updated material properties is simulated for nine combinations of air inflation pressure and vertical load in order to calculate static loaded radius. The analysis results are compared with physical test results and the analysis results are found to deviate at most by 3% compared to the tests.
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Hertz, Daniel L. "Effects of Thermal Cycling on Elastomers in High Temperature Coolant." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35074.
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In the past ten years diesel engine performance has significantly increased in terms of kilowatts/litre (kW/L). These higher power density outputs create higher thermal loads on the cooling system and associated seals. While compatibility of elastomers in high temperature coolants has been studied and reported, the inevitable impact of thermal cycling on these elastomers is not well documented. This study examines the effects of thermal cycling in three general coolant categories on three different elastomers commonly considered for sealing hot engine coolants. The elastomers, by ASTM D1418 designation, are HNBR, FKM Type 2, and FEPM. The coolants are an organic acid technology (OAT) coolant, a propylene glycol premix coolant, and a corrosion inhibited de-ionized water. Normal service applications are characterized by an indefinite number of shutdowns and startups. Testing was designed to simulate such service. Aging periods incorporated ongoing 24 hour cycles: a 16 hour period to heat up and operate at 150°C, and an 8 hour period to cool off to ambient. O-rings, a common seal design, were subject to axial and radial deformation during testing. The o-rings’ sealing attributes were examined after four, ten, twenty, and forty cycles. Elastomeric properties were evaluated, before and after cyclical aging, in accordance with ASTM D1414-94 (“Standard Test Methods for Rubber O-rings”) and D412-06a (“Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber … - Tension”). Compressive stress relaxation (CSR) was evaluated using an in-house procedure, comporting with ASTM D6147-94.
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Pannikottu, Abraham, Joseph A. Seiler, and Jerry J. Leyden. "Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis Support Testing for Gaskets and Seals." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1112.
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Abstract Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) refers to the use of computers to perform design calculations for determining an optimum shape and size for a variety of engineering applications. This modern concept of engineering management has led to important advances in the design and production of components used in aerospace, automotive, electronics and other industries throughout the world. Computer-Aided Engineering enables an engineer to test design ideas by simulating the function of the part on the computer. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is one of these computer simulation techniques which is most accurate, versatile and comprehensive technique for solving complex design problems. FEA permits the analysis of these complex structures without the necessity of developing and applying complex equations. FEA program for non-linear stress analysis of elastomers is performed by applying two material models: * Mooney-Rivlin Model * Ogden Model The Mooney-Rivlin model is the most widely used model for elastomer analysis. The basic problem facing the design engineer is how to obtain the material coefficients needed to use these two models in FEA. As expected, the effectiveness of design analysis is directly related to the quality of the material input material coefficients. Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc. (ARDL) has developed a reliable history of standard procedures for determination of these coefficients from experimental test data. This paper will discuss various testing techniques used for developing elastomer material constants. Also, the intent of this paper is to show how aging or service conditions can be incorporated to obtain material coefficients for elastomer parts.
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Hoefler, Michael, Brian Bonacum, and Lin Hua. "Analysis of End Hose Elasticity." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2433.
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This paper investigates the relationship between end hose elasticity and the potential amount of energy coupled railroad cars can absorb in charged condition before pull a part force separation occurs. One of the most significant issues with the existing end hose is that it will uncouple after enough force is applied causing a loss of pressure in the brake system. Our initiative to evolve the end hose into a more durable wire braided rubber material from the standard hand wrapped construction has decreased this potential for separation in the field. Simulation testing using end hoses from three manufacturers is studied and compared. Charged hose assemblies were coupled and pulled apart. The results showed one end hose stretched nearly double the distance of the other hoses. Analysis of the resulting data will show that a more elastic hose will allow a train brake system to absorb more energy thus reducing the opportunity for a disconnect while in service.
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Laurila, J., K. Niemi, and P. Vuoristo. "Degradation Mechanisms of Thermally Sprayed Coatings in Chloride Containing Electrolytes." In ITSC2010, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. DVS Media GmbH, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2010p0762.
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Abstract Thermally sprayed cermet coatings are widely used in pulp and paper industry and also in other applications of such corrosive conditions where chlorine is present. In these conditions corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the coatings are the most important characteristics. Corrosion resistance can be improved by sealing the corrosion sensitive base material surface under the coating from chlorine containing environment. Test materials in this work were thermally sprayed WC-10Co4Cr, Cr3C2-25NiCr and Sanicro 28 coatings prepared using HVAF and arc spray techniques. The degradation of the coatings and base material surface was characterized using micro hardness tests, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and also by conventional weight loss measurements. Wear resistance of the coatings was evaluated using modified rubber-wheel abrasion tests. In this work ASTM G48 corrosion testing standard was utilized in corrosion testing of these corrosion resistant thermally sprayed coatings. In demanding chlorine containing corrosion conditions it is essential to understand where the corrosion is concentrating in the structure. In the studied corrosion conditions Sanicro 28 and Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings were heavily corroded inside the coating material. Corrosion resistant Cr3C2-25NiCr cermet coating was corroded also between the coating and the base material and the adhesion between the base and the coating was lost in some of the specimens after one day exposure. Unexpectedly HVAF sprayed WC-10Co4Cr coating was giving the best performance of the coatings tested in this work.
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Semones, Paul T., H. Alex Roberts, and David A. Renfroe. "Vehicle Evaluation During Sustained Solid Axle Tramp: Part 1 — New Testing Methods and Novel Approaches to Data Analysis." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51822.
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EI Consultants (formerly The Engineering Institute) has been studying solid rear axle tramp for well over a decade, and contributed several publications to the literature outlining recommended test methods and their results. Throughout the history of EI’s research, sustained tramp inputs have been achieved by use of a tire featuring affixed lumps of rubber to induce wheel hop at one end of the axle. The principal methodological guide for studying the vehicle response to this input has been the test methods and data analysis recommendations of test standard SAE J266: Steady-State Directional Control Characteristics for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. More specifically, past testing has been patterned almost exclusively on the circle test (constant-radius/slowly-increasing-speed) method discussed in J266. Historically, the J266 recommendation for data analysis and presentation, i.e. understeer/oversteer gradients derived from a wheel angle versus lateral acceleration plot, were principally used. Recent research, along with fresh analysis of previous testing results, revealed limitations of the circle test and the J266 recommended manner of data analysis in the context of tramp resonance testing. During a constant-radius/slowly-increasing-speed test, a single control variable (speed) has the effect of changing both the lateral acceleration and the tramp input frequency simultaneously. This effect results in a non-steady-state test event where only a narrow portion of each test run expresses the resonant axle tramp phenomenon that is the intended object of the observation. To provide a wider view of vehicle response characteristics during sustained axle tramp, EI Consultants selected and evaluated expanded test methods in a recent testing project. These methods included performing circle tests at multiple radii, performing continuous tests modeled after the J266 constant-speed/variable-radius method, and performing path-following tests modeled after the slowly increasing steer method. Expanded data analysis and presentation methods were developed to quantify and understand the vehicle oversteer response in more effective ways than those recommended by J266. Due to the abrupt discontinuity in the vehicle’s response upon reaching the resonant tramp frequency, novel methods of data presentation were shown to be more useful in assessing vehicle characteristics during resonant tramp. Of particular value was examining the steering input delta in the vehicle speed and tramp input frequency domains during the phase of resonant axle response; and examining the difference between the actual yaw rate and the theoretical Ackerman yaw rate derived from the measured steer angle. This paper will detail the data analysis techniques that were developed to overcome the limitations of the J266 standard’s steer gradient methodology, and thus introduce a more useful approach to evaluating understeer/oversteer characteristics during non-steady-state test events. This paper is the first of two companion papers presenting theory and results from EI Consultants’ most recent axle tramp testing. This paper focuses on new understandings of test data analysis theory, while the second paper will summarize the results of numerous tests and their application to various suspension design strategies for improving solid rear axle tramp control, with a motivation for enhancing vehicle controllability and highway safety.
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Hsu, T. M., Jaime Buitrago, Arthur Herman, and Peter C. McKeighan. "Fatigue Performance of Friction Welded Studs." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67209.
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Early in the life of the Genesis spar, cracking developed at the welded connections between the riser guide supports and the hull wall plate. The cracking was caused by the movements of the top-tensioned risers within the steel guide frames in the moon pool of the structure. The remedial action taken to minimize the riser movements and its effects on the hull involved the use of novel rubber bumpers, which were installed in lieu of the steel guides. The bumpers around the periphery of the moon pool were fastened to the hull wall via threaded studs that were friction welded to the hull wall plate underwater. This paper describes a testing program specifically designed to qualify the fatigue performance of the stud-plate friction welds. Results verify the use of the F2 S-N curve from British Standard 7608 with a single slope for the design of the friction-welded connections subjected to axial load. It was also found that the fatigue performance of friction welds is sensitive to the stud preload. One unique feature of the fatigue failure mode of the connection, when the load is transferred through the stud into the plate, is that cracking takes place along the semi-circular heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the bond-line between the stud and the plate, and not through the hull plate thickness. As a result, failure of a stud connection does not compromise the structural integrity of the spar hull.
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Laurila, J., K. Niemi, P. Vuoristo, and J. Vajala. "Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Molybdenum Containing Arc Spray Composite Coatings." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p1151.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In twin wire arc spraying process it is possible to use feedstock wires of two different compositions at the same time. As a result of this procedure it can be achieved composite coatings called also as pseudo alloys with modified physical properties. In this study nickel and cobalt based super alloy materials were arc sprayed with pure molybdenum wire to tailor corrosion and wear resistance of the coatings. Coatings for the tests were sprayed using two different twin wire Sulzer Metco arc-spraying units, Smart Arc and OSU 300, operating with suitable spray parameters to produce coatings of good quality. It was already known that these twin wire configurations are producing coatings with differing microstructures. Coating sprayed with the OSU system was clearly finer in structure and one purpose of this study was to measure the effect of the micro structural size on the corrosion and wear properties of the final coatings. Microstructures of the coating materials were studied and analyzed from cross-sectional specimens. Volume fraction of pure molybdenum in the coating matrices was evaluated with simple line method and according to the results volume fraction of pure molybdenum metal is over 50 volume-% in all of these tested composite coatings and higher in materials sprayed with OSU unit. Also the microstructure of the coatings was seen to be finer when OSU was used as was expected. Wear resistance was measured with modified ASTM G65 rubber wheel sand abrasion wear test and corrosion resistance was tested in low pH values and chlorine containing environment according to the ASTM G48 corrosion testing standard. Corrosion testing was carried out at room temperature 22°C and also at higher 50°C temperature. Molybdenum addition is clearly improving the abrasion wear resistance of the tested coating systems. At room temperature also the corrosion resistance is getting better with molybdenum addition but at higher temperature this effect is not so clear.