Journal articles: 'Rubber-sand'

1

Kim, H. K., and J. C. Santamarina. "Sand–rubber mixtures (large rubber chips)." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 10 (October 2008): 1457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-070.

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Mixtures of small rigid sand particles Ds and large soft rubber particles Dr are prepared at different volume fractions and tested to investigate their small-strain and zero-lateral strain responses (Dr /Ds ≈ 10). Both data sets are simultaneously gathered in an oedometer cell instrumented with bender elements. Data are analyzed in the context of mixture theory and with the aid of numerical simulations. Results show that the sand skeleton controls the mixture response when the volume fraction of rubber particles is Vrubber ≤ 0.3, while the rubber skeleton prevails at Vrubber ≥ 0.6. The large size and incompressibility of rubber particles provides high stress-induced stiffness in the sand skeleton near the equatorial plane of rubber particles. The corresponding increase in local small-strain shear modulus Gmax results in earlier wave arrivals in mixtures with Vrubber ≤ 0.3 than in pure sand, while the quasi-static constrained modulus is highest in pure sand. The constrained modulus and shear wave velocity are power functions of the applied effective stress in all mixtures. Results from this study (Dr /Ds ≈ 10) and from a previous complementary study with small rubber particles (Dr /Ds = 0.25) show that the development of internal fabric, particle level processes, and the associated macroscale response of sand–rubber mixtures depend on the relative size between the soft rubber chips and the stiff sand particles Dr /Ds and their volume fractions.

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Li, Pei. "Damping Properties and Microstructure Analysis of Microbial Consolidated Rubber Sand." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (September 29, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2338000.

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Up to now, there are few reports on the application of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) consolidated rubber sand. By means of uniaxial or cyclic loading test and SEM test, the consolidation effect of rubber sand samples with different rubber particle content after MICP consolidation is tested and analyzed. The results show that MICP is not affected by the amount of rubber particles; rubber particles improve the compressive strength and deformation ability of consolidated rubber sand samples and significantly enhance the damping ratio, resistance to deformation, and energy dissipation ability of consolidated rubber sand samples. Rubber sand after MICP consolidation is a good shock damping material. The conclusion of this paper provides reference data for the application of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation consolidated rubber sand.

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Liu, Yiming, Xinchao Liao, Lihua Li, and Haijun Mao. "Discrete Element Modelling of the Mechanical Behavior of Sand–Rubber Mixtures under True Triaxial Tests." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 5716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245716.

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Sand–rubber mixtures (SRMs) consisting of stiff sand particles and soft rubber particles are typical binary mixture materials that possess a variety of complicated properties. The complexity of the properties of sand–rubber mixtures is increased when complex stress path is involved. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of sand–rubber mixtures under generalized loading conditions using the discrete element method. A series of numerical true triaxial shear tests were conducted on pure sand and sand–rubber mixtures. The effect of rubber content and loading path on both of the macroscopic and microscopic performances of sand–rubber mixtures was investigated, and the associated microscale mechanism was also discussed. Numerical simulations show that the relationship between the peak friction angle ϕp and the intermediate principal stress ratio b is influenced by the addition of rubber particles, and a suggested explanation of this phenomenon is that the rubber particles mainly affect the inherent stability of the strong network. Particle-scale observations, including the coordinate number, the proportion of strong contacts, and the fabric anisotropy, are also presented in this study. Microscopic results confirm the explanation above, and explore the force transmission characteristics of sand–rubber mixtures under generalized loading conditions. This research can provide a reference for the constitutive model development of sand–rubber mixtures.

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Cheng, Zhuang, Jianfeng Wang, and Wei Li. "Exploring the micromechanical behaviour of sand-rubber mixtures using X-ray micro-tomography." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 11009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124911009.

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The micromechanical behaviour of sand-rubber mixtures (SRMs) under monotonic triaxial shear were investigated using X-ray micro-tomography. The localisation of sand particle rotations that occurred in a pure sand sample under shear was inhibited in the sand mixed with 30% rubber grains by mass. Meanwhile, the SRMs exhibited an evolution of sand-sand contact coordination number that is not negatively correlated with sample porosity, dramatically different from that was observed in pure sands. Substantially increasing anisotropy degree of sand-rubber contacts compared with minor changes of sandsand contact fabric was observed, implying the increasingly important role of sand-rubber contacts in the transmission of deviatoric loads as the shear of SRMs progressed.

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Li, Jianfeng, Jie Cui, Yi Shan, Yadong Li, and Bo Ju. "Dynamic Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Sand–Rubber Mixtures under Large Strain Range." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 4017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184017.

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Adding rubber into sands has been found to improve the mechanical behavior of sands, including their dynamic properties. However, ambiguous and even contradictory results have been reported regarding the dynamic behavior of sand–rubber mixtures, particularly in terms of the damping ratio. A series of cyclic triaxial tests were, therefore, performed under a large range of shear strains on sand–rubber mixtures with varying rubber volume contents, rubber particle sizes, and confining pressures. The results indicate the dynamic shear modulus decreases with increasing rubber volume content and with decreasing particle size and confining pressure. The relationship of the damping ratio to the evaluated parameters is complicated and strain-dependent; at shear strains less than a critical value, the damping ratio increases with increasing rubber volume content, whereas the opposite trend is observed at greater shear strains. Furthermore, sand–rubber mixtures with different rubber particle sizes exceed the damping ratio of pure sand at different rubber volume contents. A new empirical model to predict the maximum shear moduli of mixtures with various rubber volume contents, rubber particle sizes, and confining pressures is accordingly proposed. This study provides a reference for the design of sand–rubber mixtures in engineering applications.

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Enquan, Zhou, and Wang Qiong. "Experimental Investigation on Shear Strength and Liquefaction Potential of Rubber-Sand Mixtures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 2, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5934961.

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The application of scrap tires as construction materials in civil engineering is one of the most promising ways to recycle this pollutant. The objective of this study was to investigate the shear strength and liquefaction potential of saturated rubber-sand mixtures. Direct shear tests and cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on rubber-sand mixtures at various rubber contents. It was found that the addition of rubber particles to sand changed the shear stress-horizontal displacement development. The addition of rubber particles to sand improved the shear strength slightly and improved resistance to liquefaction significantly. Additionally, a hyperbolic model was proposed to describe the pore water pressure generation. This study demonstrates the effect of rubber particles on the physical properties of sand.

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Zhang, Yunkai, Fei Liu, Yuhan Bao, and Haiyan Yuan. "Research on Dynamic Stress–Strain Change Rules of Rubber-Particle-Mixed Sand." Coatings 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101470.

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We conducted GDS dynamic triaxial tests to study the change rules of the hysteresis curve morphology, axial strain, dynamic elastic modulus, and damping ratio of waste tire rubber-mixed sand-based subgrade model samples with different rubber particle sizes, rubber mixing amounts, and loading times. The research revealed the developmental rule of the hysteresis curves of waste tire rubber-mixed-sand samples under cyclic loading. From the analyses and comparison of the dynamic stress–strain change rules of rubber-particle-mixed-sand samples under different test conditions, it was concluded that the dynamic elastic modulus and shear stiffness of rubber-mixed-sand samples were smaller than those of pure sand samples under cyclic loading while their damping ratios were greater than that of pure sand samples, promoting vibration resistance and reduction to a larger extent. Therefore, this conclusion is of guiding significance for engineering practice.

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8

Badarayani, Pravin, Patrick Richard, Bogdan Cazacliu, Riccardo Artoni, and Erdin Ibraim. "A numerical and experimental study of sand-rubber mixtures subjected to oedometric compression." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 14010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199214010.

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The stockpiling of waste tires at landfill sites has become a nuisance for the society. One of the alternatives could be converting the recycled rubber into powdered form and mixing it with soil to use it as the backfill of the retaining structures. This paper is based on the study of such sand-rubber mixtures. In this work, Discrete Element (DEM) simulations were employed to study the mechanical response of sand-rubber mixtures with respect to a column of grains enclosed within a rigid cylindrical confinement, and subjected to an oedometric compression by the fixed velocity displacement of one of the horizontal walls. Further, experimental analysis was also carried out by using a uniaxial load cell to load the sand-rubber mixtures under compression. Different initial packings of sand-rubber mixture were prepared by varying: (a) the packing volume fraction and (b) the volume fraction of rubber. The mechanical response at small strains was studied for these sand-rubber packings. The mixture behavior was observed to be more sand-dominant or rubber-dominant depending on the rubber fraction and the mixture quality. Moreover, variation in the initial volume fraction of the packing also caused a difference in the load bearing of the packings for a given strain and a given rubber fraction.

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9

Al-Rkaby, Alaa H. J. "Strength and Deformation of Sand-Tire Rubber Mixtures (STRM): An Experimental Study." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 41, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0007.

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Abstract Waste material such as used tires is increasing every year, which poses environmental problems. However, such material has been used in several geotechnical applications as alternative lightweight backfill in highway embankments and/or behind retaining walls, providing environmental, economic and technical benefits. These applications require knowledge of engineering properties of soil-tire rubber mixtures. The present study aims to show the possibility of tire rubber usage in sand by evaluating the shear strength and deformability of sand mixed with granulated rubber, in weight percentages between 0 and 50%. The tire rubber content was found to influence the stress-strain and deformation behavior of the mixtures. The shear strength of sand mixed with 10% or 20% tire rubber was higher than that measured for sand only. However, the trend for TRC = 30–50% was different. Samples with a rubber content of 30-50% exhibited a rapid decrease in the stress ratio compared with that of sand. The major principal strain at maximum stress ratio was found to increase with increasing tire rubber content. However, it was observed that the lateral strains (minor and intermediate principal strains) of samples reduced significantly with the addition of tire rubber to the sand.

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10

Ngo, Anh T., and Julio R. Valdes. "Creep of Sand–Rubber Mixtures." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 19, no. 12 (December 2007): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2007)19:12(1101).

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11

Mohamed, Guendouz, and Boukhelkhal Djamila. "Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of Crushed Sand Concrete containing Rubber Waste." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901076.

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Over the past twenty years, the rubber wastes are an important part of municipal solid waste. This work focuses on the recycling of rubber waste, specifically rubber waste of used shoes discharged into the nature and added in the mass of crushed sand concrete with percentage (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). The physical (workability, fresh density), mechanical (compressive and flexural strength) and thermal (thermal conductivity) of different crushed sand concrete made are analyzed and compared to the respective controls. The use of rubber waste in crushed sand concrete contributes to reduce the bulk density and performance of sand concrete. Nevertheless, the use of rubber aggregate leads to a significant reduction in thermal conductivity, which improves the thermal insulation of crushed sand concrete.

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12

Valdes, Julio R., and T. Matthew Evans. "Sand–rubber mixtures: Experiments and numerical simulations." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 4 (April 2008): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-002.

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This paper documents the results of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations conducted to examine the behavior of mixtures composed of rubber and sand particles of similar size. Emphasis was placed on assessing the role of loading type on the load-deformation behavior and selecting appropriate parameters for the discrete element modeling of sand–rubber, with relevance to the use of compressible particulate systems for filtration control. Experimental results show that sand–rubber exhibits load–unload hysteresis and residual strains post-unloading due to particle–particle and particle–wall locking effects that arise from sidewall friction. It is shown that the discrete element modeling of sand–rubber requires unconventional schemes because of the stiffness contrast between sand grains and rubber grains. The results have implications in the design of compressible particulate systems for seepage and filtration control and in the development of prediction tools for the field performance soil–rubber, which is finding increased usage in geotechnical and civil engineering infrastructures.

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13

Asadi, Mohsen, and Ahmad Mahboubi. "Three-dimensional numerical simulation of mechanical properties of soil-tire mixture by discrete element method." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 14011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199214011.

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Soil engineering properties can be improved employing different methods. Among them is mixing soil with tire derived additives (TDA). TDAs generally increase some parameters of mixture such as damping ratio, permeability, ductility and also in some cases shear strength. Various properties of TDAs from mechanical properties to their geometry can affect the mixture behavior. In this paper using the YADE platform, simulations of triaxial tests on sand tire mixtures are presented. To take compressibility into consideration, each rubber crumb particle is made of several spheres connected elastically to each other. For sand particle generation the clump technique was employed. Shapes of both sand and rubber particles are inspired from real grains. As properties of sand and rubber are different, especially Young modulus, rubber sand interaction is considered as soft rigid contact. Therefor harmonic average and arithmetic average was used to compute contact Young modulus (and then stiffness). The model was validated by comparison of results of triaxial tests simulation on pure rubber sample with literature ones which both exhibited linear stress-strain curve. Then triaxial tests with different sand to rubber ratio were simulated to see whether harmonic average or arithmetic average gives the best match to literature. The results show shear strength reduces by decreasing of sand to rubber ratio. This is the same as what is reported in literature.

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14

Guendouz, Mohamed, and Djamila Boukhelkhal. "Recycling of rubber waste in sand concrete." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 4, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v4i2.30.

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The large development in the consumption of rubber is observed in the recent years, which leads to an increase of the production of rubber related waste. Rubbers are not hazardous waste, but they constitute a hazard for both environment and health, in case of fire in storage sites. So, recycling appears as one of the best solutions for disposing of rubber waste.This paper presents an experimental investigation dealing with the valorisation of rubber waste, specifically rubber obtained from old shoes sole waste. The waste rubbers are used form (0/5 mm) to mixes as addition at percentage (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) in sand concrete. The physical (workability, bulk density), mechanical (compressive and flexural strength) and thermal properties are studied and analysed.The results indicate that the incorporation of rubber waste particles in sand concrete contributes to increase the workability and reduce the bulk density of all studied sand concrete. The obtained results show that mechanical performance (compressive and flexural strength) decreases when the rubber content increases. Nevertheless, the presence of rubber aggregate leads to a significant reduction in thermal conductivity, which improves the thermal insulation performances of sand concrete. This study insures that reusing of recycled rubber waste in sand concrete gives a positive approach to reduce the cost of materials and solve some environmental problems.

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Benjelloun, Mohamed, Rachid Bouferra, Hassan Ibouh, Frederic Jamin, Ismail Benessalah, and Ahmed Arab. "Mechanical Behavior of Sand Mixed with Rubber Aggregates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 11395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311395.

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The main objective of this study is to compare the mechanical behavior of two sands (Hostun or Dune sands) mixed with crushed rubber obtained from used tires. However, it is essential to ensure that his geotechnical application do not result in long-term negative impacts on the environment. The chemical properties of these two sands are given by energy dispersive analysis X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The mineral composition of these two sands is performed by X-ray diffractometry. The morphological characteristics of the sand grains are given by the analysis of the images of the two sands given by the scanning electron microscope. This study is based on 120 direct shear tests performed on sand-rubber aggregate mixtures. The results show that the rubber content of the aggregates has a significant effect on the shear strength of sand-rubber mixtures in both cases of sand. In fact, the shear strength of the sand-rubber mixture increases with increasing crushed rubber up to 20% for different normal stresses. The analysis of the test results also shows the effect of the angular shape of the sand grains on the interparticle friction. The contribution of the structure effect in the mobilized friction is analyzed by comparing the shear test results of Hostun and dune sand mixtures.

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Youwai, Sompote, and Dennes T. Bergado. "Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire sand mixtures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-104.

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The volume of scrap tires, an undesired urban waste, is increasing every year. One of the possible alternatives for this waste is to use shredded tires alone or mixed with soil as a lightweight backfill. This paper presents the results of triaxial tests on compacted shredded rubber tire sand mixtures. The tests were carried out with different mixing ratios of shredded rubber tires and sand. With an increasing proportion of sand in the mixture, the density, unit weight, and shear strength of the mixture increased, but the compressibility decreased. The dilatancy characteristics of shredded rubber tires mixed sand were relatively similar to a cohesionless material and can be explained within a critical state framework. A proposed constitutive model broadly captures the strength and deformation characteristics of a shredded rubber tire sand mixture at different mixing ratios.Key words: shredded rubber tires, triaxial testing, constitutive model.

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Liu, Xin, Chaoyang Tian, and Hengxing Lan. "Laboratory Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of a Rubber–Calcareous Sand Mixture: The Effect of Rubber Content." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 6583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186583.

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This paper introduces a rubber–calcareous sand mixture as a lightweight building material in offshore engineering. The mechanical properties of mixtures of varying rubber contents were investigated by performing a one-dimensional (1-D) compression test in a modified oedometer cell, as well as a resonant column test. A discussion on the test results, along with detailed interpretations regarding the role of rubber chips in the mixtures, are provided. It was found that the virgin compression curves of the rubber–calcareous sand mixtures tended to converge at a certain stress level, whilst the stress level depended on the rubber content. Moreover, the relative breakage was examined by comparing the particle size distribution curves of the calcareous sand before and after the compression test. It was shown that the grain crushing of calcareous sand was less remarkable with the inclusion of rubber chips. Furthermore, the small strain shear modulus (G0) of the mixtures decreased with the rubber content, yet the modulus reduction and damping curves exhibited little difference for the specimens of varying rubber contents.

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18

Khalaj, Omid, Reza Zakeri, Seyed Naser Moghaddas Tafreshi, Bohuslav Mašek, and Ctibor štadler. "The Experimental Investigation of the Repeated-Loading Behaviour of the Sand-Rubber-Mixture (SRM)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012045.

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Abstract Nowadays the waste rubber problems are concerned due to the environmental issues, storage, and recycling difficulty. However, the rubber base equipment has been widely used to protect structures for vibrations - that has been generated by the structure or induced from the vicinity area or the bedrock into the structure - due to the notable capability of absorbing energy. In this study, the repeated-loading behaviour of the Sand Rubber Mixture (SRM) has been investigated and the remarkable energy absorption properties of the mixture have been illustrated. The test soil material that has been used in this study was a well-graded sand (SW) with a mean grain size of 2 mm. The test martial rubber that has been used was grain particles with a uniform size of 4.76 mm. The sand rubber mixture (SRM) was prepared by using 7.5% rubber inclusion because it was found as the optimum rubber content. A series of force control repeated-loading CBR tests have been arranged. The effect of mixing rubber particles with the well-graded sand (SW test material) has been investigated. This shows the remarkable energy absorption capability of Sand Rubber Mixture (SRM) to protect the bed of a machine’s footing that is generating repeated loads. The SRM usage could be extended to be employed as a part of an energy absorption unit and dampers facilities beneath a machine footing or structures that are sensitive to the vibration to prevent destructive deformation and resonance phenomenon.

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Wu, Wei, Chao Zhang, and Yong Li. "Study on Influence Factors of Rubber Concrete Compressive Strength." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4177.

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Rubber is mixed into concrete replacing sand, gravel and both sand and gravel with the same volume. Test compressive strength change trend of 7d and 28d concrete mixed into different volume rubber of 20 mesh, 40 mesh, 60 mesh and 80 mesh and study influence of different way, powder size and dosage on rubber concrete compressive strength. The results show that tenacity, cracking resistance and failure characters of rubber concrete are significantly better than that of ordinary concrete and that compressive strength of rubber concrete declines with increase of rubber dosage.

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Szypcio, Z., K. Dolzyk-Szypcio, and A. Nurgaliyev. "Stress-dilatancy relationship of sand-rubber mixtures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1260, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1260/1/012003.

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Abstract The results of drained triaxial compression tests and DEM simulations of sand-rubber mixtures presented in the literature were analysed using of frictional state concept. The stress-plastic dilatancy relationship at different shear stages can be approximated by straight lines determined by critical state angle and two parameters of the frictional state concept. The points representing failure state lie on the frictional state line as for pure sand without rubber. The frictional state concept can be used to simply describe the stress-dilatancy relationship of various sand-rubber mixtures.

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Raj, P. Santhi, G. V. V. Satyanarayana, and M. Sriharshavarma. "Investigation on Workability Of M20 Grade Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Crumb Rubber And M Sand For Fine Aggregates And Flyash For Cement." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401098.

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Concrete has a key role in construction. Study focus on workability of the concrete, Fine Aggregate is partially filled with crumb rubber and M sand, a part of cement is replaced with fly ash. In this investigation the crumb rubber is utilised in place of fine aggregate. The scrap tyre treatment is currently a serious issue against environmental pollution. India stud in forth position in the entire world for rubber tyre market world after china, Europe and the US. Fly ash and M sand is an industrial waste which is included in the concrete. In this investigation workability of concrete is conducted on M20 grade concrete by replacing river side sand with the M sand and crumb rubber at percentage of replacements 0 to 20% at an regular interval of 5%and Compare the results obtained by the modified concrete with the normal concrete.

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Benyamina, Smain, and Yacine Abadou. "Rubber Influence on the Performance of Thermal Insulating Quarry Sand Mortars-A Statistical Analysis." Advances in Materials Science 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2022-0002.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for managing wastes resulting from the tire rubber valorization waste of quarry sand mortar. A research methodology was developed to achieve the abovementioned main objective. To create a framework for use of crumb rubber in the production of quarry sand mortars, with adequate physical and mechanical properties to be used in a variety of construction applications. Testing included strength and thermal conductivity properties of the various mixture composition subjected to varying by 5%. 10%. 15% and 20% by quarry sand substitution. The internal microstructure, and phase composition of all mixture mortars, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The results show that increasing incorporation rate of additives significantly improves thermophysical properties of based materials, the hardened properties of the various mortars made are analyzed and compared, the experimental results revealed that; the addition of crumb rubber waste in the quarry sand mortar is beneficial for physical properties (Mv) mass loss, The results of mechanics strength of the rubber based quarry mortar studied are also significantly reduced.The addition of 5% to 20% rubber crumb in matrix and the replacement of sand by 20% of rubber in quarry mortar record the low thermal conductivity properties including that appropriate QS and CR levels may change the pattern of quarry sand mortar. witch explain by a Larger pore and higher porosity produce a less rigid and uniform matrix, meaning that the sonic pulses must travel through longer and more miscellaneous paths which improvement of insulation. The good performance of new materials encourages us to integrate them into the building envelope.

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Rios, Sara, Magdalena Kowalska, and António Viana da Fonseca. "Cyclic and Dynamic Behavior of Sand–Rubber and Clay–Rubber Mixtures." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 39, no. 5 (February 13, 2021): 3449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01704-3.

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Zheng, Xiu Hua, Xu Zhang, and Shi Zuo Zhan. "Study on Mechanical Properties and Impermeability of Rubber Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.467.

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The effects of the size and volumetric content of rubber powder on properties of concrete, including flexural strength, compressive strength and permeability, were studied in this paper. Two different particle sizes (20 meshand 60 mesh) of rubber powder were chosen to replace the sand with volume content of sand as5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% respectively. The results showed that both flexural and compressive strength of concrete, especially compressive strength, decreased with the increase of rubber content. Moreover, the smaller the particle of rubber powder, the greaterer the strength of the concrete, which was not obvious as effect of rubber powder content on the strength of concrete. The impermeability of concrete increased with the increase of rubber powder content. The electric flux of concrete with 30% rubber powder reduced to about 900 C, which was only 1/5 of that with 5%. At the same content, smaller rubber particle has positiveeffects on the impermeability of concrete. Keywords: rubber concrete,rubber powder, compressive strength,flexural strength, permeability performance.

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Khatami, H., A. Deng, and M. Jaksa. "The arching effect in rubber–sand mixtures." Geosynthetics International 27, no. 4 (August 2020): 432–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.20.00007.

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Chaney, RC, KR Demars, Z.-Y. Feng, and KG Sutter. "Dynamic Properties of Granulated Rubber/Sand Mixtures." Geotechnical Testing Journal 23, no. 3 (2000): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj11055j.

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Kettab, R., A. Bali, and A. Alliche. "Rubber-modified sand concrete for waste management." International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (2007): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnest.2007.012441.

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Dhakal, Samiksha, Rajendra Shrestha, and Sachin Joshi. "Experimental Analysis on Properties of M15 and M20 Concrete Brick Sample with Partial Replacement of Sand by Crumb Rubber and Coarse Aggregate by Expanded Polystyrene." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 7, no. 01 (August 25, 2022): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v7i01.47340.

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The suitability of crumb rubber and EPS (expanded polystyrene) as an alternative to sand and coarse aggregate in concrete production was researched here. Sand and coarse aggregate were partially replaced by crumb rubber and EPS in different percentages like 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% for Grade M20 and M15 concrete samples. The sample of size (240 × 115× 57) mm for M15 and M20 grade of concrete were prepared for the test. Various properties like Compressive strength, Bulk density and water absorption of the concrete brick prepared were determined. The normal consistency, initial and final setting time and compressive strength of cement used for the experiment were determined as 27%, 120 minutes, 290 minutes and 40.34 N/mm2 respectively before carrying out the experiment. The nominal maximum size of sand, coarse aggregate, crumb rubber and EPS used for the preparation of concrete brick sample were found as 2.36 mm, 12.5mm, 2.36 mm and 4.75 mm respectively from the sieve analysis. Impact value of coarse aggregate obtained was 17.06 %. The experimental results showed that water absorption of prepared M15 and M20 concrete brick samples increased whereas compressive strength and bulk density decreased with increase in percentage replacement of sand by crumb rubber and coarse aggregate by EPS. The results obtained from the experiment showed that concrete brick made with partial replacement of sand and coarse aggregate y crumb rubber and EPS respectively had sufficient compressive strength compared to common brick.

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Hassan, Falah, and Salwan Ahmed. "Dynamic response of machine foundation resting on sand-granulated tyre rubber mixtures." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201021.

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This paper examines the dynamic response of machine foundation resting on sand mixed with granular rubber of sizes (0.07-3) mm to improve the vibration attenuation and to reduce the settlement of the foundation. Granular rubber used is the product of hashing scrap tyres to small pieces in a tyre factory of Babylon in Iraq. Forty Model tests were carried out in a steel box of size (1200x1200x900) mm using a steel square footing of size (200x200x20) mm and a vertically acting rotating-mass type mechanical oscillator to apply a harmonic vertical mode of vibration. Karbala sand was used in this study with two relative densities (loose and medium) mixed with granular rubber ratios of (4%, 8% and 12%) of dry sand for different depths of mixing of (0.25 B, 0.5 B and 1B). The effect of relative density, frequency, depth of mixing and mixing ratio were studied. The results showed that the displacement amplitude and the settlement of machine foundation resting on dry sand granular rubber mixtures decreased with increasing mixing ratio and mixing depth. The optimum mixing ratio and mixing depth for loose state are (8% and 0.5B) at 69 Hz frequency while they are (12% and 1B) at 80 Hz frequency. For medium state they are (8% and 1B) for both frequencies. The settlement became constant after few seconds of vibration application when the foundation resting on sand mixed with optimum granular rubber content.

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Das, Sukanta, and Debjit Bhowmik. "Small-Strain Dynamic Behavior of Sand and Sand–Crumb Rubber Mixture for Different Sizes of Crumb Rubber Particle." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 11 (November 2020): 04020334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003425.

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Speir, Richard H., and Matthew W. Witczak. "Use of Shredded Rubber in Unbound Granular Flexible Pavement Layers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1547, no. 1 (January 1996): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154700114.

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The major objective of the research was to conduct a study into the feasibility of using shredded rubber as a partial replacement for aggregate within conventional base and subbase materials in a flexible pavement system. A graded aggregate base and sand subbase meeting specifications for the Maryland State Highway Administration were used. The rubber used in the study consisted of a shredded product with 60 to 70 percent retained on a 9.5-mm (⅜-in.) sieve. This size was selected because of the relatively inexpensive cost to produce it and because of its adaptability to an aggregate blend. Modified and standard Proctor, California bearing ratio (CBR), and resilient modulus tests were conducted on the base/subbase-rubber blends with up to 15 percent rubber content by weight. The aggregate base blend resulted in significant decreases in both CBR and nonlinear resilient modulus at 15 percent rubber. These significant reductions led the authors to conclude that the use of shredded rubber in a dense-graded aggregate base course is not feasible. In contrast, the sand-subbase blends resulted in insignificant changes to the CBR, friction angle, permeability, and resilient modulus at higher rubber percentages. It was concluded that the sand-rubber sub-base exhibits little change compared with the virgin sand-subbase material. As a result the use of shredded rubber may be a technically feasible alternative in the construction process. Finally, two constitutive models were used in the resilient modulus analysis: the conventional K1, K2 model and a universal model incorporating an octahedral stress term (k1, k2, k3 model). Direct comparisons revealed greatly improved predictability and accuracy with the universal model for assessing the nonlinear behaviors of both aggregate types evaluated.

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Saleh, Faisal A. H., Nouria Kaid, Kada Ayed, Djamel-Eddine Kerdal, Nadjib Chioukh, and Nordine Leklou. "Effects of rubber aggregates on the physical-mechanical, thermal and durability properties of self-compacting sand concrete." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 61 (June 19, 2022): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.61.06.

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The aim of this research was to study the effect of incorporating waste rubber aggregates on the physical, mechanical, thermal and durability performance of Self-Compacting Sand Concrete SCSC mixtures. For this purpose, the separately developed Rubberized Self-Compacting Sand Concrete RSCSC were prepared with three fractions of rubber grains where the natural aggregates were replaced with powder rubber, sand rubber and gravel rubber and four addition ratios (5, 10, 15 and 20%) as volume rates. The performed fresh properties using slump-flow, spreading, t500, sieve stability and air-entrained content tests proved better results for the RSCSC in comparison with reference concretes. Hardened state characterization of the concretes exhibited decreases in the mechanical properties of the RSCSC but the thermal conductivity and the dynamic elastic modulus were improved. Assessment of the concrete’s durability was accomplished through determination of apparent porosity, capillary absorption. Therefore, RSCSC to be can used in structural elements of dense reinforcement and complex formwork. Furthermore, this allows promising solution to reduce the impact of waste tyres on the environment and fight pollution.

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Younis, Khaleel H., Harth S. Naji, and Khalid B. Najim. "Cracking Tendency of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber as Fine Aggregate." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.55.

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The utilization of crumb rubber particles extracted from waste tires in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a decent and sustainable solution to mitigate the impacts of such waste on environment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cracking tendency of SCC with different content of crumb rubber extracted from waste tires. Five SCC mixtures were prepared. The reference mix was made with natural sand while the other four mixes were made with crumb rubber in which the natural sand was volumetrically replaced by crumb rubber at ratios of 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 %, respectively. The results show that the addition of crumb rubber delays the cracking of concrete. The cracking time increases with the increase of the rubber content. The results also reveal that the addition of rubber particles not only increases the cracking time but also reduces the initial and final crack width.

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Al-Tayeb, Mustafa Maher, B. H. Abu Bakar, Hazizan Md Akil, and Hanafi Ismail. "Effect of Partial Replacements of Sand by Waste Rubber on the Low Impact Resistance of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.696.

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Effects of partial replacements of sand by waste fine rubber on the long term performance of concrete under low impact three-point bending loading were investigated. Specimens were prepared for 5% and 10% replacements by volume of sand. For each case, three beams of 50 mm ×75 mm × 350mm were loaded to failure in a drop-weight impact machine by subjected it to 20 N weight from 400mm height. In general the experiment appeared that the impact strength increases with increase the percentage of sand replacement by waste fine crumb rubber.

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Wang, Xiao Chu, Chun Feng Yang, and Min Yang. "Experimental Study on Work Performance of Waste Rubber Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2051.

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Though design different of strength of rubber concrete, particle size of rubber, content of rubber, pretreatment methods of rubber, mixing methods of rubber, to study the work performance of waste rubber concrete. The results show that: When doped fine rubber powder to replace the sand is greater than 10% or the outer dosage greater than 20 Kg/m3, the work performance of the concrete mixture is reduced sharply.

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Okur, Dervis Volkan, and Seyfettin Umut Umu. "Dynamic Properties of Clean Sand Modified with Granulated Rubber." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (May 27, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5209494.

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Waste automobile tires are used as additives or replacements instead of traditional materials in civil engineering works. In geotechnical engineering, tires are shredded to certain sizes and mixed with soil, especially used as backfill material behind retaining walls or fill material for roadway embankments. Compared to soil, rubber has high damping capacity and low shear modulus. Therefore, it requires the determination of the dynamic characteristics of rubber/soil mixtures. In this paper, the cyclic behavior of recycled tire rubber and clean sand was studied, considering the effects of the amount and particle size of the rubber and confining stresses. A total of 40 stress-controlled tests were performed on an integrated resonant column and dynamic torsional shear system. The effects of the relative size and proportion of the rubber on the dynamic characteristics of the mixtures are discussed. The dynamic properties, such as the maximum shear modulus, strain-dependent shear modulus, and damping ratio, are examined. For practical purposes, simple empirical relationships were formulated to estimate the maximum shear modulus and the damping ratio. The change in the shear modulus and damping ratio with respect to shear strain with 5% of rubber within the mixture was found to be close to the behavior of clean sand.

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Adalier, Korhan, and Ahmet Pamuk. "On the Important Mechanical Properties of Rubber-Sand." Advanced Materials Research 685 (April 2013): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.685.8.

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More than a billion rubber tires are discarded annually around the world. Growing piles of discarded tires create fire and environmental hazards. Current disposal methods are mostly wasteful and costly. Tires possess high tensile strength, are chemically very stable, practically non-destructible and light in weight. All of these properties make tires a potentially useful geo-material. This paper presents the results of an extensive laboratory testing study investigating the potential of using shredded tires mixed with sandy soils (rubber-sand) as lightweight fill and backfill material in road construction. The results show that rubber-sand has significant promise for use as an earthwork fill material. In addition to its engineering benefits, such use of scrap tires would significantly contribute to solving the ever-growing tire disposal problem.

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Valente, Marco, and Abbas Sibai. "Rubber/crete: Mechanical properties of scrap to reuse tire-derived rubber in concrete; A review." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 17, no. 1_suppl (April 2019): 228080001983548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2280800019835486.

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The recycling of waste tires is of paramount importance for environmental protection and for economic reasons. The number of scrapped tires in the United States has reached 550 million per year and is still rising. Even higher numbers are estimated in the European Union, reaching 1 billion tires per year. Disused tires create waste with a highly negative environmental impact. Tire disposal mainly involves highly polluting treatments (e.g. combustion processes to produce fuel oil), with only a small percentage of waste (3% to 15%) destined for less-invasive treatments such as powdering. In this article we will look at previous studies in which different amounts of waste tire powder are combined with cement concrete mixtures to provide a final product with mechanical properties suitable for engineering applications. Previous work has shown that a good compressive strength can be achieved through replacing 30% of powdered tire with crushed sand. First, as the percentage of aggregation between crumb rubber and crushed sand increases, compressive strength decreases. Second, aggregation replacement of crumb rubber and crushed sand shows a reduction in density at around 10%. Third, the modulus of elasticity depends on the percentages added: the more rubber added to concrete, the less elastic the product will be. In addition, a less tough concrete means higher strength. However, adding rubber to concrete increases the toughness.1

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Gonzaga, Luciana de Moura, Sarah Santos da Silva, Silvane de Almeida Campos, Rodrigo de Paula Ferreira, André Narvaes da Rocha Campos, and Ana Catarina Monteiro Carvalho Mori da Cunha. "EVALUATION OF SUBSTRATES AND AMF SPORULATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF SEEDLINGS OF NATIVE FOREST SPECIES." Revista Árvore 40, no. 2 (April 2016): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000200007.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate organic substrates in the production of canafistula (Peltophorum dubium) (Spreng.) Taub, cutieira (Joannesiaprinceps Vell.), jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis M. Arg.) seedlings, native trees with potential use in forest restoration programs. The design was completely randomized with 10 substrate formulations with 4 repetitions of 3 plants for the four species. The evaluated substrates consisted of soil, bovine manure (BM), poultry manure (PM), chemical fertilizer (CF) and sand, in different proportions. The experiment was concluded at the end of 180 days for canafistula, cutieira and rubber and 210 days for jatoba. At the end of these periods, the root (RDM), shoot (SDM) and total (TDM) the dry matters of the seedlings were determined. Quantification of AMF spores and normalization between samples through SPORES/RDM correction were also performed. The Scott-Knott test at 5% probability was applied. Regarding biomass production, only canafistula had significant difference among the tested substrates. In relation to sporulation, the highest values were observed in cutieira and rubber tree in substrate containing PM. The substrates composed of 40 or 50% soil + 20% sand + 30% or 40 PM for canafistula; 50% soil + 20% sand + 30% PM for cutieira; and for jatoba and rubber tree 60% soil + 20% sand + 20% PM, enabled the best results in terms of biomass production in seedlings and AMF sporulation.

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Bernal, A., R. Salgado, R. H. Swan, and C. W. Lovell. "Interaction Between Tire Shreds, Rubber-Sand and Geosynthetics." Geosynthetics International 4, no. 6 (January 1997): 623–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.4.0108.

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Senthen Amuthan, M., A. Boominathan, and Subhadeep Banerjee. "Undrained cyclic responses of granulated rubber-sand mixtures." Soils and Foundations 60, no. 4 (August 2020): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2020.06.007.

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Lee, Changho, Q. Hung Truong, and Jong-Sub Lee. "Cementation and bond degradation of rubber–sand mixtures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 7 (July 2010): 763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-139.

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Cementation influences the mechanical behavior of soils. The effects of cementation and bond degradation are investigated for lightly cemented rigid sand and soft rubber particle mixtures subjected to vertical loading under the K0 condition. Cemented and uncemented specimens were prepared with various sand volume fractions. The propagation velocity of small strain body waves was measured by piezo materials, incorporated within an oedometer. Cemented specimens exhibited a bilinear behavior in the semi-log plot (vertical strain versus log of vertical stress). Vertical strains of a cemented specimen normalized by an uncemented specimen show that the stress–strain behavior is controlled by several different mechanisms and forces: capillary force, cementation bonds, and interparticle contact stresses after bond degradation. The elastic wave velocities dramatically increase due to cementation hardening under fixed vertical stress, and are constant after curing even though vertical stress increases. Additional loading of the vertical effective stress decreases the elastic wave velocities due to bond degradation. The shear wave velocity presents three behavior regions as a function of the sand fraction for both uncemented and cemented specimens: rubber-like, sand-like, and transition behaviors. The vertical stress–strain response and the elastic wave velocities can serve as indicators of cementation and bond degradation.

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Lee, J. H., R. Salgado, A. Bernal, and C. W. Lovell. "Shredded Tires and Rubber-Sand as Lightweight Backfill." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 125, no. 2 (February 1999): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1999)125:2(132).

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Wang, Lei, and Yan Hua Huang. "Study on Rubber Particles Modified Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.953.

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After rubber particles are incorporated into ordinary cement concrete, properties of concrete are changed. Specifically, by comparison with concrete without rubber particles, it reduces that the collapsed slump, apparent density, cubic compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and elastic modulus of rubber particles modified concrete. And when less than 50% of sand is replaced by rubber particles, rubber modified concrete can meet requirements of workability. Besides, its self-weight decreases, which is favorable for its structure to resist earthquakes.

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Nunome, Hiroyuki, Koichiro Inoue, Kevin Ball, Shinya Sano, and Yasuo Ikegami. "High Load Stress-Strain Property of Natural Turf for Professional Use, Various Types of Natural, Hybrid and Artificial Turfs in Football." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049142.

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High load quasi stress-strain (qSS) properties of professionally maintained natural turf (N-pro) was compared with eight natural, hybrid or artificial turfs: one professionally maintained natural turf in a sub field and one grown in a test field without maintenance, two hybrid turfs (one in the sub field and one grown in the test field without maintenance), three new artificial turfs (sand, rubber and sand/rubber infill) and one aged artificial turf (eight years old with sand/rubber infill). N-pro was characterized with a distinctive magnitude of plastic deformation and hysteresis profile, indicating its more energy absorbable properties compared to the artificial turfs. Apparent differences exist between N-pro and other natural turfs, suggesting factors such as daily maintenance work and sod compositions are very influential. Clear differences were also observed when the hybrid turf was professionally maintained. The aged artificial turf becomes substantially stiffer indicating usage over years affects the stiffness.

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Ferreira, Isabel Kuntz, Luisa Andréia Gachet-Barbosa, Rosa Cristina Cecche Lintz, Maria Rachel Russo Seydell, and Lubienska Cristina Lucas Jaquiê Ribeiro. "Evaluation of the Behaviour of Mortar with the Addition of Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.456.

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This research studies the mechanical behaviour of mortars with the addition of increasing percentages of rubber from used tires. This type of mortaris usually destined to wall coating and components, in which case it should present the required properties. In this study natural sand has been partially substituted by fine aggregate from recycled rubber and the hard state properties have been evaluated. The results obtained indicate the technical viability of the substitution. With the use of recycled aggregate the quality of the mortars has been preserved, which shows the possibility to properly adequate the destination of discharged rubber aiming to minimize environmental impacts and to reduce natural sand extraction from non renewable sources.

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Drossel, Welf-Guntram, Jörn Ihlemann, Ralf Landgraf, Erik Oelsch, and Marek Schmidt. "Media for Dimensional Stabilization of Rubber Compounds during Additive Manufacturing and Vulcanization." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061337.

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The current article proposes a concept for the additive manufacturing of rubber components using extrusion-based 3D printing, in which an additional medium is added to ensure the maintenance of shape within the elastomeric structure during the additive manufacturing process and in the subsequent vulcanization process. Specific requirements for the dimensional stabilization of the media were defined and suitable media were derived. Silicone rubber, molding sand, and plaster were examined in experimental vulcanization tests for their suitability as possible media with regard to shape retention. Selected rubber geometries made of NBR were embedded in these media to undergo the vulcanization process. The results show a significant influence of the media on the heating times. All media were able to ensure that the rubber geometries maintained their shape during vulcanization. Nevertheless, some side effects were found. The silicone rubber did not cure properly around the rubber sample. Therefore, it was difficult to remove it from the rubber after vulcanization. The molding sand caused an increased surface roughness on the rubber. Plaster changed the glossy surfaces at the beginning to a matte one after vulcanization and residuals were difficult to remove. However, all media can serve as stabilization media with specific changes.

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Zhang, Yan Cong, Shao Wen Liu, and Ling Ling Gao. "Effect of Rubber Powder Dosage on Performance of Cement Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 1908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1908.

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A number of rubber cement concrete specimens that rubber powder dosage different were obtained using same cement, water and fine aggregates, by adjusting the dosage of rubber powder. Then it was used to research the influence of rubber powder dosage on performance of cement concrete by measuring its liquidity, strength and toughness. The results show that: when water-cement ratio was equal and rubber powder replacing the same volume sand, the fluidity of cement concrete almost linear increased with rubber powder dosage increasing. With dosage of rubber powder increasing, compressive strength and flexural strength reduced, but toughness linear growth trend when dosage of rubber powder less 30%.

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Zhang, Yan Cong, and Ling Ling Gao. "Mechanical Performance Test of Rubber-Powder Modified Concrete." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183803006.

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A number of rubber cement concrete specimens that rubber powder dosage different were obtained using same cement, water and fine aggregates, by adjusting the dosage of rubber powder. Then it was used to research the influence of rubber powder dosage on performance of cement concrete by measuring its liquidity, strength and toughness. The results show that: when water-cement ratio was equal and rubber powder replacing the same volume sand, the fluidity of cement concrete almost linear increased with rubber powder dosage increasing. With dosage of rubber powder increasing, compressive strength and flexural strength reduced, but toughness linear growth trend when dosage of rubber powder less 30%.

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Zhang, Yan Cong, and Ling Ling Gao. "Influence of Rubber Powder Dosage on Performance of Cement Mortar." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1532.

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A number of rubber cement dosage specimens that rubber powder dosage different were obtained using same cement, water and fine aggregates, by adjusting the dosage of rubber powder. Then it was used to research the influence of rubber powder dosage on performance of cement mortar by measuring its liquidity, strength and toughness. The results show that: when water-cement ratio was equal and rubber powder replacing the same volume sand, the fluidity of cement mortar almost linear increased with rubber powder dosage increasing. With dosage of rubber powder increasing, compressive strength and flexural strength reduced, but toughness linear growth trend when dosage of rubber powder less 30%.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber-sand'

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