Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber-cord material'
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1
Cembrola, R. J., and T. J. Dudek. "Cord/Rubber Material Properties." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 4 (September 1, 1985): 830–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536096.
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Abstract Recent developments in nonlinear finite element methods (FEM) and mechanics of composite materials have made it possible to handle complex tire mechanics problems involving large deformations and moderate strains. The development of an accurate material model for cord/rubber composites is a necessary requirement for the application of these powerful finite element programs to practical problems but involves numerous complexities. Difficulties associated with the application of classical lamination theory to cord/rubber composites were reviewed. The complexity of the material characterization of cord/rubber composites by experimental means was also discussed. This complexity arises from the highly anisotropic properties of twisted cords and the nonlinear stress—strain behavior of the laminates. Micromechanics theories, which have been successfully applied to hard composites (i.e., graphite—epoxy) have been shown to be inadequate in predicting some of the properties of the calendered fabric ply material from the properties of the cord and rubber. Finite element models which include an interply rubber layer to account for the interlaminar shear have been shown to give a better representation of cord/rubber laminate behavior in tension and bending. The application of finite element analysis to more refined models of complex structures like tires, however, requires the development of a more realistic material model which would account for the nonlinear stress—strain properties of cord/rubber composites.
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Ren, Jie, and Jian Lin Zhong. "The Accurate Prediction Method of Tension Modulus for Nylon Cord/Rubber Composite Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.115.
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To study the change rule of tension modulus for nylon cord/rubber composite material, a accurate prediction method is provided. Firstly, the calculation method for relevant parameters for rubber material Mooney-Rivilin constitutive model is proposed , the amendment formula for cord tension modulus is derived. Secondly, based on composite material micromechanics, the accurate numerical model is built, the equivalent modulus is calculated and compared to the experiment results in reference. Finally, the accurate prediction formula of tension modulus for the nylon cord/rubber composite material is provided, compare the equivalent tension modulus obtained by the prediction formula and the numerical model. The results show that: the method to build the numerical model of nylon/ cord-rubber composite material is correct, the prediction formula of the tension modulus for the nylon cord/rubber composite could predict the tension modulus well.
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Lu, Zhaijun, Penghao Si, Hao Xiao, and Jiefu Liu. "Influence of Aging Time on Vertical Static Stiffness of Air Spring." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094219.
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To study the aging mechanism of air springs, the effect of aging time on the vertical static stiffness of an air spring was systematically analyzed by means of an accelerated aging test and finite element simulation. Accelerated aging tests were carried out on the entire air spring, rubber material, and cord material, and the vertical static stiffness and elastic moduli of the rubber and cord materials of the entire air spring were obtained with aging time. The finite element simulation model of the air spring was established. Based on the experimental data, the influences of the elastic moduli of the rubber and cord materials, aged for different times, and the cord angle on the vertical static stiffness of an air spring were simulated and analyzed, and the law of the influence of aging on the vertical static stiffness characteristics of air springs was revealed.
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Chen, Xian Zhong. "Performance Analysis of Magnetorheological Rubber Reinforcing Cord Fabric." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1566.
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Magnetorheological rubber material is a kind of composite material of magneto elastic coupling with multi functions, which is composed of magnetic particles and the mixed rubber films with the magnetic properties of the material, but because of its mechanical properties has limited practical use, and nylon cloth which has the advantages of high strength, dimensional stability, can be the ideal framework of magnetorheological rubber. The results show that for the magnetorheological rubber made from the NR/SBR blend, the tensile strength of the magnetorheological rubber with the cord fabric can greatly improve, the tensile strength can reach 17.8MPa, but also can improve the shear modulus of magnetorheological rubber and zero field storage shear modulus.
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Chen, Yusheng, and Jeremy L. Schlarb. "Steel Cord–Rubber Adhesion with SEM/EDX." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460102.
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ABSTRACT Brass-coated steel cords are widely used as reinforcement material for rubber composites. The adhesion between steel cord and rubber is critical throughout the lifetime use of steel cord/rubber composites; thus, the adhesion mechanism has been a focus of the rubber industry for several decades. Various modern analytical instruments, such as X-ray spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, have been applied to the study of this bonding interface. In this paper, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) was used to research the morphology of the steel cord surface and the adhesion mechanism. According to these morphology testing results, the rubber residue bands were observed be orientated and located mostly in Cu/Zn void areas. Further research reveals that macro-structure adhesion layer leads to interlocking mechanism for rubber residue.
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Kim, Byeong Soo, Byung Young Moon, and Sung Kwan Kim. "Performance Evaluation of Spring for the Vehicle Suspension System Using the Nonlinear Finite Element Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.594.
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Air spring is used for the suspension system and it affects the vehicle stability and riding comfort by improving the impact-relief, braking, and cornering performance. Air Spring is comprised of the upper plate, lower plate, and rubber sleeve. Rubber sleeve is the composite material, which is made up of combination of rubber and Nylon, and the characteristics are changed according to the shape of rubber-sleeve, the angle of reinforcement cord. In this study, the distribution of internal stresses and the deformation of rubber composite material are analyzed through the nonlinear finite element method. The result showed that the internal maximum stresses and deformations about the changes of cord angle caused the more the Young's modulus decrease, the more maximum stress reduced.
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Shield, C. K., and G. A. Costello. "The Effect of Wire Rope Mechanics on the Material Properties of Cord Composites: An Elasticity Approach." Journal of Applied Mechanics 61, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901399.
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An analytical model is presented for the behavior of cord reinforced rubber composite plates taking into account the extension-twisting coupling of the cord based on an equilibrium formulation. The effect of the cord mechanics on the unidirectional lamina properties is investigated for various modulus ratios and geometries. The equations of equilibrium are derived for the unidirectional plate. Solutions are found for the following plate problems, uniaxial tension along the cord direction, uniaxial tension perpendicular to the cord direction, and pure shear. These solutions are used to obtain average material properties and to investigate the influence of cord mechanics on the plate response. For very flexible synthetic rubbers, the behavior of the unidirectional lamina exhibits a good deal of extension twisting coupling, whereas for stiffer vulcanized rubbers, the rubber acts to restrain the cords from unwinding.
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Chen, Hongyue, Hongyan Chen, Pengfei Li, and Sizhe Liu. "Experimental analysis and prediction for the bonding strength of steel cord of conveyor belt under the temperature influence." AIP Advances 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 055305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090434.
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To research the effect of temperature on the interfacial bonding strength of the steel cord rubber conveyor belt, an electronic universal material testing machine and a temperature control box were used as the test equipment. The withdrawal force of the steel cord skeleton of the rubber conveyor belt was tested in the temperature range of −30 °C to +40 °C. Concurrently, the interfacial morphology between the steel cord and rubber at different temperatures was observed by using an ultra deep field electron microscope. Finally, different bonding strength prediction models were established. The results show that the variation trend of the steel cord withdrawal force with displacement is the same at different temperatures. With the increase in temperature, the interfacial bonding strength between the steel cord and the rubber matrix decreases gradually; the second-order polynomial bonding strength prediction model can meet the prediction requirements of the steel cord bonding strength at different temperatures, and the errors are controlled within 5%.
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Kabe, K., K. Rachi, N. Takahashi, and Y. Kaga. "Tire Design Methodology Based on Safety Factor to Satisfy Tire Life (Simulation Approach to Truck and Bus Tire Design)." Tire Science and Technology 33, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2174343.
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Abstract A tire is not only simply made of rubber, but also twisted cord, which we can call FRR (Fiber Reinforced Rubber). The rubber in FRR is made of many materials, including rubber compound, carbon black, silica, and other materials. FRR is a double composite material, which means a particle reinforced material in a microscopic view and also a fiber reinforced one in a macroscopic view. Therefore, it is very difficult to apply fracture mechanics to the evaluation of tire durability on a practical tire design level. This paper gives a proposal for a new design methodology considering the actual tire condition which gives tire profile growth and rubber aging due to heat build-up under operation. These two issues are especially important for truck and bus tire design. Tire profile growth is a very important one because the change of tire profile induces different strains in the rubber at the same location in the tire during its life. We apply the FEM (Finite Element Modeling) based Double Inflation Pressure (DIP) method to simulate the experimental fact of the change of tire profile. In order to use the relationship between the change of the tire profile and change of rubber properties, like breaking strain in the tire as service time passes, the concept of safety factor is introduced. The low modulus rubber parts in the tire dominate the strain field and allow the large deformations of the tire. Safety factors derived from the strain field are called “Margin of Safety.” On the other hand, the durability of FRR, like the belt layer and carcass layer with the cord part, is evaluated by stress because the FRR part reacts to the stress of the internal pressure and load of the tire. But, the Margin of Safety of the rubber part is more important because the cord part has enough safety factor in comparison with the rubber part. Tire life is predicted with the Margin of Safety described above.
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Teater, Rachel H., Kristine M. Fischenich, Benjamin B. Wheatley, Lisa Abrams, Sheryl A. Sorby, Harlal Singh Mali, Anil Jain, and Tammy L. Haut Donahue. "Assessment of the compressive and tensile mechanical properties of materials used in the Jaipur Foot prosthesis." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 42, no. 5 (April 6, 2018): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364618767143.
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Background: Designed by Dr. Sethi, the Jaipur Foot prosthesis is ideally suited for amputees in developing countries as it utilizes locally sourced, biodegradable, inexpensive materials and is focused on affordability and functionality. To date, however, no data have been reported on the material properties of the foot components. Objectives: The goal of this work was to evaluate mechanical properties of the Jaipur Foot components to guide foot design and manufacturing and reduce weight. Study Design: Experimental. Methods: Mechanical testing was conducted on two types of woods (ardu and cheed), microcellular rubber, tire cord, cushion compound, tread compound, and skin-colored rubber. Each material was subjected to testing in either tension or compression based on its location and function in the foot. Samples were tested before and after vulcanization. Two-sample t-tests were used to assess statistical differences. Results: Cheed compressed perpendicular to the grain had a significantly higher modulus of elasticity than ardu ( p < 0.05); however, cheed had a higher density. Vulcanization significantly increased the modulus of skin-colored rubber, cushion compound, and tread compound ( p < 0.05) and decreased the moduli of both microcellular rubber and tire cord ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The material property results from this study provide information for computer modeling to assess material construction on overall foot mechanics for design optimization. Ardu wood was ideal based on the desire to reduce weight, and the tire cord properties serve well to hold the foot together. Clinical relevance With new knowledge on the material properties of the components of the Jaipur Foot, future design modifications and standardized fabrication can be realized, making the Jaipur Foot more available on a global scale.
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Huang, Y. S., and O. H. Yeoh. "Crack Initiation and Propagation in Model Cord-Rubber Composites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 4 (September 1, 1989): 709–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536270.
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Abstract The present study suggests that the development of penny-shaped cracks at cord ends is the first stage of fatigue failure of cord-rubber composites. An approximate theory for calculating the strain-energy release rate (tearing energy) for the propagation of penny-shaped cracks and predicting the life of model composites has been outlined. The basic premise of this theory is that the rate of propagation of these penny-shaped cracks is governed by the usual crack-growth characteristics of rubber vulcanizates customarily determined using simple test pieces such as the pure-shear test piece. Fatigue studies on two model composites show experiment and theory to be in semiquantitative agreement. Breidenbach and Lake have already established the relationship between the crack-growth characteristics of the rubber material to interply crack propagation, a later stage in the fatigue failure of cord-rubber composites. Therefore, it is clear that the crack-growth characteristics are an important screening criterion for compound development aimed at improving the life of cord-rubber composites.
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Xu, Jiazhong, Meijun Liu, Hai Yang, Tianyu Fu, and Jiande Tian. "The enhancement of filament winding in marine launching rubber gasbag." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0036.
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AbstractThe traditional craft of marine launching rubber gasbag that made by hand laying cord fabric has the disadvantages of irregular reinforcing direction and discontinuity of cord, which leads to the limitation of bearing capacity of gasbag and poor reliability. Based on the analysis of the structure of the rubber gasbag and geodesic winding pattern used in marine launching, the winding process design and experiment of the fiber reinforced rubber gasbag are carried out to solve the problem. The numerical simulation of the wound rubber gasbag is established by the finite element software ABAQUS in order to study the geometrical and contact nonlinearity of the gasbag, and the nonlinear relationship of parameters in application process, and then compare the application performance with those of the traditional cord fabric placement molding. Finally, the winding pattern test and deformation simulation experiment are carried out to verify the fact that the reinforced rubber gasbag with glass fiber / polyurethane composite material has a higher bearing capacity compared with the traditional handmade rubber gasbag. Thus, it provides theoretical and experimental evidence for the winding process of rubber gasbag.
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Clark, S. K., and R. N. Dodge. "Interaction of Tire Material and Design." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536069.
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Abstract An analytical study based on the Halpin-Tsai equations in their complex form has been conducted over a reasonably practical range of variables typical of a composite construction involving steel-cord reinforcement in a rubber matrix. Curves are presented which show the influence of several material properties on the composite characteristics of bias-angle constructions. From these curves, it is possible to deduce the influence of these constituent material properties on the overall composite response. The most significant deductions from these results are: (1). The elastic extension modulus of the composite, E′, is highly dependent on the bias angle and moderately dependent on the volume fraction of cord. On the other hand, E′ is essentially independent of the loss modulus of the matrix E″r. (2). The elastic shear modulus of the composite, G′, is also dependent on the bias angle and volume fraction of cord, but independent of the loss modulus of rubber. Also G′ is symmetric about a 45 degree bias angle. (3). The loss modulus in tension of the composite, E″, is highly dependent on the bias angle and moderately dependent on the volume fraction of cord and loss modulus of the matrix. (4). The loss modulus in shear of the composite, G″, is dependent on the bias angle and volume fraction of cord and nearly independent of the loss modulus of the matrix except at bias angles near zero and 90 degrees. (5). The loss tangent in tension of the composite, tan ΔE′ is highly dependent on the bias angle from 0 to 20 degrees and is approximately a constant for all other bias angles. The magnitude of the constant value is the same as tan δr of the matrix. (6). The loss tangent in shear of the composite, tan ΔG′ is nearly a constant except for very small or very large bias angles. The magnitude of this constant is approximately the small value of the loss modulus of the cord. Also tan ΔG is symmetric about 45 degrees. (7). For most bias angles, the loss tangent of the composite in shear is much less than the loss tangent of the composite in tension.
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Xie, Zhi Min, Dong Liang Chai, Si Chi Chen, and Zhi Min Wan. "Effect of Cord Construction on the Properties of Rubber Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 906–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.906.
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Cord-rubber composites are different from the general rigid-matrix composites because of the twisted nature of cords and the large, nonlinear deformation of rubber material. The study of the effect of cord construction on their mechanical properties is essential to the improvement of the performance characteristics of rubber products. However, little work was concerned with the influence of the number of strands of cord. The present work demonstrated that influence by using nonlinear finite element analyses. The calculated results show that the effective moduli of the twisted cord reinforced composites tend to be closer to that of a single strand of cord reinforced composites when increasing the number of strands with a constant cord volume fraction. For three types of reinforcing cords, the shear stresses have a symmetric distribution and an anti-symmetric distribution in the condition of in-plane shearing and axial loading, respectively. It is also found that the minimum MISS (maximum interfacial shear stress) occurs in the case of a single strand of cord in comparison with the cases of the twisted cords, and the maximum MISS is related to the loading conditions and the number of strands.
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Popa, C. M., C. Gebhardt, N. Raje, B. Steenwyk, and M. Kaliske. "Investigation of cord-rubber composite durability by the material force method." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 229 (April 2020): 106909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.106909.
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Khajiyeva, Lelya, and Almatbek Kydyrbekuly. "About Dynamics of Muffs from Physically Nonlinear Material." Advanced Materials Research 702 (May 2013): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.702.291.
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The paper is devoted to simulation of nonlinear dynamic processes in mechanical systems with nonlinear characteristics of the physical nature. As an example torsional oscillation of rubber-cord muff, which connects rotating shafts of a drive of machines, is investigated. Influence of nonlinear properties of a muff on amplitude-frequency characteristics of a kinematic circuit is established. The research results are in accord with experimental data of other works.
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Kozlov, Alexey M., and Valeryan N. Blinichev. "VIBRATION PNEUMATIC SEPARATION OF MILLED PRODUCT OF RUBBER-FIBRE-WASTE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 6 (June 6, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186106.5650.
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This work is devoted to the problem of vibration pneumatic separation of milled product of rubber-fibre waste. It is established that worn rubber products are a valuable secondary raw material. We studied the mechanical technology for the processing of rubber products, based on the processes of multistage grinding with an initial removing the bead wire and steel cord. The analysis showed that the most simple and qualitative way of separating of crumb rubber is vibration pneumatic separation. A separation of crushed rubber waste on the vibrating table with the use of air blowing of the textile component will allow separating of dissimilar particles of the initial mixture as efficiently as possible. The operation of the vibro-pneumatic separator is influenced by many factors, including the angle of inclination of the vibrating table, the amplitude of its oscillations, as well as the magnitude of the aerodynamic lifting force of the air flow. We have conducted research to identify the impact of these factors on the efficiency of sieving and purity of the crumb rubber of different fractions at the outlet. The aim of this work is to study the process vibration pneumatic separation of rubber-cord compound and the development of its hardware design. To achieve this aim the following tasks were set and solved: development of a new modernized system; determination of dependencies between the rate of transport of rubber-cord compound, the angle of inclination of the vibrating table and the amplitude-frequency characteristics; obtaining the calculated dependencies allowing to determine the velosity of entrainment of the cord fibers and crumb rubber.Forcitation:Kozlov А.М., Blinichev V.N. Vibration pneumatic separation of milled product of rubber-fibre-waste. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 6. P. 96-102
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Buytaert, Guy, Frederik Coornaert, and Willem Dekeyser. "Characterization of the Steel Tire Cord - Rubber Interface." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 82, no. 4 (September 1, 2009): 430–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548256.
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Abstract Brass-coated steel cords are extensively used as reinforcement material in radial tires, high-pressure hydraulic hoses and heavy duty conveyor belts. Bonding between rubber and steel cord is obtained via the formation of an adhesion interface layer during the curing process. The adhesion build-up mechanism involves the chemical reaction of sulfurating species contained in the rubber skim compound and copper of the brass coating, forming a CuxS layer at the rubber-brass interface. Advances in mechanistic investigations are presented, using analytical techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy (OM). XPS and AES provide chemical in-depth information, whereas OM and AFM highlight the morphology of the resulting interfacial layers. These investigations improve the understanding of the adhesion mechanism, both for adhesion buildup and for bond degradation.
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Nam, Tran Huu. "Finite element model and experimental studies on rubber-cord composite." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 29, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/29/4/5605.
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The rubber-cord composite (CRC) which is created of rubber matrix reinforced with textile cords is used for many applications such as pneumatic membranes, automobile tires, pneumatic air-springs, hydraulic hoses and many others. The CRC is characterized by strongly anisotropic material behaviour and can simultaneously undergo large elastic deformations. In this paper a finite element (FE) model was developed and applied to study the mechanical responses of CRC. This model consists of 8-node hexahedral brick elements describing rubber matrix and 3-D spar elements for modeling of textile cords. The experimental studies in uniaxial and cyclic tension were performed. The material constants of textile cords were fitted to experimentally measured data by approach technique using linear and bilinear elastic models. The simulations of uniaxial tensile tests using proposed FE model were carried out. The numerical results of simulations were compared to experimental ones in order to verify the accurateness of the FE model. The obtained results indicated that the proposed FE model can be applied for the modeling and simulation of mechanical behaviour of CRC.
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van Blokland, P. H. G. M. "Visualization of Textile Reinforcing Materials in Cord-Rubber Composites after Dissolution of the Rubber with Peracids." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 4 (September 1, 1986): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538219.
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Abstract The examples illustrate that the dissolution method is a helpful tool for making damage to cords visible both in laboratory tests and in reinforced rubber goods that have been used in practice. However, from these examples, the conclusion may not be drawn that the damage shown is characteristic of the test or type of reinforcing material. After laboratory testing, a considerable amount of damage can be found, and the examples only serve to show the suitability of peracids for the removal of vulcanized rubber from the cords. To understand the fatigue mechanisms, a lot of work is still required.
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Polyakova, Marina, and Alexey Stolyarov. "Automobile Tires’ High-Carbon Steel Wire." Encyclopedia 1, no. 3 (August 24, 2021): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030066.
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It is a well-known fact that to manufacture an automobile tire more than 200 different materials are used, including high-carbon steel wire. In order to withstand the affecting forces, the tire tread is reinforced with steel wire or other products such as ropes or strands. These ropes are called steel cord. Steel cord can be of different constructions. To ensure a good adhesive bond between the rubber of the tire and the steel cord, the cord is either brass-plated or bronzed. The reason brass or bronze is used is because copper, which is a part of these alloys, makes a high-strength chemical composition with sulfur in rubber. For steel cord, the high carbon steel is usually used at 0.70–0.95% C. This amount of carbon ensures the high strength of the steel cord. This kind of high-quality, unalloyed steel has a pearlitic structure which is designed for multi-pass drawing. To ensure the specified technical characteristics, modern metal reinforcing materials for automobile tires, metal cord and bead wire, must withstand, first of all, a high breaking load with a minimum running meter weight. At present, reinforcing materials of the strength range 2800–3200 MPa are increasingly used, the manufacture of which requires high-strength wire. The production of such wire requires the use of a workpiece with high carbon content, changing the drawing regimes, patenting, and other operations. At the same time, it is necessary to achieve a reduction in the cost of wire manufacturing. In this context, the development and implementation of competitive processes for the manufacture of high-quality, high-strength wire as a reinforcing material for automobile tires is an urgent task.
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Celtik, Furkan, Enes Kilic, Mustafa Ozgur Bora, and Ekrem Altuncu. "Effect Of Liquid Rubbers On The Thermal And Adhesion Properties Of The Tire Skim Compound." Academic Perspective Procedia 4, no. 1 (October 16, 2021): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.04.01.20.
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Polymeric textile cords, steel cords and steel cables are mainly reinforcing materials that are used in tire production. Polymeric textile cords such as Polyester (PEs), Nylon, Aramid and Rayon are commonly treated with bi-functional resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) to obtain desired adhesion to rubber matrix. PEs cords are known as their poor adhesion to both RFL and rubber compounds due to limited reactivity on the surface and poor reaction extent between methylol and hydroxyl groups of RFL. Increasing carboxyl content on PEs surface or in the rubber compound is one of the best strategies to overcome this adhesion problem. Liquid rubbers, which can co-vulcanize with solid rubbers, are also strong alternatives of process oils with their excellent plasticizing effect without deterioration in mechanical properties of the resulting material. Co-vulcanization also improves the stability of this additive and prevents possible bleeding and migration during service life of the tire. In this study, carboxylated grafted liquid isoprene rubber has been incorporated to rubber compound to improve adhesion in PEs-RFL-Rubber ternary system. Rheological and dynamic-mechanical properties of reactive liquid rubber containing tire rubber compounds have been evaluated extensively, as well as H-adhesion behaviour of PEs cord-rubber composite matrix.
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Parhizgar, S. "Determination of Stiffness Properties of Multi-Ply Cord-Rubber Composites." Tire Science and Technology 17, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141685.
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Abstract The material properties of cord-rubber composites required for finite element analysis of tires are discussed. It is shown that the current experimental methods used in verification of the Laminated Plate Theory have not adequately included the coupling deformations existing in unsymmetrical laminated composites. The importance of these coupling deformations is demonstrated on a 0/90 laminated strip. A special grip system capable of decoupling loads and moments applied to a 0/90 laminated strip is introduced. A procedure for experimental determination of the stiffness constants of 0/90 laminate is given.
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Meschke, G., H. J. Payer, and H. A. Mang. "3D Simulations of Automobile Tires: Material Modeling, Mesh Generation, and Solution Strategies." Tire Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137538.
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Abstract The paper addresses finite element formulations for automobile tires considering nonlinear material behavior, large strains, and finite deformations while using efficient computational strategies for realistic large-scale 3D finite element simulations. A new 3D finite element model for cord-reinforced rubber composites is employed for the numerical representation of the reinforcing plies. A hyperelastic Mooney material law in conjunction with a hybrid finite element formulation is used for the modeling of the rubber material. A strategy for the generation of locally refined finite element meshes of automobile tires is developed. Several computational strategies, together with an iterative solver, are proposed to improve the computational efficiency. 3D simulations of factional static contact of automobile tires on a rigid road surface, involving the determination of the pressure distribution in the contact zone, are presented.
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Ebbott, T. G. "An Application of Finite Element-Based Fracture Mechanics Analysis to Cord-Rubber Structures." Tire Science and Technology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 220–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137520.
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Abstract A finite element-based method to analyze the severity of internal cracks in cord-rubber structures is presented. The method includes materials testing to characterize rubber fatigue behavior, a global-local finite element analysis to provide the detail necessary to model explicitly an internal crack, and use of the J-integral and virtual crack closure techniques for energy release rate evaluation. Analysis of the multiaxial and cyclic fracture situation is carried out by considering the cycle of each mode of fracture separately and then combining the effect of each mode to determine the total effect. Crack growth rates in the structure are assumed to be the same as the crack growth rate in a laboratory specimen at the same level of cyclic energy release rate. Results are presented for a material change in a critical tire region.
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Lake, G. J. "Application of Fracture Mechanics to Crack Growth in Rubber-Cord Laminates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547649.
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Abstract The use of a fracture mechanics approach based on the strain energy release rate to assess failure due to the growth of fatigue cracks in rubber—cord laminated structures is discussed. The mechanics of crack propagation is considered for cracking either between the plies or around individual cords, and also for crack initiation and growth near cord ends. Energy release rates can be calculated approximately for each of these cases and enable the laminate results to be related to the independently measured crack growth characteristics of the rubber. Experimental energy release rate determinations, from compliance changes produced by propagating model inter-ply cracks by cutting, provide a check on the accuracy of the calculated energies. The approach identifies material properties relevant to laminate failure and indicates the effects of loading, design and construction parameters on the rate and nature of failure.
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Song, G., K. Chandrashekhara, W. F. Breig, D. L. Klein, and L. R. Oliver. "Analysis of Cord-Reinforced Poly-Rib Serpentine Belt Drive With Thermal Effect." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 6 (March 16, 2005): 1198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2049088.
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This paper investigates the operation of an automotive poly-rib serpentine belt system. A three-dimensional dynamic finite element model, consisting of a driver pulley, a driven pulley, and a complete five-rib V-ribbed belt, was created. Belt construction accounts for three different elastomeric compounds and a single layer of reinforcing cords. Rubber was considered incompressible hyperelastic material, and cord was considered linear elastic material. The material model accounting for thermal strains and temperature-dependent properties of the rubber solids was implemented in ABAQUS∕EXPLICIT code for the simulation. A tangential shear angle and an axial shear angle were defined to quantify shear deformations. The shear angles were found to be closely related to velocity variation along contact arc and the imbalanced contact stress distribution on different sides of the same rib and on different ribs. The temperature effect on shear deformation, tension and velocity variation, and contact stress distribution was investigated and shown in comparison to the results for the same system operating at room temperature.
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Luchini, J. R., J. M. Peters, and R. H. Arthur. "Tire Rolling Loss Computation with the Finite Element Method." Tire Science and Technology 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139542.
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Abstract This paper describes a process for the prediction of rolling resistance in tires. A new Directional Incremental Hysteresis (DIH) theory describing the hysteretic behavior of carbon black filled rubber is presented. The steps required to implement the DIH theory in a material model, within a Finite Element (FE) model, and to predict tire rolling resistance are described. The material model using the DIH theory is a strain-based model which includes an incremental formulation to deal with nonsinusoidal cycles within tires. The material model is also enhanced by a directional formulation which is active in situations where the strain tensor has a substantial change in direction with minimal change in magnitude. The hysteresis material model is developed only for the rubber compounds of the tire. While there is no direct contribution of cord hysteresis to predicted rolling loss, the structural effects of the cord on the rubber stress-strain behavior are included and will contribute to the tire rolling loss by affecting the stress-strain cycle of the rubber. Experimental work used to determine the parameters of the material model for specific compounds is outlined. Some example DIH parameters are listed by compound application. The DIH theory within the Finite Element method is then used to predict rolling resistance for a specific tire design. The results are compared to experimental data taken using SAE J-1269. The value of the tire rolling resistance is predicted within a few percent. In addition, the sensitivities of the tire to changes in load and inflation pressure are predicted and they are found to compare favorably to the experimental results. The DIH theory is implemented within a quasi-static FE model, and was not intended for use in dynamic applications such as the prediction of standing wave phenomena. While the quasi-static FE model used in this study can predict deformed shapes, stress distributions, and temperatures, there is presently no coupling between the thermal and mechanical models.
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SONG, G., K. CHANDRASHEKHARA, W. F. BREIG, D. L. KLEIN, and L. R. OLIVER. "J-integral analysis of cord-rubber serpentine belt using neural-network-based material modelling." Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 28, no. 10 (October 2005): 847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2005.00917.x.
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van Bogaert, P., and S. van Bogaert. "Mechanics of Bend-Over-Sheave (Shoeshine) Fatigue Testing of Cord-Rubber Laminates." Tire Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 168–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3637742.
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Abstract The Bend-Over-Sheave test is used for screening reinforcement cords used in tires, especially on fatigue interply delamination as well as rubber-fabric and rubber-cord adhesion degradation. The typical cyclic load of tension-tension of the sidewalls or tension-compression of the belt can be achieved by the proper definition of two-ply laminates bent over a sheave. The objective of this paper is to define relevant fatigue test conditions that can predict the performance of new materials. A finite element model of the Bend-Over-Sheave test configuration is presented and shows that, for the test arrangements studied in this paper, flanged wheels should be used to prevent lateral buckling in the compressed cords. Besides, a simplified model enables us to determine the different factors that have significant effect on the strain levels in the cords. The material of the cords, the rubber hardness (“Shore”), and the sample manufacturing process are shown to have an influence on the specimen strain levels. The test conditions, i.e., the sheave radius, the traction force, and the contact angle between the sheave and the sample, also affect the behavior specimen strain levels. On the other hand, if the sample length is higher than a certain value, it is shown not to have a significant effect on the results.
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Pelc, Józef. "Bias Truck Tire Deformation Analysis with Finite Element Modeling." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124326.
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This paper presents a method for modeling of pneumatic bias tire axisymmetric deformation. A previously developed model of all-steel radial tire was expanded to include the non-linear stress–strain relationship for textile cord and its thermal shrinkage. Variable cord density and cord angle in the cord-rubber bias tire composite are the major challenges in pneumatic tire modeling. The variabilities result from the tire formation process, and they were taken into account in the model. Mechanical properties of the composite were described using a technique of orthotropic reinforcement overlaying onto isotropic rubber elements, treated as a hyperelastic incompressible material. Due to large displacements, the non-linear problem was solved using total Lagrangian formulation. The model uses MSC.Marc code with implemented user subroutines, allowing for the description of the tire specific properties. The efficiency of the model was verified in the simulation of mounting and inflation of an actual bias truck tire. The shrinkage negligence effect on cord forces and on displacements was examined. A method of investigating the influence of variation of cord angle in green body plies on tire apparent lateral stiffness was proposed. The created model is stabile, ensuring convergent solutions even with large deformations. Inflated tire sizes predicted by the model are consistent with the actual tire sizes. The distinguishing feature of the developed model from other ones is the exact determination of the cord angles in a vulcanized tire and the possibility of simulation with the tire mounting on the rim and with cord thermal shrinkage taken into account. The model may be an effective tool in bias tire design.
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Matveev, O. M., V. V. Shapovalov, I. V. Muzychenko, and O. A. Starkina. "Production of metal cord construction size 7 x 7 x 0,22 on root machines type RIR –15." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-3-59-61.
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Since the appearance of the reinforcing material for automobile tires and rubber products, such as metal cord, you can observe its constant development. Tougher competition among the tire manufacturers makes it a priority to develop new and unique types of these products with improved technical characteristics. The article describes the development trend in the production of metal cord for large and super – large tires in Belarus since 2007 and up to the present.The purpose of this project is to ensure the delivery of large – diameter metal cord to Belshina OJSC in the required volume. The solution to the problem of fulfilling the volume of deliveries of metal cord with a limited number of equipment while maintaining the quality of products is considered. In the process of work, an alternative scheme for manufacturing metal cord was developed, the selection of technological parameters for tuning and twisting was carried out, and the rope equipment was modernized.
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Gurvich, Mark R. "On Multi-Scale Modeling of Elastomeric Laminated Composites for Structural Analysis." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547934.
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Abstract Analysis of complex structures is often based on multi-scale modeling, where effective properties of certain substructures are used instead of actual properties of smaller components. Laminated composites are usually considered as such sub-structures in components with laminated design. In case of elastomeric composites, well-known classical laminate theories could hardly be used due to significant non-linearity and incompressibility of material deformation. A convenient engineering variant of laminated model is proposed in this study for composites where neither physical nor geometrical non-linearity may be ignored. Possible material incompressibility is also taken into account. The model is primarily based on a previously developed constitutive approach to describe effective properties of anisotropic hyperelastic materials. Analytical and computational implementation of the model is considered in detail. Numerical examples illustrate accuracy and convenience of the model for representative cord/rubber composites.
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Datta, R. N. "Mechanistic Study on the Role of Sulfurized Para-Aramid Short Fibers in Rubber to Brass Adhesion." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539408.
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Abstract Adhesion between steel cord and rubber is an important factor determining the durability of tires, conveyer belts, hoses and other rubber based products using steel cord as reinforcement. With the advancement in tire technology, steel reinforced radial tires have captured 90–95% of the tire market in most of the advanced countries and brass coated steel cord has been established as the premium carcass and belt material for radial truck tires. Apart from the use of cobalt salts to improve adhesion, the adhesion characteristics can also be improved through the use of resin systems such as resorcinol/hexamethoxymethyl melamine (R/HMMM), often together with silica as a partial replacement for carbon black. This combination accomplishes several things. It acts as a modulus and hardness enhancer providing a more compatible system with regard to the stiffness of the steel cord compared to that of the cured skim compound. Secondly, the combination can improve resistance to the negative effects of humidity on adhesion. Thirdly, the pro-oxidant effect of cobalt salts is counteracted to some degree. There is, however, a drawback with regard to this resin system; resorcinol generates toxic fumes at high temperatures encountered during mixing and processing. There is demand, therefore, to replace the R/HMMM adhesion system due to health and safety issues. This paper presents the results of studies to achieve adequate steel cord adhesion whilst seeking to improve aged compound characteristics and to reduce compound heat build up through the use of sulfurized para-aramid short fibers. This combination not only improves the properties of steel cord skim compounds, but also can be used effectively to replace the bonding system based on resorcinol and hexamethoxymethylmelamine. Further studies were carried out in squalene model to elucidate the changes in the chemistry of vulcanization both in the presence and absence of sulfurized p-aramid short fibers. Additional studies were carried out on sulfidized brass cords to analyze the adhesion layer's elemental composition using the Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) characterization techniques.
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Assaad, M. C. "Mechanics of the Dynamic Flex Test." Tire Science and Technology 19, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141717.
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Abstract The dynamic flex test is a comparative test used for screening synthetic cords. The test objective is to subject the cord through accelerated test conditions as observed in an underinflated and deflected tire. This test ultimately determines the percent break strength retained for flexed synthetic tire cords. It consists of a two-layer composite laminate subjected to a constant tensile load while dynamically flexing around a spindle. After flexing for two to six hours (the time depends on the cord material and construction), the break strength is determined for the flexed and for an unflexed cord and the percent retained break strength is reported. The objective of this paper is to quantify the stress and strain distributions in the cord under conventional laboratory conditions and identify the conditions required for prescribing the desired tension and compression cyclic strain for a cord construction. The tension-compression behavior is controlled by the location of the neutral plane which, in turn, is a function of the static tensile load, fiber reinforcement and rubber matrix moduli, epi, geometry of the laminate cross section, and the diameter of the spindle.
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Liang, Chen, Xinyu Zhu, Guolin Wang, and Changda Li. "Test and Simulation Analysis of Tire Inflation Pressure Loss." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 4 (May 10, 2019): 329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.180195.
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ABSTRACT Tire inflation pressure loss is inevitable during tire service time. The inflation pressure loss rate (IPLR) is widely used to estimate the inflation pressure retention performance of a tire. However, an IPLR test is a time-consuming process that lasts 42 days for a passenger car tire and 105 days for a truck/bus tire. To perform a thorough study of the tire pressure loss process, based on Abaqus software, a finite element model was developed with tire geometry inputs as well as tire material inputs of both mechanical and permeability properties of the various rubber compounds. A new method—the ideal material method—is proposed here to describe the transient tire pressure loss. Different from the previous isotropic models, the cord–rubber system is described using orthotropic diffusivities, which were determined through air-pressure-drop tests then applied in the finite element model in this article. Compared with the standard IPLR test, the difference between the tire IPLR test and the simulation result is within 5%.
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Nam, Tran Huu. "Using FEM for large deformation analysis of inflated air-spring cylindrical shell made of rubber-textile cord composite." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 28, no. 1 (April 17, 2006): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/28/1/5474.
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An orthotropic hyperelastic constitutive model is presented for large deformation analysis of the nonlinear anisotropic hyperelastic material of the cylindrical air-spring shell used in vibroisolation of driver's seat. Nonlinear hyperelastic constitutive equations of orthotropic composite material are incorporated into the finite strain analysis by finite element method (FEM). The results of deformation analysis of the inflated air-spring shell made of composite with rubber matrix reinforced by textile cords are given. Obtained numerical results of deformation corresponding to the experimentally measured deformation of the inflated cylindrical air-spring.
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Cheng, Gang, Guoqun Zhao, Yanjin Guan, and Zhonglei Wang. "Study on Deflection Performance of Radial Tire by Finite Element Method." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 42, no. 11 (December 2011): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0957-4565.42.11.30.
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In order to improve vehicle safety, the accurate determination of the tire's loading behaviour is necessary in the domain of vehicle dynamics. The interaction between the tire and the surface of the road must be understood thoroughly. A 3D finite element model of the tire-road has been built by using MARC software according to the actual construction of the 195/60R14 radial tire. The rebar model of the radial tire is employed to simulate the complex multilayer cord-rubber composites and directly define the cord directions varying with their positions. The geometric nonlinearity due to large deformation, material nonlinearity and the nonlinear boundary conditions from tire–rim contact and tire–road contact are also considered. The relationships between load and the tire deflection, the tire deformation, the contact stress distribution and the distribution of the contact friction force are discussed.
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Kulikov, G. M. "Computational Models for Multilayered Composite Shells with Application to Tires." Tire Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137509.
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Abstract This paper focuses on four tire computational models based on two-dimensional shear deformation theories, namely, the first-order Timoshenko-type theory, the higher-order Timoshenko-type theory, the first-order discrete-layer theory, and the higher-order discrete-layer theory. The joint influence of anisotropy, geometrical nonlinearity, and laminated material response on the tire stress-strain fields is examined. The comparative analysis of stresses and strains of the cord-rubber tire on the basis of these four shell computational models is given. Results show that neglecting the effect of anisotropy leads to an incorrect description of the stress-strain fields even in bias-ply tires.
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Tang, Xu, Jun Xie, Hao Xie, and Haijun Zhang. "Predictions of three-dimensional contact stresses of a radial truck tire under different driving modes." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 4 (April 2022): 168781322210923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221092346.
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In pavement design, vehicle load is typically simplified as vertical circular uniform loading. Due to the vehicle dynamic effect and deformation of a tire, non-uniform three-dimensional contact stresses are produced at the contact interface between the tire and pavement under different driving modes. For this paper, an 11R22.5 truck radial tire was selected. Considering the geometric nonlinearity and large deformation of the tire and nonlinear characteristics of tire-pavement contact, the Neo-Hookean and Rebar models are used to simulate the hyperelastic rubber material and rubber-cord composite material, respectively. The three-dimensional contact stress distribution under static, free rolling, acceleration, braking, and cornering modes was simulated and analyzed. The results show that inflation pressure, axle load, and friction coefficient of the tire significantly affect the three-dimensional contact stress distribution. Further, three-dimensional stresses are non-uniformly distributed, rather than in the traditional simplified circular uniform load. The three-dimensional stress distribution of tire-pavement in different driving modes is also significantly different. The vertical and lateral stresses in the state of cornering are the largest, the longitudinal stress in the state of braking is the largest as well. The research results provide reference for future pavement design and pavement damage analysis.
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Cheng, Gang, and Wei Dong Wang. "Study on Contact Characteristics of Free Rolling Radial Tire." Advanced Materials Research 267 (June 2011): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.267.794.
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To study the rolling properties of a radial tire, an accurate 3D 195/60R14 tire model is established. The modal includes the geometric nonlinearity due to large deformation, material nonlinearity, the anisotropy of rubber-cord composites, the nonlinear boundary conditions from tire-rim contact and tire-pavement contact. The model can be used to simulate the changes of a rolling tire and calculate the tire deformation for various operating conditions. The profile of the inflated tire is studied experimentally and numerically. The simulation result is in good agreement with the test result. Some contact problems, such as the tire deformation, the shape of contact area, the contact pressure distribution, are discussed in detail.
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Nam, Tran Huu. "Identification parameters of material model and large deformation analysis of inflated air-spring shell made of rubber-textile cord composite." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 27, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/27/2/5721.
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In the paper an orthotropic hyperelastic constitutive model is presented which can be applied to numerical simulation for the response of biological soft tissue and of the nonlinear anisotropic hyperelastic material of the cylindrical air-spring shell used in vibroisolation of driver's seat. The parameters of strain energy function of the proposed constitutive model are fitted to the experimental results by the nonlinear least squares method. The deformation of the inflated cylindrical air-spring shell is calculated by solving the system of five first-order ordinary differential equations with the material constitutive law and proper boundary conditions. Numerical results of principal stretches and deformed profiles of the inflated cylindrical air-spring shell obtained by numerical deformation analysis are compared with experimental ones.
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Шешенин, С. В., and Икунь Ду. "Две модели резинокордного слоя." Механика композиционных материалов и конструкций 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33113/mkmk.ras.2021.27.02.191_204.03.
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Breker layers in a pneumatic tire are an important part in the tire construction. These layers have a metal cord resulting in substantial bending stiffness. When homogenizing such layers, a “shave” method is applied to the breaker layer. This results in a thinner layer having adequate stiffness in both tension and bending. In this work, a phenomenological approach is used to obtain the effective properties of a homogeneous anisotropic hyper elastic material of an equivalent layer. Two models utilize transverse isotropic or orthotropic potential used to describe the homogenized properties. Comparison is made between these models for the “shaved” rubber-cord layer based on numerical experiments. In both cases, the potentials are built on the basis of the Treloar or Mooney potentials. Note that in the case of an inhomogeneous thin layer, the traditional definition of homogenization needs to be modified. In previous works of the authors, it was proposed to determine 3D averaged elastic properties of a layer by surrounding it with a homogeneous material. This makes it possible to correctly take into account the fact that the boundary effect from the upper to lower surfaces that penetrates through the whole periodicity cell. A set of local problems formulated for the periodicity cell is proposed. This set is sufficient for determining elastic potential material parameters. Nonlinear local problems on a periodic cell are solved and the material constants of the elastic potential are determined. The applicability of the orthotropic potential (second model) is determined for the “shaved” layer. It was found that orthotropic properties are manifested relative to longitudinal shears. The results show the suitability of the proposed potential and the scheme for determining the material parameters.
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Kledrowetz, Jan, Jakub Javořík, Rohitha Keerthiwansa, Pavel Kratochvil, Soňa Rusnáková, and Petr Gross. "FEM Optimization of a Steel Belt of OTR Tyres." Materials Science Forum 994 (May 2020): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.994.272.
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This paper deals with an FEM simulation of a steel belt of tyres. A belt is a part of a tyre that plays a very important role in all radial tyres especially in case of heavy-duty off-the-road (OTR) ones. It is a composite composed of rubber material and a steel reinforcement. High peak stress inside this composite can initiate cracks, which subsequently lead to a complete tyre failure. In this work, the belt is extracted from the tyre and simulated separately in order to be able to cover individual cords. Belt behaviour under tension is studied and optimal cord distribution is proposed to decrease the risk of the failure. FEM software MSC Marc/Mentat is employed as a calculation tool.
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Bhattacharya, Asit Baran, M. Pandy, and Kinsuk Naskar. "Development of NR/SBR Based Rubber Compounds with Low Hysteresis and High Durability for Transmission V-Belts Applications." Organic Polymer Material Research 3, no. 1 (September 24, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/opmr.v3i1.3568.
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Power transmission by the belts is defined as, the transmission of power by a moving pulley to one or more driven machines through a flexible non-metallic member. There are different types of V-belts available,and Transmission Belts are one of them. Transmission V-Belt is the first invented non-metallic belts. Nowadays V-belts are used in various conditions, especially high-power transmission. These V-belts are finding their importance in many heavy industries. One of the good features of this type belt is no slippage occurs during the run. NR and SBR have used elastomers and can act as a base rubber material for this purpose. This study includes the compounding improvement for transmission V-Belts with NR and SBR rubber blends. There were so many numbers of failures in different ways during the initial research. Product failure methods and effect analysis (PFMA) have done by testing the belts multiple times and it has found that the major factors for the failure and less durability were excessive heat build-up (HBU) and poor fatigue resistance, poor crack initiation and growth, the resistance of the materials. So, initially reduction of HBU has successfully made in many steps by studying the properties of various compounds with a different type of fillers combinations, rubber combinations, curing systems variations etc. We have also improved the adhesion strength with cord and fabrics. Initially, we have taken one compound showing better properties in all aspects and have taken Belt Trial. And after some more improvement, we have found a compound showing better properties in all the cases than first trial and regular trials.By using that compound, we have developed Belts and showing better durability than earlier experiments and regular production.
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Nasdala, L., Y. Wei, H. Rothert, and M. Kaliske. "Lifetime Prediction of Tires with Regard to Oxidative Aging5." Tire Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2839371.
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Abstract It is a challenging task in the design of automobile tires to predict lifetime and performance on the basis of numerical simulations. Several factors have to be taken into account to correctly estimate the aging behavior. This paper focuses on oxygen reaction processes which, apart from mechanical and thermal aspects, effect the tire durability. The material parameters needed to describe the temperature-dependent oxygen diffusion and reaction processes are derived by means of the time–temperature–superposition principle from modulus profiling tests. These experiments are designed to examine the diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effect which occurs when accelerated aging tests are performed. For the cord-reinforced rubber composites, homogenization techniques are adopted to obtain effective material parameters (diffusivities and reaction constants). The selection and arrangement of rubber components influence the temperature distribution and the oxygen penetration depth which impact tire durability. The goal of this paper is to establish a finite element analysis based criterion to predict lifetime with respect to oxidative aging. The finite element analysis is carried out in three stages. First the heat generation rate distribution is calculated using a viscoelastic material model. Then the temperature distribution can be determined. In the third step we evaluate the oxygen distribution or rather the oxygen consumption rate, which is a measure for the tire lifetime. Thus, the aging behavior of different kinds of tires can be compared. Numerical examples show how diffusivities, reaction coefficients, and temperature influence the durability of different tire parts. It is found that due to the DLO effect, some interior parts may age slower even if the temperature is increased.
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Bert, C. W., and F. Gordaninejad. "Forced Vibration of Timoshenko Beams Made of Multimodular Materials." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3274723.
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This paper presents a transfer-matrix analysis for determining the sinusoidal vibration response of thick, rectangular cross-section beams made of “multimodular materials” (i.e., materials which have different elastic behavior in tension and compression, with nonlinear stress-strain curves approximated as piecewise linear). An experimentally determined stress-strain curve for aramid-cord rubber is approximated by four straight-line segments (two segments in tension and two segments in compression). To validate the transfer-matrix results, a closed-form solution is also presented for the special case in which the neutral-surface location is uniform along the length of the beam. Also, comparisons are made among multimodular, bimodular (two line segments), and unimodular models. Numerical results for axial displacement, transverse deflection, bending slope, bending moment, transverse shear and axial forces, and the location of the neutral surface are presented for the multimodular model. Effects of translatory and rotatory inertia coefficients on axial force are investigated for a clamped-clamped beam. Moreover, natural frequencies associated with the first three modes of a clamped-free beam are presented. Transfer-matrix results agree very well with the closed-form results for the corresponding material model (one, two, or four segments).
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Sun, Shulei, and Wenguo Chen. "An Anisotropic Hyperelastic Constitutive Model with Bending Stiffness Interaction for Cord-Rubber Composites: Comparison of Simulation Results with Experimental Data." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (July 24, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6750369.
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Based on the invariant theory of continuum mechanics by Spencer, the strain energy depends on deformation, fiber direction, and the gradients of the fiber direction in the deformed configuration. The resulting extended theory is very complicated and brings a nonsymmetric stress and couple stress. By introducing the gradient of fiber vector in the current configuration, the strain energy function can be decomposed into volumetric, isochoric, anisotropic, and bending deformation energy. Due to the particularity of bending deformation, the reinforced material has tensile deformation and compression deformation. The bending stiffness should be taken into consideration, and it is further verified by the bending simulation.
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Komander, Henryk, Miroslaw Bajda, Grzegorz Komander, and Gabriela Paszkowska. "Effect of Strength Parameters and the Structure of Steel Cord Conveyor Belts on Belt Puncture Resistance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 683 (October 2014): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.683.119.
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Conveyor belts transporting rock material are getting worn out mainly as a consequence of punctures and cuts caused by impacts of rock lumps in the belt loading zone. To enhance the operational durability of conveyor belts multidirectional actions intended to lower the dynamic load of belts, to increase the belt impact resistance and to monitor the belt condition are undertaken. Some significant improvements can be achieved by decreasing the material fall height, by implementation of transported material slides in transfer chutes and shock absorbing belt supports as well as by reducing rock lump sizes. To avoid extensive wear belt monitoring methods are being developed, so that belt defect numbers, sizes, and locations can be identified [1]. Implementation of monitoring prevents sudden belt tear and enables rational belt management by repairing and regenerating belts in the optimum time. Laboratory research programmes aim at identifying the relation of the dynamic stress and the belt fatigue strength [2,3]. Investigations of the effect of strength parameters and the structure of steel cord conveyor belts on their puncture resistance are carried out since many years [4,5,6,7]. High puncture resistance of a conveyor belt is one of the main assessment criteria of its operational durability. Research work on the impact of belt top cover thickness, cover rubber properties and type of belt crosswise reinforcements on the belt puncture resistance was undertaken in the Laboratory of Belt Transportation (LBT) of Wroclaw University of Technology [8].
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Wei, Y. T., Z. H. Tian, and X. W. Du. "A Finite Element Model for the Rolling Loss Prediction and Fracture Analysis of Radial Tires." Tire Science and Technology 27, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 250–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135987.
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Abstract With the development of tire mechanics and computer technology, tire deformation, rolling resistance, and temperature distribution under rolling conditions may be predicted accurately through finite element analysis (FEA). Deep knowledge of tire fracture and failure behavior may also be obtained by FEA. During the past years, an in-house finite element program has been developed in our research laboratory which can analyze the tire deformation, stress, and strain under the static inflation and footprint load conditions and can predict the tire rolling resistance and temperature distribution as well. This paper gives a brief description of the mathematical and mechanical foundations of the developed FEA code and the computing procedures, emphasizing the tire material loss model and the calculation procedure of strain energy release rate in tire fracture analysis. Two characteristics of the presented model compared with the published literature are the three-dimensional anisotropic properties included in the loss model of cord-rubber materials and a new VCCT (Virtual Crack Closure Technique), which is simple and physically direct, saves on the amount of computation, and is developed to compute the fields of strain energy release rates (Serrs) in the crack front to analyze tire fracture behavior.