Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber Blends'
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1
Mat Desa, Mohd Shaiful Zaidi, Azman Hassan, Agus Arsad, and Nor Nisa Balqis Mohammad. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rubber Toughened Poly(Lactic Acid)." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.222.
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The effect of rubber toughening on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated by using three types of rubbers; natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and core-shell rubber (CSR). The PLA/rubber blends were prepared by melt blending in a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder, where the rubber content for all blends was kept at 5 wt%. It was found that the addition of the rubbers increased the impact strength for all blends as compared to pure PLA. On the other hand, all PLA/rubber blends showed notable decrease of Young’s modulus especially for PLA/NR blend which decreased by 72% than pure PLA. Similarly, significant decrease of tensile strength was also observed for all PLA/rubber blends. PLA/ENR blend showed a morebalance mechanical properties with fairly significant improvement of impact strength and moderate decrease of tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break. In general, PLA/NR blend showed the highest overall impact strength, while the PLA/CSR showed the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus among the blends. Thermal analysis revealed that the Tg of PLA decreased with incorporation of the three types of rubbers with NR showing the largest decrease. This study indicates that NR, ENR and CSR are effective in enhancing toughness of PLA
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Vayyaprontavida Kaliyathan, Abitha, KM Varghese, A. Sreekumaran Nair, and Sabu Thomas. "Rubber–rubber blends: A critical review." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 36, no. 3 (December 26, 2019): 196–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760619895002.
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The blending of different rubbers is one of the effective methods to achieve required performance properties in their final products. This article reviews the thermodynamic considerations of rubber–rubber blends and their filled systems. Factors affecting the rubber blend morphology (i.e. distribution mechanism of fillers, curatives and other compounding ingredients) and preparation techniques for rubber–rubber blends emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages are well discussed in this review. Microscopy is the field of interest to all material scientists. In the case of rubber blends, microscopy is an essential tool in order to understand the morphology, that is, size, shape and distribution of phases and filler particles in the rubber–rubber blend. In this review, selected scientific reports based on optical microscopy, electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy in rubber–rubber blends are discussed. Rubber material is a complex macromolecule; it has significant proportion of fillers, processing aids and curing agents; therefore, only a very few studies have been reported on the microscopic aspects of filled rubber–rubber blends. In particular, influence of rubber blend composition, fillers (micro and nano length scales) and processing additives on the morphology of rubber blends systems has not been systematically reviewed and discussed in the scientific literature. Therefore, in the present scenario, this review was thought of, which deals with the essential background to rubber–rubber blends, miscibility and morphological characterization of various rubber blend systems by microscopy. It is very important to add that although there is scattered information on these aspects in the scientific literature, to date a comprehensive review has not been published. The pros, cons, artefacts and the new challenges on the use of microscopy for the characterization of rubber–rubber blends are also discussed here.
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Uchiyama, Y. "The Effect of the Environment on the Friction and Wear of Blended Rubber." Tire Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139533.
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Abstract The friction and wear of rubber are properties that are affected by the environment, especially by the oxygen in the air. Natural rubber (NR) is most sensitive to air, butadiene rubber (BR) is scarcely affected by the presence of air, while styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is intermediate compared to NR and BR. Both the abrasive and fatigue wear rates of NR and BR blends are known to decrease by increasing the BR content. To reduce the wear rates of NR vulcanizates in the air, SBR was blended with NR. In severe rubbing experiments against abrasive cloths, the wear rate of the NR-SBR blends slightly decreased by increasing the SBR content. The NR-SBR blends showed considerable reduction in wear under fatigue wear conditions against metal gauze. Similar experiments were also conducted for SBR-BR blends. Blending with BR showed a substantial reduction in wear, especially in fatigue wear. When NR-BR, NR-SBR, and SBR-BR blends were rubbed against metal gauze in vacuum, the friction and wear of these three blended rubbers was lower in vacuum than in room air. It is concluded that the wear resistance of the blended rubber is affected by its sensitivity to air as well as by the mechanochemical properties of the blends under fatigue wear conditions.
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Dayang Habibah, A. I. H., V. Devaraj, H. Kamarularifin, and Ibrahim Suhawati. "Cure Characteristics and Ageing Resistance of Recovered Waste Pre-Vulcanized Nitrile/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Latex Blends in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.347.
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Waste pre-vulcanized nitrile latex (WPNL), obtained from nitrile glove dipping tank was blended at different ratios with concentrated ENR latex processed via ultrafiltration and designated as ENRLC-SP20 and ENRLC-SP50, respectively, with the number indicating, the percentage of WPNL incorporated into the blend. The blends were prepared in the latex stage and subsequently processed into dry rubber. The rubbers were then blended with virgin nitrile rubber (NBR) at various ratios and the curing characteristics and physical properties of the blends were evaluated. The results showed the maximum torque (MH) decreases while the minimum torque (ML) increases with increasing level of SP 50 rubber. Using higher concentrations of SP-50, the results showed slight reductions in the cure (t90) and scorch time (ts2), respectively. It was also found that by increasing ratio of ENRLC-SP20 and ENRLC-SP50 improves the heat ageing resistance of NBR blends at 100°C as evidenced by the higher percentages in retention of the blends, compared to the control compound.
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Wirjosentono, B., Tamrin, A. H. Siregar, and D. A. Nasution. "Mechanical, thermal and adhesion characteristics of natural rubber/epoxidised natural rubber (NR/ENR 25) blends containing natural microbentonite." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012073.
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Abstract Blending of natural rubber (NR) with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR 25) improved engineering characteristics of the blends, especially on their toughness, resistant to mineral oil, as well as their adhesion on hydrophilic surfaces, such as metals and concretes. Addition of natural microbentonite was expected not only to improve the blend’s compatibility, but also to enhance their thermal characteristics and adhesion properties on hydrophilic surfaces. In this works Indonesian natural rubbers (SIR-10) have been blended with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-25) in a reflux rector in xylene solution with addition of various loading of natural microbentonite as fillers. Mechanical properties of the blends were characterized using tensile tests (tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus), whereas their thermal properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, to estimate their adhesion properties on hydrophilic surfaces, the blends were immersed in water, and their water uptake were measured gravimetrically, as well as changes on their mechanical properties. It was found that optimum composition of natural microbentonite in the blend with highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus was obtained when loading of the filler was 4 phr. When compared to that without filler, DSC thermogram of the optimum blend showed better thermal properties (lower heat release decreased from 903.10 J/g to 420.17 J/g) although the decomposition temperatures did not change considerably (407.8° to 408.09°C). Whereas the later also exhibited higher water uptake (0.05 to 0.34 %) and still with acceptable mechanical properties as adhesive materials.
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Ghosh, Arun, R. S. Rajeev, A. K. Bhattacharya, A. K. Bhowmick, S. K. De, B. Wolpensinger, and S. Bandyopadhyay. "Atomic Force Microscopic Studies on Microheterogeneity of Blends of Silicone Rubber and Tetrafluoroethylene/Propylene/Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymer." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547736.
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Abstract This paper reports the results of Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) studies on blends of silicone rubber and fluororubber based on tetrafluoroethylene/propylene/vinylidene fluoride terpolymer. The surface morphology of the single component rubbers and their blends and the effect of the blend ratio on the surface morphology were studied using analysis techniques of AFM images including surface plot, section analysis, roughness analysis and power spectral density analysis. The compatibility of the two rubber phases depends on the dimensions of the granules on the surface, measured from the section analysis and the histograms derived from the section analysis. As predicted by the histograms, the surface morphology of the blends is governed primarily by the silicone rubber, even at low concentration of silicone rubber in the blend. The height image, amplitude image, surface plot and section analysis display a distinct surface morphology for the 50/50-silicone rubber/fluororubber blend. The roughness and power spectral density (PSD) analyses show that the 50/50-blend exhibits maximum surface roughness. The results of surface energy measurements of the single component rubbers and their blends in general conform to the findings of AFM studies.
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BOONDAMNOEN, O., M. OHSHIMA, A. R. AZURA, S. CHUAYJULJIT, and A. ARIFFIN. "RECYCLING WASTE NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BY BLENDING WITH POLYSTYRENE – CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003492.
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Waste natural rubber latex was blended with polystyrene (WNRL/PS) for recycling. A mixture with a 50/50 ratio of rubber to PS was blended by an internal mixer (Haake) at 140 °C and 60 rpm. The PS became the matrix, and the WNRL was dispersed within the matrix. Dynamically vulcanized natural rubber/PS (NRv/PS) blends and natural rubber/PS (NR/PS) blends without vulcanization were also prepared in the same way for comparison. The tensile properties and morphologies of all blends were investigated. The crosslinking density was determined by using the Flory-Rehner equation. The experiments showed that the WNRL/PS blend exhibited a higher tensile strength, Young's modulus and crosslinking density, but a lower elongation at break, than the NRv/PS and NR/PS blends. SEM observations of the tensile fracture surface and TEM observations of the blend morphology indicated that the WNRL/PS blend needed a higher energy to break than the NRv/PS and NR/PS blends.
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Antony, Prince, S. K. De, and Martin van Duin. "Self-Crosslinking Rubber/Rubber and Rubber/Thermoplastic Blends: A Review." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 376–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547644.
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Abstract Blends of two or more polymers having appropriate reactive groups can be crosslinked through condensation or substitution reactions in the absence of crosslinking chemicals when molded at high temperatures for prolonged times. When at least one of the two polymers is a rubber, such blends are called “self-crosslinking rubber blends.” Self-crosslinking rubber/rubber blends included in this review are binary CSM/ENR, ENR/XNBR, CR/ENR, ENR/Zn-SEPDM, CSM/XNBR and CR/XNBR blends, and ternary CR/XNBR/ENR and CSM/XNBR/ENR blends. Self-crosslinking thermoplastic/rubber blends include binary PVC/XNBR, PVC/ENR, PVC/NBR, PVC/HNBR, PAA/CR and PAA/ENR blends, and a ternary PVC/ENR/XNBR blend. The formation of crosslinks in self-crosslinking blends is manifested in the rise of the rheometer torque with time. Solvent swelling studies and dynamic mechanical analysis support the self-crosslinking behavior of the blends. The extent of crosslinking depends on the amount and reactivity of the functional groups of the two blend components, the time and temperature of the reaction. In general, the self-crosslinked rubber/rubber blends behave like conventional rubber vulcanizates with respect to physical properties and can be reinforced by fillers. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to identify the chemical structures formed during self-crosslinking, allowing the elucidation of the mechanism of self-crosslinking.
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Ghosh, Arun, and S. K. De†. "Dependence of Physical Properties and Processing Behavior of Blends of Silicone Rubber and Fluororubber on Blend Morphology." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 5 (November 1, 2004): 856–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547856.
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Abstract The paper reports that the processing behavior and physical properties of the blends of silicone rubber and fluororubber based on tetrafluoroethylene/propylene/vinylidene terpolymer. The processing behavior of the fluororubber can be improved on blending with low viscous silicone rubber. The results indicate that the processing behavior, mechanical properties, surface energies, and flammability of the blends are controlled by the blend morphology. Surface morphology of the blends show that blends of two rubbers are microheterogeneous and biphasic structure, wherein silicone rubber acts as a continuous matrix with the fluororubber as a dispersed phase.
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Zhang, Yinxi, Yong Zhang, Shuyu Han, Xiangfu Zhang, and Changqing Yang. "Effects of Compatibilisers on the Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride/Nonpolar Rubbers Blends." Engineering Plastics 2, no. 3 (January 1994): 147823919400200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919400200305.
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The effects of some commercial polymers used as a third component on the properties of the PVC blends with nonpolar rubbers, such as BR, SBR, EPDM, NR and reclaimed rubber, were studied. It was found that NBR-18 was a very efficient compatibiliser for PVC/nonpolar rubbers blends in a wide range of blend composition, and the mechanical properties of these blends were significantly improved even when the NBR-18 content was as low as 2%. The presence of NBR-18 in PVC/nonpolar rubbers blends promoted better dispersion of PVC particles in rubber matrix, and the interfacial adhesion between PVC and the rubber phases was significantly improved by the co-vulcanisation of NBR-18 and nonpolar rubbers as well as the same compatibility of PVC with NBR-18. The PVC/NBR-l8lnonpolar rubbers ternary blends have not only good mechanical properties but also good oil and low-temperature resistance and excellent electrical insulation property.
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Zhang, Yinxi, Yong Zhang, Shuyu Han, Xiangfu Zhang, and Changqing Yang. "Effects of Compatibilisers on the Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride/Nonpolar Rubbers Blends." Polymers and Polymer Composites 2, no. 3 (March 1994): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119400200305.
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The effects of some commercial polymers used as a third component on the properties of the PVC blends with nonpolar rubbers, such as BR, SBR, EPDM, NR and reclaimed rubber, were studied. It was found that NBR-18 was a very efficient compatibiliser for PVC/nonpolar rubbers blends in a wide range of blend composition, and the mechanical properties of these blends were significantly improved even when the NBR-18 content was as low as 2%. The presence of NBR-18 in PVC/nonpolar rubbers blends promoted better dispersion of PVC particles in rubber matrix, and the interfacial adhesion between PVC and the rubber phases was significantly improved by the co-vulcanisation of NBR-18 and nonpolar rubbers as well as the same compatibility of PVC with NBR-18. The PVC/NBR-l8lnonpolar rubbers ternary blends have not only good mechanical properties but also good oil and low-temperature resistance and excellent electrical insulation property.
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Azrem, Ahmad Azmi, N. Z. Noriman, M. N. Razif, and Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh. "The Effects of Tensile and Morphological Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (SBR/CRr) Blends." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.802.
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The effects of tensile and morphological properties of styrene butadiene rubber/virgin chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRv) and styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRr) were investigated. The range size of CRr used in this study was 0.3 0.7 mm. Both SBR/CRv blends and SBR/CRr blends were prepared using two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. It can be observed that, the tensile strength and elongation at break of SBR/CRr blends show higher value than SBR/CRv blends particularly up to 15 phr of CRr in the blends. However, SBR/CRr blends shows higher value of tensile modulus (M100) than SBR/CRv blends at all blend ratios. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of SBR/CRr blends at 50 blend ratios illustrated a better adhesion and dispersion in comparison with SBR/CRv blends. Keywords: chloroprene rubber, recycled chloroprene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, tensile properties, SEM
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Indra Surya and Syahrul Fauzi Siregar. "CURE CHARACTERISTICS AND CROSSLINK DENSITY OF NATURAL RUBBER/STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER BLENDS." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 4 (January 8, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i4.1644.
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By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, the cure characteristics and crosslink density of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) blends were studied with a blend ratio from 0 to 100% rubber. The scorch time, optimum cure time, and torque difference value of the blended rubber compounds were determined by using the Moving-Die Rheometer (MDR 2000). The crosslink density was determined by the Flory—Rehner approach. Results indicate that the scorch and cure times, ts2 and t90, of the NR/SBR blends increased with increasing the SBR content. Whilst, the maximum values of torque difference and crosslink density were performed by the NR/SBR blend with a blend ratio of 75/25.
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Prasertsri, Sarawut, Pranee Nuinu, Sansanee Srichan, Siriwat Radabutra, Chaiwute Vudjung, and Saowaluk Boonyod. "Compatibilization Efficiency of Polybutadiene-Grafted Maleic Anhydride in Ethylene-Propylene Diene Rubber/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Blends." Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.45.
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This research aims to investigate the efficiency of polybutadiene-grafted maleic anhydride (PB-g-MAH) as the compatibilizer for ethylene-propylene diene rubber and epoxidized natural rubber (EPDM/ENR) blends. PB-g-MAH was varied from 0-10 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr), and the cure characteristics, mechanical and dynamic properties of 70/30 EPDM/ENR blends with and without compatibilizer were evaluated. It was found that the minimum torque, maximum torque, scorch and cure times of the blends increased after adding PB-g-MAH, whereas cure rate decreased. The morphology of the blend is improved by the addition of PB-g-MAH in small amounts, owing to an improved compatibility of these rubbers confirmed by dynamic mechanical property. The hardness and oil resistance increased with increasing PB-g-MAH content. Of all blends investigated, the blend compatibilized with 2-4 phr of PB-g-MAH shows the optimum mechanical properties and thermal resistance.
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Azrem, Ahmad Azmi, N. Z. Noriman, M. N. Razif, S. T. Sam, and M. S. Saiful Nizwan. "Physical and Morphological Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber / Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (SBR/CRr) Blends." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.119.
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The effects of physical and morphological properties of styrene butadiene rubber/virgin chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRv) and styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRr) were investigated. Both SBR/CRv blends and SBR/CRr blends were prepared using two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. The range size of CRr used in this study was 0.3 0.7 mm. The SBR/CRr blends shows higher value of hardness and crosslink density compared to SBR/CRv blends at all blend ratios. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of SBR/CRr blends at 15 blend ratio illustrated a better adhesion and dispersion of CRr with SBR matrix compared with SBR/CRv blends.
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Alwaan, Ismaeel M., and Azman Hassan. "The effects of magnesium oxide on the thermal, morphological, and crystallinity properties of metallocene linear low-density polyethylene/rubbers composite." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0014.
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Abstract The effects on the thermal, morphological, and crystallinity properties of the different loadings of magnesium oxide (MgO) blended with 10% rubbers [9:1 natural rubber (NR)/epoxidized NR] and metallocene linear low-density polyethylene (mLLDPE) in the presence of N,N-m-phenylenebismaleimide (HVA-2) compatibilizer were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the epoxy and double-bond groups were absent in the blends. The crystallinity degree of mLLDPE composites were determined based on the results of differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallinity of the blends was continuously increased by the loading of MgO compared with blend of 0 phr MgO. Based on thermogravimetric analysis, the degradation temperature of NR in the blends with MgO is significantly enhanced compared with a pure NR and 0 phr MgO blend. The observations of the scanning electron micrographs indicate that the HVA-2 had caused a cross-linking reaction in the rubber phase and the domains of the MgO are separated from the continuous phase (mLLDPE).
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Saiwari, Sitisaiyidah, Eman Lohyi, and Charoen Nakason. "Application of NR Gloves Reclaim: Cure and Mechanical Properties of NR/Reclaim Rubber Blends." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.437.
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Reclamation of waste natural rubber gloves is carried out by mechano-chemical process using MBTS as reclaiming agent. The reclaim rubber is later blended with a virgin natural rubber at various blend ratios. The cure behavior and mechanical properties of the re-vulcanized blends are evaluated in comparison to the properties profile of the virgin materials. A significant increase in re-vulcanization rate is observed with increasing reclaim rubber contents. This property is most likely a consequence of the presence of active functional sites in the reclaim rubber. Additionally, the maximum torque as well as a torque difference increase with increasing reclaims rubber contents which are attributed to an increase in crosslink density of the blends. Moreover, the crosslink density also plays a major role in mechanical properties of the NR/reclaim rubber blends.
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Tahir, Muhammad, Gert Heinrich, Nasir Mahmood, Regine Boldt, Sven Wießner, and Klaus Stöckelhuber. "Blending In Situ Polyurethane-Urea with Different Kinds of Rubber: Performance and Compatibility Aspects." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112175.
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Specific physical and reactive compatibilization strategies are applied to enhance the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of heterogeneous polymer blends. Another pertinent challenge is the need of energy-intensive blending methods to blend high-tech polymers such as the blending of a pre-made hard polyurethane (-urea) with rubbers. We developed and investigated a reactive blending method to prepare the outstanding blends based on polyurethane-urea and rubbers at a low blending temperature and without any interfacial compatibilizing agent. In this study, the polyurethane-urea (PUU) was synthesized via the methylene diphenyl diisocyanate end-capped prepolymer and m-phenylene diamine based precursor route during blending at 100 °C with polar (carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) and chloroprene rubber (CR)) and non-polar (natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (sSBR), and ethylene propylene butadiene rubber (EPDM)) rubbers. We found that the in situ PUU reinforces the tensile response at low strain region and the dynamic-mechanical response up to 150 °C in the case of all used rubbers. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a stronger rubber/PUU interface, which promotes an effective stress transfer between the blend phases. Furthermore, energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) based elemental carbon map identifies an interphase region along the interface between the nitrile rubber and in situ PUU phases of this exemplary blend type.
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Liu, H., J. L. Mead, and R. G. Stacer. "Thermoplastic Elastomers and Rubber-Toughened Plastics from Recycled Rubber and Plastics." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547672.
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Abstract An experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate the use of recycled rubbers in blends for the development of new thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) and rubber-toughened plastics. The recycled rubbers were obtained from various commercial sources and included representatives from the EPDM, SBR, and NR/SBR blend families, as well as a range of particle sizes. A series of five different virgin polypropylenes (PP) were used as the plastic phase, representing a range of molecular weights and suppliers. Blends were prepared in a Haake Buechler batch mixer over a broad range of constituent fractions. Compatibilization and reactive blending techniques were used to improve the quality of the scrap rubber/plastic blends with respect to both mechanical and rheological properties. Results indicate that these blending techniques are required to obtain acceptable mechanical strength in the resultant materials. Additional parameters that significantly enhanced properties included elevating the blending temperature, reducing rubber particle size, and increasing PP molecular weight. This later conclusion was attributed to a lower degree of crystallinity in the PP phase that contributes to better blending between the phases.
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Azmi, Ahmad Azrem, Nik Noriman Zulkepli, Mohd Firdaus Omar, and Kamarudin Hussin. "The Effects of Different Fillers on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of SBR/CRr Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.3.
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This research deals with the effects of different fillers of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber/carbon black (SBR/CRr/CB) blends and styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber/calcium carbonate (SBR/CRr/CaCO3) blends on mechanical and morphological properties. The range size of CRr used in this study was 181 – 549 μm. Both SBR/CRr/CB blends and SBR/CRr/CaCO3 were prepared using a two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. It can be observed that, tensile strength, Eb and rebound resilience of SBR/CRr/CB blends and SBR/CRr/CaCO3 blends decreased with increasing CRr content in both blends. However, M100 increased with increasing CRr content in both blends. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fractured surface of SBR/CRr/CB blends illustrates better adhesion between CB and SBR matrix compared to SBR/CRr/CaCO3 blends at all blend ratios.Keywords: styrene butadiene rubber, recycled chloroprene rubber, mechanical properties, SEM
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Wissamitanan, Thossapit, Charoenyutr Dechwayukul, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, and Wiriya Thongruang. "Proper Blends of Biodegradable Polycaprolactone and Natural Rubber for 3D Printing." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102416.
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Flexible thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) were prepared for fused deposition modeling (FDM) or 3D printing. These materials can be used for medical purposes such as disposable soft splints and other flexible devices. Blends of 50% epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-50) and block rubber (Standard Thai Rubber 5L (STR5L)) with polycaprolactone (PCL) were produced and compared. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of natural rubber (NR) and PCL in simple blends with PCL contents of 40%, 50%, and 60% by weight (except at 75% for morphology study) in the base mixture (NR/PCL). The significant flow factors for FDM materials, such as melting temperature (Tm) and melt flow rate (MFR), were observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and via the melt flow index (MFI). In addition, the following mechanical properties were also determined: tensile strength, compression set, and hardness. The results from DSC showed that the melting temperature changed slightly (1–2 °C) with amount of PCL used, and there was a suspicious point in the 50/50 blends with both types of rubber. The lowest melting enthalpy of both blends was found at the 50/50 blended composition. The MFI results showed that PCL significantly affected the melt flow rate of both blends. The ENR-50/PCL blend flowed better than the STR5L/PCL blend. The conclusion was that this was due to the morphology of its phase structure having better uniformity than that of the STR5L/PCL blend. In compression set testing or measuring shape recovery, rubber directly influenced the recovery in all blends. The ENR-50/PCL blend had less recovery than the STR5L/PCL blend, probably due to the functional effects of epoxide groups and polarity mismatch. The hard phase PCL significantly affected the hardness of samples but improved shape recovery of the material. The ENR-50/PCL blend had better tensile properties than the STR5L/PCL blend. The elongation at break of both blends improved with a high rubber content. Hence, the ENR-50/PCL blend was superior to STR5L/PCL for printing purposes due to its better miscibility, uniformity, and flow, which are the keys to success for optimizing the fused deposition modeling conditions as well as the overall mechanical properties of products. Most blends in this study were only slightly different, but the 50/50 blend of ENR-50/PCL seemed to be near optimal for 3D printing.
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Yang, Li, Xuanyu Shi, Shihao Sun, Jun Zhong, Xiaofeng Yu, Danling Wang, Yihu Song, Min Zuo, and Qiang Zheng. "Effect of Morphology/Structure on the Phase Behavior and Nonlinear Rheological Properties of NR/SBR Blends." Gels 8, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8070425.
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The evolution of the morphology/structure and the nonlinear viscoelasticity of rubber blends under large amounts of strain are key scientific issues for the design and manufacture of rubber blends. The rheological responses of natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) blends are traced over a wide range of blend compositions to gain an insight into the effect of blend morphology on their nonlinear viscoelasticity. We also prepare NR + SBR physical blends without melt mixing to distinguish the contributions of composition and blend morphology to the viscoelastic response. The microscopic heterogeneous gel-like structure of NR/SBR blends may remarkably weaken their strain softening and improve their modulus hysteretic recovery under large strain, which may be attributed to the heterogeneous microscopic deformation for the NR and SBR phases. Furthermore, additional elastic contribution resulted from the increasing interfacial energy of domain deformation. This may provide some new insights into the effect of blend morphology on the Payne effect of rubber blends.
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Amino, N., Y. Uchiyama, T. Iwai, and M. Maeda. "Studies of Friction Mechanism in Silica and Carbon Black Filled SBR: (3) Friction of Carbon Black and Silica Filled SBR Blends." International Polymer Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (April 2003): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0303000405.
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Tire tread compounds usually consist of polymer blends. In this paper the friction for immiscible SBR blends which consist of two different SBRs having different glass transition temperatures of −51 °C and −6 °C are investigated. The effects of the blend ratio of these two SBRs and the added fillers such as carbon black and silica on the friction are also investigated. The friction forces are measured when rubber specimens are rubbed against dry or wet metal gauze. The friction force-sliding speed curves for the SBR blends are related to their storage modulus E′, loss tangent tan δ, contact area A and shear strength s. The adhesion component of the friction for each SPR blend shows a peak at the sliding speed range examined. As the blend ratio of the SBR having higher Tg of −6 °C is raised, the peak value is lowered and the peak shifts to lower sliding speed. The adhesion component of the friction for silica-filled SBR blends is higher than that of carbon black-filled SBR blends. These trends are also shown when rubber specimens are rubbed against the wet metal gauze. On the other hand, the hysteresis component of friction is raised when the blend ratio of the SBRs having higher Tg is increased.
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Nandi, Sangita, Yogesha Subbaiah, Ravinath Manchana, and Susanta Mitra. "Study of relaxation behavior and processability of polybutadiene rubber composition." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 51, no. 7-8 (January 7, 2019): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318822071.
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In this work, nickel-catalyzed high- cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubbers (PBR) with different molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and Mooney relaxation time have been solution blended at different ratios and their rheological, thermal, and physical properties were characterized. PBR blend compositions showed similar processability as pristine rubber grades at higher temperature, but their Mooney relaxation time and rheological branching index (BI) are distinctly different from both pristine PBR grades at low temperature. In addition, Mooney relaxation time and BI of the blends were found to be independent of blend compositions; however, glass transition temperature ( Tg), cis%, volatile% of the compositions remain similar to the raw rubbers.
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Tsou, Andy H., Ilan Duvdevani, and Kenneth O. McElrath. "Co-Continuity and Ozone Resistance of Bims Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547745.
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Abstract A co-continuous blend of a high ozone resistant rubber with high diene rubbers, or with a mixture of high diene rubbers, can provide a rubber blend that is both ozone resistant and wear and scuff resistant. High diene rubbers have excellent wear and scuff resistances, but are prone to ozone damage. The high ozone resistant rubbers are rubbers that have saturated backbone after vulcanization, such as BIMS. However, depending on the co-continuous morphology, not all co-continuous blends of an ozone resistant rubber with other rubbers are ozone resistant. In this study, a co-continuity index was proposed to measure the co-continuity morphology of 50/50 BIMS/GPR blends. GPR represents a general-purpose rubber and is a mixture of NR and BR in this study. It was found that BIMS compounds having their co-continuity indices greater than 0.7 are ozone resistant. These ozone-resistant compounds were prepared by first adding GPR followed by adding small N351 CB fillers, as compared with the other large N660 CB used in this work. Thus, smaller CB filler first presence in GPR appears to enhance GPR/BIMS phase compatibility during mixing with later added BIMS leading to strong intermixing between co-continuous phases.
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Chan, B. L. "Potential Application of ENR/EPDM Blends." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 33, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.5.
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Since the process and conversion of natural rubber into epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was discovered and patented by I. R. Gelling of the Malaysian Rubber Product Research Association (or now known as the Tun Razak laboratory), Brickendonbury, Hertford, in the United Kingdom, there are more than 10 000 technical and technological papers cited in the internet. Information on ENR is available, not only in the the English language but also other languages like Chinese, Malay, French, Thai and even German languages are used.NR is the most versatile and reactive rubber/elastomer. It is an advanced natural rubber which could be potentially used as a starting material for the development of other rubbers, modifie elastomers, for grafting, plastic-based materials and also thermoplastic rubbers. Its reactivity is dependent on its epoxy groups, the opening of its ring structure, and also the subsequent structures of carboxylic groups and the in-situ side-chains “carbon – carbon” double bonds (> C = C <). In some instances, up to 65% epoxidation of NR is possible and achieved for more oil resistance. For these reasons, there are many new and advanced materials which have been formed and developed in the last two decades.Among them, some of the recent research work is listed here. Apart from studies of compounding the ENR itself and its potential uses, there are many rubber-rubber blends and ENR rubber-plastics blends, some of the studies cited are “uses of new and advanced chemicals” and synthetic rubbers: ENR/NBR, ENR/PVC, ENR/polylactic acid blends, ENR/copolyester blends, ENR/Copolyamide Blends, ENR/poly (vinylidene fluoride)blends, ENR/Carbon Nanotubes with co-agent Trimethylol Propane Triacrylate, ENR /recycled silicon materials, and ENR/copolymer of n-butyl acrylate/butyl methacrylate “grafted”. Each of these blends has its own characteristics in terms of processing, enhancement of processing like safety, scorch, oil and water resistance properties, or some in the development of potential thermoplastic rubber and its thermoplastic vulcanizates.In this paper, the author would like to share some findingsof the ENR/EPDM blends that have good flexand dynamic properties, relatively low compression set, and tolerant tensile properties that satisfy most rubber products that are required for and used in the industrial, mechanical, and even automotive parts. More importantly, the sliding skid resistance/frictional property and wear resistance of the blends are also examined. In some blends, the thermal dynamic behaviour is also measured over a temperature range depicting the low-temperature stability, its temperature of transition and the dynamic factor like tangent delta (σ). These are the potential factors that could enhance the blend properties that give possible, good high speed and traction, applicable in tyres.
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Wang, Zhen, Huang Hai Qian, Xin Ling Geng, Yan Fen Zhao, and Li Ping Liu. "Physical Properties, Compatibility and Morphology of Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber/Fluoroether Rubber Blends." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.370.
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The physical properties, compatibility, and morphology of blends of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) with fluoroether rubber were investigated with reference to the blends ratio. The results show that the blends have excellent physical properties. Minimum torque (ML), maximum torque (MH), optimum curing time (t90), compression set, volume and mass change in fluid, and specific gravity are linear with the content of HNBR. On the other hand, MH-ML, hardness and 100% modulus show synergistic effect when the blend ratio is 50/50, indicating that there is some special morphology or interaction between the two polymers. There are two glass transition (Tg) peaks in Tanδ-T, Loss modulus (E")-T and Differential Scanning Caloricity (DSC) curves of the 50/50 blend and the Cole-Cole curve of the 50/50 blend shows two modified semicircles, suggesting the absence of segmental miscibility of the blends. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) curves demonstrate that the 50/50 blend is thermo-stable to the highest temperature which may be due to the interaction between the two materials. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the blends. The micrographs of 75/25 and 25/75 HNBR/fluoroether rubber blends have phase separated structures with the Sea-Island morphology. For the 50/50 blend, the SEM micrographs show a co-continuous morphology, which is suggested to be the reason for the synergistic effects of MH-ML, hardness, and the 100% modulus at the given ratio. In conclusion, the physical properties, DSC, TGA, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and SEM micrographs agree in suggesting that the HNBR and fluoroether rubber are not thermodynamically miscible but mechanically compatible.
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Ramesh, P., and S. K. De. "Self-Crosslinkable Polymer Blends Based on Chlorinated Rubber and Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538605.
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Abstract Melt-mixed blends of chlorinated natural rubber and carboxylated nitrile rubber get crosslinked during prolonged molding at elevated temperatures in the absence of any crosslinking agent. Dynamic mechanical measurements show that such blends are compatible. The physical properties depend on the blend composition. The blends exhibit excellent processing safety, good oil resistance, and high abrasion resistance.
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Dzulkifli, Azreen Izzati, Che Mohd Som Said, Chan Chin Han, and Ahmad Faiza Mohd. "Rubber-Solvent Interaction Parameter (χ1,2) of NR/SBR Rubber Blend Solution in Determination of Crosslink Concentration for Vulcanized Rubber Blend." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.75.
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Crosslink concentration is an important property affecting the major characteristic of cured rubber. One of the important parameter to determine the crosslink concentration of a vulcanized rubber by swelling measurement is the rubber-solvent interaction parameter known as ‘kai’ value denoted as χ. For single rubber, the χ value is known however, the χ1,2 for rubber blends are unknown. This research concerned with the investigation to determine the χ1,2 for rubber blends solution (uncured rubber). Natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) rubber blends solution were blend at 7 different ratios of 100/0, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 and 0/100 and were dissolved in toluene. The χ1,2 value of each rubber blends were determined based on the intrinsic viscosity measurement. Crosslink concentrations of vulcanized rubber blends obtained from the swelling measurement were then compared against the value determined from simple extension measurement (stress-relaxation method). This cross-checking was to ensure the accuracy and reliability of χ1,2 value for rubber blends solution.
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Doma, Ahmed Salah, Elbadawy A. Kamoun, Sayed Abboudy, Mohammed A. Belal, Sherine N. Khattab, and Ali A. El-Bardan. "Compatibilization of Vulcanized SBR/NBR Blends using Cis-Polybutadiene Rubber: Influence of Blend Ratio on Elastomer Properties." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 12 (January 1, 2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.958.
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Blends composed of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) were fabricated by melt blending technique using two-roll mill blend machine. Cis- polybutadiene rubber (CBR) was used as a compatibilizer for enhancing the homogeneity between SBR and NBR phases in blends. Although, no previous reports were found to discuss improving electrical properties of vulcanized SBR/NBR blends using unfilled rubber system (i.e. no fillers incorporated). Raman spectra and SEM images indicate that a significant compatibility within the rubber matrix is observed, due to using CBR compatibilizer. The effect of SBR/NBR blend ratio on curing characteristics, physico-mechanical properties, and physicochemical properties (e.g. network characteristics and thermodynamic parameters) were studied. SBR/NBR blend showed comparatively better mechanical properties, compared to each other individually rubber system. Curing parameters e.g. Mooney viscosity and hardness were increased, while a reduction in cure time and specific gravity was observed with increasing SBR ratio in blends. Results revealed that increasing SBR resulted in an enhancement of the tensile strength, modulus at 300 % and elongation at break up to 40 phr, and then gradually decreased. The TGA results indicated that SBR/NBR blends were thermally decomposed at a temperature range of 340-520°C. The notable decrease of DC conductivity (σdc) of vulcanized blends is owing to the decrease of NBR, which is a polar portion and is responsible for increasing the conductivity of vulcanized blends. This proved that the targeted industrial applications for vulcanized blends are entirely depending upon SBR/NBR blend in elastomers matrix.
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Doma, Ahmed Salah, Elbadawy A. Kamoun, Sayed Abboudy, Mohammed A. Belal, Sherine N. Khattab, and Ali A. El-Bardan. "Compatibilization of Vulcanized SBR/NBR Blends using Cis-Polybutadiene Rubber: Influence of Blend Ratio on Elastomer Properties." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 12 (January 1, 2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.12.958.
Full textAbstract:
Blends composed of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) were fabricated by melt blending technique using two-roll mill blend machine. Cis- polybutadiene rubber (CBR) was used as a compatibilizer for enhancing the homogeneity between SBR and NBR phases in blends. Although, no previous reports were found to discuss improving electrical properties of vulcanized SBR/NBR blends using unfilled rubber system (i.e. no fillers incorporated). Raman spectra and SEM images indicate that a significant compatibility within the rubber matrix is observed, due to using CBR compatibilizer. The effect of SBR/NBR blend ratio on curing characteristics, physico-mechanical properties, and physicochemical properties (e.g. network characteristics and thermodynamic parameters) were studied. SBR/NBR blend showed comparatively better mechanical properties, compared to each other individually rubber system. Curing parameters e.g. Mooney viscosity and hardness were increased, while a reduction in cure time and specific gravity was observed with increasing SBR ratio in blends. Results revealed that increasing SBR resulted in an enhancement of the tensile strength, modulus at 300 % and elongation at break up to 40 phr, and then gradually decreased. The TGA results indicated that SBR/NBR blends were thermally decomposed at a temperature range of 340-520°C. The notable decrease of DC conductivity (?dc) of vulcanized blends is owing to the decrease of NBR, which is a polar portion and is responsible for increasing the conductivity of vulcanized blends. This proved that the targeted industrial applications for vulcanized blends are entirely depending upon SBR/NBR blend in elastomers matrix.
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Azrem, Ahmad Azmi, N. Z. Noimam, S. T. Sam, C. M. Ruzaidi, M. F. Omar, and H. Rosniza. "The Effects of TOR as a Compatibilizer on Tensile and Morphological Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (SBR/CRr) Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 679 (October 2014): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.679.287.
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Blends of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (SBR/CRr) with and without of trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) were prepared and the effects of tensile and morphological properties were determined. Both uncompatibilised and compatibilised SBR/CRr blends were prepared using a two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. Compatiblized SBR/CRr blends with TOR enhanced the tensile strength and M100 but reduced the Eb and rebound resilience compared to uncompatibilized SBR/CRr blends. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fractured surface of compatibilised SBR/CRr blend at 15 and 50 blend ratios illustrated a stronger interfacial adhesion and better dispersion of CRr-SBR matrix.
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Estagy, Sara, Saeed Ostad Movahed, Soheil Yazdanbakhsh, and Majid Karim Nezhad. "A novel chemical technique for compatibility of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber in their blends." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 49, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244316653262.
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The market for commercial polymer blends has grown steadily. A good blend should have strong interphases between different parts of the constituted polymers. Lack of strong interphases is a classical problem of the blend industry. Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) blends have a very good aging resistance and good compression sets. However, these rubbers are partially miscible. To improve the miscibility of EPDM and SBR in their blends, a Lewis acid, AlCl3, was used to form EPDM–g–SBR copolymer through Friedel–Crafts reactions. The existence of covalent bonds between EPDM and SBR macromolecules was studied by the cure traces of the blends, that is, ΔTorque, Fourier transform infrared spectrums, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heat flow curves, thermogravimetric analysis curves, and scanning electron (SEM) micrographs. Subsequently, several blends with EPDM/SBR ratio of 40/60 and with various AlCl3 amounts were prepared and after curing, their mechanical properties were measured and compared. The results showed covalent bonds formed between SBR–EPDM and SBR–SBR macromolecules. An exothermic change in heat flow in the DSC curve was observed around 111.28°C, which can be attributed to the formation of carbocations in Friedel–Crafts reactions. Adding 2 phr AlCl3 had an efficient effect on EPDM–SBR and or SBR–SBR linkages. The mechanical properties of the cured blends, that is, tensile strength were lower when compared with corresponding values for prepared compound with SBR. Excellent compatibility between the two polymers and strong interphases were observed in SEM micrograph of the cured blend with 1 phr AlCl3.
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Moolsin, Supat, Nattawud Saksayamkul, and Adul Na Wichien. "Natural rubber grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) as compatibilizer in 50/50 natural rubber/nitrile rubber blend." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 49, no. 5 (October 7, 2016): 422–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244316671021.
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The effects of graft copolymers applied as compatibilizers for natural rubber/nitrile rubber (NR/NBR) blends at 50/50 (w/w) on cure characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal properties, oil resistance, and morphology were investigated. The graft copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto NR initiated by benzoyl peroxide (NR- g-PMMA<BPO>) and by potassium persulfate (NR- g-PMMA<PPS>) under emulsion polymerization were synthesized and used to compatibilize the blends. The structures of the copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NR was blended with NBR via a two-roll mill at 70°C under the compatibilizer loading ranging from 0 to 10 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). The results showed that the tensile property and tear strength of the blends increased with the increasing amount of NR- g-PMMA<BPO> as a compatibilizer. Thermal aging determined in terms of tensile properties exhibited the smaller difference between before and after aging in an oven with the increasing compatibilizer loading. The morphology of the compatibilized NR/NBR vulcanizates was investigated by scanning electron microscopy of the tensile fracture surfaces, which exhibited the improvement of interfacial adhesion between the two rubber phases. The thermal properties of compatibilized NR/NBR vulcanizates were reported in terms of a glass transition temperature under differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The incorporation of an appropriate amount of the compatibilizer into the blends apparently improved the oil resistance of NR. Among them, the blend filled with 7.5 phr of NR- g-PMMA<BPO> showed the lowest volume change in IRM 903 oil.
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Roy, S. K. Singha, and C. K. Das. "Speciality Polymer Blends of Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Polyurethane Elastomers." Engineering Plastics 3, no. 6 (January 1995): 147823919500300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919500300602.
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Blends of polyurethane elastomers and carboxylated nitrile rubber, prepared by three different techniques in different blend ratios, have been studied. The properties of the blends were improved by blending with polyurethanes in a sulphur cured blend system. In the peroxide cure system the improvements occurred when the preblends were heated before incorporating curatives into it. Blend properties largely depend on the blend ratio and on the blending technique. IR spectra reveal that interchain crosslinking occurred between polyurethane and carboxylated nitrile rubber on heating, in the absence of curatives. The preheating of the blends before adding curatives improved the properties of the blends; the degradation process and weight loss were retarded. The extraction of the carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) phase in the solvents was also restricted on preheating, due to interchain crosslinking.
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Roy, S. K. Singha, and C. K. Das. "Speciality Polymer Blends of Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Polyurethane Elastomers." Polymers and Polymer Composites 3, no. 6 (September 1995): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119500300602.
Full textAbstract:
Blends of polyurethane elastomers and carboxylated nitrile rubber, prepared by three different techniques in different blend ratios, have been studied. The properties of the blends were improved by blending with polyurethanes in a sulphur cured blend system. In the peroxide cure system the improvements occurred when the preblends were heated before incorporating curatives into it. Blend properties largely depend on the blend ratio and on the blending technique. IR spectra reveal that interchain crosslinking occurred between polyurethane and carboxylated nitrile rubber on heating, in the absence of curatives. The preheating of the blends before adding curatives improved the properties of the blends; the degradation process and weight loss were retarded. The extraction of the carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) phase in the solvents was also restricted on preheating, due to interchain crosslinking.
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Phatcharasit, Kritsada, Wirach Taweepreda, and Patompong Phummor. "Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Sulfur-Cured Natural Rubber/Polyethylene/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Blends." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.14.
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The polymer blend was prepared from natural rubber (NR) and polyethylene (PE) powder blended with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) by using an internal mixer. In this study, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was used as compatibilizer for the blends. Blending ENR with PE powder and NR were prepared at various compositions from 0-20% by weight. Then, specimens from the blends were produced by compression molding at 150 °C. The mechanical and morphological properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that the addition of ENR content has improved the tensile strength, compression set and hardness for the ternary compositions composed of NR/PE powder/ENR compared to the binary one (i.e. NR/PE powder). ENR contributed to a better dispersion between the NR and PE phases as observed in the scanning electron microscopy.
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Jha, Abhijit, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends of Nylon-6/Acrylate Rubber: Influence of Interaction on Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Properties." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 798–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538461.
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Abstract Nylon-6 and acrylate rubber (ACM) were melt blended in a Brabender Plasticorder at 220 °C and 40 rpm rotor speed. The reactive nature of the blend is reflected in the mixing torque behavior of the blends at different compositions. The solubility characteristics of the blends in formic acid solution gives an approximate idea of the amount of nylon-6 grafted onto ACM and vice-versa. A reaction mechanism is proposed based on the well known epoxy—amine and epoxy—acid reactions and is confirmed by infrared spectroscopic studies of the blends. The influence of interaction between the two polymers on the mechanical and the dynamic mechanical properties of the blends is analyzed in detail, and the results are interpreted on the basis of the formation of nylon—ACM graft copolymer at the interfaces. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) reveals a two phase morphological structure, indicating incompatibility of the blend components. The grafting reaction results in dramatic increase in both the storage modulus and the Young's modulus of blends. The presence of grafted rubber chains is reflected in the secondary transition of the rubber loss peak at higher temperature. Also, a substantial improvement in the damping properties of the blends in the service temperature range (i.e., 25 to 175 °C) is revealed from the DMTA results. The dynamic vulcanization of the ACM phase during melt mixing improves the elongation at break values of the blends.
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V, Asha, and Sudalaiyandi K. "Physical Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Biodiesel." Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37255/jme.v17i2pp068-072.
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Fossil fuels are being gradually exhausted and need to go to new energy options. The vegetable oils are significant resources for biodiesel production and the best alternative for diesel from crude oil. This research aims to study the physical characteristics of diesel in combination with linseed oil, waste cooking oil and rubber seed oil as ternary blend biodiesels. Ternary blends mean a combination of diesel, biodiesel-1 and biodiesel-2. Four ternary blends have been prepared in various proportions from linseed and rubber seed oil, and another four ternary blends have been prepared from linseed and waste cooking oil. These three oils have relatively similar physical characteristics, non-edible. Physical characteristics tests were carried out using ternary biodiesel mixtures. The experimental study has shown the physical characteristics of the ternary blend by comparing the blends' kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and fire point. The blend of 95% diesel, 2.5% linseed and 2.5% rubber seed biodiesel gives better physical characteristics. By analysing the graph, the particular blends give similar physical characteristics to diesel. So the blend of linseed and rubber seed oil gives the best physical characteristics compared to other blends. It has lower viscosity values, nearly the same as diesel. So it does not affect the performance of an engine.
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Dias, Anthony J., and Alan A. Galuska. "Curative Migration in Rubber Compounds Containing Brominated Poly(Isobutylene-co-4-Methylstyrene)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, no. 4 (September 1, 1996): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538389.
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Abstract Blends of elastomers are widely used throughout the rubber industry. Blends are frequently used to get a balance of properties which cannot be achieved through the use of a single elastomer. For example, poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) can be blended with highly unsaturated general purpose rubbers to impart unique barrier or dynamic properties and enhanced oxidative stability. The final properties of such a blend are the result of a complex series of compounding, mixing and curing stages. These stages profoundly impact the homogeneity of the mixed components which include: the polymers, the filler, and the curatives. It is important to develop tools to monitor the changes which occur during compounding. This paper details the application of static secondary ion time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ToF-SSIMS) imaging to simultaneously map polymer phase information with specific chemical information. The paper will highlight the utility of ToF-SSIMS for the study of the chemical and physical changes occurring during elastomer compounding. Blends of poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) and general purpose rubbers were compounded with typical cure systems and studied under a variety of mixing conditions.
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Panigrahi, Ritwik, Suneel Kumar Srivastava, and Jürgen Pionteck. "FABRICATION OF ELASTOMER BLENDS INVOLVING CORE (POLYSTYRENE)@SHELL (POLYANILINE) APPROACH, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.83730.
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ABSTRACT Fabrication of rubber blends (EPDM, NBR, and NR) with the polystyrene (PS)-polyaniline (PANI) core-shell (PS@PANI) approach are reported for the first time, and their performance is compared with similar blends prepared by simple individual mixing of PS, PANI, and rubber under identical conditions. It is noted that the unique core-shell morphology accounted for its high surface to volume ratio, leading to the homogeneous dispersion of polyaniline shell and the slow release of polystyrene core into rubber matrix as established by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared studies show that property enhancement of rubber blends is not significantly affected by the interaction between respective blend components. Conductivity of core-shell rubber blends is found to be relatively higher due to the presence of the interconnected conducting network of PS@PANI within the rubber matrix. These rubber blends also exhibit superior mechanical and thermal properties due to dispersion and slow release of polystyrene core from the polyaniline shell. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding analysis indicated the high shielding efficiency of rubber/PS@PANI blends (∼30 dB: 1–8 GHz) compared to the blends prepared individually from PS, PANI, and rubber (∼18 dB: 1–8 GHz). Such high performance of rubber blends is attributed to the trapping of electromagnetic waves through enhanced internal reflection due to the typical core-shell morphology of PS@PANI. It is anticipated that such low cost, light weight, corrosion resistant and environmentally stable sheets of PS@PANI rubber blends could provide an effective alternative as EMI shielding material for commercial application purposes.
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Nguyen Trong, Quang, Hung Dang Viet, Linh Nguyen Pham Duy, Chuong Bui, and Duong Duc La. "Detailed Study on the Mechanical Properties and Activation Energy of Natural Rubber/Chloroprene Rubber Blends during Aging Processes." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7064934.
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Selection of a suitable thermal aging process could render desirable mechanical properties of the rubbers or blended rubbers. In this work, the effect of the aging processes on the mechanical properties and activation energies of natural rubbers (NR) and NR/chloroprene rubbers (CR) blends with low CR contents (5–10%) was investigated. Three aging processes including heat aging (at 110°C for 22 hours), mechanical aging (under dynamic loading to 140% strain for 16000 cycles), and complex aging (heat and mechanical aging) were studied. The results revealed that the compatibility of CR in natural rubber matrix had a significant effect on the dynamic properties of the blended rubber and negligible effect on the static properties. The changes in activation energies of the blended rubber during aging processes were calculated using Arrhenius relation. The calculated changes (ΔUc, ΔUd, and ΔUT) in activation energies were consistent with the results of mechanical properties of the blended rubber. Interestingly, the change in activation energies using complex aging conditions (ΔUc) was mostly equal to the total changes in activation energies calculated separately from heat aging (ΔUT) and mechanical aging (ΔUd) conditions. This indicates that, in complex aging conditions, the heat and dynamic loading factors act independently on the properties of the blended rubber.
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Bhandary, Tirthankar, Hirak Satpathi, Aratrika Banerjee, Koushik Pal, Abhijit Pal, Barun Kumar Samui, Saikat Dasgupta, and Rabindra Mukhopadhyay. "Development of a Test Method for the Estimation of SBR-BR Blend Ratio in Tyre Tread Formulation and Validating It through Robust Statistical Tools." Organic Polymer Material Research 5, no. 1 (April 4, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/opmr.v5i1.5368.
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Blends of synthetic rubbers are widely used by rubber product manufacturing industries depending on the end use and product application. The estimation of individual rubber in blends is an important aspect to characterise the correctness of the mixing process. In tyre industry, Styrene butadiene rubber/Polybutadiene rubber (SBR/BR) blend is commonly used to achieve different performance properties, particularly for passenger car tyre. Out of the different quantitative analysis techniques to characterise the blend, one of the widely used techniques Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used to develop and later validate a method to quantify the SBR/BR blend ratio. Through this GC-MS technique detection capability is measured, with a minimum limit of detection (LOD) of 5.17% and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 15.67% Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in an SBR-BR vulcanizate. It is observed that the bias percentage is highest in case of a lower SBR content sample, i.e. 11.1% while in the case of other sets, it is varying from (–)1.4% to (+)1.5%. During the recovery study, it is observed that with increasing SBR content, recovery is also improving. All requirements for a successful method validation: Accuracy, precision, selectivity, detection capability, calibration range and robustness have been carried out in this entire work.
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Aiyengar, Rajarajan, and Jyoti Divecha. "Determination of Combined and Second Order Factor Effects for Simultaneous Optimization of Physical and Mechanical Properties of NR/BR Blend System." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420404.
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ABSTRACT The blends of natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and other forms of rubbers are widely used for enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of rubber compounds. Lots of work has been done in conditioning and mixing of NR/BR blends to improve the properties of its rubber compounds and end products such as tire tread. This article employs response surface methodology designed experiments in five factors; high abrasion furnace carbon black (N 330), aromatic oil, NR/BR ratio, sulfur, and N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide for determination of combined and second order effects of the significant factors leading to simultaneous optimization of the NR/BR blend system. One of the overall optimum of eight properties existed at carbon 44 phr, oil 6.1 phr, NR/BR 78/22 phr with the following values of properties: tensile strength (22 MPa), elongation at break (528%), tear resistance (30 kg/mm), rebound resilience (67%), moderate hardness (68 International rubber hardness degrees) with low heat buildup (17 °C), permanent set (12%), and abrasion loss (57 mm3). More optimum combinations can easily be determined from the NR/BR blend system models contour plots.
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Mat Desa, Mohd Shaiful Zaidi, Azman Hassan, Agus Arsad, and Masleeyati Yusop. "Dynamic mechanical properties and morphology characteristics of rubber-toughened poly(lactic acid)." E3S Web of Conferences 90 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199001001.
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This study investigates the effect of natural rubber (NR), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and core-shell rubber (CSR) as toughening agents for poly(lactic acid) (PLA). PLA/rubber blends were prepared by using melt blending method in a twin-screw extruder, with the content of rubbers was fixed at 5 wt. %. All PLA/rubber blends exhibited lower storage modulus compared to neat PLA. Two-stage storage modulus (E’) was also observed, where the first stage occurred at lower temperature corresponded to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of rubber components, whereas the second E’ corresponded to the Tg of PLA. The impact fracture surface of PLA/rubber blends also exhibited phase-separated morphology where the spherical-shaped rubber particles were clearly present in the PLA matrix.
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Klat, Darja, Anna Kępas-Suwara, Jorge Lacayo-Pineda, and Stuart Cook. "MORPHOLOGY AND NANOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NR/SBR BLENDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct-18-82612.
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ABSTRACT Tire tread materials are generally blends of two or more rubbers, fillers, and other materials, resulting in a rubber compound with complex multiphase morphology. The bulk properties of these blends are influenced by morphology and microphase characteristics, hence the desire for techniques that can both discriminate between phases in a blend and provide quantitative information about their physical properties. The effect of polymer ratio and microstructure of SBR on blend morphology and nanomechanical mapping of unfilled NR/SBR blends will be discussed. With nanoindentation techniques available through the use of atomic force microscopy, nanomechanical properties are determined and compared with macroscopic values obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis.
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Wei, Heng Chun, Teh Pei Leng, and Yeoh Chow Keat. "Effect of Blend Ratio on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyurethane/Silicone Rubber Conductive Material." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.264.
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This work reports on mechanical and thermal properties of a novel polymer blend. Blends were prepared by mixing silicone rubber with diphenyl – 4,4 – dissocyanate in different ratios. Graphene nanoplatelets was added as conductive filler to improve the electrical conductivity of the blends. The mechanical properties, including tensile and tear performances were measured by a material testing system. The thermal stability of the blends was measured by thermogravimetric analysis. Incorporation 20 vol.% of silicone rubber can help to improve the thermal stability of the blend, meanwhile optimum mechanical properties of the blends is achieved.
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George, Josephine, N. R. Neelakantan, K. T. Varughese, and Sabu Thomas. "Dynamic Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene and Nitrile Rubber Blends: Effect of Blend Ratio, Compatibilization and Filler Incorporation." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 286–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547884.
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Abstract Blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were prepared by a melt blending technique. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that elastic modulus has a strong dependence on blend ratio. Loss factor peaks increase with increase in rubber content. Pure components exhibit single Tg whereas two Tgs can be observed in the blends indicating incompatibility between the constituents. Loss modulus data also give similar information. The addition of compatibilizer has only a marginal effect on tan δ peak corresponding to the transitions in NBR. The elastic modulus values of the compatibilized blends are slightly higher than that of incompatible blends. In dynamically vulcanized blends the Tg due to α-relaxation of NBR is increased in blends containing a high concentration of rubber phase. In filled blends the elastic modulus showed significant increase over unfilled system. Also, the damping factor is enhanced by filler incorporation indicating that such materials could find application in vibration dampers. The suitability of various theoretical models in predicting the blend moduli is examined. The Takayanagi model fits well with the experimental data in unfilled blends.
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Sripornsawat, Boripat, Charoen Nakason, and Azizon Kaesaman. "Effect of Modified Natural Rubber on Properties of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Based on Co-Polyamide Blends." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.233.
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Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) based on natural rubber (NR)/co-polyamine (COPA) blends with different types of NR (i.e., unmodified NR, MNR, ENR-30 and ENR-50) were prepared using simple blend technique. Mechanical, elastic, oil resistant and morphological properties were investigated. The main objective was to prepare TPEs based on NR with good set property and oil resistance. It was found that the blends with modified NRs exhibited higher moduli, tensile strength, oil resistance and elastic properties than the blend with NR. This is due to higher interaction between functional groups of modified NRs (i.e., ENR and MNR) and COPA. Furthermore, the blends using modified NRs showed finer grain morphology than the blend with NR. This may be caused by higher interfacial adhesion between rubber phase and COPA matrix.
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Nasir, Muhammad Ridhwan Jamalul, N. Z. Noimam, Hanafi Ismail, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Rosniza Hamzah. "The Influence of Cure Characteristics and Crosslink Density of Virgin Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (vNBR/rNBR) Blends." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.735.
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Cure characteristics and crosslink density of virgin acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (vNBR/rNBR) blends were studied. Three different size ranges of rNBR particles, i.e., 150 - 350 μm, 2.0-15.0 mm, and 5-10 cm were used in this study. The vNBR/rNBR blends with blend ratios of 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35, and 50/50 were prepared using a two roll-mill at room temperature. The characterization results of the blends show that scorch time, t2, of the vNBR/rNBR blends decreased with increased rNBR content as well as decreasing sizes of rNBR particles while cure time, t90of the vNBR/rNBR blends increase with increased rNBR content as well as increasing sizes of rNBR particles. Among all blend ratios, the vNBR/rNBR blends with smallest size of rNBR particles exhibit lowest minimum torque (ML) compared with the bigger particle sizes of it in vNBR/rNBR blends which resulted in more efficient processing. The maximum torque (MH) of all vNBR/rNBR blends shows the inclining trend with increased rNBR. The cross-linking density of vNBR/rNBR blends also show an increasing trend with increasing rNBR content.