Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rubber Blends

Academic literature on the topic 'Rubber Blends'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rubber Blends"

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Mat Desa, Mohd Shaiful Zaidi, Azman Hassan, Agus Arsad, and Nor Nisa Balqis Mohammad. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rubber Toughened Poly(Lactic Acid)." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.222.

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The effect of rubber toughening on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated by using three types of rubbers; natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and core-shell rubber (CSR). The PLA/rubber blends were prepared by melt blending in a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder, where the rubber content for all blends was kept at 5 wt%. It was found that the addition of the rubbers increased the impact strength for all blends as compared to pure PLA. On the other hand, all PLA/rubber blends showed notable decrease of Young’s modulus especially for PLA/NR blend which decreased by 72% than pure PLA. Similarly, significant decrease of tensile strength was also observed for all PLA/rubber blends. PLA/ENR blend showed a morebalance mechanical properties with fairly significant improvement of impact strength and moderate decrease of tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break. In general, PLA/NR blend showed the highest overall impact strength, while the PLA/CSR showed the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus among the blends. Thermal analysis revealed that the Tg of PLA decreased with incorporation of the three types of rubbers with NR showing the largest decrease. This study indicates that NR, ENR and CSR are effective in enhancing toughness of PLA
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Vayyaprontavida Kaliyathan, Abitha, KM Varghese, A. Sreekumaran Nair, and Sabu Thomas. "Rubber–rubber blends: A critical review." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 36, no. 3 (December 26, 2019): 196–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760619895002.

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The blending of different rubbers is one of the effective methods to achieve required performance properties in their final products. This article reviews the thermodynamic considerations of rubber–rubber blends and their filled systems. Factors affecting the rubber blend morphology (i.e. distribution mechanism of fillers, curatives and other compounding ingredients) and preparation techniques for rubber–rubber blends emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages are well discussed in this review. Microscopy is the field of interest to all material scientists. In the case of rubber blends, microscopy is an essential tool in order to understand the morphology, that is, size, shape and distribution of phases and filler particles in the rubber–rubber blend. In this review, selected scientific reports based on optical microscopy, electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy in rubber–rubber blends are discussed. Rubber material is a complex macromolecule; it has significant proportion of fillers, processing aids and curing agents; therefore, only a very few studies have been reported on the microscopic aspects of filled rubber–rubber blends. In particular, influence of rubber blend composition, fillers (micro and nano length scales) and processing additives on the morphology of rubber blends systems has not been systematically reviewed and discussed in the scientific literature. Therefore, in the present scenario, this review was thought of, which deals with the essential background to rubber–rubber blends, miscibility and morphological characterization of various rubber blend systems by microscopy. It is very important to add that although there is scattered information on these aspects in the scientific literature, to date a comprehensive review has not been published. The pros, cons, artefacts and the new challenges on the use of microscopy for the characterization of rubber–rubber blends are also discussed here.
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Uchiyama, Y. "The Effect of the Environment on the Friction and Wear of Blended Rubber." Tire Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139533.

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Abstract The friction and wear of rubber are properties that are affected by the environment, especially by the oxygen in the air. Natural rubber (NR) is most sensitive to air, butadiene rubber (BR) is scarcely affected by the presence of air, while styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is intermediate compared to NR and BR. Both the abrasive and fatigue wear rates of NR and BR blends are known to decrease by increasing the BR content. To reduce the wear rates of NR vulcanizates in the air, SBR was blended with NR. In severe rubbing experiments against abrasive cloths, the wear rate of the NR-SBR blends slightly decreased by increasing the SBR content. The NR-SBR blends showed considerable reduction in wear under fatigue wear conditions against metal gauze. Similar experiments were also conducted for SBR-BR blends. Blending with BR showed a substantial reduction in wear, especially in fatigue wear. When NR-BR, NR-SBR, and SBR-BR blends were rubbed against metal gauze in vacuum, the friction and wear of these three blended rubbers was lower in vacuum than in room air. It is concluded that the wear resistance of the blended rubber is affected by its sensitivity to air as well as by the mechanochemical properties of the blends under fatigue wear conditions.
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Dayang Habibah, A. I. H., V. Devaraj, H. Kamarularifin, and Ibrahim Suhawati. "Cure Characteristics and Ageing Resistance of Recovered Waste Pre-Vulcanized Nitrile/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Latex Blends in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.347.

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Waste pre-vulcanized nitrile latex (WPNL), obtained from nitrile glove dipping tank was blended at different ratios with concentrated ENR latex processed via ultrafiltration and designated as ENRLC-SP20 and ENRLC-SP50, respectively, with the number indicating, the percentage of WPNL incorporated into the blend. The blends were prepared in the latex stage and subsequently processed into dry rubber. The rubbers were then blended with virgin nitrile rubber (NBR) at various ratios and the curing characteristics and physical properties of the blends were evaluated. The results showed the maximum torque (MH) decreases while the minimum torque (ML) increases with increasing level of SP 50 rubber. Using higher concentrations of SP-50, the results showed slight reductions in the cure (t90) and scorch time (ts2), respectively. It was also found that by increasing ratio of ENRLC-SP20 and ENRLC-SP50 improves the heat ageing resistance of NBR blends at 100°C as evidenced by the higher percentages in retention of the blends, compared to the control compound.
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Wirjosentono, B., Tamrin, A. H. Siregar, and D. A. Nasution. "Mechanical, thermal and adhesion characteristics of natural rubber/epoxidised natural rubber (NR/ENR 25) blends containing natural microbentonite." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012073.

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Abstract Blending of natural rubber (NR) with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR 25) improved engineering characteristics of the blends, especially on their toughness, resistant to mineral oil, as well as their adhesion on hydrophilic surfaces, such as metals and concretes. Addition of natural microbentonite was expected not only to improve the blend’s compatibility, but also to enhance their thermal characteristics and adhesion properties on hydrophilic surfaces. In this works Indonesian natural rubbers (SIR-10) have been blended with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-25) in a reflux rector in xylene solution with addition of various loading of natural microbentonite as fillers. Mechanical properties of the blends were characterized using tensile tests (tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus), whereas their thermal properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, to estimate their adhesion properties on hydrophilic surfaces, the blends were immersed in water, and their water uptake were measured gravimetrically, as well as changes on their mechanical properties. It was found that optimum composition of natural microbentonite in the blend with highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus was obtained when loading of the filler was 4 phr. When compared to that without filler, DSC thermogram of the optimum blend showed better thermal properties (lower heat release decreased from 903.10 J/g to 420.17 J/g) although the decomposition temperatures did not change considerably (407.8° to 408.09°C). Whereas the later also exhibited higher water uptake (0.05 to 0.34 %) and still with acceptable mechanical properties as adhesive materials.
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Ghosh, Arun, R. S. Rajeev, A. K. Bhattacharya, A. K. Bhowmick, S. K. De, B. Wolpensinger, and S. Bandyopadhyay. "Atomic Force Microscopic Studies on Microheterogeneity of Blends of Silicone Rubber and Tetrafluoroethylene/Propylene/Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymer." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547736.

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Abstract This paper reports the results of Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) studies on blends of silicone rubber and fluororubber based on tetrafluoroethylene/propylene/vinylidene fluoride terpolymer. The surface morphology of the single component rubbers and their blends and the effect of the blend ratio on the surface morphology were studied using analysis techniques of AFM images including surface plot, section analysis, roughness analysis and power spectral density analysis. The compatibility of the two rubber phases depends on the dimensions of the granules on the surface, measured from the section analysis and the histograms derived from the section analysis. As predicted by the histograms, the surface morphology of the blends is governed primarily by the silicone rubber, even at low concentration of silicone rubber in the blend. The height image, amplitude image, surface plot and section analysis display a distinct surface morphology for the 50/50-silicone rubber/fluororubber blend. The roughness and power spectral density (PSD) analyses show that the 50/50-blend exhibits maximum surface roughness. The results of surface energy measurements of the single component rubbers and their blends in general conform to the findings of AFM studies.
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BOONDAMNOEN, O., M. OHSHIMA, A. R. AZURA, S. CHUAYJULJIT, and A. ARIFFIN. "RECYCLING WASTE NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BY BLENDING WITH POLYSTYRENE – CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003492.

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Waste natural rubber latex was blended with polystyrene (WNRL/PS) for recycling. A mixture with a 50/50 ratio of rubber to PS was blended by an internal mixer (Haake) at 140 °C and 60 rpm. The PS became the matrix, and the WNRL was dispersed within the matrix. Dynamically vulcanized natural rubber/PS (NRv/PS) blends and natural rubber/PS (NR/PS) blends without vulcanization were also prepared in the same way for comparison. The tensile properties and morphologies of all blends were investigated. The crosslinking density was determined by using the Flory-Rehner equation. The experiments showed that the WNRL/PS blend exhibited a higher tensile strength, Young's modulus and crosslinking density, but a lower elongation at break, than the NRv/PS and NR/PS blends. SEM observations of the tensile fracture surface and TEM observations of the blend morphology indicated that the WNRL/PS blend needed a higher energy to break than the NRv/PS and NR/PS blends.
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Antony, Prince, S. K. De, and Martin van Duin. "Self-Crosslinking Rubber/Rubber and Rubber/Thermoplastic Blends: A Review." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 376–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547644.

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Abstract Blends of two or more polymers having appropriate reactive groups can be crosslinked through condensation or substitution reactions in the absence of crosslinking chemicals when molded at high temperatures for prolonged times. When at least one of the two polymers is a rubber, such blends are called “self-crosslinking rubber blends.” Self-crosslinking rubber/rubber blends included in this review are binary CSM/ENR, ENR/XNBR, CR/ENR, ENR/Zn-SEPDM, CSM/XNBR and CR/XNBR blends, and ternary CR/XNBR/ENR and CSM/XNBR/ENR blends. Self-crosslinking thermoplastic/rubber blends include binary PVC/XNBR, PVC/ENR, PVC/NBR, PVC/HNBR, PAA/CR and PAA/ENR blends, and a ternary PVC/ENR/XNBR blend. The formation of crosslinks in self-crosslinking blends is manifested in the rise of the rheometer torque with time. Solvent swelling studies and dynamic mechanical analysis support the self-crosslinking behavior of the blends. The extent of crosslinking depends on the amount and reactivity of the functional groups of the two blend components, the time and temperature of the reaction. In general, the self-crosslinked rubber/rubber blends behave like conventional rubber vulcanizates with respect to physical properties and can be reinforced by fillers. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to identify the chemical structures formed during self-crosslinking, allowing the elucidation of the mechanism of self-crosslinking.
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Ghosh, Arun, and S. K. De†. "Dependence of Physical Properties and Processing Behavior of Blends of Silicone Rubber and Fluororubber on Blend Morphology." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 5 (November 1, 2004): 856–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547856.

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Abstract The paper reports that the processing behavior and physical properties of the blends of silicone rubber and fluororubber based on tetrafluoroethylene/propylene/vinylidene terpolymer. The processing behavior of the fluororubber can be improved on blending with low viscous silicone rubber. The results indicate that the processing behavior, mechanical properties, surface energies, and flammability of the blends are controlled by the blend morphology. Surface morphology of the blends show that blends of two rubbers are microheterogeneous and biphasic structure, wherein silicone rubber acts as a continuous matrix with the fluororubber as a dispersed phase.
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Zhang, Yinxi, Yong Zhang, Shuyu Han, Xiangfu Zhang, and Changqing Yang. "Effects of Compatibilisers on the Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride/Nonpolar Rubbers Blends." Engineering Plastics 2, no. 3 (January 1994): 147823919400200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919400200305.

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The effects of some commercial polymers used as a third component on the properties of the PVC blends with nonpolar rubbers, such as BR, SBR, EPDM, NR and reclaimed rubber, were studied. It was found that NBR-18 was a very efficient compatibiliser for PVC/nonpolar rubbers blends in a wide range of blend composition, and the mechanical properties of these blends were significantly improved even when the NBR-18 content was as low as 2%. The presence of NBR-18 in PVC/nonpolar rubbers blends promoted better dispersion of PVC particles in rubber matrix, and the interfacial adhesion between PVC and the rubber phases was significantly improved by the co-vulcanisation of NBR-18 and nonpolar rubbers as well as the same compatibility of PVC with NBR-18. The PVC/NBR-l8lnonpolar rubbers ternary blends have not only good mechanical properties but also good oil and low-temperature resistance and excellent electrical insulation property.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rubber Blends"

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Lewan, Michael Victor. "Crosslink density distributions in natural rubber/nitrile rubber blends." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32972.

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An NMR technique has recently been developed to determine the crosslink density in each phase of a polymer blend. This work uses the NMR method to study natural rubber (NR)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends, in order that the cure system used to vulcanize such blends can be optimized. A standard injection moulding cure system for NR/Perbunan N1807 (18% acrylonitrile content) gave much more crosslinking in the NBR phase. To reduce this imbalance a less polar analogue of the accelerator was used, resulting in a more even distribution of crosslinks but still with a bias towards the NBR.
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Choi, Jaesun. "Ultrasonically Aided Extrusion of Rubber Nanocomposites and Rubber Blends." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1362747207.

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Huynh, Anh Nhut Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Rubber-polymer blends: a thesis in polymer engineering." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40833.

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This study examines composite materials prepared from ground recycled tires (tire crumb) and post-consumer recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). An initial set of composites was prepared from as-received tire crumb and HDPE recyclate containing 040% tire crumb in 10% increments, using injection moulding. The elastic modulus and tensile strength were found to decrease linearly with increasing tire crumb content. Addition of tire crumb to recycled HDPE caused produced an immediate reduction in the strain to failure with a progressively more modest decrease as the tire crumb content was increased. The impact toughness decreased more linearly with increasing tire crumb fraction. Cross sections of the composites showed that the tire crumb particles were in intimate contact with the matrix but post mortem examination of the fracture surface of the impact test specimens indicated that the level of bonding had been poor. A second set of composites was a prepared from 10% tire crumb. The tire crumb was first given an oxidative treatment in hot aqueous copper chloride at concentrations from 0-5 wt% Cu Ch at 50 or 100??C for 6 or 12 hours. The composites were injection moulded with an addition of 0.5 wt% dicumyl peroxide (DCP). These composites showed good bonding between the tire crumb and the recycled HDPE even at concentrations of 0% of the Cu 2+ oxidation catalyst. The addition of DCP was found to substantially reduce the modulus of neat HDPE and this reduction was reflected in the modulus of the composites. It was found that the DCP concentration could be reduced to 0.02% without adversely affecting the composites.
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Egodage, Shantha M. "The development of rubber-thermoplastic blends from ground tyre rubber and waste polypropylene." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36154.

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The aim of this thesis was to develop and process viable rubber-thermoplastics blends from ground tyre rubber (GTR) and waste polypropylene (WPP). The use of WPP with waste rubber in blends is novel, although limited studies have been carried out on virgin polypropylene (PP)-waste rubber blends. The Delink pretreatment for the GTR is also a novel technique used for property enhancement. To achieve the aim, a number of GTR/WPP blends were prepared, in different blend compositions (from 0 to 100 wt% of each polymer), at different processing parameters, and with two compatibilizing systems. One system called dimaleimide contained N-N' meta-phenylene dimaleimide (HVA-2) as the compatibilizer and either di(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl) benzene (DTBPIB) or 2-2'-dithiobenzothiazole (MBTS) as an activator. The other system contained phenolic resin compatibilizer (SP 1045H resin) and stannous chloride (SnCl2) activator in two forms: anhydrous and dihydrated. The compatibilizer level varied from 0 to 5 pphp, while the activator level varied from 0 to 1 pphp.
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Euchler, Eric, Radek Stocek, Michael Gehde, Jörg-Michael Bunzel, Wolfgang Saal, and Reinhold Kipscholl. "Fracture behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-198136.

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The aim of this study is concentrated on the experimental investigation of wear resistance of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) blends applied for conveying belt top covers have been modified by ground rubber (rubber powder) based on SBR. We theoretically described the rubber wear mechanism due to loading conditions occurring at conveyor belts in the field, to simulate wear behavior of top cover rubber materials. An own developed testing equipment based on gravimetric determination of mass loss of rubber test specimen was used investigating dynamic wear with respect to fracture properties of top cover materials. Furthermore we investigated fatigue crack growth (FCG) data over a broad range of tearing energy by Tear Analyzer to characterize crack propagation behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Thus, we demonstrate the influence of rubber powder on resistance against occurrence of fracture as well as dynamic wear as a function of the rubber powder content in rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers.
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Euchler, Eric, Radek Stocek, Michael Gehde, Jörg-Michael Bunzel, Wolfgang Saal, and Reinhold Kipscholl. "Fracture behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2014. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20409.

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The aim of this study is concentrated on the experimental investigation of wear resistance of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) blends applied for conveying belt top covers have been modified by ground rubber (rubber powder) based on SBR. We theoretically described the rubber wear mechanism due to loading conditions occurring at conveyor belts in the field, to simulate wear behavior of top cover rubber materials. An own developed testing equipment based on gravimetric determination of mass loss of rubber test specimen was used investigating dynamic wear with respect to fracture properties of top cover materials. Furthermore we investigated fatigue crack growth (FCG) data over a broad range of tearing energy by Tear Analyzer to characterize crack propagation behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Thus, we demonstrate the influence of rubber powder on resistance against occurrence of fracture as well as dynamic wear as a function of the rubber powder content in rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers.
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Goktas, Ahmet. "Electrospinning Of Polystyrene/butly Rubber Blends: A Parametric Study." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609361/index.pdf.

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Nanofibers, which have high surface area to volume ratio and better mechanical properties, are nanomaterials that both industry and scientists have started to show great attention in the last two decades. They are used in many areas such as life and filtration sciences, sensors, and composite reinforcement etc. Among five main production types, electrospinning is the best candidate for further development with a wide range of opportunities to be applied to all types of polymers and ceramics. This method uses electrically charged jet of polymers or liquid states of polymers to produce fibers from micro dimensions down to nano dimensions. Electrospinning setup has mainly three parts
(i) an AC/DC high voltage equipment which creates high electrical potential, (ii) a syringe, and (iii) a collecting screen. The purpose of this study is to electrospin polystyrene/butyl rubber blends and to investigate the effects of electrospinning parameters on the fibers produced. In this study, polystyrene/butyl rubber blends were electrospun by changing the applied voltage, the tip-to-collector distance, the flowrate, and the butyl rubber content in the fiber. Finally, morphology of electrospun fibers was characterized by SEM. The average fiber diameters varied from 760 nm to nearly 10 µ
m. Increasing butyl rubber content in the fiber resulted in a decrease in the final fiber diameter. Increasing applied voltage also caused a decrease in the final fiber diameter. The tip-to-collector distance did not affect the average fiber diameter. Increasing flowrate yielded fibers with larger diameters. Finally, the addition of non-ionic surfactant decreased the average fiber diameter.
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Sagoo, P. S. "Vapour transport in natural rubber blends and graft copolymers." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37842.

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Bussi, Philippe Jacques. "Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy resin/epoxidized rubber blends." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060697951.

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Taksapattanakul, Korn. "Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Hydrogenated Natural Rubber/Polypropylene Blends." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1028/document.

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La préparation du caoutchouc naturel hydrogéné (HNR) par réaction avec l'hydrazine et le peroxyde d'hydrogène et le latex de caoutchouc naturel a été intéressée. L’influence de conditions de réaction, types et volume de solvants, volume du réactionnel, la quantité d’hydrazine et de peroxyde d’hydrogène sur le degré d’hydrogénation du caoutchouc naturel a été étudiée. Le structure et détermination du degré d’hydrogénation des caoutchoucs naturel hydrogénés a été analysée par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN), transformée de fourier infrarouge (FTIR) et spectroscopie Raman. Un degré d'hydrogénation de 18 % a été obtenu à 1.0 - 2.0 du la molaire de d’hydrazine et de peroxyde d’hydrogène, température optimale de 50°C et le temps de réaction de 24h. Afin d'améliorer le degré d'hydrogénation, des solvants tels que le toluène et le hexane et l'effet de le volume du réactionnel ont été étudiée, ce qui a permis d'obtenir des degrés d’hydrogénation élevés (proches de 65% avec le toluène). D’autre part, des mesures de tailles de particules de latex ont montré que l’hydrogénation du caoutchouc naturel n’avait pas d’effet sur latex de caoutchouc naturel. Un résultat également intéressant concerne le détermination du taux de gel. Ce gel augmente avec le degré d’hydrogénation, prouvant que des réactions de réticulation ont eu lieu. Néanmoins aucun effet de degré d’hydrogénation sur le température de transition vitreuse n’est détecté. La dureté et viscosités Mooney augmentent, en lien avec l’augmentation du taux de gel. Par ailleurs, la résistance thermique du caoutchouc naturel hydrogéné est considérablement améliorée lorsque le degré d’hydrogénation augmente. Le partie suivante est consacrée à la vulcanisation du caoutchouc. Deux types de réticulation ont été utilisés : au soufre et au peroxyde. Les élastomères HNR réticulés montrent une meilleure résistance à l’ozone et l’UV que le NR réticulé. De plus, cette résistance à l’ozone et l’UV est plus élevée pour le réticulation au soufre, comparée à le réticulation au peroxyde. Une bonne corrélation entre les images de microscopie optique et les résultats des analyses Raman est obtenue. La préparation et l’étude de mélanges HNR/PP obtenus par vulcanisation dynamique en utilisant du peroxyde et du soufre comme agents de réticulation. Un degré d’hydrogénation de 65% a été choisi, et différentes ratio HNR/PP ont été étudiés, et comparés avec des mélanges NR/PP. La morphologie des mélanges a été caractérisée par spectroscopie Raman, ce qui a permis d’obtenir des images cartographie Raman indiquant de façon précise le localisation et la distribution des phases de caoutchouc et de PP. Une bonne corrélation entre le cartographie Raman et les images de microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM) est obtenue. Ainsi il apparaît que les particules de caoutchouc sont dispersées dans une phase continue de PP, ceci à la fois pour le HNR et le NR. L’étude des propriétés mécaniques a montré que celles-ci étaient gouvernées principalement par le phase continue de PP
The non-catalytic hydrogenation of natural rubber latex (NRL) was carried out by using diimide generated in situ from the reaction between hydrazine (N2H4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The effects of mole ratios of [C=C]:[N2H4]:[H2O2], reaction conditions, solvent types, solvent volumes and reaction scale-up on the hydrogenation levels were investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopic techniques were employed to investigate the chemical structure of the hydrogenated natural rubber (HNRs) and to quantify the hydrogenationlevels. It was found that variations in moles of N2H4 and H2O2 in the range of 1.0-2.0 moles resulted in degrees of hydrogenation in the range of 10-18%. Little improvement in hydrogenation levels of HNRs was obtained when NRL particles were swollen in solvents by which toluene yielded better results than hexane. The increase in toluenevolume resulted in the increase in hydrogenation levels up to 42 %. TEM micrographs revealed that swelling mainly occurred at the surface of NRL particles, implying that hydrogenation reaction confined largely at the surface of NRL particles. After removal of toluene, particle size and particle size distribution of partially hydrogenated NRL remained unchanged. To further improve degrees of hydrogenation, the reaction volume was extended and 65% hydrogenation levels were obtained. Therefore, 14%HNR, 33%HNR, and 65%HNR were successfully prepared under suitable reaction conditions. However, crosslinking and cis-trans isomerization were side-reactions occurring during hydrogenation. Gel and trans contents increased with increasing hydrogenation levels, leading to the increase in hardness of HNRs. Mooney viscosities of HNRs increased with increasing degrees of hydrogenation due to the increased gel contents. Mooney torquerelaxation of NR and HNRs were similar. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that vi HNRs had greater thermal stability than NR and thermal stability increased with increasing degrees of hydrogenation. HNR vulcanizates were much better resistant to ozone and UV than cured NR. Sulfur-vulcanized rubbers had greater ozone resistance than peroxide-cure rubbers due to less amounts of carbon-carbon double bonds present in rubbers. In addition, modulus at low strain and tensile strength of sulfur-cured rubbers were higher than those of peroxide-cured rubbers, but lower elongation due to higher crosslink densities. Also, modulus at low strain and tensile strength increased with increasing hydrogenation levels of HNRs, in contrast to strain at break. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) from blends of HNR and Polypropylene (PP) were prepared via dynamic vulcanization using peroxide and sulfur as curing agents. The effects of blend ratios on mechanical properties of TPVs were investigated. Tensile strength increased with increasing PP portions, but breaking strain decreased. Morphology of TPVs was characterized with Raman mapping and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase sizes of crosslinked rubber obtained from both techniques were correlated well
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Books on the topic "Rubber Blends"

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Markovic, Gordana, and Visakh P. M., eds. Rubber Nano Blends. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48720-5.

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Tinker, Andrew J., and Kevin P. Jones, eds. Blends of Natural Rubber. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4922-8.

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Thomas, Sabu, Christophe Sinturel, and Raju Thomas, eds. Micro- and Nanostructured Epoxy/Rubber Blends. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527666874.

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1941-, De S. K., and Bhowmick Anil K. 1954-, eds. Thermoplastic elastomers from rubber-plastic blends. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1990.

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J, Tinker Andrew, Jones Kevin P, and Common Fund for Commodities (United Nations), eds. Blends of natural rubber: Novel techniques for blending with speciality polymers. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.

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Materials science of polymers: Plastics, rubber, blends, and composites. Oakville, ON: Apple Academic Press, 2015.

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Tinker, Andrew J. Blends of Natural Rubber: Novel Techniques for Blending with Speciality Polymers. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998.

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Visakh, P. M., and Gordana Markovic. Rubber Based Nano Blends: Preparation. Royal Society of Chemistry, The, 2016.

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Lewn, Michael Victor. Crosslink density distributions in natural rubber/nitrile rubber blends. 1995.

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Thomas, Raju, Sabu Thomas, and Christophe Sinturel. Micro- And Nanostructured Epoxy/Rubber Blends. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rubber Blends"

1

Corish, P. J. "Rubber-Rubber Blends." In Polymer Blends and Mixtures, 245–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5101-3_12.

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Isayev, Avraam I., and Tian Liang. "Morphology of Rubber/Rubber Blends." In Encyclopedia of Polymer Blends, 299–334. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527653966.ch5.

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Corish, P. J. "Rubber-Plastics Blends." In Polymer Blends and Mixtures, 453–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5101-3_29.

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Roland, C. M. "Immiscible Rubber Blends." In Advanced Structured Materials, 167–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20925-3_6.

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Gaymans, R. J., and R. J. M. Borggreve. "Nylon-Rubber Blends." In Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology—2, 248–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1361-5_37.

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Visakh P.M. "Rubber Nanoblends: State of the Art, New Challenges and Opportunities." In Rubber Nano Blends, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48720-5_1.

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Nirmal Ghosh, Oriparambil Sivaraman, S. Gayathri, P. Sudhakara, S. K. Misra, and J. Jayaramudu. "Natural Rubber Nanoblends: Preparation, Characterization and Applications." In Rubber Nano Blends, 15–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48720-5_2.

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Rempel, Garry L., and Hui Wang. "Nitrile Rubber Latex Blends: Preparation, Characterization and Applications." In Rubber Nano Blends, 67–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48720-5_3.

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Abdeen, Zizi I. "Polyurethane Rubber-Based Nanoblends: Preparation, Characterization and Applications." In Rubber Nano Blends, 89–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48720-5_4.

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Marković, Gordana, Milena Marinović-Cincović, Vojislav Jovanović, Suzana Samaržija-Jovanović, and Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić. "Chlorosulfonated Rubber-Based Nanoblends: Preparation, Characterization and Applications." In Rubber Nano Blends, 105–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48720-5_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rubber Blends"

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Benseddiq, Noureddine, Moussa Nai¨t-Abdelaziz, and Nai¨ma Belayachi. "Numerical Modelling of Cavitation in Polymer-Rubber Blends." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61258.

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In the present study we have investigated the mechanical behaviour of multi-phase solid materials by using the micro-macro computational approach. Spherical rubber particles embedded in amorphous glassy polymer matrix are taken into account as the heterogeneous composite system. In order to predict the micromechanical deformation behaviour of the composite, we propose a combination of an appropriate elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equation describing the nonlinear behaviour of the polymeric matrix with a hyperelastic model for the rubbery phase. The dependence of the macroscopic stress-strain behaviour of matrix deformation, on cavitation of rubber particles is discussed. In order to describe the cavitation of the rubber particles, a criterion of void nucleation is implemented in the F. E. code. A comparison of the numerically predicted response with experimental result indicates that the numerical homogenisation analysis gives quite satisfactory prediction results.
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Skalkova, Petra. "APPLICATION OF BIOPOLYMER IN NATURAL RUBBER BLENDS." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on NANO, BIO AND GREEN � TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b61/s25.036.

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Saimi, N. S. S., S. N. L. Mamauod, N. A. Majid, S. S. Sarkawi, and Z. Z. Abidin. "Mechanical properties of tire reclaimed rubber/NR blends: Effect of blend ratios." In PROCEEDINGS OF GREEN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE 2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0044664.

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Bošák, Ondrej, Jozef Preťo, Vladimír Labaš, Marian Kubliha, Pavol Koštial, Ján Hronkovič, and Stanislav Minárik. "Electrical conductivity of rubber blends containing zeolite filler." In TIM 18 PHYSICS CONFERENCE. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5090067.

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Pahari, Swagata, Prasenjit Ghosh, and Rabindra Mukhopadhyay. "Prediction of Thermodynamic and Viscoelastic Properties of Rubber Using Molecular Simulations." In International Conference on Automotive Materials and Manufacturing AMM 2023. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-1312.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Rubber is one of the most versatile materials and finds numerous applications in diverse areas. The application of rubber is mostly determined by its physico-mechanical and viscoelastic properties. Rubber properties play an essential role in performing its functional requirement, which is crucial for designing a good rubber product. Therefore, the estimation and prediction of the properties of rubber and rubber composites are central to the material developers. However, many factors, such as temperature, environmental effects, and rubber formulation can influence rubber properties and make it highly non-linear. Computer simulation plays a vital role in our understanding of complex dynamics in rubber materials and provide structure-property relationship at the nanoscopic and microscopic level. An understanding of this relationship can reduce the expensive trial experiments and provide a benchmark for novel material design. Additionally, simulations at atomic and molecular levels provide the mechanism of action and the underlying physics which finally helps in designing of new materials. In the present work, all atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation technique is utilized to predict various thermodynamic and viscoelastic properties of raw rubbers. The effect of key structural factors, that govern the properties of rubber at the molecular level, is examined using MD. In this work, we have developed the classical atomistic models for several raw rubbers and implemented methodologies for calculating their properties from MD simulations. The predicted properties using our model and methodologies are in close agreement with the experimental and available literature values. Our results establish that MD simulations are an effective tool to predict quantitatively thermodynamic and viscoelastic properties of rubber. Eventually, the same technique can be used to predict properties for crosslinked rubber, rubber composites, blends, and silica/carbon black reinforced rubbers and thus, designing a novel rubber material.</div></div>
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Jawad, Akram Jassim, Auda J. Braihi, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Hakim S. Sultan Aljibori, Ahmed A. Alamiery, Tayser S. Gaaz, Hasan Sh Majdi, and Hussein Ali Al-Bahrani. "Rheological and mechanical evaluation of Natural Rubber/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber blends for interlocked flooring applications." In CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING: CMSAE-2021. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0149020.

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Martinez, Roberto Fernandez, Maider Iturrondobeitia, Pello Jimbert, and Julen Ibarretxe. "Tensile strength prediction of rubber blends using linear regression techniques." In 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Soft Computing & Machine Intelligence (ISCMI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscmi.2017.8279624.

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Lopatková, Martina, Jozef Feranc, Pavol Alexy, Ivan Hudec, and Jozef Preťo. "Measuring techniques of rheological properties of rubber blends from industry." In NOVEL TRENDS IN RHEOLOGY VIII. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5109512.

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Abd-El-Messieh, S. L. "Dielectric and mechanical properties of waste polyethylene - natural rubber blends." In Eighth International Conference on Dielectric Materials, Measurements and Applications. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20000499.

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Petrach, Elaine, Ismat Abu-Isa, and Xia Wang. "Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Elastomer-Plastic Conductive Composites for Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33071.

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Bipolar plates account for about 80% of the fuel cell stack weight. The use of low density and high strength conductive composites for making bipolar plates will result in a lighter and more compact fuel cell stack assembly. Light weight composites were developed based on a two component elastomeric silicone RTV matrix. However, two shortcomings of this composite material are low mechanical strength and relatively high permeability to gases. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new composite material which will overcome high permeability and low strength issues through the use of elastomer-plastic blends as the composite matrix. The elastomer-plastic blends consist of vinyl ester with either urethane elastomer or ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubber. The chosen elastomers have higher tensile strength and lower gas permeability than silicone rubber. The elastomers will be blended with vinyl ester thermoset plastic to further enhance these characteristics. Synergistic conductive filler system developed in previous work will be used for the new composites to make them conductive. Compatibility of blends ranging in concentration from pure plastic to pure elastomeric composition will be presented along with in-plane electrical resistivity and mechanical properties.
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Reports on the topic "Rubber Blends"

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Hafez, M., A. S. Doma, A. Y. Zanaty, A. S. Abdel-Rahman, S. A. Khairy, and H. H. Hassan. Some Physical Properties of SBR/NBR Rubber Blends-Loaded with Nano-Sized Black Fillers. MTPR Journal, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19138/mtpr/(18)1-10.

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Hafez, M., A. S. Doma, A. Y. Zanaty, A. S. Abdel-Rahman, S. A. Khairy, and H. H. Hassan. Some Physical Properties of SBR/NBR Rubber Blends-Loaded with Nano-Sized Black Fillers. J. Modern Trends in Phys. R., Vol. 19 (MTPR-18) pp. 1-10, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19138/mtpr/(19)1-10.

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LOUKAKOS, P. A., E. STRATAKIS, G. D. TSIBIDIS, D. GRAY, M. BARBEROGLOU, and C. FOTAKIS. Abstract- Blends of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber (NR/SBR) loaded with different ratios of N220 carbon black filler were prepared. The mechanical properties of pure blends and those loaded with different ratios of carbon black were investigated. Edited by Lotfia Elnai and Ramy Mawad. Journal of Modern trends in physics research, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.19138/mtpr/(14)42-54.

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