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1
Tavio and Usman Wijaya. "Comparative behavior of local hyperelastic lowgrade rubbers for low-cost base isolation." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601001.
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As the second largest rubber producer in the world, Indonesia has a very potential opportunity to support the development of rubber base isolation. Various grades of rubber are produced by the local rubber manufacturers starting from the low to high grade rubbers. In the study, the local rubbers were also compared to the rubbers from another developing country, e.g. India. The laboratory test results used to develop the suitable constitutive model for hyperelastic material and then compared to the hyperelastic model of Shahzad et al. Several tests on the local low-grade rubbers have been conducted, namely the uniaxial tensile, planar shear, and equibiaxial tensile tests. From the tests, it can be concluded the behavior of the local low-grade rubber can be fitted with the Ogden model different from the characteristic of rubber tested by Shahzad et al. which was fitted with the Yeoh model.
2
Zhang, Tengfei, Jie Su, Yuanjie Shu, Fei Shen, and Liaoliang Ke. "Fretting Wear Behavior of Three Kinds of Rubbers under Sphere-On-Flat Contact." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092153.
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Rubbers are widely used in various fields as the important sealing materials, such as window seal, door seal, valve, pump seal, etc. The fretting wear behavior of rubbers has an important effect on their sealing performance. This paper presents an experimental study on the fretting wear behavior of rubbers against the steel ball under air conditions (room temperature at 20 ± 2 °C and humidity at 40%). Three kinds of rubbers, including EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer), FPM (fluororubber), and NBR (nitrile–butadiene rubber), are considered in experiments. The sphere-on-flat contact pattern is used as the contact model. The influences of the displacement amplitude, normal force, frequency, and rubber hardness on the fretting wear behavior are discussed in detail. White light profiler and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to analyze the wear mechanism of the rubber surface. The fretting wear performances of three rubbers are compared by considering the effect of the displacement amplitude, normal force, frequency, and rubber hardness. The results show that NBR has the most stable friction coefficient and the best wear resistance among the three rubbers.
3
Shin, Hyung Seop, Sung Su Park, and Joon Hong Choi. "Influence of Temperature on Dynamic Behavior of Rubber Materials by Taylor Impact Test." Materials Science Forum 673 (January 2011): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.673.83.
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The understanding of the deformation behavior of rubber materials under high strain-rate or high loading-rate conditions will be important in their impact applications adopting significant viscoelastic behavior. Taylor impact test has originally used to determine the average dynamic yield strength of metallic materials at high strain rates, but it also can be used to examine the overall deformation behavior of rubbers representing large elastic deformation by using a high-speed photography technique. Taylor impact tests of rubber materials were carried out in the velocity range between 100~250 m/s using a 20 mm air gun. In order to investigate the overall dynamic deformation behavior of rubber projectiles during Taylor impact test, a 8-Ch high-speed photography system which provides a series of images at each elapsed time was incorporated. Three kinds of rubber materials with different Tg (glass transition temperature) were supplied. The bulging behavior of rubber projectile could be evaluated quantitatively by digitizing images taken. Taylor impact tests at various temperature levels were conducted to predict the bulging behavior of rubbers at high strain rate.
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Isayev, Avraam I., Tian Liang, and Todd M. Lewis. "EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON ULTRASONIC DEVULCANIZATION OF TIRE RUBBER IN TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87926.
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ABSTRACT Ultrasonic devulcanization of tire rubber particles of 10 and 30 meshes by means of a new ultrasonic twin-screw extruder was investigated. The ultrasonic amplitude and devulcanization temperature were varied at a fixed frequency of 40 kHz. The die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption during devulcanization were recorded. The degree of devulcanization was investigated by measuring the cross-link density, gel fraction, and revulcanization behavior. Rubber of 30 mesh exhibited a lower die pressure and higher degree of devulcanization than that of rubber of 10 mesh. Because of the higher level of devulcanization and lower viscosity of devulcanized rubbers at higher amplitudes, the temperature of devulcanized rubbers at the die was reduced with an increase of the ultrasonic amplitude. Generally, the torque at the start of curing and maximum torque on the curing curve measured during revulcanization is higher for rubber of 10 mesh and rubbers devulcanized at a lower temperature. Rheological properties of devulcanized and revulcanized rubbers and mechanical properties of revulcanizates were measured. The complex viscosity of devulcanized and revulcanized rubbers of both meshes as a function of frequency exhibited a power-law behavior, with the power-law index being 0.06 for devulcanized rubbers and 0.02 for revulcanized rubbers. The consistency index of devulcanized and revulcanized rubbers was higher for rubber of 10 mesh; however, both rubbers showed a higher consistency index at a lower temperature. Cole–Cole plots, cross-link density, and gel fraction of devulcanized and revulcanized rubbers, revulcanization behavior, and modulus of revulcanizates separated in two distinct groups based on the level of devulcanization and effect on molecular structure of devulcanized rubber. Revulcanizates with a greater degree of devulcanization exhibited a higher elongation at break, whereas those with a lower degree of devulcanization exhibited higher strength and modulus. Revulcanizates of rubber of 30 mesh exhibited a consistently higher elongation at break. The normalized gel fraction versus normalized cross-link density was described by a unique function independent of the processing conditions and rubber particle size.
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Soltani, Deng, Taheri, Mirzababaei, and Vanapalli. "Swell–Shrink Behavior of Rubberized Expansive Clays During Alternate Wetting and Drying." Minerals 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9040224.
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The present study examines rubber’s capacity of improving the swell–shrink potential of expansive clays. Two rubber types of fine and coarse categories with different geometrical features were considered. The test program consisted of standard Proctor compaction and cyclic wetting–drying tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was also performed to identify the soil–rubber amending mechanisms, and to observe the evolution of fabric in response to alternate wetting and drying. Cyclic wetting–drying led to the reconstruction of the soil/soil–rubber microstructure by way of inducing aggregation and cementation of the soil grains. The greater the number of applied cycles, the lower the swell–shrink features, following a monotonically decreasing trend, with the rubberized blends holding a notable advantage over the virgin soil. The tendency for reduction, however, was in favor of a larger rubber size, and more importantly the rubber’s elongated form factor; thus, predicating a rubber size/shape-dependent amending mechanism. The soil–rubber amending mechanisms were discussed in three aspects—increase in non-expansive content, frictional resistance generated as a result of soil–rubber contact, and mechanical interlocking of rubber particles and soil grains. The swell–shrink patterns/paths indicated an expansive accumulated deformation for the virgin soil, whereas the rubberized blends manifested a relatively neutral deformational state, thereby corroborating the rubber’s capacity to counteract the heave and/or settlement incurred by alternate wetting and drying.
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Batistella, Marcos, Monica Francesca Pucci, Arnaud Regazzi, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta, Ouassila Kadri, David Bordeaux, and Florence Ayme. "Fire Behavior of Polyamide 12/Rubber Formulations Made by Laser Sintering." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051773.
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In the present work, the processability and fire behavior of parts made by the laser sintering (LS) of polyamide 12/rubber powder blends is studied. In order to evaluate some of the interactions that could take place during LS, three acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs) were used, which included two that had different acrylonitrile (AN) contents, and one that had carboxylated rubber. The results show that the flowability of the powders is strongly dependent on the rubber used. For the carboxylated rubber, a good flowability of the blend was observed, whereas the use of rubbers with different AN contents led to significant changes in the powder flowability, with a heterogeneous powder bed, and differences in the porosity as a function of the AN content. Furthermore, the addition of rubbers to polyamide 12 (PA12) entails an increase in the sintering window and, in particular, a change in the melting temperature of PA12 is noticed. Even though some changes in the crystallization and melting temperatures are observed, formulations containing 10 and 20 wt.% of rubbers could be processed using the same process parameters as PA12. Furthermore, the formulations containing carboxylated rubber show improved fire behavior, which is measured by a cone calorimeter, with reductions of about 45 and 65% in the peak of the heat release rate, compared to the PA12. Moreover, almost all of the samples evaluated in this study are classed as “Good” by the Flame Retardancy Index. This result can be partially explained by the formation of an amide linkage between the polyamide and NBR during processing, which could result in increases in the melt viscosities of these samples.
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Sugihardjo, Hidajat, Tavio Tavio, and Yudha Lesmana. "FE Model of Low Grade Rubber for Modeling Housing’s Low-Cost Rubber Base Isolators." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-030966.
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An accurate selection of strain energy function (SEF) plays a very important role for predicting the actual behavior of rubber material in the finite element analysis (FEA). The common method for selecting the SEF is by using the curve fitting procedure. However, the behavior of some typical rubbers, such as low grade rubbers (average hardness value of 47.2), cannot be predicted well by only using the curve fitting procedure. To accurately predict the actual behavior of such specifically nearly incompressible material, a series of FEA were carried out to simulate the actual behavior of four physical testing materials, namely the uniaxial, the planar shear, the equibiaxial, and the volumetric tests. This FEA is intended to examine the most suitable constitutive model in representing the rubber characteristics and behavior. From the comparisons, it can be concluded that the Ogden model provides a reasonably accurate prediction compared to the remaining investigated constitutive material models. Finally, the appropriate SEF, i.e. the Ogden model, was adopted for modeling a low-cost rubber base isolator (LCRBI) in the finite element analysis (FEA). The simple uniaxial compression test of the LCRBI is required for validating that the selected SEF works for predicting the actual behavior of LCRBI.
8
Kadhim, Ali Abdulameer, and Hayder M. K. Al-Mutairee. "An Experimental Study on Behavior of Sustainable Rubberized Concrete Mixes." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091547.
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In terms of recycling and reuse, today's global generation of waste tire well exceeds its consumption. This has resulted in the accumulation of large stocks of toxic rubber waste that raise health and safety risks. The use of waste tire rubber for the construction of the concrete structure was suggested to combat this challenge. This paper explores tests that were performed with samples of waste tire rubber concrete to evaluate compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and impacts resistance. The main parameters investigated were the rubber ratio as a partial volumetric replacement with fine and coarse aggregate. Chip and crumb rubbers were used to replace coarse and fine aggregate respectively in four different amounts by volume (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Even if the inclusion of waste tire rubber in concrete has specific apparent degradations, the potential benefit seems to overlook the adverse effects and also meet the primary significant value of resolution for rubber waste utilization problems. The results show that the substitution of natural fine or coarse aggregates with crump-chip tier rubber will reduce mechanical properties (compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength), but increase the impacts resistance to 426% and 396% when 20% coarse aggregates and 20% fine aggregates are replaced by rubber respectively. The proposed mix shows an ability to replace 20% of the aggregate (coarse or fine), and the producing, rubcrete, still structural concrete.
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Ghosh, Arun, and S. K. De†. "Dependence of Physical Properties and Processing Behavior of Blends of Silicone Rubber and Fluororubber on Blend Morphology." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 5 (November 1, 2004): 856–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547856.
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Abstract The paper reports that the processing behavior and physical properties of the blends of silicone rubber and fluororubber based on tetrafluoroethylene/propylene/vinylidene terpolymer. The processing behavior of the fluororubber can be improved on blending with low viscous silicone rubber. The results indicate that the processing behavior, mechanical properties, surface energies, and flammability of the blends are controlled by the blend morphology. Surface morphology of the blends show that blends of two rubbers are microheterogeneous and biphasic structure, wherein silicone rubber acts as a continuous matrix with the fluororubber as a dispersed phase.
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Li, Yu Ming, Hong Bai Bai, and Jian Zheng. "Deformation Behavior of Metal Rubber Material." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.571.
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Analysed the stress-strain test in the pressing direction of metal rubber specimen, the deformation process can be divided into three stages. Used the accumulative method of high step polynomial, the experience formula of metal rubber’s deformation character can be simply and effectively established. With the fabrication and formation technology, the microscopic physics mechanism has been analyzed in these deformation stages.
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Cao, Zhi Qiang, De Guo Wang, and Qiong Zhou. "The Effect of Acrylonitrile Content on the Abrasion Behavior of Unfilled Nitrile Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.341.
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Three unfilled nitrile rubber vulcanizates with different acrylonitrile contents (28%, 33%, and 40%) were prepared. The gravimetric wear rate of testing samples increased with increasing acrylonitrile contents. The cross-linking densities of rubbers were studied by the equilibrium swelling method. The measurement of the dissipated energy between tip and rubber surface was also carried out using tapping mode atomic force microscopy and the results suggest that the cross-linking density in local areas is primary responsible to the abrasion performance of unfilled nitrile rubber with reference to the polarity of polymeric matrix.
12
Li, Xu, Yi Dong, Ziran Li, and Yuanming Xia. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF HYPERELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF TIRE RUBBERS UNDER MODERATE FINITE DEFORMATION." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3577534.
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Abstract The hyperelastic behavior of unfilled natural rubber and some kinds of filled rubbers used in tire industry is tested by applying automated grid method. More accurate stress–strain data of tested rubber specimens at different temperatures are obtained. Test results show that different from the unfilled natural rubber whose stiffness increases linearly with temperature rising, the filled tire rubber has a tendency first to become soft and then to become stiff through its “critical temperature.” And this trend shift could be qualitatively interpreted by the joint action of two kinds of mechanisms, namely, the “energy elasticity” and the “entropy elasticity” effect. Besides, based on consideration of the relationship between model parameters and environmental temperature, the modified Arruda–Boyce model is extended to its explicit temperature-dependent form. Fitting results illustrate that this new model could take the temperature effect on hyperelastic behavior of tire rubbers into account well, and with an easy form, it is of convenient and practical usefulness in some relevant engineering application.
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Santangelo, P. G., and C. M. Roland. "The Mechanical Behavior of Double Network Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538681.
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Abstract It was found that at low residual strains, the modulus of double network rubbers can be less than that of an isotropic elastomer of equal crosslink density. At higher residual strains, the equilibrium modulus is higher for the double network. This aspect of the behavior of networks was investigated using two phenomenological descriptions of rubber elasticity, the Mooney-Rivlin (MR) and the Roth, Martin, and Stiehler (RMS) Equations. Calculations using either approach, which make use of the independent network hypothesis, were qualitatively in agreement with the experimental data. The tensile strength of double networks based on natural rubber were found to be independent of the amount of residual strain. This is true even at higher residual strains, wherein the modulus is significantly amplified. This suggests that the conventional compromise between modulus and failure properties can be circumvented using double network rubbers. Their utilization can yield elastomers of better mechanical properties.
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Lee, Ouk Sub, Yong Hwan Han, and Dong Hyeok Kim. "Influence of Temperature and Heat-Aged Condition on the Deformation Behavior of Rubber Material Using SHPB Technique with a Pulse Shaper." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.619.
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The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique with some special experimental apparatus can be used to obtain the dynamic material behavior under high strain rate loading conditions. An experimental technique that modifies the conventional SHPB has been developed for measuring the compressive stress strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths such as rubber. This paper uses PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone plastic) bars to achieve a closer impedance match between the pressure bar and the specimen materials. In addition, a pulse shaper is utilized to lengthen the rise time of the incident pulse to ensure stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation of the rubber specimen. It is confirmed that the modified technique is useful to record the dynamic deformation behavior of rubbers under various conditions such as high strain rate with various temperature effect. Furthermore, the dynamic deformation behaviors of heat-aged rubber material under compressive high strain rate are evaluated using the modified SHPB technique.
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Sukcharoen, Kijvanish, Nitikorn Noraphaiphipaksa, Anat Hasap, and Chaosuan Kanchanomai. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluations of Localized Stress Relaxation for Vulcanized Rubber." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050873.
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Vulcanized rubbers are commonly used to provide the energy absorption under compressive deformation from other engineering components. However, if a constant compressive deformation is maintained on rubber, the load response is not constant but decreases with time; i.e., the stress relaxation. A decrease in force response with time of rubber can be experimentally evaluated by the stress relaxation test. In the present work, the localized stress of vulcanized rubber during a compressive stress relaxation test (i.e., ASTM D6147) was evaluated. Hyperelastic behavior was assumed during rapid application of strain, while the viscoelastic behavior was assumed during stress relaxation. Hyperelastic and viscoelastic parameters were experimentally evaluated using a standard specimen. Finite element analysis (FEA) models were applied for the predictions of stress relaxations of rubbers with various geometries and applied strains. FEA results were in good agreement with results of the stress relaxation tests. Localized stresses in rubber during rapid application of compressive strain and stress relaxation were successfully evaluated. The findings can give the localized phenomena of vulcanized rubber during a stress relaxation test, which can be used as a guideline for the design, usage, and improvement of rubber and viscoelastic polymeric components.
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Nakajima, Nobuyuki. "Strain-Rate Amplification of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536227.
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Abstract The strain amplification is one of the recognized causes of the reinforcement of rubber by carbon black. Previously, we evaluated strain amplification in nonequilibrium, i.e., stress-strain measurements. Carbon-black-filled rubber compounds were used. In these examples, not only strain but also strain rate must be amplified, since it is a dynamic situation. Because the behavior of the gum matrix is strain-rate dependent, strain-rate amplification is also an important aspect of the rubber compound behavior. In this paper, we presented case studies of strain-rate amplification with several compounds involving variation of gum rubbers and carbon blacks.
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Diani, Julie, Yannick Merckel, Mathias Brieu, and Julien Caillard. "COMPARISON OF STRESS–SOFTENINGS IN CARBON-BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87964.
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ABSTRACT The authors compared the mechanical behavior and, more precisely, the Mullins and the cyclic (post-Mullins) softenings of two filled rubbers. A crystallizing natural rubber and a noncrystallizing styrene–butadiene rubber of similar compositions resulting in similar cross-link densities and filled with 40 phr of N347 carbon-black fillers were tested in cyclic uniaxial tension at room temperature and at 85 °C. Crystallization in filled rubbers is known to increase stress at high stretch, stretch at break, cycle hysteresis, and fatigue lifetime and to reduce crack propagation. In this study, it is shown that crystallization also seems to enhance the Mullins softening (softening at the first cycle) and to favor the apparent cyclic softening. Results reveal that natural rubber shows an amplitude dependence on the cyclic softening, whereas the styrene–butadiene rubber does not. Finally, results demonstrate that studying filled rubber softening cannot help predict lifetime.
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LEE, OUK SUB, KYU SANG CHO, SUNG HYUN KIM, and YONG HWAN HAN. "DYNAMIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SOFT MATERIAL USING SHPB TECHNIQUE AND PULSE SHAPER." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 3751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040313.
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This paper presents a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique to obtain compressive stress strain data for NBR rubber materials. An experimental technique with a modified the conventional SHPB has been developed for measuring the compressive stress strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths, such as the rubber and the polymeric material. This paper uses an aluminum pressure bar to achieve a closer impedance match between the pressure bar and the specimen materials. In addition, a pulse shaper is utilized to lengthen the rising time of the incident pulse to ensure dynamic stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation of NBR rubber materials. It is found that the modified technique can determine the dynamic deformation behavior of rubbers more accurately.
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Shim, Sang E., and A. I. Isayev. "Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Precipitated Silica-Filled Silicone Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544952.
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Abstract This investigation involves the recycling of precipitated silica-filled silicone rubber using a continuous ultrasonic reactor. The processing conditions utilized in devulcanization of the filled systems were similar to those in our previous work on unfilled systems. Significant differences were observed in devulcanization of unfilled and filled systems. A decrease in gel fraction and crosslink density was sufficient for devulcanized silica-filled silicone rubber to be reprocessed and revulcanized. The cure behavior of silicone rubber and the mechanical properties of virgin, and revulcanized rubber were measured. Results showed that unfilled silicone rubbers gave no change in vulcanizate mechanical properties after revulcanization. However, in the filled rubbers there was a decrease in the mechanical properties of revulcanizates. In order to achieve an improvement in the properties, devulcanized filled rubbers were blended with virgin filled rubber in various proportions. The obtained results indicated a considerable enhancement of the performance characteristics of these blend vulcanizates.
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Kawazura, Tetsuji, Seiichi Kawahara, and Yoshinobu Isono. "Morphology and Crystallization Behavior of Lightly Crosslinked Natural Rubber in Blend." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 1164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547794.
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Abstract Isothermal crystallization of natural rubber (NR) dispersed in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was made at −25 °C to investigate effects of both gel fraction of the rubber and morphology of the blend on the crystallization. NR, thus used, was lightly crosslinked model compound (model-NR), which was cured with dicumylperoxide at 160 °C after mastication. The model-NR was mechanically mixed with a large amount of SBR to form droplets of the rubber, a size of which was dependent upon both gel content and crosslink density of the gel fraction. The crystallization of the model-NR in the droplets was quite slow, corresponding to the level reported in the previous work. A rate of crystallization and Avrami exponent were dependent upon the size of the droplets, but not on the gel content and the crosslink density of the model-NR. The suppression in the crystallization was attributed to the homogeneous nucleation occurring in the droplets. This finding was proved, using rubbers obtained from two clones of Hevea brasiliensis, i.e. RRIM600 and RRIM2025, respectively.
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Hasan, Tamara M., and Ahmed S. Ali. "Flexural Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete Beams." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.02.09.
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The massive growth of the automotive industry and the development of vehicles use lead to produce a huge amount of waste tire rubber. Rubber tires are non-biodegradable, resulting in environmental problems such as fire risks. In this search, the flexural behavior of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) beams containing different percentages and sizes of waste tire rubbers were studied and compared them with the flexural behavior of SCC and SFRSCC. Micro steel fiber (straight type) with aspect ratio 65 was used in mixes. The replacement of coarse and fine aggregate was 20% and 10% with chip and crumb rubber. Also, the replacement of limestone dust and silica fume was 50%, 25%, and 12% with ground rubber and very fine rubber, respectively. Twelve beams with small-scale (L=1100mm, h = 150mm, b =100mm) were tested under two points loading (monotonic loading). Fresh properties, hardened properties, load-deflection relation, first crack load, ultimate load, and crack width were investigated. Two tested reinforced concrete beams from experimental work were selected as a case study to compare with the results from ABAQUS program (monotonic loading). These two reinforced concrete beams were simulated as a parametric study under repeated loading using this finite element program. The results showed that the flexural behavior of SFRSCC beams containing rubber was acceptable when compared with flexural behavior of SCC and SFRSCC beams (depended on load carrying capacity). Cracks width was decreased with the addition of steel fibers and waste tires rubber. An acceptable agreement can be shown between the results of numerical analysis and the results obtained from experimental test (monotonic loading). Insignificant ultimate load differences between the results of monotonic loading and repeated loading
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Yun, Jushik, and A. I. Isayev. "Superior Mechanical Properties of Ultrasonically Recycled EPDM Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547738.
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Abstract This paper describes the results of an extensive study involving the continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of unfilled EPDM rubber. Die pressure and ultrasound power consumption were measured as a function of processing conditions. The mechanical properties of aged and fresh revulcanized EPDM rubber were measured. Gel fraction, crosslink density, and dynamic properties were also determined for the virgin vulcanizate, the ultrasonically devulcanized rubber, and the revulcanized rubber. Additionally, the cure behavior of virgin and devulcanized EPDM rubber was investigated. The tensile strength of revulcanized EPDM rubber was found to be much higher than that of the virgin vulcanizate with the elongation at break being practically intact. A mechanism explaining the increase in mechanical properties of revulcanized rubbers was proposed.
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Munoz, Luisa, Loïc Vanel, Olivier Sanseau, Paul Sotta, Didier Long, Laurent Guy, and Ludovic Odoni. "Fatigue Behavior in Filled Natural Rubber: Study of the Mechanical Damage Dynamics." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.666.
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Rupture dynamics in reinforced elastomers is a much more complex process than in pure elastomers due to the intrinsic heterogeneous mixture of a rubber matrix with filler particles at submicronic scale. In the case of natural rubber, an additional source of heterogeneity is the strain-crystallization effect. How rupture dynamics and crack path are affected by filler particles and strain-crystallization is still a matter of debate. Actually, understanding how rupture dynamics and crack path are correlated to each other is probably an important key in order to improve long time resistance of reinforced rubbers.
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Vishvanathperumal, S., V. Navaneethakrishnan, G. Anand, and S. Gopalakannan. "Evaluation of Crosslink Density Using Material Constants of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber with Different Nanoclay Loading: Finite Element Analysis-Simulation and Experimental." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 632–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2567.
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Nanoclay is used to enhance the mechanical properties of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) blends. Sulphur (S), dicumyl peroxide (P), and mixed systems (S + P) were used as crosslinking or vulcanizing agents for the EPDM/SBR nanocomposites. The experimental data of the stress–strain behavior of EPDM/SBR blends with different nanoclay loading have been determined through a tension test. Nonlinear mechanical behaviors of the rubbers are described by strain energy functions in order to assurance that rigid body motions play no role in the constitutive law. The mathematical model such as the Mooney-Rivlin model based on the existence of strain energy density functions depends on the right Cauchy-Green's deformation tensor or Green's strain tensor. The experimental data are fitted to the Mooney-Rivlin model in order to find the rubber material constants. These constants are used to find the crosslinking density. A comparison between the experimental stress–strain behavior and finite element analysis of a uniaxial tension test at different nanoclay loading is presented.
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Yao, Xiulong, Zepeng Wang, Lianxiang Ma, Zhanli Miao, Minglong Su, Xiaoying Han, and Jian Yang. "Temperature Dependence of Rubber Hyper-Elasticity Based on Different Constitutive Models and Their Prediction Ability." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173521.
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Based on the electronic universal testing machine with a temperature chamber, this paper investigated the temperature and filler effects on the hyper-elastic behavior of reinforced rubbers and revealed the regulation of the stress and strain of the natural rubber and filled rubber with temperature. The experimental results showed that the hyper-elastic behavior of the filled rubber was temperature-dependent in a wide range. Comparing the adaptability of different models to the stress–strain variation with temperature, the Yeoh model was proven to reasonably characterize the experimental data at different temperatures. Based on the Yeoh model, an explicit temperature-dependent constitutive model was developed to describe the stress–strain response of the filled rubber in a relatively large temperature range. The prediction data of this proposed constitutive model fit well with the test data of the mechanical experiments, indicating that the model is suitable to characterize the large deformation behavior of filled rubbers at different temperatures to a certain degree. The proposed model can be used to obtain the material parameters and has been successfully applied to finite element analysis (FEA), suggesting a high application value. Notably, the model has a simple form and can be conveniently applied in related performance tests of actual production or finite element analysis.
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Jansinak, Siriwan, Teerasak Markpin, Ekachai Wimolmala, Sithipong Mahathanabodee, and Narongrit Sombatsompop. "Tribological properties of carbon nanotube as co-reinforcing additive in carbon black/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites for hydraulic seal applications." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 20 (May 21, 2018): 1255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418777856.
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This work investigated the cure characteristic, physical mechanical properties, and tribology behavior of carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as co-reinforcing additive in various contents from 0, 3, 6, 9, and 15 parts per hundred rubbers. The physical and tribological behavior was also observed in large-scale piston driven hydraulic apparatus which was specially designed for seal applications. The results suggested that the modulus and hardness were found to increase after adding multi-walled carbon nanotube whereas the tensile and tear strength were not significantly affected. Adding multi-walled carbon nanotube was found to increase the bound rubber and crosslink density. For ball-on-disc tribo-testing, it was found that the coefficient of friction of the rubber composites decreased with multi-walled carbon nanotube content and the applied loads whereas the specific wear rate was more influenced by the applied loads used. Finally, under the large-scale piston driven hydraulic test apparatus in comparison with commercial grade rubber seals, it was found that the weight loss for the acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites with multi-walled carbon nanotube was much lower than that without multi-walled carbon nanotube. The carbon black/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites with 9–12 parts per hundred rubbers multi-walled carbon nanotube were recommended as the most suitable for hydraulic seal applications.
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Shimada, Kunio, Ryo Ikeda, Hiroshige Kikura, and Hideharu Takahashi. "Development of a Magnetic Compound Fluid Rubber Stability Sensor and a Novel Production Technique via Combination of Natural, Chloroprene and Silicone Rubbers." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183901.
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Expanding on our previous report, we investigate the stability of a magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber sensor that was developed for a variety of engineering applications. To stabilize this sensor, we proposed a novel combination technique that facilitates the addition of dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS) to natural rubber (NR)-latex or chloroprene rubber (CR)-latex using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by experimentally and theoretically investigating issues related to instability. This technique is one of several other novel combinations of diene and non-diene rubbers. Silicone oil or rubber with PDMS can be combined with NR-latex and CR-latex because of PVA’s emulsion polymerization behavior. In addition, owing to electrolytic polymerization based on the combination of PDMS and PVA, MCF rubber is highly porous and can be infiltrated in any liquid. Hence, the fabrication of novel intelligent rubbers using any intelligent fluid is feasible. By assembling infiltrated MCF rubber sheets and by conducting electrolytic polymerization of MCF rubber liquid with a hydrate using the adhesive technique as presented in a previous paper, it is possible to stabilize the MCF rubber sensor. This sensor is resistant to cold or hot water as well as γ-irradiation as shown in the previous report.
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Nandi, Sangita, Yogesha Subbaiah, Ravinath Manchana, and Susanta Mitra. "Study of relaxation behavior and processability of polybutadiene rubber composition." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 51, no. 7-8 (January 7, 2019): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318822071.
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In this work, nickel-catalyzed high- cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubbers (PBR) with different molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and Mooney relaxation time have been solution blended at different ratios and their rheological, thermal, and physical properties were characterized. PBR blend compositions showed similar processability as pristine rubber grades at higher temperature, but their Mooney relaxation time and rheological branching index (BI) are distinctly different from both pristine PBR grades at low temperature. In addition, Mooney relaxation time and BI of the blends were found to be independent of blend compositions; however, glass transition temperature ( Tg), cis%, volatile% of the compositions remain similar to the raw rubbers.
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Diao, B., A. I. Isayev, and V. Y. Levin. "Basic Study of Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Silicone Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538784.
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Abstract The present paper describes a basic study of the devulcanization of unfilled model silicone rubber vulcanizates using a continuous ultrasonic reactor. The devulcanization was conducted under several processing conditions. Cure behavior, rheological properties, structural characteristics of the devulcanized rubber, and mechanical properties of revulcanized rubbers were studied. Gel fraction and crosslink density measurement indicate that the rubber is partially devulcanized. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results imply that the creation of a branched structure in the network is a possibility after devulcanization. Under the optimal devulcanization condition, the mechanical properties of revulcanized rubber are better than those of the virgin rubber. Devulcanized silicone rubber was also blended with the virgin one. The blends show the same tensile strength and modulus as the virgin rubber but higher elongation.
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KWAK, EUNG-BUM, and NAK-SAM CHOI. "DEGRADATION MECHANISMS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY VARIATION OF EPDM RUBBERS FOR AUTOMOTIVE RADIATOR HOSESS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210065325.
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The degradation behaviors of EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene monomer) rubbers used for automotive radiator hoses subjected to thermo-oxidative and electrochemical stresses were studied. As a result of the thermo-oxidative aging tests, the IRHD (international rubber hardness degrees) hardness of the rubber specimens increased, while their elongation at break decreased much. A slight increase in crosslink density indicated that changes in the properties were caused by the concentration of carbonyl groups in the skin layer. For the electrochemical degradation (ECD), the weight of rubber specimens increased whereas their elongation and hardness much decreased because water solution penetrated into the skin part. There was little change in crosslink density. Formation of many chain scissions and thus microvoid networks in the skin layer induced the swelling behavior leading to a linear reduction of hardness versus the weight increase.
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Cook, J. W., S. Edge, D. E. Packham, and A. S. Thompson. "Thermal behavior of natural rubber and chlorinated rubber blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 65, no. 7 (August 15, 1997): 1379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19970815)65:7<1379::aid-app16>3.0.co;2-q.
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Mars, W. V., and A. Fatemi. "Factors that Affect the Fatigue Life of Rubber: A Literature Survey." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547831.
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Abstract Many factors are known to influence the mechanical fatigue life of rubber components. Four major categories of factors are reviewed here: the effects of mechanical loading history, environmental effects, effects of rubber formulation, and effects due to dissipative aspects of the constitutive response of rubber. For each category, primary factors are described, and existing literature is presented and reviewed. Rubber's fatigue behavior is extremely sensitive to both the maximum and minimum cyclic load limits. Other aspects of the mechanical load history are also discussed, including the effects of static loaded periods (“annealing”), load sequence, multiaxiality, frequency, and loading waveform. Environmental factors can affect both the short and long term fatigue behavior of rubber. The effects of temperature, oxygen, ozone, and static electrical charges are reviewed. A great range of behavior is available by proper manipulation of formulation and processing variables. Effects of elastomer type, filler type and volume fraction, antidegradants, curatives, and vulcanization are discussed. The role of dissipative constitutive behavior in the improvement of fatigue properties of rubber is also reviewed. Four distinct dissipative mechanisms are identified, and their effects on fatigue behavior are described.
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Kawahara, Seiichi, Yoshinobu Isono, Takashi Kakubo, Yasuyuki Tanaka, and Eng Aik-Hwee. "Crystallization Behavior and Strength of Natural Rubber Isolated from Different Hevea Clone." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547578.
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Abstract Crystallization behavior of natural rubbers of different clonal origins, i.e., RRIM 600, 60/2, 2025, 2026, and skim rubbers, was investigated by dilatometry at −25 °C. The latex samples were deproteinized with a proteolytic enzyme in the presence of surfactant. Skim rubbers were purified by centrifugation followed by acetone-extraction. The over-all crystallization rate of acetone-extracted rubbers could be divided into two categories: one includes RRIM 600, 60/2 and 2025, and the other RRIM 2026 and skim rubbers. This is attributed to the differences in the level of linked fatty acid groups and gel contents. The minimum level of linked fatty acid ester groups required to promote crystallization of natural rubber is about 2.8 mmol/kg. The green strength of the rubbers is dependent on the level of linked fatty acid ester groups.
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Chang, W. V., and S. C. Sun. "Nonlinear Elastic Analysis of the Hardness Test on Rubber-Like Materials." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538552.
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Abstract Both the Ogden-Tschoegl nonlinear elastic constitutive law and a contact algorithm in the general-purpose finite-element program AFEM have been used to examine the use of IRHD values to relate the elastic properties of elastomers. We are aware that large deformations of rubber specimens and complicated interface conditions are involved in this so-called simple test. However, from the finite-element results, we find that the linearly elastic Hertz contact solution is a reasonably accurate model. This can be attributed to several points. First, the hardness test involves mainly compression and shear deformation and the linearly elastic behavior is more closely followed in rubbers for the above two types of deformation. Second, although nonlinear effects become significant in soft rubbers and higher indentation cases, the ASTM D 1415 standard defines larger indentation depth differences for smaller IRHD values. The definition itself compensates for the nonlinear effects. Third, although the interfacial stress field changed due to different frictional conditions, we calculated the IRHD values only from indentation depth difference and total load applied to the steel ball. Both the indentation depth difference and the total load are obtained from far-field conditions and do not change significantly. We should note that using linear elasticity to correlate the elastic moduli and IRHD values is simply a special case in rubber elasticity. We conveniently get rubber's elastic moduli from IRHD values based on linear elasticity, but the complete rubber-like material behavior has to be obtained from more general experiments and described by a nonlinear constitutive law such as the Ogden-Tschoegl model.
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Samad, M. S. A., Aidy Ali, and Mohd Khairol A. Arifin. "Life Prediction of Rubber Automotive Components Using Finite Element Method." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.535.
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The usage of rubbers has always been so important, especially in automotive industries. Rubbers have a hyper elastic behavior which is the ability to withstand very large strain without failure. The normal applications for rubbers are used for shock absorption, sound isolation and mounting. In this study, the predictions of fatigue life of an engine mount of rubber automotive components were presented. The finite element analysis was performed to predict the critical part and the strain output were incorporated into fatigue model for prediction. The predicted result shows agreement in term of failure location of rubber mount.
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Ke, Yuchao, Xuefeng Yao, Heng Yang, Yinji Ma, and Yinghua Liu. "The compression and friction of tubular rubber seal under the curved surface loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 1 (August 5, 2016): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116645028.
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In this paper, the mechanical behaviors of the tubular rubber seal under the curved surface loading are studied by the experimental and finite element methods. First, both the compressive behaviors and the frictional performance of the tubular rubber seal under the plane loading are studied experimentally. Second, two-dimensional finite element model about the tubular rubber seal is established and the constitutive model parameters of the rubber seal material are extracted. Finally, the mechanical behavior of the tubular rubber seal under the curved surface loading is investigated by means of the approximation analysis method and the finite element simulation. The results indicate that the physical parameters based on the experiment and finite element method simulation of the tubular rubber seal under the plane loading can describe the mechanical behavior under the curved surface loading. Both the strain distribution of the tubular rubber seal and the driving torque are slightly influenced by the friction coefficient between the tubular rubber seal and the curved surfaces. The influence factor of the friction coefficient on the driving torque is proposed, which plays an important role in the design and evaluation of advanced tubular rubber seal.
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Isayev, A. I., J. Chen, and A. Tukachinsky. "Novel Ultrasonic Technology for Devulcanization of Waste Rubbers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538741.
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Abstract A novel patented process and several reactors have been developed for devulcanization of waste rubbers. The technology is based on the use of the high power ultrasonics. The ultrasonic waves of certain levels in the presence of pressure and heat rapidly break up the three-dimensional network in crosslinked rubbers. The devulcanized rubber can be reprocessed, shaped and revulcanized in much the same way as a virgin rubber. The first laboratory reactor has been scaled up to pilot-plant level by the National Feedscrew and Machining, Inc. Various devulcanization experiments were carried out with model styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and with ground rubber tire (GRT). Curing behavior, Theological properties, and structural characteristics of rubbers devulcanized at various processing conditions were studied, as well as mechanical properties of revulcanized rubber samples. A possible mechanism of the devulcanization is discussed. The performed measurements indicate that the rubbers are partially devulcanized, and the devulcanization process is accompanied by certain degradation of the macromolecular chains. In spite of these observations, the processing conditions are identified at which the retention of the mechanical properties is found to be good. A further work is in progress to find the optimal conditions of devulcanization and to improve the selectivity of the process towards breaking up the chemical network only.
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Roland, C. M., and M. L. Warzel. "Orientation Effects in Rubber Double Networks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538259.
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Abstract The utilization of network structure to impart stable orientation to a rubbery material has been largely unexploited to date. It is demonstrated that the presence of a double network will amplify both the modulus and strain crystallizability of an elastomer, presumably without the disadvantages encountered in achieving these through simple increases in crosslink density. The high residual strains obtained via double-network formation are accompanied by surprisingly low levels of birefringence. The extent of molecular orientation necessary to engender high residual strain is evidently quite low, at least in so far as the former is reflected in a bulk macroscopic measurement such as birefringence. This low equilibrium birefringence, along with the absence of any measurable thermal crystallization effects, indicate that double networks are actually not highly oriented. As seen from their higher moduli and higher strain optical coefficients relative to single networks, and from their enhanced strain crystallizability, double networks are evidently very orientable. Investigation of this aspect of the behavior of double networks would likely prove fruitful, not only concerning these materials, but also with regard to obtaining a broader understanding of rubber elasticity. While the enhancement of strain-induced crystallization might suggest that rubbers with double networks will exhibit superior failure properties, this remains to be demonstrated. The crystallization results described herein clearly raise more questions than can presently be answered concerning the behavior of rubbers with double networks.
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Shirazi, M., and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "FACTORS INFLUENCING REINFORCEMENT OF NR AND EPDM RUBBERS WITH SHORT ARAMID FIBERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3570531.
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Abstract Among short fiber reinforced composites, those with rubbery matrices have gained great importance due to the advantages they have in processing and low cost, coupled with high strength. These composites combine the elastic behavior of rubbers with strength and stiffness of fibers. Aramid fibers have been chosen because of their significantly higher modulus and strength, compared to other commercial fibers. Compounds based on NR and EPDM are prepared. Short aramid fibers with different kinds of surface treatments, standard finish, and resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL)-coating result in different rubber–fiber interfaces. The reinforcing effect of these short aramid fibers is characterized by mechanical and viscoelastic experiments, and by studying the fracture surfaces with electron microscopy techniques. Related to the fiber coating and rubber curing system, sulfur- or peroxide-based, different reinforcement mechanisms are observed, where the combination of peroxide-cured EPDM with RFL-treated fibers is the only case showing clear signs of chemical adhesion. In all other combinations there are only indications of mechanical interactions of the fibers with the rubber matrices, due to bending/buckling of fibers, dog-bone shaped fiber ends, and surface roughness due to the RFL-coating.
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Li, C. G., and P. S. Steif. "Sliding Resistance on a Constrained Rubber Layer Due to Rubber Hysteresis." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547586.
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Abstract Sliding resistance of a rigid cylinder over a thin rubber layer due to rubber hysteresis is investigated. This problem underlies a model being developed for quantitatively accurate predictions of the performance of a new class of damping devices. As a full multiaxial constitutive law reflecting the amplitude-dependent behavior of filled rubbers is not available, this paper sets forth an approximate method of analysis which indirectly accounts for the material nonlinearity. Results of extensive finite element calculations are then reduced to compact material-independent forms which can be used as a universal design tool. Measurements of rolling resistance are also compared with theoretical predictions.
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Chen, Chao-Hsun, and Chaing-Ho Cheng. "Micromechanical Modeling of Creep Behavior in Particle-Reinforced Silicone-Rubber Composites." Journal of Applied Mechanics 64, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2788982.
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A micromechanically based composite model is proposed to study the viscoelastic behavior of solid-filled rubber composites. A nonlinear So-Chen’s (1991) mechanical model which describes the viscoelastic behavior of the rubber matrix is proposed to relate volume-average deformation and stress within the two-phase composite inclusion to the remote (macroscopic) fields. The influence of the volume fractions of inclusions on the overall creep strain of a rubber-matrix composite is investigated at the level of dilute concentration. The creep rate of the rubber matrix, which depends nonlinearly on the creep strain and the primary creep and secondary creep resulting from the viscous flow of creep deformation, is also considered in addition to the usual steady-state, or secondary, creep. The method developed for the calculation of the incremental process is based upon Eshelby’s (1957) equivalence principle of an inhomogeneity-transformation problem and Mori-Tanaka’s (1973) idea of mean-field stress. In order to examine the applicability of the model as well as the nonlinear stretch parameter, a series of experiments on solid-filled silicone rubbers has been carried out, which included constant rate of tensile tests and creep tests. It is demonstrated that this simple, albeit approximate micromechanical modeling is capable of predicting the volume fraction dependence of the time dependent creep, with characteristic consistency with the known elastic behavior.
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Sullivan, J. L., and K. A. Mazich. "Nonseparable Behavior in Rubber Viscoelasticity." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536236.
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Abstract New large-strain rubber viscoelasticity results for a filled and an unfilled IIR vulcanizate and previously published results for two NR gum vulcanizates have been discussed. The data show that the “mixed” response functions of large-strain stress relaxation, and the incremental storage and relaxation moduli do not demonstrate factorizability of time and strain effects. This is a consequence of the elastic and relaxation contributions in each of the mixed functions being different. The incremental dynamic data also show that the loss modulus for the filled IIR and unfilled NR vulcanizates (unavailable for the unfilled IIR) are separable functions of time and strain. This directly shows that the relaxation spectra for the filled IIR and unfilled NR vulcanizates are independent of strain for the deformations studied. In fact, it is argued that a necessary and sufficient condition for the relaxation spectrum to be independent of strain is that the loss modulus is a factorizable function of time and strain effects. The quantitative success of the Generalized Solid-Liquid (GSL) model in representing the viscoelastic behavior of the gum NR vulcanizate has been reviewed. Although the GSL model applies only to unfilled vulcanizates, it has also been successfully used to qualitatively interpret the results for the filled IIR compounds. Both successes are attributed to the physical assumptions intrinsic to the GSL model; more specifically, 1) the relaxation spectrum is independent of the state of strain, and 2) the deformational dependences of elastic and relaxation contributions to the overall response of the system need not be the same. Physical arguments justifying these assumptions have been covered. It has also been shown with the aid of the GSL model, that a material might exist which demonstrates factorizability in stress relaxation and incremental loss modulus behaviors but nonfactorizability in the incremental storage and relaxation moduli.
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Chung, Kyung-Ho, and Young-Keun Hong. "Introductory behavior of rubber concrete." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 72, no. 1 (April 4, 1999): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990404)72:1<35::aid-app3>3.0.co;2-b.
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Lee, Ouk Sub, Sung Hyun Kim, and Yong Hwan Han. "Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Soft Materials at the Low Temperature Using SHPB Technique and Pulse Shaper." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1577.
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This paper presents a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB) technique to obtain compressive stress-strain data for a rubber material. An experimental technique with a modified the conventional SHPB has been developed for measuring the compressive stress strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths such as a rubber. This paper uses an aluminum pressure bar to achieve a closer impedance match between the pressure bar and the specimen materials. In addition, a pulse shaper is utilized to lengthen the rising time of the incident pulse to ensure stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation of a rubber. It is found that the modified technique can determine the dynamic deformation behavior of rubbers under various conditions such as high strain rate and low temperature effects.
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Hussain, Syeda A., and Michelle S. Hoo Fatt. "The Behavior of Carbon Black-Filled Natural Rubber under High Strain Rates3." Tire Science and Technology 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2218377.
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Abstract Tensile tests were conducted to obtain the deformation and failure characteristics of unfilled natural rubber (NR) and natural rubber with 25, 50, and 75 phr of N550 carbon black filler under quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions. The quasistatic tests were performed on an electromechanical INSTRON machine, while the dynamic test data were obtained from tensile impact experiments using a Charpy impact apparatus. In general, the modulus of the stress-extension ratio curves increases with increasing strain rate up to about 407, 367, 346, and 360 s−1 for unfilled, and 25, 50, and 75 phr for filled NR, respectively. Above these strain rates, the unfilled and filled natural rubber stress-extension ratio curves remained unchanged. The modulus increased with increasing strain rate because there was little time for stress relaxation. Above a critical strain rate, no change in modulus was observed because the time of the experiment was short compared to the lowest characteristic relaxation time of the material. Dynamic stress-extension ratio curves did not have the very sharp upturn at break, which is observed from strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber under quasistatic loading. Strain-induced crystallization appeared to be suppressed at high rates of loading. In fact, the highest dynamic tensile strength for the 25- and 50-phr carbon black-filled natural rubbers was smaller than those under quasistatic loading, while the highest dynamic tensile strength of the 75-phr carbon black-filled NR was greater than that in the static test. This indicated that high amounts of carbon black fillers will impede strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber.
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Shafranska, Olena, Dean C. Webster, Bret J. Chisholm, Sean McFarlane, and Janice Tardiff. "Modified Soybean Oil as a Processing Oil for Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Tire Tread Compounds." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.470105.
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ABSTRACT Soybean oil (SBO) was modified with polystyrene via a radical graft polymerization reaction for use as a processing oil in tire tread compounds. Poly(styrene-butadiene)/polybutadiene rubber compounds with silica and carbon black, containing different processing oils including naphthenic oil (NO), aromatic oil (AO), SBO, and polystyrene-modified SBO (SBO-PS), were formulated, vulcanized, and tested. The curing behavior, mechanical properties, and dynamic properties were investigated. The cure test results showed that all SBO-based rubbers had a shorter scorch time and cure window than the NO- and AO-based rubbers. The tensile tests demonstrated that partial and complete replacement of NO with SBO led to reduced tensile modulus but increased elongation of rubber. For the rubbers compounded with SBO-PS and with a 50/50 mixture of NO/SBO-PS, tensile strength and elongation were higher than for the NO-based rubber. The same tendency was observed when SBO-PS–based rubbers were compared with SBO- and AO-based rubbers. SBO-PS–based rubbers demonstrated better tensile properties than AO-based rubbers and far better properties than SBO-based rubbers. In the tear resistance test and durometer hardness test, SBO-PS contained rubbers that showed similar properties to NO-containing rubber. The dynamic mechanical analysis of SBO-PS–containing rubbers demonstrated that use of this compound in tire treads is expected to improve both rolling resistance and wet traction when compared with an AO-based rubber. The modification of SBO with grafted PS is a promising method of making processing oil, which can replace petroleum-based processing oils with bio-based renewable oils in tire tread compounds while improving their properties.
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Chalangaran, Navid, Alireza Farzampour, and Nima Paslar. "Nano Silica and Metakaolin Effects on the Behavior of Concrete Containing Rubber Crumbs." CivilEng 1, no. 3 (November 8, 2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030017.
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The excessive production of worn tires remaining from the transportation system and the lack of proper procedures to recycle or reuse these materials have caused critical environmental issues. Due to the rubber’s toughness, this material could be implemented to increase concrete toughness, and by crushing the tires concrete aggregates can be replaced proportionally with rubber crumbs and large quantities of scrapped rubber. However, this substitution decreases the concrete strength. In this study, crushed rubber with sizes from 1 to 3 mm and 3 to 6 mm were replaced by 5%, 10%, and 15% sand; the combination of two additives of nano silica and metakaolin additives with optimum values was used to compensate the degradation of the strength and improve the workability of the concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength, tensile behavior, and modulus of elasticity were measured and compared. The results indicate that the optimum use of nano silica and metakaolin additives could compensate the negative effects of the rubber material implementation in the concrete mixture while improving the overall workability and flowability of the concrete mixture.
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SOUZA, Ricardo, Kenji HIMENO, and Akinori KOBAYASHI. "BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT-RUBBER BINDERS FOR DIFFERENT RUBBER PARTICLES SIZE." JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING, JSCE 10 (2005): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalpe.10.241.
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Varkey, JYothi T., S. Someswara Rao, and Sabu Thomas. "Flow Behavior Of Natural Rubber/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Latex Blends." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559608000077.
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Thongseenuch, Saengchao, Wirach Taweepreda, and Krisda Suchiva. "Rheological Behavior Characterization of Natural Rubber Containing Different Gel." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.320.
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This research, natural rubber containing different gel contents were prepared by deproteinization and saponification treatment from high ammonium natural rubber latex. Deproteinization natural rubber was further treated as acetone extraction and then transesterification. It was founded that gel content and molecular weights of treated natural rubber were decreased and almost absented for transesterification treatment. Rheological respond on small amplitude oscillating shear (SAOS) and large amplitude oscillating shear (LAOS) deformation of treated natural rubber were captured by using rubber process analyzer (RPA 2000). Firs harmonic rheological properties, storage modulus, G and loss modulus, G decreased as gel content and molecular weight decreased. It was believed that gels, explicitly branching points, were destroyed after the natural rubber was deproteinized, transesterification, or saponification according to the molecular structure of natural rubber presumed by Tanaka et al, which functional groups contain protein and fatty acid are participated in branching to forming gel structure. It was concluded that gel content as the same as molecular structure of natural rubber could be characterized as rheological behavior.