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Journal articles on the topic 'RtMRI'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Martin, Joe, Matthieu Ruthven, Redha Boubertakh, and Marc E. Miquel. "Realistic Dynamic Numerical Phantom for MRI of the Upper Vocal Tract." Journal of Imaging 6, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090086.

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Dynamic and real-time MRI (rtMRI) of human speech is an active field of research, with interest from both the linguistics and clinical communities. At present, different research groups are investigating a range of rtMRI acquisition and reconstruction approaches to visualise the speech organs. Similar to other moving organs, it is difficult to create a physical phantom of the speech organs to optimise these approaches; therefore, the optimisation requires extensive scanner access and imaging of volunteers. As previously demonstrated in cardiac imaging, realistic numerical phantoms can be useful tools for optimising rtMRI approaches and reduce reliance on scanner access and imaging volunteers. However, currently, no such speech rtMRI phantom exists. In this work, a numerical phantom for optimising speech rtMRI approaches was developed and tested on different reconstruction schemes. The novel phantom comprised a dynamic image series and corresponding k-space data of a single mid-sagittal slice with a temporal resolution of 30 frames per second (fps). The phantom was developed based on images of a volunteer acquired at a frame rate of 10 fps. The creation of the numerical phantom involved the following steps: image acquisition, image enhancement, segmentation, mask optimisation, through-time and spatial interpolation and finally the derived k-space phantom. The phantom was used to: (1) test different k-space sampling schemes (Cartesian, radial and spiral); (2) create lower frame rate acquisitions by simulating segmented k-space acquisitions; (3) simulate parallel imaging reconstructions (SENSE and GRAPPA). This demonstrated how such a numerical phantom could be used to optimise images and test multiple sampling strategies without extensive scanner access.
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Sturm, A., N. Bury, L. Dengreville, J. Fagart, G. Flouriot, M. E. Rafestin-Oblin, and P. Prunet. "11-Deoxycorticosterone Is a Potent Agonist of the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Mineralocorticoid Receptor." Endocrinology 146, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0128.

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The teleost fish are thought to lack the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone but possess mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) homologs. Here we describe the characterization of two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) MRs, called rtMRa and rtMRb. The open reading frame of rtMRa cDNA encoded a protein of 1041 amino acids. The rtMRb predicted protein sequence is similar, differing in only 10 amino acids in the nonconserved A/B domain and lacking a three-amino acid insertion between the two zinc fingers of the C domain. Expression of rtMR mRNA (sum of both forms), measured in juvenile trout by real-time RT-PCR, shows that the transcripts are ubiquitous. Expression was significantly higher in brain than the other tissues studied (eye, trunk kidney, head kidney, gut, gills, liver, spleen, ovary, heart, white muscle, skin). Hormonal stimulation of receptor transactivation activity was studied in COS-7 cells transiently cotransfected with receptor cDNA and a mouse mammary tumor virus-luciferase reporter. The mineralocorticoids 11-deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone were more potent enhancers of rtMRa transcriptional activity (EC50 = 1.6 ± 0.5 × 10−10 and 1.1 ± 0.4 × 10−10m, respectively) than the glucocorticoids cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol (EC50 = 1.1 ± 0.3 × 10−9 and 3.7 ± 1.9 × 10−9m, respectively). A similar response was observed in transactivation assays with rtMRb. These results are discussed in the view of reported circulating levels of corticosteroids in trout.
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Asadiabadi, Sasan, and Engin Erzin. "Vocal Tract Contour Tracking in rtMRI Using Deep Temporal Regression Network." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 28 (2020): 3053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2020.3036182.

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Kim, Dong-Youl, Seung-Schik Yoo, Marion Tegethoff, Gunther Meinlschmidt, and Jong-Hwan Lee. "The Inclusion of Functional Connectivity Information into fMRI-based Neurofeedback Improves Its Efficacy in the Reduction of Cigarette Cravings." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 8 (August 2015): 1552–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00802.

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Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback (NF) facilitates volitional control over brain activity and the modulation of associated mental functions. The NF signals of traditional rtfMRI-NF studies predominantly reflect neuronal activity within ROIs. In this study, we describe a novel rtfMRI-NF approach that includes a functional connectivity (FC) component in the NF signal (FC-added rtfMRI-NF). We estimated the efficacy of the FC-added rtfMRI-NF method by applying it to nicotine-dependent heavy smokers in an effort to reduce cigarette craving. ACC and medial pFC as well as the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus are associated with cigarette craving and were chosen as ROIs. Fourteen heavy smokers were randomly assigned to receive one of two types of NF: traditional activity-based rtfMRI-NF or FC-added rtfMRI-NF. Participants received rtfMRI-NF training during two separate visits after overnight smoking cessation, and cigarette craving score was assessed. The FC-added rtfMRI-NF resulted in greater neuronal activity and increased FC between the targeted ROIs than the traditional activity-based rtfMRI-NF and resulted in lower craving score. In the FC-added rtfMRI-NF condition, the average of neuronal activity and FC was tightly associated with craving score (Bonferroni-corrected p = .028). However, in the activity-based rtfMRI-NF condition, no association was detected (uncorrected p > .081). Non-rtfMRI data analysis also showed enhanced neuronal activity and FC with FC-added NF than with activity-based NF. These results demonstrate that FC-added rtfMRI-NF facilitates greater volitional control over brain activity and connectivity and greater modulation of mental function than activity-based rtfMRI-NF.
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Zeng, Liangen, Haitao Li, Xin Lao, Haoyu Hu, Yonggui Wei, Chengming Li, Xinyue Yuan, Dongxu Guo, and Kexin Liu. "China’s Road Traffic Mortality Rate and Its Empirical Research from Socio-Economic Factors Based on the Tobit Model." Systems 10, no. 4 (August 13, 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10040122.

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Road transport safety is an important part of transport construction in China. China is now the world’s second-largest country for road traffic deaths. Research on the road traffic mortality rate (RTMR) in China is of great significance in promoting sustainable development in global traffic. This study analyzes the RTMR in 31 provinces in China between 2003 and 2018. Research shows that the RTMR of China demonstrated a downward trend after 2004, but it increased slightly after reaching the lowest points in 2015. The RTMR in coastal and western areas was quite high, requiring targeted management and prevention. During the study period, the RTMR in Guangdong and Tibet improved greatly, whereas the RTMR in Hubei and Guangxi deteriorated. Tobit model results show that economic development level, medical assistance level and government expenditure on health are significantly negatively correlated with RTMR, while urbanization level and motorization level significantly promote RTMR. This study provides macro policy support for improving traffic safety in China.
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Oo, Tun Zaw, Anita Habók, and Krisztián Józsa. "Qualifying Method-Centered Teaching Approaches through the Reflective Teaching Model for Reading Comprehension." Education Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 4, 2023): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13050473.

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The purpose of this study was to qualify method-centered teaching approaches by investigating the effects of the reflective teaching model for reading comprehension (RTMRC) on ninth-grade students’ English reading comprehension achievement in Myanmar. Three kinds of method-centered teaching approaches, namely reciprocal teaching, interactive teaching, and questioning, were qualified, compared, and examined while using the RTMRC. A quasi-experimental research design was used. The participants included 458 ninth-grade students, five English teachers, and 10 peer observers. Pre- and post-tests, a student questionnaire, and an observation scheme were used to assess the effectiveness of the RTMRC over 15 weeks. Structural equation modeling, Rasch analysis, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), effect size (Cohen’s d), and various descriptive statistics revealed that the teachers’ reflections on the instructional context were very effective for student reading comprehension achievement, the students appreciated interactive teaching the most, students’ achievements for the literal, inferential, and evaluative comprehension questions were the highest, and the RTMRC was more effective than other traditional teaching methods. In essence, the RTMRC can assist English language teachers in improving their students’ reading comprehension.
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Oo, Tun Zaw, Anita Habók, and Krisztián Józsa. "Empowering Educators to Sustain Reflective Teaching Practices: The Validation of Instruments." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (May 6, 2023): 7640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097640.

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This study aimed to investigate the sustainability of an instructional design utilizing the novel approach of the Reflective Teaching Model for Reading Comprehension (RTMRC), and to continuously develop and validate instruments for reflective measures to ensure the sustainable teaching of reading comprehension. The RTMRC design was featured based on two main parts: the reflective teaching process (planning, acting, reflecting and evaluating) and the reading comprehension process (reader, strategy, text and task). Then, a quasi-experiment (the pre- and post-test control group design) was conducted with 168 grade-9 students to assess the performance of the RTMRC in practice. The reflective questionnaire was also applied as an instrument to gather feedback from students about the instructional context, with the aim of supporting the sustainable reflective practices of the teacher. The reading achievement in the experimental group was evaluated and fostered using this model. Through the analyses of t-tests and Cohen’s d effect size, it was found that the experimental group teaching with RTMRC outperformed the control group without RTMRC teaching. Using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Rasch analysis and testing measurement invariance across groups, we report that the instruments were found to be valid for measuring the effect of the RTMRC in teaching reading comprehension in English Language Teaching (ELT) in a sustainable manner.
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Agyemang, Elfriede A., Andrea A. Kim, Trudy Dobbs, Innocent Zungu, Danielle Payne, Andrew D. Maher, Kathryn Curran, et al. "Performance of a novel rapid test for recent HIV infection among newly-diagnosed pregnant adolescent girls and young women in four high-HIV-prevalence districts—Malawi, 2017–2018." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0262071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262071.

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Tests for recent HIV infection (TRI) distinguish recent from long-term HIV infections using markers of antibody maturation. The limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg EIA) is widely used with HIV viral load (VL) in a recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) to improve classification of recent infection status, estimate population-level HIV incidence, and monitor trends in HIV transmission. A novel rapid test for recent HIV infection (RTRI), Asanté™, can determine HIV serostatus and HIV recency within minutes on a lateral flow device through visual assessment of test strip or reader device. We conducted a field-based laboratory evaluation of the RTRI among pregnant adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) attending antenatal clinics (ANC) in Malawi.We enrolled pregnant AGYW aged <25 years testing HIV-positive for the first time at their first ANC visit from 121 ANCs in four high-HIV burden districts. Consenting participants provided blood for recency testing using LAg EIA and RTRI, which were tested in central laboratories. Specimens with LAg EIA normalized optical density values ≤2.0 were classified as probable recent infections. RTRI results were based on: (1) visual assessment: presence of a long-term line (LT) indicating non-recent infection and absence of the line indicating recent infection; or (2) a reader; specimens with LT line intensity units <3.0 were classified as probable recent infections. VL was measured for specimens classified as a probable recent infections by either assay; those with HIV-1 RNA ≥1,000 copies/mL were classified as confirmed recent infections. We evaluated the performance of the RTRI by calculating correlation between RTRI and LAg EIA results, and percent agreement and kappa between RTRI and LAg EIA RITA results.Between November 2017 to June 2018, 380 specimens were available for RTRI evaluation; 376 (98.9%) were confirmed HIV-positive on RTRI. Spearman’s rho between RTRI and LAg EIA was 0.72 indicating strong correlation. Percent agreement and kappa between RTRI- and LAg EIA-based RITAs were >90% and >0.65 respectively indicating substantial agreement between the RITAs.This was the first field evaluation of an RTRI in sub-Saharan Africa, which demonstrated good performance of the assay and feasibility of integrating RTRI into routine HIV testing services for real-time surveillance of recent HIV infection.
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Gao, Hui, Huan Zhang, Linyuan Wang, Chi Zhang, Zhiyuan Feng, Zhonglin Li, Li Tong, Bin Yan, and Guoen Hu. "Altered amygdala functional connectivity after real-time functional MRI emotion self-regulation training." NeuroReport 34, no. 11 (June 7, 2023): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000001921.

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Real-time functional MRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF) is a noninvasive technique that extracts concurrent brain states and provides feedback to subjects in an online method. Our study aims to investigate the effect of rtfMRI-NF on amygdala-based emotion self-regulation by analyzing resting-state functional connectivity. We conducted a task experiment to train subjects in self-regulating amygdala activity in response to emotional stimuli. Twenty subjects were divided into two groups. The up-regulate group (URG) viewed positive stimulus, while the down-regulate group (DRG) viewed negative stimulus. The rtfMRI-NF experiment paradigm consisted of three conditions. The URG’s percent amplitude fluctuation (PerAF) scores are significant, indicating that positive emotions may be a partial side effect, with increased activity in the left hemisphere. Resting-state functional connectivity was analyzed via a paired-sample t-test before and after neurofeedback training. Brain network properties and functional connectivity analysis showed a significant difference between the default mode network (DMN) and the brain region associated with the limbic system. These results reveal to some extent the mechanism of neurofeedback training to improve individuals’ emotional regulate regulation ability. Our study has shown that rtfMRI-neurofeedback training can effectively enhance the ability to voluntarily control brain responses. Furthermore, the results of the functional analysis have revealed distinct changes in the amygdala functional connectivity circuits following rtfMRI-neurofeedback training. These findings may suggest the potential clinical applications of rtfMRI-neurofeedback as a new therapy for emotionally related mental disorders.
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Li, Zhonglin, Li Tong, Min Guan, Wenjie He, Linyuan Wang, Haibin Bu, Dapeng Shi, and Bin Yan. "Altered Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity after Real-Time fMRI Emotion Self-Regulation Training." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2719895.

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Real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) is a promising tool for enhancing emotion regulation capability of subjects and for the potential alleviation of neuropsychiatric disorders. The amygdala is composed of structurally and functionally distinct nuclei, such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and centromedial amygdala (CMA), both of which are involved in emotion processing, generation, and regulation. However, the effect of rtfMRI-nf on the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of BLA and CMA remains to be elucidated. In our study, participants were provided with ongoing information on their emotion states by using real-time multivariate voxel pattern analysis. Results showed that participants presented significantly increased rsFC of BLA and CMA with prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and some others related to emotion after rtfMRI-nf training. The findings provide important evidence for the emotion regulation effectiveness of rtfMRI-nf training and indicate its usefulness as a tool for the self-regulation of emotion.
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Bruhl, A. B. "Making Sense of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rtfMRI) and rtfMRI Neurofeedback." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 18, no. 6 (February 25, 2015): pyv020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv020.

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12

Kirschner, M. "Self-regulation of the Dopaminergic Reward System Via Real Time fmri Neurofeedback in Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.041.

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IntroductionAlterations in the mesolimbic dopamine system play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, little is known about potential disturbance in endogenous regulation of neural activity due to cognitive control. Recent research on real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) revealed a novel method to stimulate the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), using positive mental imagery. Importantly, this self-regulation ability could be improved with rtfMRI neurofeedback. For the first time, we applied this innovative method in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) to investigate potential alterations in endogenous regulation of the reward system.Methods14 (SZ) and 14 healthy controls (HC) were included in this ongoing study. Participants performed a rtfMRI task with abstract visual feedback of neural activity in the SN/VTA. In the active condition, we instructed participants to voluntary up-regulate SN/VTA activity by recalling rewarding scenes. Neurofeedback learning was correlated with the self-reported negative symptoms.ResultsIn contrast to HC, SZ were not able to actively self-regulate SN/VTA activity. Furthermore, they failed to improve self-regulation with rtFMRI neurofeedback. Importantly, impaired neurofeedback learning was associated with negative symptoms, in particular diminished expression.DiscussionOur preliminary results show that self-regulation of SN/VTA activity is impaired in SZ. Although neurofeedback training improves self-regulation using positive mental imagery in HC, this method might not be suitable as a potential treatment strategy in SZ. The present findings provide new insights to the to the association between negative symptoms and dopaminergic dysfunction and highlight the strengths and limitation for the use of rtfMRI neurofeedback in schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Humpston, Clara, Jane Garrison, Natasza Orlov, André Aleman, Renaud Jardri, Charles Fernyhough, and Paul Allen. "Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for the Relief of Distressing Auditory-Verbal Hallucinations: Methodological and Empirical Advances." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 6 (August 2, 2020): 1409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa103.

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Abstract Auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVH) are often associated with high levels of distress and disability in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. In around 30% of individuals with distressing AVH and diagnosed with schizophrenia, traditional antipsychotic drugs have little or no effect. Thus, it is important to develop mechanistic models of AVH to inform new treatments. Recently a small number of studies have begun to explore the use of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF) for the treatment of AVH in individuals with schizophrenia. rtfMRI-NF protocols have been developed to provide feedback about brain activation in real time to enable participants to progressively achieve voluntary control over their brain activity. We offer a conceptual review of the background and general features of neurofeedback procedures before summarizing and evaluating existing mechanistic models of AVH to identify feasible neural targets for the application of rtfMRI-NF as a potential treatment. We consider methodological issues, including the choice of localizers and practicalities in logistics when setting up neurofeedback procedures in a clinical setting. We discuss clinical considerations relating to the use of rtfMRI-NF for AVH in individuals distressed by their experiences and put forward a number of questions and recommendations about best practice. Lastly, we conclude by offering suggestions for new avenues for neurofeedback methodology and mechanistic targets in relation to the research and treatment of AVH.
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Msukwa, Malango T., Ellen W. MacLachlan, Salem T. Gugsa, Joe Theu, Ireen Namakhoma, Fred Bangara, Christopher L. Blair, et al. "Characterising persons diagnosed with HIV as either recent or long-term using a cross-sectional analysis of recent infection surveillance data collected in Malawi from September 2019 to March 2020." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e064707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064707.

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ObjectivesIn Malawi, a recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) is used to characterise infections of persons newly diagnosed with HIV as recent or long term. This paper shares results from recent HIV infection surveillance and describes distribution and predictors.SettingData from 155 health facilities in 11 districts in Malawi were pooled from September 2019 to March 2020.ParticipantsEligible participants were ≥13 years, and newly diagnosed with HIV. Clients had RITA recent infections if the rapid test for recent infection (RTRI) test result was recent and viral load (VL) ≥1000 copies/mL; if VL was <1000 copies/mL the RTRI result was reclassified as long-term. Results were stratified by age, sex, pregnancy/breastfeeding status and district.Results13 838 persons consented to RTRI testing and 12 703 had valid RTRI test results and VL results after excluding clients not newly HIV-positive, RTRI negative or missing data (n=1135). A total of 12 365 of the 12 703 were included in the analysis after excluding those whose RTRI results were reclassified as long term (n=338/784 or 43.1%). The remainder, 446/12 703 or 3.5%, met the definition of RITA recent infection. The highest percentage of recent infections was among breastfeeding women (crude OR (COR) 3.2; 95% CI 2.0 to 5.0), young people aged 15–24 years (COR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 1.9) and persons who reported a negative HIV test within the past 12 months (COR 3.3; 95% CI 2.6 to 4.2). Factors associated with recent infection in multivariable analysis included being a non-pregnant female (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8), a breastfeeding female (AOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.4 to 3.5), aged 15–24 years (AOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 1.9) and residents of Machinga (AOR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.5) and Mzimba (AOR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.5) districts.ConclusionsMalawi’s recent HIV infection surveillance system demonstrated high uptake and identified sub-populations of new HIV diagnoses with a higher percentage of recent infections.
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Maywald, Maximilian, Marco Paolini, Boris Stephan Rauchmann, Christian Gerz, Jan Lars Heppe, Annika Wolf, Linda Lerchenberger, et al. "Individual- and Connectivity-Based Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback to Modulate Emotion-Related Brain Responses in Patients with Depression: A Pilot Study." Brain Sciences 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121714.

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Introduction: Individual real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI NF) might be a promising adjuvant in treating depressive symptoms. Further studies showed functional variations and connectivity-related changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the insular cortex. Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether individualized connectivity-based rtfMRI NF training can improve symptoms in depressed patients as an adjunct to a psychotherapeutic programme. The novel strategy chosen for this was to increase connectivity between individualized regions of interest, namely the insula and the dlPFC. Methods: Sixteen patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD, ICD-10) and 19 matched healthy controls (HC) participated in a rtfMRI NF training consisting of two sessions with three runs each, within an interval of one week. RtfMRI NF was applied during a sequence of negative emotional pictures to modulate the connectivity between the dlPFC and the insula. The MDD REAL group was divided into a Responder and a Non-Responder group. Patients with an increased connectivity during the second NF session or during both the first and the second NF session were identified as “MDD REAL Responder” (N = 6). Patients that did not show any increase in connectivity and/or a decreased connectivity were identified as “MDD REAL Non-Responder” (N = 7). Results: Before the rtfMRI sessions, patients with MDD showed higher neural activation levels in ventromedial PFC and the insula than HC; by contrast, HC revealed increased hemodynamic activity in visual processing areas (primary visual cortex and visual association cortex) compared to patients with MDD. The comparison of hemodynamic responses during the first compared to during the last NF session demonstrated significantly increased BOLD-activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) in patients and HC, and additionally in the lateral OFC in patients with MDD. These findings were particularly due to the MDD Responder group, as the MDD Non-Responder group showed no increase in this region during the last NF run. There was a decrease of neural activation in emotional processing brain regions in both groups in the last NF run compared to the first: HC showed differences in the insula, parahippocampal gyrus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. Patients with MDD demonstrated deceased responses in the parahippocampal gyrus. There was no significant reduction of BDI scores after NF training in patients. Conclusions: Increased neural activation in the insula and vmPFC in MDD suggests an increased emotional reaction in patients with MDD. The activation of the mOFC could be associated with improved control-strategies and association-learning processes. The increased lOFC activation could indicate a stronger sensitivity to failed NF attempts in MDD. A stronger involvement of visual processing areas in HC may indicate better adaptation to negative emotional stimuli after repeated presentation. Overall, the rtfMRI NF had an impact on neurobiological mechanisms, but not on psychometric measures in patients with MDD.
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Doly, Denico. "STATUS KELEMBAGAAN RTRI DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM." Jurnal Komunikasi 7, no. 2 (April 16, 2013): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol7.iss2.art3.

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KOANA, Takao. "Biological Science at RTRI -Retrospective and Perspective-." Quarterly Report of RTRI 43, no. 1 (2002): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.43.5.

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Robinson-Zañartu, Carol, Nancy Mendoza, Diana Rosa Mesa, and James Derek Wager. "Response to mediated intervention: Dynamic assessment in context." Educational and Child Psychology 34, no. 1 (March 2017): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2017.34.1.39.

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Aim:This study demonstrates the usefulness of the Response to Mediated Intervention (RTMI) process, in which sociocultural contexts, dynamic assessment, evidence-based interventions and student responsiveness intersect. Recommendations useful to both teachers and students result. The process is strength-based, and uses an asset-oriented mindset.Method/Rationale:Using multiple baseline single case design methodology, effect sizes were calculated to determine outcome effectiveness in 11 case studies. Goal Attainment Scales (GAS) tracked cognitive integration. Assessors used dynamic cognitive assessment findings along with student contexts to create meaningful transfer of thinking skills to academic areas of concern. Modifiable cognitive skills were linked to evidence-based interventions for a minimum of six sessions.Findings:ES calculations demonstrated a range of effects across cases, from none to large, with the vast majority in the medium to large effect size range. All GAS measures of cognitive skill integration demonstrated positive trends. Social validity measures affirmed the value to students and teachers.Limitations:Due to the nature of single case design, one cannot generalise effectiveness of each intervention to the larger population. However, the RTMI process used successfully across multiple cases suggests that the process rather than each intervention might be generalised.Conclusions:Used in an ecosystems context, RTMI shows great promise for helping accelerate academic outcomes for students with education challenges who are not making sufficient progress with academic intervention alone. Attending to student thinking processes facilitates transfer.
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Venkataraman, Yegnanarayanan. "Note on Neurofeedback of Patients of Insomnia." Neurology & Neurotherapy Open Access Journal 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/nnoaj-16000168.

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FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is meant for measuring the blood oxygenation level based signal in the brain. It is a quantity that comes from various physiological and biophysical sources and denotes to neural activity a vascular coupling. FMRI has particular preference over other neuroimaging non-invasive methods like electroencephalographic recordings (EEG). rtfMRI, (real time fmri) is a process that adopts functional counsel from a MRI scanner where the fMRI keep runs to data acquisition. Currently, rtfMRI is applied to intraoperative surgical guidance, brain–computer interfaces , and neurofeedback. Insomnia is a disorder in sleep that constantly affects several crores of people worldwide. People with insomnia finds it hard to go to asleep or remain asleep. Using rest-state functional connectivity depending on variations in certain regions of interest in brain one can examine connectivity alterations on patients of insomnia.. In this paper, we have reported on the findings of Huan Zhang et al’s approach concerning rt-fMRI (real-time functional magnetic resonance neurofeedback) therapy for training for patients of insomnia.
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NOZUE, Michiko, and Akihiko MATSUOKA. "Development of Railway Technical Information System in RTRI." Journal of Information Processing and Management 42, no. 11 (2000): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1241/johokanri.42.925.

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Subramanian, Leena, Leon Skottnik, W. Miles Cox, Michael Lührs, Rachel McNamara, Kerry Hood, Gareth Watson, et al. "Neurofeedback Training versus Treatment-as-Usual for Alcohol Dependence: Results of an Early-Phase Randomized Controlled Trial and Neuroimaging Correlates." European Addiction Research 27, no. 5 (2021): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513448.

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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Alcohol dependence is one of the most common substance use disorders, and novel treatment options are urgently needed. Neurofeedback training (NFT) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtf­MRI) has emerged as an attractive candidate for add-on treatments in psychiatry, but its use in alcohol dependence has not been formally investigated in a clinical trial. We investigated the use of rtfMRI-based NFT to prevent relapse in alcohol dependence. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Fifty-two alcohol-dependent patients from the UK who had completed a detoxification program were randomly assigned to a treatment group (receiving rtfMRI NFT in addition to standard care) or the control group (receiving standard care only). At baseline, alcohol consumption was assessed as the primary outcome measure and a variety of psychological, behavioral, and neural parameters as secondary outcome measures to determine feasibility and secondary training effects. Participants in the treatment group underwent 6 NFT sessions over 4 months and were trained to downregulate their brain activation in the salience network in the presence of alcohol stimuli and to upregulate frontal activation in response to pictures related to positive goals. Four, 8, and 12 months after baseline assessment, both groups were followed up with a battery of clinical and psychometric tests. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Primary outcome measures showed very low relapse rates for both groups. Analysis of neural secondary outcome measures indicated that the majority of patients modulated the salience system in the desired directions, by decreasing activity in response to alcohol stimuli and increasing activation in response to positive goals. The intervention had a good safety and acceptability profile. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We demonstrated that rtfMRI-neurofeedback targeting hyperactivity of the salience network in response to alcohol cues is feasible in currently abstinent patients with alcohol dependence.
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Long, Zhiying, Zhaoxi Guo, Zhitao Guo, Hang Zhang, and Li Yao. "Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity Changes Associated with fMRI Neurofeedback of Right Premotor Cortex." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050582.

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Neurofeedback of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) can enable people to self-regulate motor-related brain regions and lead to alteration of motor performance and functional connectivity (FC) underlying motor execution tasks. Numerous studies suggest that FCs dynamically fluctuate over time. However, little is known about the impact of neurofeedback training of the motor-related region on the dynamic characteristics of FC underlying motor execution tasks. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of self-regulation of the right premotor area (PMA) on the underlying dynamic functional network connectivity (DFNC) of motor execution (ME) tasks and reveal the relationship between DFNC, training effect, and motor performance. The results indicate that the experimental group spent less time on state 2, with overall weak connections, and more time on state 6, having strong positive connections between motor-related networks than the control group after the training. For the experimental group’s state 2, the mean dwell time after the training showed negative correlation with the tapping frequency and the amount of upregulation of PMA. The findings show that rtfMRI neurofeedback can change the temporal properties of DFNC, and the DFNC changes in state with overall weak connections were associated with the training effect and the improvement in motor performance.
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Penagaricano, J. A., E. G. Moros, P. M. Corry, and V. Ratanatharathorn. "Feasibility of TBI with Simultaneous Red Marrow Boost (rTMI)." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 81, no. 2 (October 2011): S893—S894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1601.

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MURATA, Osamu. "Overview of Recent Structure Technology R&D at RTRI." Quarterly Report of RTRI 44, no. 4 (2003): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.44.133.

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Phonnamin, Daree, Pornrith Pisuttiman, and Sirintorn Mahem. "Classification of recent and long-term infection among high-risk individuals using HIV-1 rapid recency testing." Journal of Associated Medical Sciences 56, no. 2 (May 3, 2023): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/jams.2023.040.

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Background: HIV prevention with a significant reduction of new infections is important for epidemic control strategies. Antibody-based tests for recent infection (TRI) that can help distinguish recent from long-term HIV infection have been used since the mid-1990s to estimate population-level HIV incidence. Because the tests are done centrally, test results are not available to providers immediately. Point of care rapid testing for recent HIV infection (RTRI) was used for distinguishing recent from long-term status and estimated HIV incidence for preventing HIV infection. The usefulness of RTRI for recent HIV infection detection can be accelerated prevention of HIV infection transmission. Objectives: To demonstrate RTRI assay utility to distinguish recent from long-term HIV infection among high-risk individuals. Materials and methods: Between September and October 2022, HIV seropositive plasma samples of a high-risk group (N=90) and HIV-negative group (N=90) were collected from the outpatient department of Khon Kaen Hospital. All Specimens were tested by AsanteTM Rapid Recency Assay (ARRA) and classified as negative, recent and long-term infection based on the presence or absence of specific lines (control line [CL], Positive verification line [PVL] and Long-term line ([TL]) by visual reading. Results: Among 90 HIV seropositive plasma samples, 14.4% (13/90) were recent HIV infection and 84.4% (76/90) were long-term HIV infection. There were no significant differences between recent and long-term infections among men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TG), heterosexuals and sex workers. Most of recently infected HIV patients were the MSM/TG group (53.9%, 7/13) and patients aged between 18 and 25 years old (76.9%, 10/13). CD4 count among recent cases was 396.7±278.4 cells/mm3 . ARRA performance has resulted in a sensitivity of 98.89% (95% CI: 93.96-99.97) and specificity of 100.00% (95% CI: 95.98-100.00). Conclusion: ARRA performance showed excellent agreement with high sensitivity and specificity to comparing with a standard algorithm for HIV diagnosis. Its ability to classify new infections is crucial in HIV intervention and prevention strategies.
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Compère, Laurie, Greg J. Siegle, Emily Riley, Sair Lazzaro, Marlene Strege, Elizabeth Pacoe, Gia Canovali, Scott Barb, Theodore Huppert, and Kymberly Young. "Enhanced efficacy of CBT following augmentation with amygdala rtfMRI neurofeedback in depression." Journal of Affective Disorders 339 (October 2023): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.063.

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Cosmin, V. V. "Japanese Railways: research and development." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 1, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2020.4.339-344.

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The main directions of scientific and applied work carried out for the railways of Japan, the tasks facing the country’s railway transport, as well as the main guidelines of the new five-year plan for scientific research of the Scientific Research Railway Institute of Japan developed in Japan are investigated. Much attention is paid to digitalization as a key problem in the development of the country’s railways in the near and long term. The objects of digitalization on the railways of Japan are presented. The main scientific research for the Japanese railways is carried out by the Research Institute of Railway Transport (RTRI), whose researchers are united in 17 departments and, in addition to deep theoretical research, have a powerful and developed experimental base consisting of four test centers. RTRI’s objectives are to intensify research and development work to improve rail safety, technology and operations, taking into account customer needs and social change; developing professional knowledge in all aspects of railways to meet the challenges faced by railways, using advanced scientific knowledge; mastering advanced technologies in relation to the needs of Japanese railways and reaching a leading position in the world. The primary principles of RTRI research activities for the coming period are considered.
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Eckstein, Monika, Anna-Lena Zietlow, Martin Fungisai Gerchen, Mike Michael Schmitgen, Sarah Ashcroft-Jones, Peter Kirsch, and Beate Ditzen. "The NeMo real-time fMRI neurofeedback study: protocol of a randomised controlled clinical intervention trial in the neural foundations of mother–infant bonding." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e027747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027747.

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IntroductionMost mothers feel an immediate, strong emotional bond with their newborn. On a neurobiological level, this is accompanied with the activation of the brain reward systems, including the striatum. However, approximately 10% of all mothers report difficulties to bond emotionally with their infant and display impaired reward responses to the interaction with their infant which might have long-term negative effects for the child’s development. As previous studies suggest that activation of the striatal reward system can be regulated through functional MRI (fMRI)-based neurofeedback (NFB), we have designed and investigate fMRI-NFB training to treat maternal bonding difficulties.Methods and analysisIn the planned trial, mothers will be presented pictures of their infant and real-time fMRI (rtfMRI), peripheral measures, neural, endocrine, psychophysiological and behavioural measures will be assessed. Mothers with bonding difficulties (n=68) will be randomised to one of two double-blind intervention groups at 4–6 months postpartum. They will participate in three repeated NFB training sessions with rtfMRI-NFB training to increase activation of (a) the ventral striatum or (b) the anterior cingulate. Interview data and real-time mother–infant interaction behaviour pre-intervention, post-intervention and at follow-up will serve as clinical outcome measures.Ethics and disseminationStudy procedures are in line with the recommendations of the World Medical Association (revised Declaration of Helsinki) and were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, s-450/2017, Heidelberg University. All participants will provide written informed consent after receiving a detailed oral and written explanation of all procedures and can withdraw their consent at any time without negative consequence. Results will be internationally published and disseminated, to further the discussion on non-pharmacological treatment options in complex mental disorders.Trial registration numberDRKS00014570; Pre-results.
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Muralidhar, M., Y. Fukumoto, A. Ishihara, K. Suzuki, M. Tomita, M. R. Koblischka, A. Yamamoto, and K. Kishio. "Recent developments in melt processed Gd-123 and MgB2 materials at RTRI." Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications 496 (January 2014): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2013.05.029.

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Kham Murng, Sai Hurng, William Egner, Anna Shrimpton, and Ravishankar B. Sargur. "Using Omega-5 Gliadin ( rTri a 19) in the Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 131, no. 2 (February 2013): AB214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1434.

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31

deCharms, Christopher. "Controlling patterned brain activation using real time fMRI (rtfMRI) with resultant changes in behavior." Neuroscience Research 65 (January 2009): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1571.

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32

Ralaizafisoloarivony, Njaka, Aurore Degré, Benoît Mercatoris, Angélique Léonard, Dominique Toye, and Robert Charlier. "A First Insight on the Interaction between Desiccation Cracking and Water Transfer in a Luvisol of Belgium." Soil Systems 5, no. 4 (October 18, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5040064.

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The present paper presents the interactions between water retention/evaporation and cracking during the desiccation of intact and disturbed Belgian Luvisol. The disturbed (DS) and undisturbed (NDS) samples (reduced-tillage-residue-in (RTRI) and conventional-tillage-residue-out (CTRO)) were collected from an agricultural field in Gembloux, Wallonia, Belgium. The drying experiment took place in controlled laboratory conditions at 25 °C. Moisture content, soil suction and surface cracks were monitored with a precision balance, a tensiometer and a digital camera, respectively. The image processing and analysis were performed using PCAS® and ImageJ® software. The results showed that crack formation was initiated at a stronger negative suction and a lower water content (Wc) in DS > CTRO > RTRI. The suction and the crack propagation were positively correlated until 300 kPa for the DS and far beyond the wilting point for the NDS. For the NDS, the cracking accelerated after reaching the critical water content (~20% Wc) which arrived at the end of the plateau of evaporation (40 h after crack initiation). The Krischer curve revealed that the soil pore size > 50 µm, and that it is likely that cracks are important parameters for soil permeability. The soil structure and soil fibre content could influence the crack formation dynamic during drying. The agricultural tillage management also influences the crack propagation. As retention and conductivity functions are affected by cracks, it is likely that the movement of fluids in the soil will also be affected by the cracks following a desiccation period (i.e., when the cracked soil is rewetted).
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Butt, Muhammad A., Muhammad Shahbaz, Łukasz Kozłowski, Andrzej Kaźmierczak, and Ryszard Piramidowicz. "Silica-Titania Integrated Photonics Platform-Based 1 × 2 Demultiplexer Utilizing Two Serially Cascaded Racetrack Microrings for 1310 nm and 1550 nm Telecommunication Wavelengths." Photonics 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020208.

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Herein, a numerical analysis of a 1 × 2 demultiplexer based on a silica-titania integrated photonics platform is conducted via the finite element method. The structure is composed of two coupled racetrack microrings (RTMRs) and a subwavelength grating (SWG) structure for the demultiplexing of 1310 nm and 1550 nm telecommunication wavelengths. The material platform selected for this design is highly attractive due to its refined optical, physical, and chemical properties. Moreover, silica-titania sol-gel thin-films can be deposited on glass substrates with the dip-coating method. The proposed device has a small footprint of 84 × 125 μm2 and offers crosstalk as low as ~−6.6 dB and ~−9.04 dB for 1550 nm and 1310 nm, respectively. We are convinced that this study promotes the use of the silica-titania platform for the development of low-cost on-chip optical communication devices for signal multiplexing and demultiplexing.
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Choi, Young-Hown, Bong-Hee Jang, Jung-hyun Kim, and Tae-Gyu Lee. "A Study on Earthquake Loading to Secure Safety During Railway Bridge Construction." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.1.173.

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Railway bridges are widely built based on the national railway network and maintenance plans. As in the case of an earthquake in Pohang, the seismic safety of constructions in Korea is very important in the prevention of disasters. Therefore, the cases of damage caused by earthquakes and additional horizontal forces during bridge superstructure constructions were investigated among domestic and foreign earthquakes, and the details of overseas related design standards were confirmed. The horizontal forces based on the domestic seismic design standard (KDS 24 17 10: 2016) on the PSC beam, PSC box, steel box, and wind load were compared with the design codes based on the Eurocode 8 (Part 2), Japan Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI), Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), and East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
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MURONO, Yoshitaka, and Koichi GOTO. "Outline of the "2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake" and Related Activities of RTRI." Quarterly Report of RTRI 52, no. 4 (2011): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.52.193.

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36

ISHIGE, Makoto. "<b>Research and Development Trends Related to Vehicle Technology at RTRI</b>." Quarterly Report of RTRI 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2023): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.64.3_153.

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37

Uda, Toki, and Mariko Akutsu. "Sound source distribution of high-speed trains and reduction of aerodynamic bogie noise." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (February 1, 2023): 3709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0521.

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When the Shinkansen train runs at a high speed more than 300 km/h, the contribution ratio of the aerodynamic noise generated from bogies to the total wayside noise is as large as 30%. This is because the aerodynamic noise is proportional to the 6th power of the train velocity. RTRI has designed and made a large new microphone array with a diameter of 3m easy to install in the wayside of the railway. By applying the latest deconvolution algorithm to improve the spatial resolution of sound sources, it was found that the most prominent noise sources distribute around the train nose, pantographs and bogies. Because Japanese environmental standards impose to evaluate the A-weighted maximum noise level at the point 25m apart from the nearest truck after applying time-weighting, S, the aerodynamic bogie noise needs to be reduced. For this reason, we conducted a wind tunnel test to develop countermeasures to reduce aerodynamic bogie noise. As a result, several measures are found to be effective.
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SUZUKI, Mitsugi, Shinichi KODAMA, Takayuki TANAKA, Yasuhiro UMEHARA, Shogo KAMOSHITA, and Takefumi MIYAMOTO. "Evaluation of Performance of Bogie to Control Decrement in Wheel Load Using the RTRI Test Line." Quarterly Report of RTRI 57, no. 4 (2016): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.57.4_300.

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NAGAKURA, Kiyoshi. "Erratum：Recent Studies on Wayside Environmental Problems [Quarterly Report of RTRI Vol.58, No.2, Page 88-92] ." Quarterly Report of RTRI 58, no. 3 (2017): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.58.3_248.

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WADA, Kazunori, Kohei IIDA, Akihiro TOYOOKA, and Yoshitaka MURONO. "Erratum：Evaluation of the Damping Properties of Railway Structures [Quarterly Report of RTRI Vol.58, No.1, Page 72]." Quarterly Report of RTRI 58, no. 2 (2017): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.58.2_165.

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MURAMOTO, Katsumi. "Development Status of International Standards on the Rail Track and the Trend of the Related Research of RTRI." Quarterly Report of RTRI 59, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.59.3_155.

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42

Seoane-Rodriguez, Marta, María Elisa Caralli, Cristina Morales-Cabeza, Sarah Micozzi, Manuel De Barrio-Fernández, and Patricia Rojas Pérez-Ezquerra. "Anafilaxia dependiente de cereales inducida por ejercicio." Revista Alergia México 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29262/ram.v63i1.154.

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La anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio dependiente de trigo (WDEIA por sus siglas en inglés de wheat-dependent-exercise-induced-anaphylaxis) es una entidad cada vez más frecuente. La detección de IgE frente a omega-5-gliadina in vitro se usa como método diagnóstico, pero la provocación oral controlada simple ciego (POC) con el alimento, junto con la realización de ejercicio físico, es el método diagnóstico patrón de referencia. Se comunica el caso de una paciente de 38 años de edad, con antecedente de episodios de anafilaxia relacionados con la ingestión de alimentos y la realización de actividad física. Se realizó un estudio alergológico. Las pruebas cutáneas fueron positivas a harina de trigo, cebada y centeno. IgE total: 238.0 kU/L, IgE específica positiva (mayor de 100 kU/L) a trigo, cebada, centeno y negativa a rTri-a-19omega-5 gliadina. La provocación oral controlada con pan de trigo y ejercicio físico fue positiva. En este caso con anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio dependiente de trigo sin sensibilización a omega-5 gliadina la ausencia de IgE frente gamma, alfa, beta y omega-gliadina no excluiría el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad.
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Ukleja-Sokołowska, Natalia, Robert Zacniewski, Ewa Gawrońska-Ukleja, Magdalena Żbikowska-Gotz, Kinga Lis, Łukasz Sokołowski, Rafał Adamczak, and Zbigniew Bartuzi. "Food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis in a patient allergic to peach." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 32 (January 2018): 205873841880315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058738418803154.

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Determining the single factor that triggered anaphylactic shock can be challenging. We present an interesting case of a 25-year-old female patient with recurrent anaphylactic reactions developing after eating various foods, particularly in presence of co-factors of allergic reactions. Symptoms occurred after consumption of various kinds of foods – peach, pancakes with cottage cheese and fruit, a meal from a Chinese restaurant – all eaten on other occasions without symptoms. During diagnosis, skin prick tests were negative for all tested allergen extracts (both inhalatory and food) from Allergopharma. Prick by prick tests were positive for the peach – wheal diameter – 6 mm, nectarine – 4 mm (histamine 4 mm, negative control 0 mm). Increased levels of asIgE were found for allergens of peach (0.55 kU/L).Open challenge test with one mid-size peach combined with the physical exercise challenge test was positive. ImmunoCAP ISAC test indicated increased levels of IgE specific for the lipid transfer protein (LTP) for walnut (nJug r 3), peach (Pru p 3), wheat (rTri a 14) and plane tree (rPla a 3). The patient was diagnosed with food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis associated with an allergy to lipid transport proteins (LTPs).
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Yu, Xiaoqian, Zsofia Cohen, Aki Tsuchiyagaito, Gabriella Cochran, Robin Aupperle, Jennifer Stewart, Manpreet Singh, et al. "Neurofeedback-Augmented Mindfulness Training Elicits Distinct Responses in the Subregions of the Insular Cortex in Healthy Adolescents." Brain Sciences 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030363.

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Mindfulness training (MT) reduces self-referential processing and promotes interoception, the perception of sensations from inside the body, by increasing one’s awareness of and regulating responses to them. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the insular cortex (INS) are considered hubs for self-referential processing and interoception, respectively. Although MT has been consistently found to decrease PCC, little is known about how MT relates to INS activity. Understanding links between mindfulness and interoception may be particularly important for informing mental health in adolescence, when neuroplasticity and emergence of psychopathology are heightened. We examined INS activity during real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback-augmented mindfulness training (NAMT) targeting the PCC. Healthy adolescents (N = 37; 16 female) completed the NAMT task, including Focus-on-Breath (MT), Describe (self-referential processing), and Rest conditions, across three neurofeedback runs and two non-neurofeedback runs (Observe, Transfer). Regression coefficients estimated from the generalized linear model were extracted from three INS subregions: anterior (aINS), mid (mINS), and posterior (pINS). Mixed model analyses revealed the main effect of run for Focus-on-Breath vs. Describe contrast in aINS [R2 = 0.39] and pINS [R2 = 0.33], but not mINS [R2 = 0.34]. Post hoc analyses revealed greater aINS activity and reduced pINS activity during neurofeedback runs, and such activities were related to lower self-reported life satisfaction and less pain behavior, respectively. These findings revealed the specific involvement of insula subregions in rtfMRI-nf MT.
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HASEGAWA, Atsushi, and Takehiro OHTA. "Erratum：Assessment of the Incidence of Landslides Using Numerical Information[Quarterly Report of RTRI Vol.54, No.2 Page 79-84] ." Quarterly Report of RTRI 54, no. 3 (2013): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.54.3_e1.

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YAMASHITA, Chikara, Takuya OHARA, and Shigeyuki KOBAYASHI. "Erratum：Measures for Fatigue Damage Reduction in Electrical OCL Connections[Quarterly Report of RTRI Vol.60, No.1, Page 22-27]." Quarterly Report of RTRI 60, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.60.2_152.

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47

Ritu Vasu, Primlani, and Jeswani Hansa. "Killing from Both Ends: A Re-Definition of Road Traffic Mortality." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.1.1.

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The metric of Road Traffic Mortality (RTM) is important: it is indicative of road safety, and is used to inform policy. Hitherto RTM is considered to be caused through collision or impact, or the “front” end of the vehicle. Mortality and morbidity arising from the “back” end of the vehicle, i.e., through tailpipe emissions, tends not to be included in the definition, or in the metric of RTM. Additionally, despite its widespread usage globally, RTM seems to lack a universal or standard definition. RTM is currently used interchangeably with about ten other acronyms. This lack of standard definition along with the exclusion of TRAP may underestimate the true mortality and morbidity arising from vehicular traffic. Further, the exclusion of mortality due to TRAP from RTM may relieve public policy from addressing this public health and climate change issue. A standardized definition of RTM is proposed in this paper. We are recommending the inclusion of exposure-related mortality and morbidity into RTM. To that end, the bifurcation of the definition of RTM into RTMi (Impact-related RTM) and RTMe (exposure-related RTM, such as through air or noise pollution) is proposed. This inclusion of RTMe into the metric of RTM might provide a legislative domicile for exposure-related mortality, advise policy change, and serve the dual purpose of strengthening climate policy efforts while bolstering public health.
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Dickerson, Kathryn, Katherine E. MacDuffie, Jeff MacInnes, Kari M. Eddington, Timothy J. Strauman, and R. Alison Adcock. "2128 Using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback as a tool for demonstrating therapeutic efficacy in cognitive behavioral therapy." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.147.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The purpose of this study was to provide individuals who have experience with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with a demonstration of how using their therapeutic strategies affects their brain activity. Two challenges that face CBT and other cognitive therapies are (1) sustaining the gradual, incremental behavioral changes characteristic of the treatment and (2) measuring associated biological changes. These challenges may impede treatment efficacy and may negatively affect treatment outcomes, including patient discontinuation of CBT. Ideas for addressing these issues include providing patients with (1) a more immediate indicator of therapy effectiveness as well as (2) a biological index of behavioral change. In this study, we aimed to provide participants with an index of biological change based on therapeutic experiences via use of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recruited participants who had already completed cognitive therapy as part of a clinical trial for depression at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (n=13). In the present experiment, participants were asked to provide a list of negative autobiographical memories or worries as well as cognitive strategies they use to cope with negative moods. The task consisted of COUNT, MEMORY, and STRATEGY trials (30 s each). During baseline COUNT trials, participants counted backwards (e.g., 300–4). During MEMORY trials, they viewed phrases previously developed describing their negative autobiographical memories/worries. During STRATEGY trials participants viewed a strategy they use to help them process the memory/worry. First, a localizer run was completed to determine a unique region of interest for each participant. We identified peak activation within the cingulate cortex to the contrast of MEMORY (STRATEGY+COUNT). Although the task was the same, no neurofeedback was displayed during the localizer run. During the feedback runs, participants were shown neurofeedback from the cingulate cortex following both the MEMORY and STRATEGY trials. This activation was represented on a signal bar display and represented the average cingulate activation during the trial. Unlike many rtfMRI studies, the purpose here was not for participants to interact with the neurofeedback directly. Rather, a feedback summary was shown to participants after each MEMORY and STRATEGY trial as an index of how brain activity changed in response to negative memories/worries and therapeutic strategies. Our goal was not for participants to learn to self-regulate the cingulate cortex, but rather to provide participants with a metacognitive demonstration of strategy efficacy. Participants were given detailed instructions regarding the task design, the role of the cingulate cortex in depression, as well as the hypothesized direction of activation during the MEMORY and STRATEGY phases to help them interpret the neurofeedback. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results revealed that “stronger neurofeedback” (defined as the difference between STRATEGY vs. MEMORY trials) correlated with self-reported strategy efficacy ratings immediately following the scan session (p<0.05). More importantly, stronger neurofeedback predicted both self-reported strategy efficacy and frequency of use 1 month following the MRI session (p<0.05). Importantly, this relationship was specific to only those strategies used inside the scanner; and no such relationship was observed at baseline. Neuroimaging results revealed that during the MEMORY phase, activation within inferior frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus correlated with baseline BDI score (whole brain, cluster corrected with FSL Flame 1 to p<0.05). During the STRATEGY phase, the periaqueductal gray nucleus, insula, and temporal pole predicted self-reported frequency of strategy use 1 month post-scan session (whole brain, cluster corrected with FSL Flame 1 to p<0.05). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We believe this study holds promise to provide a powerful demonstration for individuals that strategies used to cope with negative moods can produce significant changes in their brain.
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49

HIBINO, Sumiko, Junichi SUZUMURA, Sadayuki KIKAWA, and Yasutomo SONE. "Erratum：Proposal for Evaluation Criteria for Checking Deterioration of Lubricating Grease Used on Trains [Quarterly Report of RTRI Vol.59, No.2, Page 98]." Quarterly Report of RTRI 59, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.59.3_227.

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50

Bush, Keith A., and Clinton D. Kilts. "A test of affect processing bias in response to affect regulation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): e0264758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264758.

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In this study we merged methods from machine learning and human neuroimaging to test the role of self-induced affect processing states in biasing the affect processing of subsequent image stimuli. To test this relationship we developed a novel paradigm in which (n = 40) healthy adult participants observed affective neural decodings of their real-time functional magnetic resonance image (rtfMRI) responses as feedback to guide explicit regulation of their brain (and corollary affect processing) state towards a positive valence goal state. By this method individual differences in affect regulation ability were controlled. Attaining this brain-affect goal state triggered the presentation of pseudo-randomly selected affectively congruent (positive valence) or incongruent (negative valence) image stimuli drawn from the International Affective Picture Set. Separately, subjects passively viewed randomly triggered positively and negatively valent image stimuli during fMRI acquisition. Multivariate neural decodings of the affect processing induced by these stimuli were modeled using the task trial type (state- versus randomly-triggered) as the fixed-effect of a general linear mixed-effects model. Random effects were modeled subject-wise. We found that self-induction of a positive valence brain state significantly positively biased valence processing of subsequent stimuli. As a manipulation check, we validated affect processing state induction achieved by the image stimuli using independent psychophysiological response measures of hedonic valence and autonomic arousal. We also validated the predictive fidelity of the trained neural decoding models using brain states induced by an out-of-sample set of image stimuli. Beyond its contribution to our understanding of the neural mechanisms that bias affect processing, this work demonstrated the viability of novel experimental paradigms triggered by pre-defined cognitive states. This line of individual differences research potentially provides neuroimaging scientists with a valuable tool for exploring the roles and identities of intrinsic cognitive processing mechanisms that shape our perceptual processing of sensory stimuli.
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