Journal articles on the topic 'Rth stage selection'

Singkawang City has the potential to increase the service sector in the creative industry in the film sector which is influenced by the potential of Singkawang City tourist destinations. The workers in the creative industry sector, not only come from within the city but also from outside the city, both for work and family trips while working. To meet the needs of facilities and workspace, Coworking Space was chosen. The design method starts with site selection based on the RTRW in trade and service areas, easy access and adequate infrastructure. At the analysis stage, referring to the actors, types of activities and facilities for the creative film industry, analysis of location, circulation, orientation, vegetation, and zoning. The area is divided into four areas, namely the parking area, reception area, green open space (RTH) area and work area. The design concept is a parking area that is divided into car parking and motorbike parking. The reception area is a receptionist area and the hall is a barrier from the public area in the parking lot. The green open space area is a large park to be used as a place for film production, promotions, and the like, as well as reducing noise entering the work area. The work area as a coworking space is designed with a hierarchy on each floor. The ground floor is semi-public, the first and second floors are semi-private, the third floor is private, and the rooftop is semi-public.

The properties of the substrate and microclimate conditions were analyzed on various elements of the mesorelief of the dump of Central concentration mill "Chervonogradska". The most adverse conditions were found at the top of the dump and its terraces due to high intensity of lighting, temperature, high content of heavy metals in substrates and their actual acidity. It was shown that Pinus sylvestris L. is a promising species for the biotic recultivation stage for terraces of dumps. We recommended to use perennial grass root species of plants, e.g. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., for recultivation a slopes of dumps. The Petasites hibridus L. and Phragmites australis Cav. Trin ex Steud. are offered for the renovation of the bases and microhardness of the dumps with sufficient moisture. The high remediation ability of plants and their affiliation by the environmental groups to heliophytes, thermophiles, acidophiles, oligotrophes and xeromezophytes are the main requirements for reclamation plants on the non-renovated dumps.

Increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in most major cereal growing areas of the world have been associated with shorter cultivars which incorporate the Rht1 or Rht2 height-reducing alleles. Considerable uncertainty still exists, however, concerning the growth of vegetative tissues, especially roots, of these shorter genotypes. The objective of this study was to determine how dry matter (DM) partitioning, in vegetative shoot and root tissues, is related to plant height as determined by the number of Rht alleles present (tall (no Rht alleles), semidwarf (Rht1 or Rht2), dwarf (Rht1 and Rht2) within a common genetic background. Tall, semidwarf, and dwarf near-isogenic lines were studied within each of four diverse genetic backgrounds. Six controlled-environment experiments were carried out in which plants were grown in sand (nutrients applied hydroponically) and harvested following anthesis. Stem and shoot (total aboveground tissue) DM plant−1 increased with plant height. However, there was no relationship between plant height and root DM plant−1. Root/shoot ratios tended to be negatively correlated with plant height. Leaf blades and head DM plant−1 were not consistently related to plant height. In the absence of selection pressure, genotypes containing Rht alleles should have root DM comparable to their tall counterparts, and root/shoot ratios equal to, or greater than, their tall counterparts. The Rht alleles also decreased individual leaf blade areas, primarily through effects on leaf length, and increased stomatal frequencies of early leaves; effects on the flag and penultimate leaves were ambiguous, suggesting that the gibberellic acid (GA3) intensitive Rht alleles exert greater control during earlier growth stages. Key words: Height-reducing alleles, plant height, tall, semidwarf, dwarf

Abstract B lymphocyte development proceeds in a stepwise fashion and is tightly linked to the generation of a functional B cell receptor (BCR). At the preB cell stage B lymphocyte progenitors express the precursor B cell receptor (pre-BCR), an immature form of the BCR consisting of two µ heavy chains (µHC) and two surrogate light chains (SLC). Pre-BCR expression marks the proB to preB transition and induces a burst in preB lymphocyte proliferation. In 20% of the cases B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) arises from lymphocytes arrested at the pre-BCR positive stage of lymphocyte development (preB-ALL). Due to the essential role of the pre-BCR for preB cell proliferation we hypothesized that pre-BCR signaling also is involved in the maintenance of preB-ALL. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), the main transducer of pre-BCR signaling, may serve as effective treatment for this subtype of B-ALL. We analyzed a panel of six ALL cell lines (SMS-SB, RCH-ACV, Nalm-6, Kasumi-2, 697, KOPN-8) arrested at the pre-BCR+ stage of B lymphocyte development (cytoIgµ+, sIgM-). Assessment of the baseline phosphorylation levels of the pre-BCR associated kinases Lyn, Syk and Btk by immunoblotting and subsequent densitometric analysis allowed us to assign B-ALL cells into groups with either high levels of Lyn, Syk and Btk phosphorylation or with low or absent phosphorylation of these kinases, respectively. Moreover cell lines with highly phosphorylated Lyn, Syk and Btk also exhibited lower surface pre-BCR expression than cell lines with low phosphorylation levels. As pre-BCR activation is followed by its rapid internalization the concomitant presence of low pre-BCR expression and high phosphorylation of pre-BCR associated proteins suggests increased pre-BCR pathway activity. When we investigated the impact of pharmacological inhibition of the pre-BCR associated kinase Syk through the highly specific inhibitor PRT060318, preB-ALL cell lines with highly phosphorylated pre-BCR associated molecules turned out to be more sensitive to Syk inhibition (IC50 < 1.6µM) than preB-ALL cell lines with less phosphorylation (IC50 > 3.9µM). In proliferation assays PRT060318 inhibited preB-ALL proliferation in a dose dependent manner, whereas PRT060318 did not induce apoptosis in concentrations as high as 5µM. This supports the notion that pre-BCR signaling activity may be more relevant for preB-ALL proliferation than for preB-ALL viability. In line with these results the pre-BCR- proB-ALL cell lines REH and RS4;11 were highly resistant to Syk inhibition in all functional assays (IC50 > 10µM), suggesting that pre-BCR expression is a prerequisite for sensitivity to Syk inhibition. To examine the molecular changes following pre-BCR inhibition, ALL cells were treated with increasing concentrations of PRT060318 (100nM-5µM) for two hours and then subjected to immunoblotting. Syk inhibition led to a dose dependent decrease in AKT phosphorylation in all preB-ALL cell lines and subsequently reduced phosphorylation of FOXO transcription factors. In the resistant proB-ALL cell line REH, AKT and FOXO phosphorylation were not affected. Gene expression analysis of the preB-ALL cell lines RCH-ACV and Nalm-6 further suggested that PRT060318 interferes with pre-BCR signaling. Treatment with 1µM PRT060318 for 72h reduced the expression of genes associated with pre-BCR signaling (e.g. BCL6, CD22, PTPN6) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified pre-BCR signaling as the main target of PRT060318 in both cell lines (p<0.05). We are currently validating the GEP analysis by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the efficacy of Syk inhibition in pre-BCR+ ALL. Moreover we were able to correlate the baseline phosphorylation status of pre-BCR associated proteins and pre-BCR expression levels with the sensitivity of preB-ALL to the Syk inhibitor PRT060318. These findings provide a first rationale for the clinical testing of Syk inhibitors in preB-ALL, and suggest that activation status of pre-BCR associated molecules can help in selecting preB-ALL cases that are particularly sensitive to Syk inhibition. Disclosures: Coffey: Portola Pharmaceuticals: Employment.

Barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth.) is considered a harmful disease that occurs in barley-growing regions worldwide. In Russia, the disease is among the most prevalent in the Krasnodar region, which is the leader in the production of barley grain and has a favorable climate for disease development. In this paper, we studied the efficiency of 17 varieties and lines of barley from the International and Australian sets containing currently known Rph resistance genes or their combinations to P. hordei in the field, and 15 varieties and lines in the seedling phase in greenhouse conditions during 2019–2021. We concluded that the lines carrying the Rph7 and Rph13 genes remained immune throughout the three years of studies in the seedling and adult plant stages. The Rph1 and Rph23 genes showed moderate efficiency during the three years. The Rph2, Rph3, Rph4, Rph5, Rph6+2, Rph8, Rph12, Rph19, and Rph21+2 genes showed low efficiency over the three years. This was also confirmed by the results of their assessment in the seedling phase: the number of monopustular isolates virulent to lines with the majority of the studied genes for three years was above 90%. Fluctuations in the virulence of the P. hordei population were observed under sufficiently unfavorable weather for disease development in 2019, 2020, and 2021. This proves the ability of the fungus to adapt to changing conditions. Therefore, annual monitoring of the response of lines and varieties carrying resistance genes and studying the virulence of the pathogen are crucial for the selection of rust-resistant varieties, and, hence, the prevention of barley leaf rust epidemics in all grain-producing regions worldwide.

Strategies and coping mechanisms for stress tolerance under sub-optimal nutrition conditions could provide important guidelines for developing selection criteria in sustainable agriculture. Nitrogen (N) is one of the major nutrients limiting the growth and yield of crop plants, among which wheat is probably the most substantial to human diet worldwide. Physiological status and photosynthetic capacity of two contrasting wheat genotypes (old Slomer and modern semi-dwarf Enola) were evaluated at the seedling stage to assess how N supply affected osmotic stress tolerance and capacity of plants to survive drought periods. It was evident that higher N input in both varieties contributed to better performance under dehydration. The combination of lower N supply and water deprivation (osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol treatment) led to greater damage of the photosynthetic efficiency and a higher degree of oxidative stress than the individually applied stresses. The old wheat variety had better N assimilation efficiency, and it was also the one with better performance under N deficiency. However, when both N and water were deficient, the modern variety demonstrated better photosynthetic performance. It was concluded that different strategies for overcoming osmotic stress alone or in combination with low N could be attributed to differences in the genetic background. Better performance of the modern variety conceivably indicated that semi-dwarfing (Rht) alleles might have a beneficial effect in arid regions and N deficiency conditions.

According to Conceptual Metaphor Theory (hereafter: CMT), conceived by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980), metaphors are not merely rarely occurring poetic or stylistic features of language. On the contrary, as the scholars point out, conceptual metaphors have their origins in our bodily experiences of the world around us. Hence, they are ubiquitous and have a consequently profound influence on our thoughts and actions. This paper aims to show that people, life, love, romance, birth, life stages, life goals, progress made, obstacles along the way, successes and failures, emotions experienced, as well as time, death and the afterlife are conceptualized in modalities of a SOURCE-PATH-GOAL schema, JOURNEY and MOTION IN SPACE domains in accordance with CMT. This is achieved by analysing a monomodal discourse using the Pragglejaz Group (2007) method and an online Cambridge English Dictionary. For the study, I have used a selection of monologues and dialogues of Benjamin Button, the protagonist, together with the characters who have the greatest impact on his life in the Eric Roth screenplay of a melodrama entitled: “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button”, directed by D. Fincher and based on a short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, featuring Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett.

Abstract Fast-growing tree species will be an important tool in the future production of renewables and in substituting non-renewable fossil energy sources. Sweden, like other countries around the Baltic Sea, has large areas of abandoned farmland usable for biomass production, but knowledge of growth performance of tree species candidates is insufficient. An experiment was initiated where six potentially high-producing tree species were compared. The best available plant material for each species was used on five sites over latitudes 56–64°N in Sweden. Results from the first 8–9 years are reported. Short rotation coppice willow (Salix schwerinii Wolf × S. viminalis L., clone ‘Tora’) had the fastest initial growth and production in southern Sweden. Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) and poplar (Populus spp., section Tacamahaca), grown as short rotation forest, grew well over all sites and showed the highest productivity at the two northern sites. Hybrid larch (Larix ×eurolepis Henry) displayed a high potential at the two most southerly sites, whilst silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) was a medium-producing species at all sites. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) started slowly, and Siberian larch (L. sukaczewii Dylis) produced poorly at the two northern sites in the initial stage. All tree species followed existing height development curves for the respective species on a high site quality level. Currently, well-growing clones of Populus spp. indicated that a wider selection of tree species can be used at high latitudes under climate change. The study showed a high growth potential for most species on former agricultural lands. However, measures to reduce climate and biological damage must be included in future efforts.

Abstract Patients with aggressive myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) including advanced stage chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in accelerated phase or blast crisis, and other MPD transformed into acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) have dire outcomes with conventional therapies including bone marrow transplant (BMT). One approach for malignant cell control is the ribonucleotide reductase (RR) inhibitor hydroxyurea (Hu). Triapine® is a novel RR inhibitor that binds to the M2 subunit of RR with 100 – 1000 fold greater potency than Hu and selectively depletes intracellular dATP. On this basis, we previously designed a phase I trial of Triapine® (Tri) and fludarabine (Flu) for patients with refractory acute leukemia and aggressive MPD. The overall response rate (ORR) was 21%, with the majority of responses occurring in patients with MPD. We have now conducted a phase II trial of this novel combination in 22 patients, median age 64 (50–75), with polycythemia vera (PV) transformed to AML (3); primary idiopathic myelofibrosis (PIMF) transformed to AML (5); undifferentiated MPD (2); CMML transformed to AML(10); and imatinib resistant CML in blast crisis (2). The duration of underlying MPD ranged from 1 month to 19 years. Twelve (55%) had previous exposure to Hu and 8 (36%) had received 1–3 prior induction regimens. Five patients have recurrent MPD/AML after allogeneic BMT. Poor risk cytogenetics were present in 15/22 cases (68%). Triapine® was administered at 105 mg/m2 followed at 4 hours by fludarabine, 30 mg/m2 daily × 5 days. At present, 61 cycles (median 3 per patient, range 1–6) have been administered on study, with ≥5 cycles being given to 5 patients. Using a Simon 2-stage design, criteria for continuation beyond an initial 18 patients was achieved with the following morbidity: 4 of the 22 patients died of multi-organ failure after less than 4 weeks of treatment; three of these four presented with hyperleukocytosis (50 – 260K/mm3) and leukostasis. Drug-related toxicities included hypoxemia (12/22), and transient methemoglobinemia (no intervention needed in most cases), acidosis, increased Cr, and tumor lysis. In patients receiving 4 or more cycles, chemotherapy was delivered every 34 days (range 22 – 61). Six patients ( 27 %) achieved complete remission (CR) lasting 2.5 – 12 months (mean 6 months, median 5.5 months) and 4 achieved partial remission, for an ORR 45%. Two patients were able to undergo BMT in CR. To determine if JAK2 mutations bore a relationship to response, we performed correlative Triapine® sensitivity assays of HEL cells that contain the JAK2 mutation, with a REH cell control. There was higher IC 50 for HEL cells relative to REH, (0.39 micromole vs. 0.22), arguing against a simple correlation of JAK2 constitutive activation with Triapine®/Fludarabine response. Similarly, SNP-A genomic analysis of amplification, deletion, and uniparental disomy identified acquired molecular abnormalities in 7 of 7 cases tested, but no specific loci correlated with either positive or negative response. In summary, the novel combination of Triapine® plus fludarabine, modeled for biochemical synergy, demonstrates clinical responses in aggressive MPDs transformed to AML. Further development of this regimen includes potential selection of responders by molecular predictors such as JAK2 mutational status. We anticipate that as formulated, this approach might be beneficial for selected patients, and serve as a bridge to bone marrow transplant. Moreover, our preliminary results suggest that combination with molecularly selective agents such as JAK2 inhibitors may enhance CR rate and duration.

Professional orientation is a system of teaching and educational work aimed at acquisition of knowledge of the socio-economic and psychophysiological conditions of right choice of profession, formation of their ability to analyze the requirements of different professions to the psychological structure of personality, and also their professionally important qualities, ways and means of development. The right choice of profession makes moral satisfaction, positive self-feeling, high productivity, quality of products. It is the point at which the interests of the individual and society converge, the combination of personal and common interests. Professional orientation has its principles, priorities and disadvantages. Given these aspects, there is a high chance of correctly organizing the administration of educational institutions their professional orientation system, find the right approach to the organization of their activity, establish appropriate psychological contact with students in a position of choice of profession, professional development and self-determination. The main criterion for the efficiency of professional orientation is a measure of balance in the number of students who start to work, to study at colleges and universities by occupations, current needs of the district, city, region, society, according to general. One of the indicators by which it is possible to determine the viability of introducing profilisation in general education institutions is the results of selection of high school students of the relevant specialties to the profile of education, based on the introduction of professional orientation work at each of the age stages of student development. Thus, this paper studies the problem of professional identity of high school students and the effectiveness of professional orientation work in the framework of general education schools (on the example of the Kryvyi Rih Central Town Lyceum).

AbstractAsh dumps occupy significant areas around the world and make a negative influence on the environment. This effect is decreased by their natural colonisation determined by the bioclimatic conditions of the area. The purpose of the current study was to identify the structure of the forest communities and the initial stages of soil formation on the ash dump in southern taiga.This study was carried out on three sites in the forest phytocoenosis formed in the process of revegetation of the Verkhniy Tagil Power Station ash dump over 50 years, as well as on two background forest sites in the Middle Urals. Complex geobotanical and soil studies were carried out.The results of the study show that forest phytocoenoses with a predominance of hardwood species (Betula pendula Roth and Populus tremula L.) and a small admixture of coniferous species can form on the non-recultivated ash dump within 50 years in a boreal zone. In total, the studied mixed forest phytocoenoses are similar in composition to zonal secondary forests, but differ by having lower height and diameter of the stand, as well as herb–shrub layer coverage. Their species density and floristic richness are also lesser. The study proved that the process of soil formation is also proceeding according to the zonal type in the ash substrate under forest communities. The results of the study can be applied to justifying the forecasts of ecosystem restoration on the technogenic substrate, as well as for the species selecting for their recultivation in the studied area and similar to it.

More than 40 million hectares of agricultural land were abandoned after the collapse of the Soviet Union. A significant part of the land is covered by spontaneously regenerating woody and shrubby vegetation. When identifying the forest regeneration, the stands with a tree cover of more than 50% are accurately identified. It is difficult to identify the initial stages of forest regeneration on the abandoned agricultural lands using summer satellite images because of little difference between the young trees and saplings due to their low height and low density on the one hand, and herbaceous vegetation on the other. The purpose of this work was to apply winter and early-spring satellite images for assessments of the tree cover of birch-dominated stands (Betula pen-dula Roth.) formed on the abandoned agricultural lands (See Fig. 1). We used 189 releves of birch forests on the abandoned agricultural lands in the broad-leaved forest zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan. A regression analysis of the evaluation of the tree cover was carried out using the values of the spectral reflectance of the RED, NIR, SWIR11, and SWIR12 bands, as well as the values of the NDFSI snow index from seven cloudless Sentinel-2 images taken between 04.11.2020 and 13.05.2021 (See Fig. 2, 3). When selecting optimal regression models, the values of correlation coefficients (R) and determination coefficients (R2) were used to assess the model quality. To test the possibility of using the obtained models for assessing the tree cover of the stand at earlier succession stages, we involved the data on the tree cover from 36 geobotanical releves, where the crown density of the stand was visually evaluated in July 2013. Then, the described procedure was applied to calculate the tree cover using the Landsat-8 image taken on 25.03.2014. When creating regression models to calculate the tree cover, the best results were obtained using the red band of early spring images during the period when snowpack is still solid (from mid-March to the first half of April) (See Table 1). The correlation between the tree cover and the spectral reflectance of the red band was -0.90. The model allowed us to determine accurately the tree cover of birch forests aged from 18 to 20 years which prevail in the zone of broad-leaved forests in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The accuracy of the model for determining the tree cover according to the obtained regression models for other dates is unstable and highly likely influenced by the snow depth and the seasonal dynamics of changes in the radiation intensity of the red and infrared bands (See Table 2, 3). To conclude, the equations calculated from modern satellite images can be used to assess the tree cover using retrospective images at earlier succession stages of the abandoned field recovery. When using early-spring images, the snow depth should be taken into account since the snowpack melting dates can vary greatly from year to year. The paper contains 3 Figures, 3 Tables, and 41 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abstract Introduction: Median age of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients is 72 years with 40% older than 75 and 22.8% over 80 years. Important therapeutic progresses have been made, including chemo-immunotherapy as well as the recent use of targeted therapies, leading to progression-free-survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) improvements. Although the elderly represents the largest subgroup of CLL patients, they are underrepresented in clinical studies and little is known about their clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome. Consequently, results from trials cannot be directly translated into clinical practice for these patients. Bairey et al (Ann Hematol, 2011) reported a series of 214 patients (80 years or older) diagnosed in Israel between 1979 and 2009 with a mean age of 84. However, in this cohort, 56% of the patients had a Rai stage 0 and only 53 received treatment. Median survival was 56 months. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of CLL patients aged 80 or more at initiation of first line therapy. Patients were treated between 2003 and 2013, in 17 hospitals affiliated to the French Innovative Leukemia Organisation (FILO). We report here a cohort of 201 such CLL patients, and describe their clinical and biological characteristics, treatment options and outcome. Results: Patients' median age was 83.4 years (80-92), 29% were older than 85 years, and the sex ratio was 60% male/40% female. Performance status (97%≤ 2) and nutritional status (median Corporal Mass Index of 25.3 kg/m²) were preserved. The median Cumulative Index Rating Scale (CIRS) comorbidity score was 5. More precisely in term of fitness, 57.8% patients were characterized as "go-go" with a CIRS ≤ 6 and organ comorbidities <3. The median creatinine clearance was 48 mL/min (Cockroft formula). Most patients lived at home (89.5%), often with familial or professional help (72%). A complete geriatric assessment was performed for 6.1% of them. Diagnosis relied on a Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) score > 3, and CD38 was positive in 43,4% of the 129 cases tested (64%). Cytogenetic data were available for 42% of the patients. Isolated abnormalities were deletion 13q (38.1%), trisomy 12 (21.4%), deletion 17q (10.7%) or deletion 11q (7.1%). Besides, associated chromosomic abnormalities were detected, mainly by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and complex karyotypes (1.2%). At treatment initiation, Binet stage was either A (27.2%), B (28.7%) or C (41.5%). Therapies consisted mainly in Chlorambucil (65.5%), Bendamustine (10.5%) and Rituximab (44.3%). Indeed, therapy regimens were composed of Chlorambucil alone (45.3%) or chemo-immunotherapy (48.3%) including Rituximab+Chlorambucil (22.7%), Rituximab+Bendamustine (10.4%), Rituximab+Cyclophosphamide+Dexamethasone (5.5%) or Rituximab+Fludarabine+Cyclophosphamide (5.5%). In term of tolerance, 20.2% of the patients required hospitalization and 10% of these cases were febrile neutropenia. Finally, 31.8% required a dose reduction of chemotherapy. The Overall Response Rate was 65.9% with 31.4% of clinical complete remission. The median OS and PFS (from treatment initiation) were 48.6 and 18 months, respectively (cf. Survival curves). Afterwards, an important number of patients (41.3%) remained fit enough to receive a second line treatment. In univariate analysis, only comorbidities evaluated by the CIRS had a significant impact on survival (p=0.03). Indeed patients identified as fit by a CIRS score ≤ 6 and no organ comorbidity > 3 had a better outcome. Conclusion: We report a large series of elderly CLL patients, who received first line treatment at a median age of 83. Median OS was about 4 years, which is less than normal population of the same age. Our results suggest that treatment (including immunochemotherapy) is feasible, even in this very old population. Different bias are possible in this retrospective study including the selection of only fit patients, the low percentage of geriatric evaluation, and the possible undertreatment of this population since chlorambucil was the most frequent treatment. In the future, prospective trials should target this population. Oncogeriatric evaluation and new targeted therapies should be part of such future trials. Figure 1. Survival curve 1: Overall Survival Figure 1. Survival curve 1: Overall Survival Figure 2. Survival curve 2: Progression Free Survival Figure 2. Survival curve 2: Progression Free Survival Disclosures Dupuis: ROCHE: Speakers Bureau; ABBVIE: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Aurran-Schleinitz:CSLBehring: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria. Cymbalista:Karyopharm: Honoraria; Gilead: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding. Dilhuydy:Roche: Honoraria, Other: Travel reimbursement; Janssen: Honoraria, Other: Travel reimbursement; Mundipharma: Honoraria. Cazin:GILEAD,: Honoraria; ROCHE: Consultancy; MUNDIPHARMA: Honoraria, Research Funding; NOVARTIS: Honoraria. Leblond:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses, Speakers Bureau; GSK: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Mundipharma: Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Cartron:Sanofi: Honoraria; Gilead: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; GSK: Honoraria; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria.

Seven spot ladybird beetle, (Coccinella septempunctata) is a widely distributed natural enemy of soft-bodied insect pests especially aphids worldwide. Both the adult and larvae of this coccinellid beetle are voracious feeders and serve as a commercially available biological control agent around the globe. Different techniques are adopted to enhance the mass rearing and storage of this natural enemy by taking advantage of its natural ability to withstand under extremely low temperatures and entering diapause under unfavorable low temperature conditions. The key objective of this study was to develop a cost effective technique for enhancing the storage life and predatory potential of the larvae of C. septempunctata through cold storage in conjunction with the use of nuclear techniques, gamma radiations. Results showed that the host eating potential of larvae was enhanced as the cold storage duration was increased. Gamma irradiation further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. Different irradiation doses also affected the development time of C. septempuntata larvae significantly. Without cold storage, the lower radiation doses (10 and 25 GY) prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae. Furthermore, the higher dose of radiation (50GY) increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. This study first time paves the way to use radiation in conjunction with cold storage as an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programs.Key wordGamma irradiations; cold storage, Coccinella septempunctata larvae; predatory potential; integrated pest management programme.INTRODUCTIONNuclear techniques such as gamma radiations have a vast application in different programmes of biological control including continuous supply of sterilized host and improved rearing techniques (Greany and Carpenter, 2000; Cai et al., 2017). Similarly irradiation can be used for sentinel-host eggs and larvae for monitoring survival and distribution of parasitoids (Jordão-paranhos et al., 2003; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Tunçbilek et al., 2009; Zapater et al., 2009; Van Lenteren, 2012). Also, at the production level, such technique may facilitate the management of host rearing, improve quality and expedite transport of product (Fatima et al., 2009; Hamed et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Gamma irradiations can also be used to stop insect’s development to enhance host suitability for their use in different mass rearing programs (Celmer-Warda, 2004; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Seth et al., 2009). Development and survival of all insects have a direct connection with temperatures which in turn affect the physical, functional and behavioral adaptations (Ramløy, 2000). Many insects living in moderate regions can survive at low temperature by process of diapause. A temperature between 0 to 10oC may cause some insects to become sluggish and they only become active when the temperature is suitable. Such insects show greater adaptations to flexible temperature regimes for better survival. Many studies have reported this concept of cold-hardiness in insects in general (Bale, 2002; Danks, 2006) and specifically in coccinellid beetles over past years (Watanabe, 2002; Koch et al., 2004; Pervez and Omkar, 2006; Labrie et al., 2008; Berkvens et al., 2010). Using this cold hardiness phenomenon, many coccinellids have been studied for the effect of cold storage such as Coccinella undecimpunctata (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000), Coleomegilla maculata (Gagné and Coderre, 2001) and Harmonia axyridis (Watanabe, 2002). This natural phenomenon, therefore, can be a helpful tool in developing low temperature stockpiling for improving mass-rearing procedures (Mousapour et al., 2014). It may provide a significant output in terms of providing natural enemies as and when required during pest infestation peaks (Venkatesan et al., 2000). Use of irradiation in conjunction with cold storage proves to be an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programme. A study reported that the pupate of house fly, Musca domestica irradiated at dose of 500 Gy and can stored up to 2 months at 6°C for future use for a parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius rearing (Zapater et al., 2009). Similarly, when irradiated at 20 GY, parasitic wasps Cotesia flavipes were stored safely up to two months without deterioration of their parasitic potential (Fatima et al., 2009). Similarly, bio-control program of sugarcane shoot borer Chilo infescatellus proved successful through the use of irradiation combined with cold storage of its egg and larval parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and C. flavipes (Fatima et al., 2009). Less mobile life stages such as larvae are of significance in any IPM strategy because they remain on target site for more time period as compared to adults. Therefore, use of predatory larvae is very promising in different biological control approaches because of their immediate attack on pests and more resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions than delicate egg stage. In addition, with their augmentation into fields, larval stage shows their presence for longer time than adult stage and their feeding potential is also satisfactory as that of adults. For the best utilization of these predators in the field and maximum impact of 3rd and 4th larval instars on prey, we should encourage late 2nd second instar larvae of predatory beetles in the fields as these instars have more feeding capacity due to increased size and ability to handle larger preys.In spite of higher significance, there is little information available about the effect of cold storage on the survival of larval instars of different ladybird beetles and its effect on their predatory potential. Very few studies report the use of cold storage for non-diapausing larval stage like for Semiadalia undecimnotata and only one study reported the short-term storage (up to two weeks) of 2nd and 3rd instar coccinellid, C. maculate, without any loss in feeding voracity of larvae after storage (Gagné and Coderre, 2001). The survival of 3rd and 4th larval instars of C. undecimpunctata for 7 days after storage at 5oC was reported in a study but the survival rate declined after 15-60 days of storage (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000). As C. septempunctata is considered one of the voracious predators (Afroz, 2001; Jandial and Malik, 2006; Bilashini and Singh, 2009; Xia et al., 2018) and diapause is a prominent feature of this beetle and it may undergo facultative diapause under suitable laboratory conditions (Suleman, 2015). No information is available to date about the combined effect of cold storage and irradiation on the larval instars of this species.OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to devise a cost effective technique for the cold storage and its effect on the subsequent predatory potential of the seven spotted ladybird beetle larvae in conjunction with the use of gamma radiations. Hypothesis of the study was that an optimum length of low temperature treatment for storage purpose would not affect the predation capacity of C. septempunctata larvae and their developmental parameters including survival and pupation will remain unaffected. Furthermore, use of gamma irradiation will have some additional effects on survival and feeding capacity of irradiated C. septempunctata larvae. Such techniques can be utilized in different biocontrol programs where short term storage is required. So these larvae can be successfully imparted in different IPM programs against sucking complex of insect pests as a component of biological control strategyMATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materials: Collection and rearing of C. septempunctata: Adult C. septempunctata were collected from the wheat crop (in NIAB vicinity and farm area) in the month of March during late winter and early in spring season 2016-2017. They were kept in plastic jars and were fed with brassica aphids. Under controlled laboratory conditions (25+2oC, 16h: 8h L:D and 65+5% R.H.), eggs of C. septempuctata were obtained and after hatching, larvae were also given brassica aphids as dietary source. Larvae of second instar were selected for this experiment (as the first instar is generally very weak and vulnerable to mortality under low temperatures). As the larvae approached second instar, they were separated for the experimentation. Irradiation of larvae at different doses: Irradiation of larvae was carried out by the irradiation source 137CS at Radiation laboratory, and the larvae were then brought back to the IPM laboratory, Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) Faisalabad. Radiation doses of 10 GY (Grey), 25 GY and 50 GY were used to treat the second instar larvae. There were three replicates for each treatment and five larvae per replicate were used. Control treatment was left un-irradiated.Cold storage of irradiated larvae: In present work, second instar C. septempunctata larvae were studied for storage at low temperature of 8oC. The larvae were kept at 8oC for 0, I and II weeks where week 0 depicts no cold treatment and this set of larvae was left under laboratory conditions for feeding and to complete their development. For larvae that were kept under cold storage for one week at 8°C, the term week I was devised. Similarly, week II denotes the larvae that remained under cold conditions (8°C) for two continuous weeks. Larvae were removed from cold storage in their respective week i.e., after week I and week II and were left under laboratory conditions to complete their development by feeding on aphids. Data collection: For recording the predatory potential of C. septempunctata larvae, 100 aphids were provided per larva per replicate on a daily basis until pupation as this number was more than their feeding capacity to make sure that they were not starved (personal observation). Observations were recorded for survival rate, developmental time and feeding potential. Data analysis: Data were statistically analysed by Statistical Software SPSS (Version 16.0). The data were subjected to normality check through the One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Non normal data were transformed to normal data which were then used for all parametric variance tests. One-way and two-way analyses of variance were used. For comparison between variables, LSD test at α 0.05 was applied.RESULTSFeeding potential of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Results showed an increase in the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae with increased cold storage duration. The feeding potential was significantly higher for the larvae that spent maximum length of time (week II) under cold storage conditions followed by week I and week 0. Gamma irradiations further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. When larvae were irradiated at 10 GY, the eating capacity of larvae increased significantly with the duration of cold storage. Similarly, larvae that were irradiated at 25 GY, showed increase in feeding potential on aphids as the time period of cold storage increased. The feeding potential of larvae that were irradiated at 50 GY, was again significantly increased with increase of cold storage duration. When different radiation doses were compared to week 0 of storage, there was a significant difference in feeding potential and larvae irradiated at 50 GY consumed the maximum numbers of aphids when no cold storage was done followed by larvae irradiated at 10 and 25 GY. With the other treatment, where larvae were kept under cold storage for one week (week I) the larvae irradiated at 50GY again showed the highest feeding potential. The feeding potential of irradiated larvae was again significantly higher than the un-irradiated larvae that were kept for two weeks (week II) under cold storage (table 1).Two-way ANOVA was performed to check the interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae on aphids. The feeding potential of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the radiation doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in feeding levels (table 2).Developmental time of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Significant difference was found in the development time of the larvae of C. septempunctata when irradiated at different doses at week 0 (without cold storage). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY took the maximum time for development and with the increase in irradiation dosage, from 25 to 50 GY, the time of development was shortened. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY had the same development time as the un-irradiated ones. When, the irradiated larvae were subjected to cold storage of one week duration (week I), their development time after removal from storage condition varied significantly. The larvae irradiated at 25 GY took the maximum time for development followed by larvae irradiated at 50 GY and 10 GY. There was an indication that the development time was extended for irradiated larvae as compared to un-irradiated larvae.Results also depicted a significant difference in the time taken by irradiated larvae to complete their development after taken out from cold storage of two weeks duration (week II). As the storage time of irradiated larvae increased, the development time was prolonged. Results showed that the larvae that were irradiated at 25 and 50 GY, took the maximum time to complete their development. With the prolonged duration of cold storage up to two weeks (week II), this difference of development time was less evident at lower doses (10 GY). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY showed a significant difference in their developmental duration after being taken out of cold storage conditions of the week 0, I and II. There was no difference in the developmental duration of larvae that were un-irradiated and subjected to different regimes of storage. Un-irradiated larvae were least affected by the duration of storage. With the increase in the storage time, a decrease in the developmental time was recorded. Larvae that were irradiated at 10 GY, took the maximum period to complete their development when no cold storage was done (week 0) followed by week I and II of cold storage. When the larvae irradiated at 25 GY were compared for their development time, there was again significant difference for week 0, I and II of storage duration. Maximum time was taken by the larvae for their complete development when removed from cold storage after one week (week I). With the increase in storage duration the time taken by larvae to complete their development after removal from cold storage reduced.When the larvae were removed after different lengths of cold storage duration i.e., week 0, week I and week II, there was a significant difference in the developmental time afterwards. Results have shown that the higher dose of radiation, increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY took the longest time to complete their development after removal from cold storage (week I and week II) as compared the larvae that were not kept under cold storage conditions (week 0) (table 3).Interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for development time of larvae were checked by two-way ANOVA. The development time of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in development times (table 4). DISCUSSIONThe present research work indicates the possibility of keeping the larval instars of C. septempunctata under cold storage conditions of 8oC for a short duration of around 14 days without affecting its further development and feeding potential. Furthermore, irradiation can enhance the feeding potential and increase the development time of larval instars. This in turn could be a useful technique in mass rearing and field release programmes for biological control through larval instars. Usually temperature range of 8-10oC is an optimal selection of low temperature for storage as reported earlier for eggs two spotted ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata and the eggs of C. septempunctata (Hamalainen and Markkula, 1977), Trichogramma species (Jalali and Singh, 1992) and fairyfly, Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptra; Mymaridae) (Leopold and Chen, 2007). However, a study reported more than 80% survival rate for the coccinellid beetle, Harmonia axyridis for up to 150 days at moderately low temperature of 3-6oC (Ruan et al., 2012). So there is great flexibility in coccinellid adults and larvae for tolerating low temperature conditions. After removal from cold storage, larvae showed better feeding potential with consumption of more aphids when compared to normal larvae that were not placed under low temperature conditions. This indicates that when the adult or immature insect stages are subjected to low temperature environment, they tend to reduce their metabolic activity for keeping them alive on the reserves of their body fats and sustain themselves for a substantial length of time under such cold environment. Hereafter, the larval instars that were in cold storage were behaving as if starved for a certain length of time and showed more hunger. This behavior of improved or higher feeding potential of stored larvae has been reported previously (Chapman, 1998). Hence, the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae significantly increased after cold storage. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported higher predatory efficacy in larvae of C. maculata when stored at the same temperature as in the present study i.e., 8oC. Similarly, Ruan et al. (2012) showed that the multicolored Asian ladybug, H. axyridis, when stored under cold conditions, had more eating capacity towards aphids Aphis craccivora Koch than the individuals that were not stored. Such studies indicate that the higher feeding potential in insects after being subjected to low temperature environmental conditions could be due to the maintenance of their metabolism rate to a certain level while utilizing their energy reserves to the maximum extent (Watanabe, 2002).The individuals coming out from cold storage are therefore capable of consuming more pray as they were in a condition of starvation and they have to regain their energy loss through enhanced consumption. Furthermore, the starvation in C. septempunctata has previously been reported to affect their feeding potential (Suleman et al., 2017). In the present study, the larval development was delayed after returning to normal laboratory conditions. Cold storage affects the life cycle of many insects other than coccinellids. The cold storage of green bug aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptra; Braconidae) mummies increased the life cycle 3-4 times. Nevertheless, in current study the development process of stored larvae resumed quickly after taking them out and larvae completed their development up to adult stage. Similar kinds of results were reported for resumption of larval development after removal from cold storage conditions. Such studies only report satisfactory survival rates and development for a short duration of cold storage but as the length of storage is increased, it could become harmful to certain insects. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported that cold storage for longer period (three weeks) proved fatal for almost 40% of larvae of C. maculata. Furthermore, in the same study, the feeding potential of C. maculata larvae was also affected beyond two weeks of cold storage due to the loss of mobility after a long storage period. Many studies have reported that longer durations of low temperature conditions can either damage the metabolic pathways of body cells or may increase the levels of toxins within the bodies of insects. Also, low temperature exposure for longer duration may cause specific interruptions in the insect body especially neuro-hormones responsible for insect development, which could be dangerous or even life threatening.Chen et al. (2004) also reported that the biological qualities of parasitized Bemisia tabaci pupae on population quality of Encarsia formosa were affected negatively with increase in cold storage duration. Similarly, the egg hatchability of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephen was lost completely beyond 18 days of cold storage (Sohail et al., 2019). However, in the present study the cold storage was done for maximum two weeks and it is to be regarded as a short term storage hence the survival rate was satisfactory. Longer periods of cold storage for larvae are not considered safe due to their vulnerable state as compared to adults which are hardier. Also 2nd instar larvae used in the present study for cold storage for being bigger in size and physical stronger than 1st instar. Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky (2000) reported that in C. undecimpunctata the cold storage of 3rd and 4th larval instars was higher and considered safer than early larval instars. The same study showed sharp decline in survival rate after two weeks and there was no survival beyond 30-60 days of cold storage. The present study showed that short term storage of the larvae of C. septempunctata could be done without any loss of their feeding potential or development so the quality of predator remained unaffected. Similar kind of work for many other insects had been reported previously where cold storage technique proved useful without deteriorating the fitness of stored insects. For example, the flight ability of reared codling moth Cydia pomonella Linnaeus remained unaffected after removal from cold storage (Matveev et al., 2017). Moreover, a sturdy reported that pupae of a parasitoid wasp Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) could be safely put in cold storage for above than 50 days (Tezze and Botto, 2004). Similarly, a technique of cold storage of non-diapausing eggs of black fly Simulium ornaturm Meigen was developed at 1oC. Another study reported safe storage of a predatory bug insidious flower bug Orius insidiosus for more than 10 days at 8°C (Bueno et al., 2014).In present study without cold storage, the lower doses of 10 and 25 GY prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae and higher doses of irradiations in conjunction with cold storage again significantly prolonged the developmental time of larvae when returned to the laboratory conditions. Salem et al. (2014) also reported that Gamma irradiations significantly increased the duration of developmental stages (larvae and pupae) in cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). In another study, where endoparasitic wasps Glyptapanteles liparidis were evaluated with irradiated and non-irradiated gypsy moth Lymantria dispar larvae for oviposition, it was found that non-irradiated larvae had a shorter time to reach the adult stage as compared to irradiated larvae (Novotny et al., 2003). Both for higher doses with cold storage and lower doses without cold storage extended the larval duration of C. septempunctata. In another study when the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor was irradiated at the dose of 10 GY, it resulted in prolonged longevity (Genchev et al., 2008). In the same study, when another parasitoid Ventruria canescens was irradiated at lower doses of 4GY and 3 GY, it resulted in increased emergence from the host larvae, while gamma irradiations at the dose of 1 GY and 2 GY significantly stimulated the rate of parasitism (Genchev et al., 2008). The current study also indicated higher rates of predation in the form of increased feeding potential of larvae as a result of irradiations at lower doses.CONCLUSIONThe outcome of the current study shows that storage of 2nd instar C. septempunctata at low temperature of 8oC for a short duration of about 14 days is completely safe and could have broader application in different biocontrol programs. Such flexibility in storage duration can also assist in different mass rearing techniques and commercial uses. The combination of gamma radiation with low temperature cold storage could be a useful tool in developing different biological pest management programs against sucking insect pests. Incidence of periodic occurrence of both the target insect pests with their predatory ladybird beetles in synchrony is an important aspect that could be further strengthened by cold storage techniques. Therefore, short or long term bulk cold storage of useful commercial biocontrol agents and then reactivating them at appropriate time of pest infestation is a simple but an advantageous method in mass rearing programs. Increased feeding capacity of stored larvae is another edge and hence such larvae may prove more beneficial as compared to unstored larvae. Both cold storage and improved feeding of the C. septempuctata larvae can be utilized for implementation of IPM for many sucking insect pests of various crops, fruits and vegetables. Due to some constraints this study could not be continued beyond two weeks but for future directions, higher doses and longer duration periods could further elaborate the understanding and better application of such useful techniques in future IPM programmes on a wider scale. Also, some other predatory coccinellid beetle species can be tested with similar doses and cold storage treatments to see how effective this technique is on other species as well.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the Sugarcane Research and Development Board for providing a research grant (No. SRDB/P/4/16) to carry out this research work. This paper is a part of research thesis entitled “Effect of gamma irradiation on storage and predatory potential of seven spotted lady bird beetle larvae” submitted to Higher Education Commission, Pakistan for the degree of M.Phil. Biological Sciences.CONFLICT OF INTERESTAuthors have no conflict of interest.REFERENCESAbdel‐Salam, A. and N. J. J. o. A. E. Abdel‐Baky, 2000. Possible storage of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Col., coccinellidae) under low temperature and its effect on some biological characteristics. 124(3‐4): 169-176.Afroz, S., 2001. Relative abundance of aphids and their coccinellid predators. Journal of aphidology, 15: 113-118.Bale, J., 2002. Insects and low temperatures: From molecular biology to distributions and abundance. Biological sciences, 357(1423): 849-862.Berkvens, N., J. S. Bale, D. Berkvens, L. Tirry and P. De Clercq, 2010. Cold tolerance of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in europe. Journal of insect physiology, 56(4): 438-444.Bilashini, Y. and T. J. I. J. A. E. Singh, 2009. Studies on population dynamics and feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata linnaeus in relation to Lipaphis erysimi (kaltenbach) on cabbage. Indian journal of applied entomology, 23: 99-103.Bueno, V. H. P., L. M. Carvalho and J. Van Lenteren, 2014. Performance of Orius insidiosus after storage, exposure to dispersal material, handling and shipment processes. Bulletin of insectology, 67(2): 175-183.Cai, P., X. Gu, M. Yao, H. Zhang, J. Huang, A. Idress, Q. Ji, J. Chen and J. Yang, 2017. The optimal age and radiation dose for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)(Diptera: Tephritidae) eggs as hosts for mass-reared Fopius arisanus (Sonan)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biological control, 108: 89-97.Celmer-Warda, K., 2004. Preliminary studies suitability and acceptability of irradiated host larvae Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) on larval parasitoids Venturia canescens (gravenhorst). Annals of warsaw agricultural university, horticulture (Landscape Architecture), 25: 67-73.Chapman, R. F., 1998. The insects: Structure and function. Cambridge university press.Chen, Q., L.-f. Xiao, G.-r. Zhu, Y.-s. LIU, Y.-j. ZHANG, Q.-j. WU and B.-y. XU, 2004. Effect of cold storage on the quality of Encarsia formosa Gahan. Chinese journal of biological control, 20(2): 107-109.Danks, H., 2006. Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments. The Canadian entomologist, 138(1): 1-23.Fatima, B., N. Ahmad, R. M. Memon, M. Bux and Q. Ahmad, 2009. Enhancing biological control of sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), through use of radiation to improve laboratory rearing and field augmentation of egg and larval parasitoids. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 277-290.Gagné, I. and D. Coderre, 2001. Cold storage of Coleomegilla maculata larvae. Biocontrol science technology, 11(3): 361-369.Genchev, N., N. Balevski, D. Obretenchev and A. Obretencheva, 2008. Stimulation effects of low gamma radiation doses on perasitoids Habrobracon hebetor and Ventruria canescens. Journal of Balkan ecology, 11: 99-102.Greany, P. D. and J. E. Carpenter, 2000. Årea-ide control of fruit flies and other insect pests: Importance. Joint proceedings of the International Conference on Årea-Wide Control of insect pests, May 28–June 2, 1998 and the Fifth International symposium on fruit flies of economi, June 1-5.Hamalainen, M. and M. Markkula, 1977. Cool storage of Coccinella septempunctata and Adalia bipunctata (Col., coccinellidae) eggs for use in the biological control in greenhouses. Annales agricultural fennicae, 16: 132-136.Hamed, M., S. Nadeem and A. Riaz, 2009. Use of gamma radiation for improving the mass production of Trichogramma chilonis and Chrysoperla carnea. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 43-48.Hendrichs, J., K. Bloem, G. Hoch, J. E. Carpenter, P. Greany and A. S. Robinson, 2009. Improving the cost-effectiveness, trade and safety of biological control for agricultural insect pests using nuclear techniques. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 3-22.Jalali, S. and S. Singh, 1992. Differential response of four Trichogramma species to low temperatures for short term storage. Entomophaga, 37(1): 159-165.Jandial, V. K. and K. Malik, 2006. Feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata Linn. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) on mustard aphid, lipaphis erysimi kalt. And potato peach aphid, Myzus persicae sulzer. Journal of entomological research, 30(4): 291-293.Jordão-paranhos, B. A., J. M. Walder and N. T. Papadopoulos, 2003. A simple method to study parasitism and field biology of the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biocontrol science technology, 13(6): 631-639.Koch, R. L., M. Carrillo, R. Venette, C. Cannon and W. D. Hutchison, 2004. Cold hardiness of the multicolored asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental entomology, 33(4): 815-822.Labrie, G., D. Coderre and E. Lucas, 2008. Overwintering strategy of multicolored asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Cold-free space as a factor of invasive success. Annals of the entomological society of America, 101(5): 860-866.Leopold, R. and W.-l. Chen, 2007. Cold storage of the adult stage of Gonatocerus ashmeadi girault: The impact on maternal and progeny quality. In: Proceedings of the 2007 pierce’s disease research symposium, San Diego, CA. pp: 42-46.Matveev, E., J. Kwon, G. Judd and M. J. T. C. E. Evenden, 2017. The effect of cold storage of mass-reared codling moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on subsequent flight capacity. The Canadian entomologist, 149(3): 391-398.Mousapour, Z., A. Askarianzadeh and H. Abbasipour, 2014. Effect of cold storage of pupae parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (say)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on its efficiency. Archives of phytopathology plant protection, 47(8): 966-972.Novotny, J., M. Zúbrik, M. L. McManus and A. M. Liebhold, 2003. Sterile insect technique as a tool for increasing the efficacy of gypsy moth biocontrol. Proceedings: Ecology, survey and management of forest insects GTR-NE-311, 311.Pervez, A. and Omkar, 2006. Ecology and biological control application of multicoloured asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: A review. Biocontrol science technology, 16(2): 111-128.Ramløy, U.-B., 2000. Aspects of natural cold tolerance in ectothermic animals. Human reproduction, 15(suppl_5): 26-46.Ruan, C.-C., W.-M. Du, X.-M. Wang, J.-J. Zhang and L.-S. Zang, 2012. Effect of long-term cold storage on the fitness of pre-wintering Harmonia axyridis (pallas). BioControl, 57(1): 95-102.Salem, H., M. Fouda, A. Abas, W. Ali and A. Gabarty, 2014. Effects of gamma irradiation on the development and reproduction of the greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.). Journal of radiation research applied sciences, 7(1): 110-115.Seth, R. K., T. K. Barik and S. Chauhan, 2009. Interaction of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), cultured in irradiated hosts, with ‘f1 sterility’: Towards management of a tropical pest, Spodoptera litura (fabr.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 139-155.Sohail, M., S. S. Khan, R. Muhammad, Q. A. Soomro, M. U. Asif and B. K. Solangi, 2019. Impact of insect growth regulators on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea (stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ecotoxicology, 28(9): 1115-1125.Suleman, N., 2015. Heterodynamic processes in Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera): A mini review. Entomological science, 18(2): 141-146.Suleman, N., M. Hamed and A. Riaz, 2017. Feeding potential of the predatory ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) as affected by the hunger levels on natural host species. Journal of phytopathology pest management, 4: 38-47.Tezze, A. A. and E. N. Botto, 2004. Effect of cold storage on the quality of Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biological control, 30(1): 11-16.Tunçbilek, A. S., U. Canpolat and F. Sumer, 2009. Suitability of irradiated and cold-stored eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) and Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) for stockpiling the egg-parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in diapause. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 127-138.Van Lenteren, J. C., 2012. The state of commercial augmentative biological control: Plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. BioControl, 57(1): 1-20.Venkatesan, T., S. Singh and S. Jalali, 2000. Effect of cold storage on cocoons of Goniozus nephantidis muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) stored for varying periods at different temperature regimes. Journal of entomological research, 24(1): 43-47.Wang, E., D. Lu, X. Liu and Y. Li, 2009. Evaluating the use of nuclear techniques for colonization and production of Trichogramma chilonis in combination with releasing irradiated moths for control of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 235-242.Watanabe, M., 2002. Cold tolerance and myo-inositol accumulation in overwintering adults of a lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). European journal of entomology, 99(1): 5-10.Xia, J., J. Wang, J. Cui, P. Leffelaar, R. Rabbinge and W. Van Der Werf, 2018. Development of a stage-structured process-based predator–prey model to analyse biological control of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, by the sevenspot ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata, in cotton. Ecological complexity, 33: 11-30.Zapater, M. C., C. E. Andiarena, G. P. Camargo and N. Bartoloni, 2009. Use of irradiated musca domestica pupae to optimize mass rearing and commercial shipment of the parasitoid spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 261-270.

e5029053The school inclusion of students with visual impairment faces challenges regarding pedagogical evaluation in an individualized way, and in relation to an efficient pedagogical follow-up of the same. One proposal which has sew highlighted in the school environment is the Individual Development Plan (PDI) which is a form of pedagogical assessment for students with disabilities who attend the Multifunctional Resource Room (MRR). This article aimed to analyze the PDI in the pedagogical evaluation of a visually impaired student and originated from a research with a case study methodologyin the qualitative approach at the Center for Assistance to People with Specific Educational Needs (NAPNE) of the Federal Institute of Pará-IFPA / Campus Belém. The procedure had three stages: selection of the student, preparation and application of the assessment script. The PDI was applied to identify data and information about the student's educational context. The data analysis was carried out through the organization and categorization of the student's reports based on the Content Analysis (CA). The results showed difficulties in relation to accessibility to didactic material and curricular adaptations, to infrastructure on Campus and the absence of a specialized professional. It is concluded that the application of the PDI can contribute to the pedagogical assessment of students with visual impairment, in addition to allowing educational support for adapting assessment procedures and teaching methodologies.ResumoA inclusão escolar de alunos com deficiência visual enfrenta desafios quanto à avaliação pedagógica de forma individualizada, e em relação ao plano eficiente de acompanhamento pedagógico. Uma proposta que tem se destacado no âmbito escolar é o Plano de Desenvolvimento Individual (PDI) que se constitui em uma forma de avaliação pedagógica para alunos com deficiência, que frequentam a Sala de Recurso Multifuncional. O presente artigo teve por objetivo analisar o PDI na avaliação pedagógica de uma aluna com deficiência visual, e se originou a partir de uma pesquisa com metodologia do tipo estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, nos espaços do Núcleo de Atendimento às Pessoas com Necessidades Educacionais Específicas (NAPNE) do Instituto Federal do Pará-IFPA/Campus Belém. O procedimento ocorreu em três etapas: seleção da aluna, elaboração e aplicação do roteiro de avaliação. O PDI foi aplicado para identificação dos dados e informações sobre o contexto educacional da aluna. A análise de dados se deu por meio da organização e categorização dos relatos da aluna, com base na Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram dificuldades em relação à acessibilidade ao material didático e às adaptações curriculares, à infraestrutura no Campus e ausência de profissional especializado. Concluiu-se que a aplicação do PDI pode contribuir para a avaliação pedagógica de alunos com deficiência visual, além de permitir um suporte educacional para adaptação de procedimentos de avaliação e metodologias de ensino.ResumenLa inclusión escolar de estudiantes con discapacidad visual enfrenta desafíos en términos de evaluación pedagógica individualizada y con relación a en relación a un plan de acompañamiento pedagógico eficiente. Una propuesta es el Plan de Desarrollo Individual (PDI), que constituye un guión forma de evaluación e intervención pedagógica para los estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales que asisten a la Sala de Recursos Multifuncionales (SRM). El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar el PDI como instrumento para la intervención pedagógica de un estudiante con discapacidad visual a partir de una investigación con metodología de estudio de caso sobre el abordaje cualitativo con un estudiante con discapacidad visual en el Centro de Apoyo a Personas con Necesidades Educativas Específicas (NAPNE) de la IFPA/Campus Belém. El procedimiento tuvo tres etapas: selección del alumno, elaboración y aplicación de la forma de evaluación. Se aplicó el PDI para identificar datos e información sobre el contexto educativo del alumno. El análisis de datos se llevó a cabo a través de la organización y categorización de los informes de los estudiantes basados en Análisis de Contenido (AC). Los resultados mostraron dificultades con relación a la accesibilidad al material didáctico y adaptaciones curriculares, a la infraestructura en el Campus y la ausencia de un profesional especializado. Se concluyó que la aplicación del PDI puede contribuir a la evaluación pedagógica de los estudiantes con discapacidad visual, además de permitir un apoyo educativo para adecuar los procedimientos de evaluación y las metodologías de enseñanza.Palavras chave: Plano de Desenvolvimento Individual, aluno com deficiência, avaliação pedagógica.Keywords: Individual Development Plan, student with a disability, pedagogical evaluation.Palabras clave: Plan de Desarrollo Individual, Estudiante con discapacidad, evaluación pedagógica.ReferencesAGUIRRE, Dário de Ávila. As capacitações de ledores e transcritores para inclusão e acesso em processos seletivos à educação superior: a percepção dos egressos. 2019. 165 f. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação da Universidade Católica de Brasília. Disponível: https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/bitstream/tede/2588/2/DariodeAvilaAguirreDissertacao2019.pdf. Acesso: 18 nov 2020.ANJOS, Isa Regina Santos dos. Programa TEC NEP: avaliação de uma proposta de educação profissional inclusiva. São Carlos, São Paulo, 2006. 107 f. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Especial. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, (SP). 2006. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/2949/1171.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y. Acesso em: 23 nov. 2020.BARDIN, Laurence. Análise de conteúdo. Tradução de Luís Antero Reto, Augusto Pinheiro. 3 reimp. São Paulo: Edições 70, 2011.BARROS, Alessandra Belfort; SILVA, Silvana Maria Moura; COSTA, Maria da Piedade Resende. Dificuldades no processo de inclusão escolar: percepções de professores e de alunos com deficiência visual em escolas públicas. Bol. - Acad. Paul. Psicol. v. 35, n.88, São Paulo, jan. 2015.BRASIL. Lei nº 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996. Estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 23 dez. 1996. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L9394.htm. Acesso em: 29 jan. 2021.BRASIL. LEI nº 10.048, DE 8 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2000a. Dá prioridade de atendimento às pessoas que especifica, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 8 nov. 2000. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l10048.htm. Acesso: 02 nov. 2020.BRASIL. LEI nº 10.098, DE 19 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2000b. Estabelece normas gerais e critérios básicos para a promoção da acessibilidade das pessoas portadoras de deficiência ou com mobilidade reduzida, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 19 dez. 2000. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/arquivos/pdf/lei10098.pdf. Acesso em: 16 out. 2020.BRASIL. Lei nº. 13.409, de 28 de dezembro de 2016. Dispõe sobre a reserva de vagas para pessoas com deficiência nos cursos técnicos de nível médio e superior das Instituições Federais de Ensino. Brasília, DF, dez. 2016. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 3 dez. 2016. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2016/lei/l13409.htm. Acesso em 14 nov. 2020.BREITENBACH, Fabiane Vanessa. Propostas de educação inclusiva dos institutos Federais do estado do rio grande do sul: Alguns apontamentos. 2012. 137 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós - Graduação em Educação, Linha de Pesquisa em Educação Especial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/7002/BREITENBACH%2c%20FABIANE%20VANESSA.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y. Acesso em: 29 out. 2020.CUNHA, Ana Cristina Barros da; ENUMO, Sónia Regina Fiorim. Desenvolvimento da criança com deficiência visual (DV) e interacção mãe-criança: algumas considerações. Psic., Saúde Doenças, Lisboa, v. 4, n. 1, p. 33-46, jul. 2003. Disponível em http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1645-00862003000100003lng=ptnrm=iso. Acesso em: 26 jan. 2021.DRAGO, Rogério; MANGA, Vanessa Pita Barreira Burgos. Deficiência visual e formação de professores: para uma revisão conceitual. Crítica Educativa. Sorocaba/SP, v. 3, n. 3, p. 292-310. ISSN: 2447-4223. ago./dez. 2017.GIL, Antonio Carlos. Estudo de caso: fundamentação científica - subsídios para coleta e análise de dados - como redigir o relatório. São Paulo: Atlas, 2009. 148 p.GIL, Marta. Deficiência visual. Brasília: Ministério da Educação, 2000. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/seed/arquivos/pdf/deficienciavisual.pdf. Acesso em 17 nov. 2020.GLAT, Rosana. Descobrindo Representações Sociais: por uma Cultura de Colaboração para Inclusão Escolar. Rev. Bras. Ed. Esp., Marília/SP, v.24, Edição Especial. p.9-20, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstractpid=S1413-65382018000500009lng=ennrm=isotlng=pt. Acesso em 12 nov. 2020.GLAT, Rosana; VIANNA, Márcia Marin; REDIG, Annie Gomes. Plano Educacional Individualizado: uma estratégia a ser construída no processo de formação docente. Ciências Humanas e Sociais em Revista, v. 34, n. 1, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274694649_Plano_Educacional_Individualizado_uma_estrategia_a_ser_construida_no_processo_de_formacao_docente. Acesso em 20 nov. 2020.IFPA. Resolução n° 064/2018-CONSUP de 22 de março de 2018. Disponível em:http://sigp.ifpa.edu.br/sigrh/public/colegiados/resolucoes.jsf;jsessionid=E11F0DC7FEE51D742D631C8CD589272A.node1inst1. Acesso em 17 nov. 2020.LIMA, Eva Lídia Maniçoba de; MEDEIROS NETA, Olívia Morais de. Inclusão de pessoas com deficiência visual no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte: formação docente e práticas pedagógicas. Humanidades Inovação, v. 7, n. 11, p. 37-53, 2020. Disponível em: https://revista.unitins.br/index.php/humanidadeseinovacao/article/view/3274. Acesso: 18 nov. 2020.LIRA, Miriam Cristina Frey; SCHLINDWEIN, Luciane Maria. A pessoa cega e a inclusão: um olhar a partir da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Cad. Cedes, Campinas, vol. 28, n. 75, p. 171-190, maio/ago. 2008. Disponível em:https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ccedes/v28n75/v28n75a03.pdf. Acesso: 16 nov. 2020.MAGALHÃES, Priscila Giselli Silva; KAWAKAMI, Layanai Mayumi Murakami. Recursos didáticos para alunos com Deficiência Visual: Uma análise das Pesquisas no Brasil. ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA, v. 14, n. 50, p. 1153-1169, 2020. Disponível em: https://idonline.emnuvens.com.br/id/article/view/2541. Acesso: 14 nov. 2020.MAZZARINO, Jane Márcia; FALKENBACH, Atos; RISSI, Simone. Acessibilidade e inclusão de uma aluna com deficiência visual na escola e na educação física. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte. Porto Alegre, v.33, n.1, p. 87-102, Mar. 2011. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0101-32892011000100006script=sci_abstracttlng=pt. Acesso em 20 nov. 2020.MENDES, Katiuscia Aparecida Moreira de Oliveira. Educação especial inclusiva nos institutos federais de educação, ciência e tecnologia brasileiros. 2017. 165 f. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Educação (FE), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Goiânia. Disponível em: https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstream/tede/8139/5/Tese%20-%20Katiuscia%20Aparecida%20Moreira%20de%20Oliveira%20Mendes%20-%202017.pdf. Acesso: 16 nov. 2020.MISSEL, Aline. Educação inclusiva: uma reflexão acerca das dificuldades reais na inclusão de pessoas com deficiência física/motora. Revista Educação em Rede: Formação e Prática Docente. ISSN 2316-8919. v. 2, n. 3. 2013.MOSQUERA, Carlos Fernando França. Deficiência visual na escola inclusiva. Série Inclusão Escolar. Curitiba: Intersaberes, 2012. 160 p.NEPONUCENO, Taiane Aparecida Ribeiro; ZANDER, Leiza Daniele. Uma análise dos recursos didáticos táteis adaptados ao ensino de ciências a alunos com deficiência visual inseridos no ensino fundamental. Benjamin Constant. Rio de Janeiro, n. 58, v. 1, p. 49-63, jan.-jun. 2015. Disponível em: http://revista.ibc.gov.br/index.php/BC/article/view/325. Acesso em 18 nov. 2020.NUNES, Sylvia; LOMÔNACO, José Fernando Bitencourt. O aluno cego: preconceitos e potencialidades. Revista Semestral da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, SP. v. 14, n. 1, 55-64, Janeiro/Junho, 2010. Disponível em https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1413-85572010000100006script=sci_abstracttlng=pt. Acesso em 14 nov. 2020.POKER, Rosimar Bortolini; MARTINS, Sandra Eli Sartoreto de Oliveira; OLIVEIRA, Anna Augusta Sampaio de; MILANEZ, Simone Ghedini Costa; GIROTO, Claudia Regina Mosca. Plano de desenvolvimento individual para o atendimento educacional especializado. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica; Marília: Oficina Universitária, 2013. Disponível em: http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Brasil/ffc-unesp/20170831044958/pdf_267.pdf. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2020.POKER, Rosimar Bortolini; MARTINS, Sandra Eli Sartoreto de Oliveira; GIROTO, Claudia Regina Mosca. Análise de uma Proposta de Plano de Desenvolvimento Individual: o Ponto de Vista do Professor Especialista. Revista Diálogos e Perspectivas em Educação Especial, v.2, n.1, p. 55-72, Jan.-Jun., 2015. Disponível em: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/dialogoseperspectivas/article/view/5197. Acesso em 20 nov. 2020.REGIANI, Anelise Maria; MOL, Gerson de Souza.Inclusão de uma aluna cega em um curso de licenciatura em química. Ciência Educação, v. 19, n. 1, p. 123-134, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ciedu/v19n1/09.pdf. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2020.ROCHA, Artur Batista de Oliveira. O papel do professor na educação inclusiva. Ensaios Pedagógicos, v.7, n.2, ISSN – 2175-1773. Jul/Dez 2017. Disponível em: http://www.opet.com.br/faculdade/revista-pedagogia/pdf/n14/n14-artigo-1-O-PAPEL-DO-PROFESSOR-NA-EDUCACAO-INCLUSIVA.pdf. Acesso em 23 nov. 2020.SÁ. Elizabet Dias; CAMPOS, Izilda Maria; SILVA, Myriam Beatriz Campolina. Atendimento Educacional Especializado: Deficiência Visual. SEESP/SEED/MEC, Brasília. DF, 2007. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/seesp/arquivos/pdf/aee_dv.pdf. Acesso em: 17 nov. 2019.SALVINI, Roberta Rodrigues; PONTES, Raquel Pereira Pontes; RODRIGUES, Cristina Tristão; SILVA, Maria Micheliana Costa. Avaliação do Impacto do Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) sobre a Defasagem Escolar dos Alunos da Educação Especial. Estud. Econ., São Paulo, v. 49, n. 3, p. 539-568, Sept. 2019. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0101-41612019000300539lng=ennrm=iso. Acesso em: 29 jan. 2021.SANTOS, Luciana. Planejamento da ação didática na educação especial: compreensões necessárias na elaboração do plano de AEE. Revista Ciências Humanas - UNITAU, Taubaté/SP - Brasil, v. 12, n. 1, edição 23, p. 98 - 113, Jan. - Abr. de 2019. Disponível em: https://www.rchunitau.com.br/index.php/rch/article/view/514/279. Acesso em 23 nov. 2020.SILVA, Izaura Maria de Andrade. Políticas de educação profissional para pessoa com deficiência. 2011. 209f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) –Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2011. Disponível em: https://dlc.library.columbia.edu/catalog/ldpd:504767/bytestreams/content/content?filename=Izaura+Maria+de+Andrade+da+Silva.pdf. Acesso em: 23 nov. 2020.SILVA, Larissa Vendramini; BEGO, Amadeu Moura. Levantamento Bibliográfico sobre Educação Especial e Ensino de Ciências no Brasil. Revista brasileira de educação especial, v. 24, n. 3, p. 343-358, 2018. Disponível em:https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1413-65382018000300343script=sci_arttexttlng=pt . Acesso em: 13 nov. 2020.SILVA, Tatiane Santos; LANDIM, Myrna Friederichs. Tendências de pesquisas em ensino de ciências voltadas a alunos com deficiência visual. Scientia Plena, Aracaju, v. 10, n. 4, p. 1-12, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.scientiaplena.org.br/sp/article/view/1943/979. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2020.SILVA, Claudia Lopes; LEME, Maria Isabel. O Papel do Diretor Escolar na Implantação de uma Cultura Educacional Inclusiva. Psicologia, Ciência e Profissão. v. 29, n. 3, p. 494-511. 2009. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1414-98932009000300006script=sci_abstracttlng=pt. Acesso em: 23 nov. 2020.SILVEIRA, Cintia Murussi. Professores de alunos com Deficiência Visual: saberes, competências e capacitação. 2010. 137f. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós graduação em Educação. PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Disponível: http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/bitstream/tede/3629/1/421421.pdf. Acesso: 17 nov. 2019.TORRES, Vanthauze Marques Freire; VIEIRA, Sandra Conceição Maria. Qualidade de vida em adolescentes com deficiência. Revista CEFAC, v. 16, n. 6, p. 1953-1961, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1693/169339740024.pdf. Acesso em: 17 nov 2020.

Abstract Key message FHB resistance shared pleiotropic loci with plant height and anther retention. Genomic prediction allows to select for genomic background reducing FHB susceptibility in the presence of the dwarfing allele Rht-D1b. Abstract With the high interest for semi-dwarf cultivars in wheat, finding locally adapted resistance sources against Fusarium head blight (FHB) and FHB-neutral reduced height (Rht) genes is of utmost relevance. In this study, 401 genotypes of European origin without/with dwarfing alleles of Rht-D1 and/or Rht24 were analysed across five environments on FHB severity and the morphological traits such as plant height (PH), anther retention (AR), number of spikelets per ear, ear length and ear density. Data were analysed by combined correlation and path analyses, association mapping and coupling single- and multi-trait genome-wide association studies (ST-GWAS and MT-GWAS, respectively) and genomic prediction (GP). All FHB data were corrected for flowering date or heading stage. High genotypic correlation (rg = 0.74) and direct path effect (0.57) were detected between FHB severity and anther retention (AR). Moderate correlation (rg = − 0.55) was found between FHB severity and plant height (PH) with a high indirect path via AR (− 0.31). Indirect selection for FHB resistance should concentrate on AR and PH. ST-GWAS identified 25 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB severity, PH and AR, while MT-GWAS detected six QTL across chromosomes 2A, 4D, 5A, 6B and 7B conveying pleiotropic effects on the traits. Rht-D1b was associated with high AR and FHB susceptibility. Our study identified a promising positively acting pleiotropic QTL on chromosome 7B which can be utilized to improve FHB resistance while reducing PH and AR. Rht-D1b genotypes having a high resistance genomic background exhibited lower FHB severity and AR. The use of GP for estimating the genomic background was more effective than selection of GWAS-detected markers. We demonstrated that GP has a great potential and should be exploited by selecting for semi-dwarf winter wheat genotypes with higher FHB resistance due to their genomic background.

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) and heterozygosity (ROHet) are windows into population demographic history and adaptive evolution. Numerous studies have shown that deleterious mutations are enriched in the ROH of humans, pigs, cattle, and chickens. However, the relationship of deleterious variants to ROH and the pattern of ROHet in goats have been largely understudied. Here, 240 Guangfeng and Ganxi goats from Jiangxi Province, China, were genotyped using the Illumina GoatSNP50 BeadChip and genome-wide ROH, ROHet, and genetic load analyses were performed in the context of 32 global goat breeds. The classes with the highest percentage of ROH and ROHet were 0.5–2 Mb and 0.5–1 Mb, respectively. The results of inbreeding coefficients (based on SNP and ROH) and ROHet measurements showed that Guangfeng goats had higher genetic variability than most Chinese goats, while Ganxi goats had a high degree of inbreeding, even exceeding that of commercial goat breeds. Next, the predicted damaging homozygotes were more enriched in long ROHs, especially in Guangfeng goats. Therefore, we suggest that information on damaging alleles should also be incorporated into the design of breeding and conservation programs. A list of genes related to fecundity, growth, and environmental adaptation were identified in the ROH hotspots of two Jiangxi goats. A sense-related ROH hotspot (chromosome 12: 50.55–50.81 Mb) was shared across global goat breeds and may have undergone selection prior to goat domestication. Furthermore, an identical ROHet hotspot (chromosome 1: 132.21–132.54 Mb) containing two genes associated with embryonic development (STAG1 and PCCB) was detected in domestic goat breeds worldwide. Tajima’s D and BetaScan2 statistics indicated that this region may be caused by long-term balancing selection. These findings not only provide guidance for the design of conservation strategies for Jiangxi goat breeds but also enrich our understanding of the adaptive evolution of goats.

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) and heterozygosity (ROHet) are windows into population demographic history and adaptive evolution. Numerous studies have shown that deleterious mutations are enriched in the ROH of humans, pigs, cattle, and chickens. However, the relationship of deleterious variants to ROH and the pattern of ROHet in goats have been largely understudied. Here, 240 Guangfeng and Ganxi goats from Jiangxi Province, China, were genotyped using the Illumina GoatSNP50 BeadChip and genome-wide ROH, ROHet, and genetic load analyses were performed in the context of 32 global goat breeds. The classes with the highest percentage of ROH and ROHet were 0.5–2 Mb and 0.5–1 Mb, respectively. The results of inbreeding coefficients (based on SNP and ROH) and ROHet measurements showed that Guangfeng goats had higher genetic variability than most Chinese goats, while Ganxi goats had a high degree of inbreeding, even exceeding that of commercial goat breeds. Next, the predicted damaging homozygotes were more enriched in long ROHs, especially in Guangfeng goats. Therefore, we suggest that information on damaging alleles should also be incorporated into the design of breeding and conservation programs. A list of genes related to fecundity, growth, and environmental adaptation were identified in the ROH hotspots of two Jiangxi goats. A sense-related ROH hotspot (chromosome 12: 50.55–50.81 Mb) was shared across global goat breeds and may have undergone selection prior to goat domestication. Furthermore, an identical ROHet hotspot (chromosome 1: 132.21–132.54 Mb) containing two genes associated with embryonic development (STAG1 and PCCB) was detected in domestic goat breeds worldwide. Tajima’s D and BetaScan2 statistics indicated that this region may be caused by long-term balancing selection. These findings not only provide guidance for the design of conservation strategies for Jiangxi goat breeds but also enrich our understanding of the adaptive evolution of goats.

In this paper panel analysis is being carried on original Relative Income Hypothesis (RIH) and its other modifications over the time span of 1998 to 2015. To furnish reliable and appropriate estimation, Households Integrated Economic Surveys (HIES) based consumption and income variables have been gone through various stages of data filtering. The findings of Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) significantly validate the relevance of three types of ratchet effects (income, consumption and habit) in provinces. Average Propensity to Consume is highest for Baluchi’s households followed respectively by Pashtuns, Punjabi, and Sindhi. The selection of constant slop model implies that province-wise there is no difference in magnitudes of ratchet effect obtained from various versions of RIH. All provinces make adjustments in long run to their consumption in response to income fluctuations. Estimated marginal consumption propensities are according to economic theory that shows smooth consumption path in short run as well in the long run. Polices should be formulated to switch consumer mind set from consumption oriented to saving oriented with the help of appropriate tool of fiscal and monetary policies.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of weeds is one of the main factors limiting agricultural productivity. Studies on new techniques for the identification of these species can contribute to the development of proximal sensors, which, in the future, might be coupled to machines to optimize the performance of a species-specific weed management. Thus, the objective of this study was to use near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and multivariate analysis to discriminate three morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.). The NIR spectra were collected from the leaves of three weed species in vegetative stage (up to five leaves), within the spectral band of 4,000 to 10,000 cm-1. The discrimination models were selected according to accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Youden’s index and analyzed with a validation data set (n = 135). The best results occurred when the selection of spectral bands associated with the use of pre-processing was performed. It was possible to obtain an accuracy of 99.3, 98.5, and 98.7% for ivylead morningglory (Ipomoea hederifolia L.), Japanese morningglory [Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth] and hairy woodrose [Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.], respectively. NIR spectroscopy associated with principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA), or associated with partial least squares regression with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), can be used to discriminate morningglory species.

Drought stress is also one of the important abiotic factors limiting plant growth and development, and the global temperature is rising year by year, resulting in a dry environment in most terrestrial forests, which will continue to affect the growth, development and reproduction of tree species in forests. European birch(Betula pendula Roth.) native to Europe, introduced to the mountains of eastern Liaoning in 1981 (annual precipitation of about 800mm), European birch relative to downy birch (B. pubescens)has strong adaptability and drought tolerance and cold tolerance, can grow normally in eastern Liaoning, but it is easy to be affected by drought at the seedling stage and cause death, many arid and semi-arid areas have no introduction and practical application of European birch, and there is less research on the drought resistance of European birch. This study used different concentrations of PEG-6000 treatment to simulate drought stress and clarify the changes of various growth physiological parameters and photosynthetic characteristics of European birch seedlings under drought stress, in order to investigate the physiological response mechanism of European birch under drought stress . This study used different concentrations of PEG-6000 treatment to simulate drought stress and clarify the changes of various growth physiological parameters and photosynthetic characteristics of European birch seedlings under drought stress, in order to investigate the physiological response mechanism of European birch under drought stress. The findings demonstrated that stress duration and increasing PEG concentration had a highly significant impact on the growth traits of European birch seedlings (p&lt;0.01); With increasing stress concentration and stress time, antioxidant enzyme activity, membrane lipid peroxidation, and osmoregulatory substance concentrations increased significantly (p&lt;0.01); With increasing stress concentration and duration, photosynthetic parameters and pigments decreased highly significantly (p&lt;0.01); Under different PEG concentration treatments, the anatomical structure of seedling leaves changed more noticeably; there was a significant effect (p &lt;0.05) on the change in mean stomatal length and a highly significant effect (p&lt;0.01) on the change in mean stomatal structure. The study's findings serve as a foundation for the selection and breeding of new drought-tolerant European birch species, as well as a theoretical underpinning for the use of this species in landscaping and the promotion of new drought-tolerant species in China.

Rumors on social networks are often referred to as infectious diseases of the Internet, because rumors spread in networks are characterized by strong concealment, fast transmission speed and wide spread. With the development of mobile devices, online rumors are far more harmful than before. Rumors on social networks show completely different spatio-temporal dynamics from traditional ones. A social network rumor propagation model considering both reaction diffusion and fermentation time delay is proposed in this paper. The effects of spatial diffusion and time delay on rumor propagation in online social networks are studied. Firstly, the existence of equilibria of the reaction-diffusion rumor propagation model is analyzed, and the basic regeneration number <i>R</i>₀ is calculated. When <i>R</i>₀ < 1, the rumor stops spreading and disappears on social networks; when <i>R</i>₀ > 1, the rumor persists on social networks. Secondly, the local stability of the rumor propagation equilibrium is investigated by using the Roth-Hurwitz stability criterion, and the influence of diffusion on the system stability is discussed. When the diffusion is introduced into a stable rumor propagation model without time delay, the model becomes unstable, indicating that the Turing instability is caused by diffusion. Thirdly, the Hopf bifurcation condition of the rumor propagation model is established by selecting the time delay <i>τ</i> as the bifurcation parameter, and the expression of bifurcation threshold <i>τ</i>₀ is given. When <i>τ</i> < <i>τ</i>₀, the rumor propagation model with diffusion term is stable; when <i>τ</i> > <i>τ</i>₀, the model loses the stability and the Hopf bifurcation occurs. Numerical simulation results show that both diffusion and time delay play an important role in the dynamic evolution of rumor propagation. At the same time, the influence of the crowding degree of spreaders on rumor propagation is also simulated. As the crowding gets worse and worse, the rumor refuting effect is reduced, the bifurcation threshold <i>τ</i>₀ is decreasing, and the propagation peak is increasing. Therefore, it is an important content to build an excellent social network environment to supervise the rumors that are still in the fermentation stage, improve the timeliness of the release of rumor refuting information, and strengthen the refuting of rumors among key groups. This paper breaks through the limitation considering only the evolution of time direction, explores the spatiotemporal propagation law of rumor in real society, and provides a new perspective and idea for the governance of rumor propagation.