Academic literature on the topic 'RRS James Clark Ross'

Thirty-seven holothuroid species, including six potentially new, are reported from the eastern Weddell Sea in Antarctica. Information regarding sea cucumbers in this dataset is based on Agassiz Trawl (AGT) samples collected during the British Antarctic Survey cruise JR275 on the RRS James Clark Ross in the austral summer of 2012. Species presence by site and an appendix of holothuroid identifications with registrations are included as supplementary material. Species occurrence in the Weddell Sea is updated to include new holothuroids from this expedition.

Based on benthic material collected during the BIOPEARL (Biodiversity, Phylogeny, Evolution and Adaptive Radiation of Life in Antarctica) II expedition on board RRS “James Clark Ross” a new nannoniscid species,Regabellator brixorumsp. n., is described from the Pine Island Bay continental shelf, western Amundsen Sea (Antarctica). The new species most closely resemblesRegabellator armatus(Hansen, 1916) but can be distinguished from this species by possessing ventral spines on pereonites 1-4, the shape of the cephalothorax anterior margin and the length of the pereonite 7 ventral spine. The genusRegabellatorhas been previously recorded from the North and South-eastern Atlantic and here exclusively from the deep sea (1946 m and below). The new species represents the first record of the genusRegabellatorfrom the Antarctic continental shelf and thus greatly extends hitherto known latitudinal and bathymetric ranges for this genus.

Abstract. The stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in seawater was measured in samples collected during June–July 2014 in the subpolar North Atlantic. Sample collection was carried out on the RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR302, part of the “Radiatively Active Gases from the North Atlantic Region and Climate Change” (RAGNARoCC) research programme. The observed δ13CDIC values for cruise JR302 fall in a range from −0.07 to +1.95 ‰, relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard. From duplicate samples collected during the cruise, the 1σ precision for the 341 results is 0.08 ‰, which is similar to our previous work and other studies of this kind. We also performed a cross-over analysis using nearby historical δ13CDIC data, which indicated that there were no significant systematic offsets between our measurements and previously published results. We also included seawater reference material (RM) produced by A. G. Dickson (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA) in every batch of analysis, enabling us to improve upon the calibration and quality-control procedures from a previous study. The δ13CDIC is consistent within each RM batch, although its value is not certified. We report δ13CDIC values of 1.15 ± 0.03 ‰ and 1.27 ± 0.05 ‰ for batches 141 and 144 respectively. Our JR302 δ13CDIC data can be used – along with measurements of other biogeochemical variables – to constrain the processes that control DIC in the interior ocean, in particular the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and the biological carbon pump. Our δ13CDIC results are available from the British Oceanographic Data Centre – doi:10.5285/22235f1a-b7f3-687f-e053-6c86abc0c8a6.

Different species of baleen whales display distinct spatial distribution patterns in the Scotia Sea during the austral summer. Passive acoustic and visual surveys for baleen whales were conducted aboard the RRS James Clark Ross in the Scotia Sea and around South Georgia in January and February 2003. Identified calls from four species were recorded during the acoustic survey including southern right (Eubalaena australis), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (B. physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). These acoustic data included up calls made by southern right whales, downswept D and tonal calls by blue whales, two possible types of fin whale downswept calls and humpback whale moans and grunts. Visual detections included southern right, fin, humpback and Antarctic minke whales (B. bonaerensis sp.). Most acoustic and visual detections occurred either around South Georgia (southern right and humpback whales) or south of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and along the outer edge of the ice pack (southern right, blue, humpback and Antarctic minke whales). Fin whales were the exception, being the only species acoustically and visually detected primarily in the central Scotia Sea, along the southern ACC front. In addition to identifiable calls from these species, two types of probable baleen whale calls were detected: 50Hz upswept and pulsing calls. It is proposed that minke whales may produce the pulsing calls, based on their similarities with minke whale calls recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean. There was an overlap between locations of fin whale sightings and recordings and locations of 50Hz upswept calls in the central Scotia Sea, but these calls were most similar to calls attributed to blue whales in other parts of Antarctica. More study is required to determine if baleen whales produce these two call types, and if so, which species. The efficiency of acoustics and visual surveys varied by species, with blue whales being easier to detect using acoustics, Antarctic minke whales being best detected during visual surveys and other species falling in between these two extremes.

On Christmas Eve 1923, the whaling factory ship Sir James Clark Ross, commanded by Captain Carl Anton Larsen and accompanied by five catchers, reached the front of the Ross Ice Shelf; these were the first whaling vessels to operate in the Ross Sea. They had been dispatched by the Norwegian whaling company Hvalfangeraktienselskapet Rosshavet, which had obtained a licence from the British government. For most of the 1923–24 season, Sir James Clark Ross occupied an uneasy anchorage in the deep waters of Discovery Inlet, a narrow embayment in the front of the Ross Ice Shelf, while her catchers pursued whales widely in the Ross Sea. During that first season they killed and processed 221 whales (211 blue whales and 10 fin whales), which yielded 17,300 barrels of oil. During the next decade, with the exception of the 1931–32 season, Sir James Clark Ross and two other factory ships operated by Rosshavet, C.A. Larsen and Sir James Clark Ross II, operated in the Ross Sea. From the 1926–27 season onwards these ships were joined by up to three other factory ships and their catchers, operated by other companies. During the decade 1923–33 the Rosshavet ships killed and processed 9122 whales in the Ross Sea sector, mainly in the open waters of the Ross Sea south of the pack-ice belt. Total harvest for all factory ships from the Ross Sea sector for the period was 18,238 whales (mainly blue whales) producing 1,490,948 barrels of oil. From 1924 onwards the Rosshavet catchers wintered in Paterson Inlet on Stewart Island, New Zealand, and from 1925 onwards a well-equipped shipyard, Kaipipi Shipyard, operated on Price Peninsula in Paterson Inlet to service the Rosshavet ships.

In February 1989, the partial skeleton of an ornithopod dinosaur was discovered during a British Antarctic Survey (BAS) expedition, supported by RRS John Biscoe, to the James Ross Island area, east of the Antarctic Peninsula. This was only the second dinosaur to be found in the continent of Antarctica, the first being an ankylosaur collected three years earlier (Olivero et al. 1986, Gasparini et al. 1987, Gasparini 1988, Gasparini & Olivero 1989, Olivero et al. 1991).

ABSTRACTThe emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is an iconic Antarctic species. George Robert Gray attributed the first description to Johann Reinhold Forster during James Cook's voyage of 1772–1775, attribution that persists to this day. Gray therefore honoured Forster in the emperor's scientific name—but he was almost certainly mistaken. Thaddeus von Bellingshausen in 1820 was probably the true first observer. Charles Wilkes in 1840 was next. James Clark Ross in 1841 made important observations and brought specimens home to the British Museum. Edward Wilson and others, in 1902–1903 and 1911 on the two expeditions of Robert F. Scott, discovered and investigated the first breeding colony, substantially advancing knowledge about this remarkable creature.

The first oceanographic measurements in the Ross Sea were made by its discoverer James Clark Ross, from the Erebus, on 18 January 1841. Since that time its continental shelf, seasonally ice free in most years, has proved a magnet to explorers and scientists, if not to fishermen and tourists. Nevertheless, our knowledge of this environment is rapidly being outpaced by our ignorance of its variability. For example, the Ross Sea contains two of the largest, most persistent polynyas on the Antarctic coastline, but its sea ice extent has increased over recent decades while its salinity has steadily declined. Are regional winds now stronger, the ocean circulation faster, and the ice thinner now than at the time of the IGY? Are its winter polynyas characterized more by upwelling driven by offshore winds, or downwelling due to brine release when sea ice is formed? How are polynya surface layers stabilized and iron-enriched, reportedly enhancing summer productivity, if the ice cover is blown away before it can melt in situ?

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a global environmental concern, having long been identified as harmful substances due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation in humans and wildlife. The commercial mixtures Penta-BDE and Octa-BDE have been banned in the European Union because of their toxic effects. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons used in building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. The aim of this thesis was to assess concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): IUPAC congener numbers BDE-28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, hexabromocyclododecane (α-, β-, γ- HBCD), novel brominated flames retardants such as BTBPE, PBBZ, HBB, PBEB, PBT, TBECH (α, β) and Dechlorane Plus isomers (anti and syn) in dust samples from different indoor environments at Spanish Antarctic research station of Gabriel de Castilla, the Chilean Antarctic research station of Prof. Julio Escudero and the British RRS James Clark Ross research vessel. The mean concentrations of ∑9PBDEs were 41.5 ± 43.8 ng/g in Gabriel de Castilla, 27.2 ± 37.9 ng/g in RSS James Clark Ross and 18.7 ± 14.2 ng/g in Prof. Julio Escudero. The Gabriel de Castilla research station reported a total ∑9PBDEs concentration of 301 ng/g. BDE-183 was detected with the highest concentrations of 69, 24 and 18 ng/g in Lab 2, Bedroom 1 and the Living room, respectively. The Prof. Julio Escudero research station reported a total ∑9PBDEs concentration of 83 ng/g and its highest levels of PBDEs were detected in the Meeting room with 18 ng/g (BDE-99) and 14 ng/g (BDE-47).. RSS James Clark Ross reported a total ∑9 PBDEs concentration of 165 ng/g, while the highest concentration of BDE-153 was detected in the Sample storage room with 59 ng/g, followed by the Computer room with 15 ng/g. The mean concentration of ∑HBCD was highest in RRS James Clark Ross (761 ± 1043 ng/g) followed by Gabriel de Castilla (257 ± 407 ng/g) and Prof. Julio Escudero (15 ± 15 ng/g). The total ∑HBCD concentration was highest in RSS James Clark Ross with 5328 ng/g, followed by Gabriel de Castilla with 2310 ng/g and Prof. Julio Escudero with a lower concentration of 30 ng/g. The mean concentrations of ∑9NBFRs were 24.7 ± 34.1 ng/g in Gabriel de Castilla, followed by RSS James Clark Ross with 21.1 ± 110 ng/g and Prof. Julio Escudero with 1.07 ± 2.17 ng/g. In general, ∑9NBFRs were 2227 (ng/g) in Gabriel de Castilla followed by 1329 ng/g in RRS James Clark Ross and finally 86.5 ng/g in Prof. Julio Escudero. The highest level (905 ng/g) was detected in the Sample storage room at RRS James Clark Ross. Dechlorane Plus, syn-DP compound was detected in all rooms in the Spanish Gabriel de Castilla base; the highest concentrations were found in the Living room (388 ng/g), Bedroom 1 (222 g/g) and Lab 2 (194 ng/g). The isomer anti-DP was also detected in Igloo 2 (170 ng/g) and in the Living room (154 ng/g). In general, the analysis of air mass in order to determine possible sources and fates of these contaminants demonstrated that the sampling area are strongly influenced by anthropogenic impact. This suggests that the concentration of these chemicals in any indoor environment will depend on the types of products present in each research station. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. 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