Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rrop

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Rrop'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rrop"

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Xie, Qingyi, Chunfeng Ma, Guangzhao Zhang, and Christine Bressy. "Poly(ester)–poly(silyl methacrylate) copolymers: synthesis and hydrolytic degradation kinetics." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 12 (2018): 1448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00052b.

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Folini, Jenny, Chao-Hung Huang, James C. Anderson, Wolfgang P. Meier, and Jens Gaitzsch. "Novel monomers in radical ring-opening polymerisation for biodegradable and pH responsive nanoparticles." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 39 (2019): 5285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01103j.

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We report the first amine-bearing cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) for radical ring-opening polymerisation (RROP). The resulting polyesters and their corresponding nanoparticles were biodegradable and showed the desired pH sensitive behaviour.
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Lin, Si-Ting, Chung-Chi Wang, Chi-Jung Chang, Yasuyuki Nakamura, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, and Chih-Feng Huang. "Progress in the Preparation of Functional and (Bio)Degradable Polymers via Living Polymerizations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 9581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249581.

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This review presents the latest developments in (bio)degradable approaches and functional aliphatic polyesters and polycarbonates prepared by typical ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones and trimethylene carbonates. It also considers several recent innovative synthetic methods including radical ring-opening polymerization (RROP), atom transfer radical polyaddition (ATRPA), and simultaneous chain- and step-growth radical polymerization (SCSRP) that produce aliphatic polyesters. With regard to (bio)degradable approaches, we have summarized several representative cleavable linkages that make it possible to obtain cleavable polymers. In the section on functional aliphatic polyesters, we explore the syntheses of specific functional lactones, which can be performed by ring-opening copolymerization of typical lactone/lactide monomers. Last but not the least, in the recent innovative methods section, three interesting synthetic methodologies, RROP, ATRPA, and SCSRP are discussed in detail with regard to their reaction mechanisms and polymer functionalities.
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Singha, Nikhil Kumar, Amalin Kavitha, Prodip Sarker, and Stephen Rimmer. "Copper-mediated controlled radical ring-opening polymerization (RROP) of a vinylcycloalkane." Chemical Communications, no. 26 (2008): 3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b801149d.

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Jackson, Alexander W., Srinivasa Reddy Mothe, Lohitha Rao Chennamaneni, Alexander van Herk, and Praveen Thoniyot. "Unraveling the History and Revisiting the Synthesis of Degradable Polystyrene Analogues via Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization with Cyclic Ketene Acetals." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102325.

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Degradable analogues of polystyrene are synthesized via radical ring-opening (co)polymerization (rROP) between styrene and two cyclic ketene acetals, namely 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO) and 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (BMDO). This approach periodically inserts ester bonds throughout the main chain of polystyrene, imparting a degradation pathway via ester hydrolysis. We discuss the historical record of this approach, with careful attention paid to the conflicting findings previously reported. We have found a common 1H NMR characterization error, repeated throughout the existing body of work. This misinterpretation is responsible for the discrepancies within the cyclic ketene acetal (CKA)-based degradable polystyrene literature. These inconsistencies, for the first time, are now understood and resolved through optimization of the polymerization conditions, and detailed characterization of the degradable copolymers and their corresponding oligomers after hydrolytic degradation.
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Dishop, Megan K. "Robbins Review of Pathology." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-456b-rrop.

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Popović, Zoran B., Kent A. Mowrey, Youhua Zhang, Shaowei Zhuang, Tomotsugu Tabata, Don W. Wallick, Richard A. Grimm, James D. Thomas, and Todor N. Mazgalev. "Slow rate during AF improves ventricular performance by reducing sensitivity to cycle length irregularity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): H2706—H2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00571.2002.

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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by short and irregular ventricular cycle lengths (VCL). While the beneficial effects of heart rate slowing (i.e., the prolongation of VCL) in AF are well recognized, little is known about the impact of irregularity. In 10 anesthetized dogs, R-R intervals, left ventricular (LV) pressure, and aortic flow were collected for >500 beats during fast AF and when the average VCL was prolonged to 75%, 100%, and 125% of the intrinsic sinus cycle length by selective atrioventricular (AV) nodal vagal stimulation. We used the ratio of the preceding and prepreceding R-R intervals (RRp/RRpp) as an index of cycle length irregularity and assessed its effects on the maximum LV power, the minimum of the first derivative of LV pressure, and the time constant of relaxation by using nonlinear fitting with monoexponential functions. During prolongation of VCL, there was a pronounced decrease in curvature with the formation of a plateau, indicating a lesser dependence on RRp/RRpp. We conclude that prolongation of the VCL during AF reduces the sensitivity of the LV performance parameters to irregularity.
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Reddy Mothe, Srinivasa, Jacqueline S. J. Tan, Lohitha R. Chennamaneni, Farhan Aidil, Yi Su, Hway C. Kang, Freda C. H. Lim, and Praveen Thoniyot. "A systematic investigation of the ring size effects on the free radical ring‐opening polymerization ( rROP ) of cyclic ketene acetal ( CKA ) using both experimental and theoretical approach." Journal of Polymer Science 58, no. 12 (May 21, 2020): 1728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.20200210.

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Garnett, Holly Ann. "Referendum Resource Officers in the 2007 Ontario Referendum on Electoral Reform." Canadian Political Science Review 8, no. 1 (August 12, 2014): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24124/c677/2014387.

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On October 10th, 2007, Ontarians overwhelmingly rejected a proposed change to their electoral system in a province-wide referendum on a new mixed-member proportional (MMP) system. Many commentators and academics blamed this failure of MMP on the quality of Election Ontario’s public education campaign, which was comprised of advertisements, an information hotline, a website, and public outreach activities. Elections Ontario’s public outreach element contained a unique program of grassroots education through local liaison officers. Elections Ontario chose to hire one Referendum Resource Officer (RRO) for each electoral district, who was tasked with providing referendum information through presentations and public meetings in their communities. This paper examines the feedback of one-third of these RROs collected through telephone and email interviews. Many of these RROs felt that the referendum education program fell short of its aim to provide local education on the referendum question and made suggestions as to the reasons behind the shortcomings of Elections Ontario’s referendum education campaign. They commented that their work was not supported by appropriate timelines, budgets and materials. In addition, many were displeased with the restrictions placed on RROs in efforts of keep the Elections Ontario campaign neutral. This case study supports previous referendum education and voting research that demonstrates that referendum education campaigns should not only provide timely and accessible information, but also encourage debate in order to provide citizens with the competence needed to make their “big decision.”
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Onders, Richard J., Steven D. Mims, Changzheng Wang, and William D. Pearson. "Reservoir Ranching of Paddlefish." North American Journal of Aquaculture 63, no. 3 (July 2001): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(2001)063<0179:rrop>2.0.co;2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rrop"

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Gil, Noémie. "Synthèse de polymères vinyliques dégradables par insertion de liaisons clivables : de la modélisation au matériau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0053.

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L’impact environnemental causé par les plastiques est un enjeu de taille ces dernières années. En effet la persistance de ce type de matériau crée de nombreux problèmes au niveau de la flore, de la faune et également au niveau des écosystèmes marins. Les polymères utilisés dans la vie courante sont, pour la plupart, issus de monomères vinyliques, tels que le styrène ou bien le (méth)acrylate de méthyle. Les polymères formés sont composés exclusivement de liaison carbone-carbone au sein de leur squelette, ce qui rend impossible leur dégradabilité. Cette thèse a pour but de trouver un moyen de rendre les matériaux du quotidien dégradables tout en conservant les propriétés de ceux-ci. Cela est possible en utilisant l’approche comonomère qui a pour but d’ajouter un comonomère cyclique (les thionolactones), capable de copolymériser par polymérisation radicalaire par ouverture de cycle (rROP), permettant d’insérer des fonctions clivables au sein du squelette de polymère. L'ensemble de ces travaux ont permis d’explorer le potentiel et les limitations des thionolactones en polymérisation radicalaire par ouverture de cycle. Pour ce faire, différents composés seront synthétisés puis utilisés dans différentes formulations contenant des comonomères vinyliques. Les résultats obtenus seront analysés avec l’appui de calculs théoriques (calculs DFT), permettant de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de polymérisation et enfin de proposer de nouvelles thionolactones optimisées qui seront testées expérimentalement
The environmental impact caused by plastics is a major issue in recent years. Indeed, the persistence of this type of material creates many problems for flora, fauna and also for marine ecosystems. The polymers used in everyday life are, for the most part, derived from vinyl monomers, such as styrene or methyl (meth)acrylate. The polymers formed are composed exclusively of carbon-carbon bonds within their skeleton, which makes their degradability impossible. The aim of this thesis is to find a way to make everyday materials degradable while maintaining their properties. This is possible by using the comonomer approach which aims to add a cyclic comonomer (thionolactones), capable of copolymerization by radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP), allowing to insert cleavable functions within the polymer backbone. All these works have allowed to explore the potential and the limitations of thionolactones in radical ring-opening polymerization. For this purpose, different compounds will be synthesized and used in different formulations containing vinyl comonomers. The results obtained will be analyzed with the support of theoretical calculations (DFT calculations), allowing to better understand the polymerization mechanisms and finally to propose new optimized thionolactones which will be experimentally tested
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Schreiber, Thomas. "Einsatzfelder der Informationstechnologie (IT) in der Regionalplanung dargestellt am Beispiel der Fortschreibung des regionalen Raumordnungsplans (RROP) Westpfalz /." Kaiserslautern : Universität, 2000. http://kluedo.ub.uni-kl.de/ARUBI/Metadaten/diplom_1.html.

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SANTOS, JUNIOR Alceu Gonçalves dos. "Produção de Quimera de roptria 2 de Neospora caninum com a porção B da toxina termolábil de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (rROP²/LTB) como imunobiológico." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2488.

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The intracellular protozoan Neospora caninum, is considered the main causative agent of abortion in cattle. Infection occurs by ingestion of sporulated oocysts in the environment, first occurs systemic parasitemy characterizing acute phase of infection and subsequent chronic phase with formation of tissue cysts, thus persisting the infected and the asymptomatic host. Diagnosis is made by serologic tests. Currently, there are no data to ensure the effectiveness of commercial vaccine available for cattle. Apical complex antigens of the parasite are being studied, since they have an important role in infection. The rhoptries, secretory glands present in this region of the parasite N. caninum, play an important role in invasion and formation of parasitophago vacuoles, these properties have generated interest in its use in experimental vaccine formulations. Experimentally it showed partial results of protection in challenge, when fused to other proteins of this protozoan, the protection was increased, suggesting that antigens fusion is effective for protection against N. caninum. This work produced a new chimeric antigen, originated from the fusion of ROP² N. caninum with the B subunit of heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. The construction of the chimera was accomplished by cloning in sequence where ROP² gene was inserted directly into the N-terminus of LTB. The construction ROP²/LTB was expressed in E. coli strain BL 21 (DE3) StarTM where it presented a size of approximately 24kDa. The fusion antigen did not impair the antigenicity when tested against positive bovine serum by immunofluorescence, the Western blot technique, therefore, show great potential for use as a recombinant vaccine.
O protozoário intracelular Neospora caninum, é considerado principal agentes causadores de aborto em bovinos. A infecção ocorre pela ingestão de oocistos esporulados no ambiente, inicialmente ocorre parasitemia sistêmica caracterizando fase aguda da infecção e posteriormente fase crônica com formação de cistos teciduais, permanecendo assim o hospedeiro infectado e assintomático. O diagnóstico é feito através de provas sorológicas. Atualmente, não há dados que assegurem a eficácia da vacina comercial disponível para bovinos. Antígenos do complexo apical do parasito estão sendo estudados, pois apresentam papel importante na infecção. As roptrias, glândulas secretoras presente nesta região do parasito N. caninum, desempenham papel importante na invasão e formação do vacúolo parasitófago, essas propriedades produziram interesse na sua utilização em formulações de vacina experimentais. Experimentalmente apresentou resultados parciais de proteção ao desafio, quando fusionada a outras proteínas deste protozoário, aumentou a proteção, sugerindo que fusão de antígenos é eficiente para proteção contra N. caninum. O presente trabalho produziu um novo antígeno quimérico, originado da fusão entre ROP² de N. caninum com a subunidade B, da enterotoxina termolábil de Escherichia coli. A construção da quimera foi realizada por clonagem em sequência, onde gene ROP² foi inserido diretamente na porção N-terminal da LTB. A construção, ROP²/LTB, foi expressa em cepa E. coli BL 21 (DE3) StarTM onde apresentou tamanho de aproximadamente 24kDa. A fusão de antígeno não prejudicou a antigenicidade quando testado frente a soro bovino positivo por Imunofluorescência, na técnica de Western blot, portanto, apresentando grande potencial para ser utilizado como vacina recombinante.
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Xie, Wei. "RROS reliability redundancy optimization solver: A Microsoft Excel add-in." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27610.

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This thesis proposes an implementation of an improved algorithm for solving nonlinear separable integer programming problems, as they arise in the field of system reliability. The reliability redundancy optimization solver (RROS) improves on a hybrid technique of dynamic programming with depth first search with tighter variable bounds. The implementation takes the form of an Excel add-in, which will be familiar to users with little formal OR/MS training. The user interface design is discussed. Example applications with benchmarks show that the RROS offers accurate solutions in a comparatively efficient way. This thesis further introduces a surrogate method to solve nonlinear problems with non-separable objectives, where a separable constraint is used as a surrogate objective. This is shown to yield solutions to a number of difficult cases.
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Xu, Chunmei. "Sparsity optimization and RRSP-based theory far l-bit compressive sensing." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6443/.

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Due to the fact that only a few significant components can capture the key information of the signal, acquiring a sparse representation of the signal can be interpreted as finding a sparsest solution to an underdetermined system of linear equations. Theoretical results obtained from studying the sparsest solution to a system of linear equations provide the foundation for many practical problems in signal and image processing, sample theory, statistical and machine learning, and error correction. The first contribution of this thesis is the development of sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of solutions of the partial l\(_0\)-minimization, where only a part of the solution is sparse. In particular, l\(_0\)-minimization is a special case of the partial l\(_0\)-minimization. To study and develop uniqueness conditions for the partial sparsest solution, some concepts, such as l\(_p\)-induced quasi-norm, maximal scaled spark and maximal scaled mutual coherence, are introduced. The main contribution of this thesis is the development of a framework for l-bit compressive sensing and the restricted range space property based support recovery theories. The l-bit compressive sensing is an extreme case of compressive sensing. We show that such a l-bit framework can be reformulated equivalently as an l\(_0\)-minimization with linear equality and inequality constraints. We establish a decoding method, so-called l-bit basis pursuit, to possibly attack this l-bit l\(_0\)-minimization problem. The support recovery theories via l-bit basis pursuit have been developed through the restricted range space property of transposed sensing matrices. In the last part of this thesis, we study the numerical performance of l-bit basis pursuit. We present simulation results to demonstrate that l-bit basis pursuit achieves support recovery, approximate sparse recovery and cardinality recovery with Gaussian matrices and Bernoulli matrices. It is not necessary to require that the sensing matrix be underdetermined due to the single-bit per measurement assumption. Furthermore, we introduce the truncated l-bit measurements method and the reweighted l-bit l\(_1\)-minimization method to further enhance the numerical performance of l-bit basis pursuit.
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Díaz, Jorge Eliécer Rangel. "Modelagem cinemática e Dinâmica de uma estrutura RRP+PR." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2011. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14697.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
The aim of this work is to develop a non-contact 3D scanning robot to measure surfaces from objects of small sizes. The 3D scanner is shaped for a mechanical structure and an optic lecture system. The mechanical structure has 5 degrees of freedom. Such system is composed by two kinematic chains used to move the laser sensor and the workpiece respectively. The lecture system is derived from a laser sensor, based on 3D active triangulation technique that acquires the surface workpiece data. This technique assurance the scanning of the workpiece surface with reduced dimensional errors and consequently it makes possible the use less data points. Therefore it is achievable the fast data processing to reverse engineering method. In order to analyze its kinematics and dynamic model, its workspace, error analysis, and efforts at the joints, methods for reading the surface coordinates were proposed. For the analysis were considered the resolution and mechanical characteristics of the components used for the construction of a prototype.
O objetivo deste trabalho consiste no estudo e desenvolvimento de um digitalizador tridimensional robótico que será empregado para adquirir as dimensões superficiais de objetos de tamanho reduzido. O digitalizador é composto por uma estrutura mecânica e um sistema de leitura ótico. A estrutura mecânica do digitalizador possui 5 graus de liberdade e é composta por duas cadeias cinemáticas acopladas cinematicamente, onde uma delas é utilizada para movimentar o sensor laser e a outra para movimentar o objeto. O sistema de leitura é composto por um sensor laser que é baseado no método da triangulação ativa espacial para adquirir as medidas superficiais do objeto. Neste trabalho é utilizado o método da triangulação espacial porque ele garante o acompanhamento superficial do objeto para diminuir os erros nas medições, facilita a redução da quantidade de dados, facilitando o processamento de dados nas tarefas de engenharia reversa. Para permitir analisar os modelos cinemático e dinâmico, com o conseqüente estudo de seu espaço de trabalho de leitura, análise de erros, e dos esforços nas articulações, foram propostas metodologias de leitura da superfície do objeto. Para as análises foram consideradas as características mecânicas e de resolução dos componentes utilizados para a construção de um protótipo.
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
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Garo, Morgan. "L' émergence de la nation rrom : de l'ostracisme à la reconnaissance nationale, utopie ou combat politique." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082466.

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En mai 2000, Émil Scuka, président de l'Union rromani internationale appelait à la reconnaissance internationale de la nation rrom, nation d'un type original, sans État et sans territoire. Pour le mouvement politique rrom international la demande de reconnaissance nationale représente un moyen d'améliorer le sort de leur peuple frappé depuis des siècles par l'ostracisme et la misère. A l'heure de l'élargissement de l'Union européenne, à partir de l'analyse de la situation des Rroms en Roumanie, en République tchèque et en France, cette thèse vise à expliciter les raisons d'une telle revendication. Elle présente le mouvement rrom dans sa diversité, ses forces, ses faiblesses, ses contradictions et son devenir
In May 2000, Emil Scuka, President of the International Rromani Union, called for international recognition and acknowledgement of the Roma nation, a unique nation without a state or territory. For the international Roma political movement, acknowledgement as a nation represents a way to improve the fate of the population, which for centuries has been struck by ostracism and misery. Today when the European Union is growing, by analysing the situation of Roma in Romania, the Czech Republic and France, this thesis aims at explaining the reasons for such a claim. It presents the Roma movement in all its diversity, its strengths, weaknesses, contradictions and prospect
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DUARTE, B. B. "RRO Uma Ontologia Sobre o Uso de Requisitos de Software em Tempo de Execução." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/9818.

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Nos últimos anos, temos assistido um constante aumento de interesse em sistemas de software que são capazes de monitorar seu meio de execução e, se necessário, adaptar seus requisitos para continuar cumprindo seu propósito. Esse tipo de software normalmente consiste em um software base, comumente chamado na literatura de target system, que é responsável por executar a função principal para qual foi desenvolvido; além de um software, interno ou externo, responsável por monitorar o software base, realizar uma análise dos dados coletados para verificar se os requisitos que foram originalmente propostos estão sendo cumpridos e, se necessário, reagir sugerindo adaptações para garantir que o sistema base continue executando suas funções principais de forma satisfatória. Existem na literatura diversos trabalhos que propõem o uso de requisitos em tempo de execução, como sistemas adaptativos ou autônomos. No entanto, dentro desse contexto, a maioria das propostas usam suas próprias linguagens de modelagem e metodologias para representar o que são os requisitos de sistema e como utilizá-los em tempo de execução. Não há, assim, um senso comum no domínio de uso de requisitos em tempo de execução, resultando numa sobrecarga excessiva de termos e construtos. Essa falta de consenso dentro do domínio apresentado e os problemas de comunicação gerados pela falta de um vocabulário formal e bem fundamentado foram as motivações principais para que fosse realizado um estudo sistemático sobre as diversas metodologias existentes na literatura de requisitos em tempo de execução e através do conhecimento adquirido fosse construída a RRO (Runtime Requirements Ontology), uma ontologia de referência de domínio sobre o uso de requisitos em tempo de execução. RRO foi construída através da metodologia de construção de ontologias SABiO e é fundamentada em UFO com objetivo atuar como uma representação formal do conhecimento dentro do domínio de requisitos em tempo de execução, fornecendo, desta maneira, uma descrição precisa de todas as entidades principais que compõem o domínio e estabelecendo um vocabulário comum para ser utilizado por engenheiros de software e stakeholders.
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Sàez, i. Sellarès Meritxell. "La ţsigania al ventre i al cor. Fent créixer la raça, gestant el món: el model de procreació rrom." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665950.

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Aquesta tesi aporta una etnografia sobre el model de procreació rrom de les comunitats de Murgeni i Ţăndărei de Romania en context de destí migratori, a l´Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona, a Catalunya. Un model procreatiu propi que segueix uns requeriments ideològics determinats amb la finalitat última d’assolir la supervivència de la descendència i la incorporació d’aquesta al grup dels qui anomenen parents. La seva estructura que està formada per diferents àmbits relacionats i conté idees i pràctiques rrom que tenen el propòsit que el fill o la filla es formi, es desenvolupi i s´adscrigui al grup. El model de procreació rrom segueix la definició del domini del parentiu proposat per González Echevarría (1995, 2005, 2010). Per comprendre quines són les representacions i pràctiques centrals de la procreació en la cultura gitana és necessari considerar aquells elements significatius de la societat rrom de Romania transversals a tot el seu sistema i, per tant també, en la procreació. Els rrom necessiten d’un model mal·leable que s´adapti a situacions d’adversitat com el desplaçament continu, la migració, o el canvi en les solidaritats o vincles socials amb altres grups. És així com, per una banda, aquesta tesi descriu l’estructura i segmentació social que és flexible i varia segons el context, adaptant-se a diferents situacions històriques, geogràfiques, socials i polítiques sovint poc favorables o hostils. Per aquesta raó, i a partir de casos etnogràfics, presenta aquelles qüestions sobre adscripció ètnica que delimiten el món gitano del món gadje (no gitano), però també aquelles altres fronteres socials que es donen en la societat gitana a partir d’una segmentació interna establerta. D´altra banda, també fa referència a la tradició i la Llei gitana com a eixos reguladors de la vida social. Endinsar-nos en aquells elements de la tradició gitana ens aporta comprensió sobre la construcció de la identitat rrom i contenen el que és essencial i dóna sentit a la identitat gitana. La Llei gitana com articulació normativa regula les relacions internes dels rrom, també envers altres grups gitanos i especialment amb els gadje. I és basa, en gran mesura, en la ideologia de la contaminació que delimita i regula el món dels gitanos, imprescindible per assolir la romipēn (gitaneïtat). També, en el model procreatiu rrom intervenen les principals representacions, coneixements i pràctiques relacionades amb la sexualitat, la reproducció i vinculades a la noció de grup com també qüestions sobre Déu, descendència, contracepció i avortaments. Finalment, a partir de la descripció detallada i l’anàlisi del procés procreatiu, que compren la concepció, l’embaràs i el moment del part fins al primer més de vida del nounat, es deixen veure aquelles nocions que són clau i estan vinculades amb el model de parentiu rrom pensat per promoure la continuïtat del grup amb la criança dels infants.
This thesis provides an ethnography on the model of Romani procreation of the Murgeni and Ţăndărei communities in Romania in the context of migratory destiny, in the Metropolitan area of ​​Barcelona, ​​in Catalonia, Spain. Their own procreative model which follows specific ideological requirements with the ultimate purpose of achieving the survival of their offspring, and its incorporation in the group of those who are called their relatives. Its structure, which is made up of different related areas, and which contains Romani ideas and practices whose aim is their children’s formation, development and secondment to the group. The model of Romani procreation follows the definition of the domain of kinship proposed by González Echevarría (1995, 2005, 2010). In order to understand what the main representations and practices of procreation in the Gypsy culture are, it is necessary to consider those meaningful elements of the Romani society of Romania that are transversal throughout its system and, therefore, also in procreation. The Romani need a malleable model that can be adapted to situations of adversity such as continuous movement, migration, or changes in solidarity or social links with other groups. This is how, on the one hand, this thesis describes the structure and social segmentation that is flexible and varies according to the context, fitting into different historical, geographical, social and political situations that are often unfavorable or hostile. For this reason, and based on ethnographic cases, not only those questions about ethnic affiliation that make a boundary between the Gypsy world of the Gadje (non-Gypsy) world are introduced , but also those other social boundaries that occur in the Gypsy society based on an established internal segmentation . On the other hand, it also refers to the tradition and the Gypsy Law as the regulatory axes of social life. Going deep down into those elements of the Gypsy tradition gives us an understanding of the construction of the Romani identity and contains what is essential and gives meaning to the Gypsy identity. The Gypsy Law as a normative articulation regulates the internal relationships among the Romani, also among other Gypsy groups and especially with the Gadje. And it is based, to a large extent, on the ideology of pollution that delimits and regulates the world of the Gypsies, which is essential to achieve romipēn (“gypsiness”). Furthermore, the main representations, knowledge and practice related to sexuality and reproduction which are linked to the notion of group, as well as questions about God, offspring, contraception and abortion, are involved in the Romani procreative model. Finally, from the detailed description and analysis of the procreative process, which begins from the conception, pregnancy and the moment of birth until the first month of life of the newborn, we can see those notions that are key and are linked to the kinship model of the Romani designed to promote the continuity of the group with the raising of their children.
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Palacios, Mendoza Juan Manuel. "COMPARACIÓN DE LA PRUEBA DE iELISA MEDIANTE EL USO DE LAS PROTEINAS r12D3 Y rRAP – 1 COMO ANTÍGENO CONTRA Babesia bigemina." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/105890.

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Se realiza el empleo de las proteínas recombinantes r12D3 Y rRAP – 1 como antígeno contra Babesia bigemina en el uso de la prueba de iELISA
Al Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) a través del proyecto No. 1-1.6-1373533989-P-M.2-2 "Desarrollo de pruebas de diagnóstico rápido para la babesiosis bovina” a cargo del Dr. Julio Vicente Figueroa Millán
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Books on the topic "Rrop"

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Kandreva, Karmell. Shpirti i arbërit rron. Rende (Cosenza): Università della Calabria, Centro editoriale e librario, 2001.

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Nguynen, Nhuat Ánh. Chú bé roac rroi. Hà Nuoi: NXB Kim Đsong, 2000.

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Museum of Contemporary Art (Sydney, N.S.W.), ed. Julie Rrap: Body double. Sydney: Museum of Contemporary Art, 2007.

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Pasmaçiu, Ramadan M. Kush rron duke shpresuar--: Tregime. [Tiranë]: Drier, 2000.

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Branch, Ontario Small Business. Self-directed RRSP investment in private companies. Ontario: Ministry of Industry, Trade and Technology, 1985.

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Conti, Philippe. Djelem, Djelem: Une enfance Rrom à Marseille. Marseille: Images en manoeuvres, 2007.

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Falkenhagen, Dale. The history of Canada's Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP). Ottawa, Ont.]: CMHC, 2001.

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Falkenhagen, Dale. The history of Canada's Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP). Ottawa, Ont: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2001.

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Falkenhagen, Dale. The history of Canada's Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP). [Ottawa]: The Corporation, 2001.

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Phương, Thanh. Trong muôn vàn xa cách: Gzo rroi tơ lòng. Paris: Nam Á, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rrop"

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Fischer, R. X., and W. H. Baur. "RRO." In Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry. Framework Type Codes RON to STI, 33–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70884-1_3.

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Scribner, Todd, Matthew C. Weiner, and Katherine Clifton. "Religion Resettles Refugees: Religion’s Role in Integration in the United States." In Politics of Citizenship and Migration, 147–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23379-1_8.

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AbstractWhat role does religion play in the displacement, resettlement, and integration of refugees who are brought into the United States? This chapter examines an ongoing initiative, the Religion and Resettlement Project (RRP), that takes as its central premise the idea that religion is a critical aspect for understanding refugees’ mental health and civic lives, fostering civil society, conceptualizing the long-term displacement of refugees, and assisting with their integration. With the RRP, we consider the full range of resettled refugees—from Holocaust survivors to Afghan Special Immigrant Visa holders. In this chapter, we examine key initiatives pertinent to this project, some of the challenges related to its implementation, and areas where further research is needed to better understand this dynamic.
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Li, Dongkui. "HSO Algorithm for RRAP Problem in Three-State Device Network." In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Networks, 23–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3753-0_3.

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Kumar, Rajeev, and Ajay Nehra. "Treatment for Male Incontinence: Surgical Procedures (Post-TURP/RRP)." In Continence, 433–50. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-510-3_31.

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Singh, Vidisha, Elissa Meites, and Adam Klein. "Monitoring Public Health Impact of HPV Vaccination on RRP." In Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis, 33–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63823-2_3.

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Kumar, Rajeev, and Ajay Nehra. "Treatment for Male Incontinence: Surgical Procedures (Post-TURP/RRP)." In Continence, 433–50. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-734-3_31.

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Bonagura, Vincent R., Mary Ellen O’Reilly, Allan L. Abramson, and Bettie M. Steinberg. "Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP): Enriched HLA DQw3 Phenotype and Decreased Class I MHC Expression." In Immunology of Human Papillomaviruses, 195–200. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2449-6_31.

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Courthiade, Marcel, Masako Watabe, and Carlo Zoli. "R.E.D.-RROM (Restore the European Dimension of Rromani): The First Comprehensive it Learning Tool for the Unified Rromani Language." In Едиција Филолошка истраживања данас, 521–39. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/fid.2017.7.ch30.

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Rubbert, Lennart, Stéphane Caro, Pierre Renaud, and Jacques Gangloff. "A Planar Compliant Mechanism with RRP Mobilities Based on the Singularity Analysis of a 3-US Parallel Mechanism." In Latest Advances in Robot Kinematics, 381–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4620-6_48.

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Traversa, Susanna, and Enrico Ivaldi. "The digitization of the private sector in the Italy. A non-aggregative method to monitor the NRRP agenda at macro-area level." In Proceedings e report, 209–14. Florence: Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.37.

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Covid-19 emergency has produced within societies a strong impulse toward digitization policies, designed to mitigate the negative effects produced on national economies and to ensure a recovery of it. Among the objectives included by the Italian Government within the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) there is a boosting of investments in the 4.0 Transition with measures involving not only a strengthening of the digital infrastructure but also a greater diffusion of digital literacy among the population. Therefore, starting from the intervention forecasts contained within Mission 1, paragraph 2 "Digitization, innovation and competitiveness in the production system," four elementary indicators were selected from the I.Stat database in compliance with the requirements of data available from both a spatial and temporal standpoint. As a matter of fact, the study aims to trace and compare the performance obtained by the main Italian macro-areas from the point of view of digitization of the production system, considering the years preceding and concomitant to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the intrinsic complexity of the digitization phenomenon, the development of statistic measures to study it can be directed toward the construction of synthetic indices. Throughout the present study, a synthesis methodology has been adopted that takes advantage of a non-aggregative approach: the Partially ordered set (POSET). The study is divided into sections, in which the main opportunities related to the construction of an index that evaluates the performance of the policies presented in the RRP will be outlined, as well as the characteristics and implications attributable to the use of a non-aggregative approach such as the POSET in its declination for the temporal study of socio-economic phenomena, and lastly, a presentation will be made of the results obtained from the application of the index to the Italian context.
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Conference papers on the topic "Rrop"

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Bhargavi, K., and B. Sathish Babu. "Load Balancing Scheme for the Public Cloud using Reinforcement Learning with Raven Roosting Optimization Policy (RROP)." In 2019 4th International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Technology for Sustainable Solution (CSITSS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csitss47250.2019.9031053.

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Malak, Peter W., Anthony J. Buchta, and Philip A. Voglewede. "Experimental Analysis of a Planar Reconfigurable Mechanism With a Variable Joint." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59235.

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Previously a specific planar reconfigurable mechanism with a variable joint (RRRR1 -RRRP2 Mechanism) was dynamically modeled. The RRRR-RRRP Mechanism functions as a RRRR mechanism in one configuration and as a in RRRP mechanism the other. The kinematics and kinetics of the RRRP and RRRR configurations were previously analyzed with a Lagrangian approach. The developed equations of motion will be validated with a physical prototype in this paper. In addition, a simplified model of the RRRR-RRRP Mechanism is also developed and compared to the experimental results. The experimental angular position of each joint on the RRRR-RRRP Mechanism will be compared to the model position analysis. Particular attention will be given to the transition point when the physical mechanism changes from an RRRR mechanism to RRRP mechanism and vice versa as it is vital to knowing this point for optimal control of the mechanism.
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Slaboch, Brian J., and Bradley W. Hobbs. "Novel Classification of Planar Four-Bar Mechanisms With Variable Topology." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86005.

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This paper provides a classification system and naming convention for twelve novel types of 4R-RRRP mechanisms with variable topology (MVTs). A mechanism with variable topology is a mechanism that changes from one topological state to another due to a change in joint geometry. An example 4R-RRRP mechanism is provided for each novel mechanism type, along with the appropriate classification and naming convention. The new 4R-RRRP mechanism classes and naming conventions presented in this paper will aid designers in the analysis and synthesis of 4R-RRRP mechanisms. These novel MVTs have practical applications in areas such as manufacturing, space applications, and novel medical devices.
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Vinayak, J. Ramanuja, and S. Narayanan. "Decoupling by RRDP and TDP concepts." In 2017 Trends in Industrial Measurement and Automation (TIMA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tima.2017.8064797.

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Peng, Xingyun, Yi Wu, Zhexin Xu, and Xiao Lin. "AODV-MR: AODV with multi-RREP for VANET." In 2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icait.2014.7019549.

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Liu Xia, Wang San-min, and Shan Ning. "Singular configuration research of RRRP manipulators in space." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technology (ICMET). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmet.2010.5598492.

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Slaboch, Brian J. "Three-Position Rigid Body Guidance Using Specified Moving Pivots for a Four-Bar Mechanism With Variable Topology." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85984.

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This paper provides an algorithm allowing a designer to perform three position rigid body guidance with specified moving pivots for a 4R-RRRP mechanism with variable topology (MVT). A mechanism with variable topology is a mechanism that changes from one topological state to another due to a change in joint geometry. Both a graphical approach and an algebraic solution are presented. An example is provided in which a circuit defect in a 4R mechanism can be avoided using a 4R-RRRP mechanism. Two additional examples are provided that show the results of this new theory. Practical applications for this theory are found in many industries including manufacturing, aerospace, and healthcare.
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Bagherieh, Omid, Behrooz Shahsavari, and Roberto Horowitz. "Online Identification of System Uncertainties Using Coprime Factorizations With Application to Hard Disk Drives." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9873.

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In hard disk drive (HDD) magnetic recording bit patterned media (BPM), data are written in predetermined paths. The deviation of these paths from the perfect circle is categorized as repeatable run-out (RRO) which needs to be tracked. An adaptive RRO following algorithm was developed in [1,2] in order to track the RRO. This algorithm uses models of the closed-loop sensitivity transfer functions, from the feedforward injection points to position error signal (PES), to estimate the feedforward control actions that are needed to track the RRO. The phase difference between these models and the actual transfer functions must be less than 90 degrees, in order to guarantee the convergence of the adaptive RRO following algorithm. The dual-stage actuators’ gains and resonance modes are affected by temperature variations, which in turn affect all closed loop sensitivity transfer functions. As a consequence, the 90-degree criteria may be violated unless these transfer functions are periodically updated. In this paper, the coprime factorizations method has been used to factorize and identify the uncertain part of the model instead of identifying the entire transfer function of the model. Experimental results conducted on a hard disk drive equipped with dual-stage actuation, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed estimation algorithm.
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Malak, Peter W., and Philip A. Voglewede. "Dynamic Analysis of a Planar Mechanism With Variable Topology." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46271.

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There is a demand for mechanisms with variable topology (MVTs) that can perform multiple tasks with the least amount of actuators. These devices have the ability to provide numerous motion profiles within one device. In this paper, a specific planar MVT was dynamically analyzed. This mechanism functions as a RRRP mechanism (i.e., slider-crank) in one configuration and as a RRRR mechanism (i.e., crank-crank) in the other. The kinematics and kinetics of the RRRP and RRRR configurations were analyzed with a Lagrangian approach. The resulting equations were coded both in equation form and in Matlab SimMechanics then compared. A method for transitioning between configurations was also developed. These equations could be used to develop an applicable controller and principles for synthesizing future MVTs.
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Akagi, K. "RRO/NRRO characteristics in mobile HDDs." In 2009 Asia-Pacific Magnetic Recording Conference (APMRC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apmrc.2009.4925375.

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Reports on the topic "Rrop"

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Bruijnzeels, T., O. Muravskiy, B. Weber, and R. Austein. The RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP). RFC Editor, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8182.

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Hollenbeck, S., and M. Srivastava. NSI Registry Registrar Protocol (RRP) Version 1.1.0. RFC Editor, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2832.

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Hollenbeck, S., S. Veeramachaneni, and S. Yalamanchilli. VeriSign Registry Registrar Protocol (RRP) Version 2.0.0. RFC Editor, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3632.

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Woodroffe, Jesse Richard. Characterization of the Geosynchronous Plasma Environment for the SENSER/RROE Optical Instrument. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331307.

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Fernández Souto, Ana Belén. Tendencias de las acciones de RRPP desarrolladas en instituciones públicas de carácter político. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-64-2009-821-248-261.

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Ali, Z., and S. Sivabalan. Definition of a Record Route Object (RRO) Node-Id Sub-Object. Edited by J. P. Vasseur. RFC Editor, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4561.

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Johnson, Shirley J., and Michael Ehinger. Designing and Operating for Safeguards: Lessons Learned From the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant (RRP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004539.

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Dachs, Bernhard, and Matthias Weber. National recovery packages, innovation, and transformation. Project for the Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development. Rat für Forschung und Technologieentwicklung, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.604.

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The COVID-19 pandemic hit Europe hard, and measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 have resulted in a deep recession in 2020. To fight this recession, national governments have mobilised considerable funds to support the economy and prepare for a rebound in the following years. In addition to national efforts, the European Commission has initiated NextGenerationEU, a 750 bn EUR package to support Europe’s recovery, and the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) as its biggest component. The aim of this package is to make Europe’s economies more resilient to future challenges while supporting them in the green and digital transitions. Immediate support for the economy is important to stabilize employment and prevent vicious cycles that appeared during the Great Depression of the 1930s. However, these measures may also hamper change for good when they only aim at restoring the status quo before the crisis. Times of crisis are always times of transformation and innovation – this may also be true for the COVID-19 crisis of 2020 and 2021.The crisis may provide a good environment to push for transformative innovation. The rapid development of vaccines against COVID-19 is a strong sign for the adaptability of national innovation systems to new challenges, and the sense of urgency for change is high. However, one may also ask if national funding and the EU recovery packages are agile enough to support new ideas, new firms and new business models, as potential triggers of transformation. Against this background, the project will analyse Austria’s response to the economic effects of the crisis from an innovation and transformation perspective. In particular, the project will look at the recovery packages from the perspective of the ‘protect-prepare-transform’ framework proposed by the EU Expert group on the Societal and Economic Impact of Research and Innovation (ESIR, 2020): the need to protect the overall wellbeing of individuals during the crisis, the need to prepare for future pandemics and crises and the need to transform the European economy and society towards more resilience against future crises. The analysis will include national funds as well as Austria’s Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP), i.e. its proposal to the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) of the European Commission. This multi-level nature of the recovery measures is further complicated by regional initiatives to mobilise further resources such as EU Structural Funds to fight the COVID-19 crisis.
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McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines, and Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.
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Szałańska, Justyna, Justyna Gać, Ewa Jastrzębska, Paweł Kubicki, Paulina Legutko-Kobus, Marta Pachocka, Joanna Zuzanna Popławska, and Dominik Wach. Country report: Poland. Welcoming spaces in relation to social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability in shrinking regions. Welcoming Spaces Consortium, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/welcoming_spaces_2022.

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Abstract:
This report aims to present findings of the research conducted in Poland within the Work Package 1 of the Welcoming Spaces project, namely “Welcoming spaces” in relation to economic viability, social wellbeing and political stability in shrinking regions. The main aim of the mentioned research was to examine how welcoming initiatives are organised and implemented in the selected shrinking localities in Poland. In particular, the creation of welcoming initiatives concerning social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability was assessed. To accomplish this objective, five localities were selected purposefully, namely Łomża (city with powiat status) and Zambrów (urban commune) in Podlaskie Voivodeship and Łuków (town), Wohyń (rural commune) and Zalesie (rural commune) in Lubelskie Voivodeship. Within these localities, 23 welcoming initiatives were identified, out of which 12 were chosen for in-depth research. The field research was conducted in all five localities between March and December 2021. During this period, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics team conducted 43 interviews with institutional stakeholders (representatives of local governments, schools, non-governmental organisations – NGOs, religious organisations and private companies) and individuals (both migrant newcomers and native residents). In addition, local government representatives were surveyed to compare their policies, measures and stances toward migrant inhabitants and local development. The research was also complemented with the literature review, policy documents analysis, and local media outlets discourse analysis. Until February 2022 and the outbreak of war in Ukraine, welcoming spaces in Poland were scarce and spatially limited to the big cities like Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Lublin or Białystok, governed by liberal mayors and city councils open to accept migrants and treat them as a valuable human asset of the city community. However, in smaller cities, towns and rural areas, especially in shrinking regions, welcoming spaces have been highly conditioned by welcoming initiatives carried out mainly by civil society organisations (CSOs). It is very likely that the war in Ukraine will completely change the situation we write about in this country report. However, this crisis and its consequences were not the subjects of our desk research and fieldwork in Poland, which ended in December 2021. As of late July 2022, the number of border crossings from Ukraine to Poland is almost 5 million and the number of forced migrants registered for temporary protection or similar national protection scheme concern 1.3 million people (UNHCR 2022). However, the number of those who have decided to stay in Poland is estimated at around 1.5 million (Duszczyk and Kaczmarczyk 2022). Such a large influx of forced migrants from Ukraine within five months already affects the demographic situation in the country and access to public services, mainly in large and medium-size cities1 . Depending on the development of events in Ukraine and the number of migrants who will decide to stay in Poland in the following months, the functioning of the domestic labour market, education, health service, and social assistance may significantly change. The following months may also bring new changes in the law relating to foreigners, aimed at their easier integration in the country. Access to housing in cities is already a considerable challenge, which may result in measures to encourage foreigners to settle in smaller towns and rural areas. Given these dynamic changes in the migration situation of the country, as well as in the area of admission and integration activities, Poland seems to be slowly becoming one great welcoming space. It is worth mentioning that the main institutional actors in this area have been NGOs and local governments since the beginning of the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. An important supporting and coordinating role has also been played by international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which launched its inter-agency Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) in early spring to address the most urgent needs of the population of forced migrants and their host countries in this part of Europe (UNHCR 2022a; UNHCR 2022b; UNHCR 2022c). Based on the number of newly emerged welcoming initiatives and the pace of this emergence, they will soon become an everyday reality for every municipality in Poland. Therefore, it is difficult to find more up-todate circumstances for the “Welcoming Spaces” project objective, which is “to rethink ways forward in creating inclusive space in such a way that it will contribute firstly to the successful integration of migrants in demographically and economically shrinking areas and simultaneously to the revitalization of these places”. Furthermore, the initiatives we selected as case studies for our research should be widely promoted and treated as a model of migrants’ inclusion into the new communities. On the other hand, we need to emphasize here that the empirical material was collected between March and December 2021, before the outbreak of war in Ukraine. As such, it does not reflect the new reality in Poland
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