Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'RRM'

The mobile telecommunication industry has experienced a very rapid growth in the recent past. This has resulted in significant technological and architectural evolution in the wireless networks. The expansion and the heterogenity of these networks have made their operational cost more and more important. Typical faults in these networks may be related to equipment breakdown and inappropriate planning and configuration. In this context, automated troubleshooting in wireless networks receives a growing importance, aiming at reducing the operational cost and providing high-quality services for the end-users. Automated troubleshooting can reduce service breakdown time for the clients, resulting in the decrease in client switchover to competing network operators. The Radio Access Network (RAN) of a wireless network constitutes its biggest part. Hence, the automated troubleshooting of RAN of the wireless networks is very important. The troubleshooting comprises the isolation of the faulty cells (fault detection), identifying the causes of the fault (fault diagnosis) and the proposal and deployement of the healing action (solution deployement). First of all, in this thesis, the previous work related to the troubleshooting of the wireless networks has been explored. It turns out that the fault detection and the diagnosis of wireless networks have been well studied in the scientific literature. Surprisingly, no significant references for the research work related to the automated healing of wireless networks have been reported. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to describe my research advances on "Automated healing of LTE wireless networks using statistical learning". We focus on the faults related to Radio Resource Management (RRM) parameters. This thesis explores the use of statistical learning for the automated healing process. In this context, the effectiveness of statistical learning for automated RRM has been investigated. This is achieved by modeling the functional relationships between the RRM parameters and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). A generic automated RRM architecture has been proposed. This generic architecture has been used to study the application of statistical learning approach to auto-tuning and performance monitoring of the wireless networks. The use of statistical learning in the automated healing of wireless networks introduces two important diculties: Firstly, the KPI measurements obtained from the network are noisy, hence this noise can partially mask the actual behaviour of KPIs. Secondly, these automated healing algorithms are iterative. After each iteration the network performance is typically evaluated over the duration of a day with new network parameter settings. Hence, the iterative algorithms should achieve their QoS objective in a minimum number of iterations. Automated healing methodology developped in this thesis, based on statistical modeling, addresses these two issues. The automated healing algorithms developped are computationaly light and converge in a few number of iterations. This enables the implemenation of these algorithms in the Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) in the off-line mode. The automated healing methodolgy has been applied to 3G Long Term Evolution (LTE) use cases for healing the mobility and intereference mitigation parameter settings. It has been observed that our healing objective is achieved in a few number of iterations. An automated healing process using the sequential optimization of interference mitigation and packet scheduling parameters has also been investigated. The incorporation of the a priori knowledge into the automated healing process, further reduces the number of iterations required for automated healing. Furthermore, the automated healing process becomes more robust, hence, more feasible and practical for the implementation in the wireless networks.

Le secteur des télécommunications mobiles a connu une croissance très rapide dans un passé récent avec pour résultat d'importantes évolutions technologiques et architecturales des réseaux sans fil. L'expansion et l'hétérogénéité de ces réseaux ont engendré des coûts de fonctionnement de plus en plus importants. Les dysfonctionnements typiques de ces réseaux ont souvent pour origines des pannes d'équipements ainsi que de mauvaises planifications et/ou configurations. Dans ce contexte, le dépannage automatisé des réseaux sans fil peut s'avérer d'une importance particulière visant à réduire les coûts opérationnels et à fournir une bonne qualité de service aux utilisateurs. Le dépannage automatisé des pannes survenant sur les réseaux sans fil peuvent ainsi conduire à une réduction du temps d'interruption de service pour les clients, permettant ainsi d'éviter l'orientation de ces derniers vers les opérateurs concurrents. Le RAN (Radio Access Network) d'un réseau sans fil constitue sa plus grande partie. Par conséquent, le dépannage automatisé des réseaux d'accès radio des réseaux sans fil est très important. Ce dépannage comprend la détection des dysfonctionnements, l'identification des causes des pannes (diagnostic) et la proposition d'actions correctives (déploiement de la solution). Tout d'abord, dans cette thèse, les travaux antérieurs liés au dépannage automatisé des réseaux sans-fil ont été explorés. Il s'avère que la détection et le diagnostic des incidents impactant les réseaux sans-fil ont déjà bien été étudiés dans les productions scientifiques traitant de ces sujets. Mais étonnamment, aucune référence significative sur des travaux de recherche liés aux résolutions automatisées des pannes des réseaux sans fil n'a été rapportée. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est de présenter mes travaux de recherche sur la " résolution automatisée des dysfonctionnements des réseaux sans fil LTE (Long Term Evolution) à partir d'une approche statistique ". Les dysfonctionnements liés aux paramètres RRM (Radio Resource Management) seront particulièrement étudiés. Cette thèse décrit l'utilisation des données statistiques pour l'automatisation du processus de résolution des problèmes survenant sur les réseaux sans fil. Dans ce but, l'efficacité de l'approche statistique destinée à l'automatisation de la résolution des incidents liés aux paramètres RRM a été étudiée. Ce résultat est obtenu par la modélisation des relations fonctionnelles existantes entre les paramètres RRM et les indicateurs de performance ou KPI (Key Performance Indicator). Une architecture générique automatisée pour RRM 8 a été proposée. Cette dernière a été utilisée afin d'étudier l'utilisation de l'approche statistique dans le paramétrage automatique et le suivi des performances des réseaux sans fil. L'utilisation de l'approche statistique dans la résolution automatique des dysfonctionnements des réseaux sans fil présente deux contraintes majeures. Premièrement, les mesures de KPI obtenues à partir du réseau peuvent contenir des erreurs qui peuvent partiellement masquer le comportement réel des indicateurs de performance. Deuxièmement, ces algorithmes automatisés sont itératifs. Ainsi, après chaque itération, la performance du réseau est généralement évaluée sur la durée d'une journée avec les nouveaux paramètres réseau implémentés. Les algorithmes itératifs devraient donc atteindre leurs objectifs de qualité de service dans un nombre minimum d'itérations. La méthodologie automatisée de diagnostic et de résolution développée dans cette thèse, basée sur la modélisation statistique, prend en compte ces deux difficultés. Ces algorithmes de la résolution automatisé nécessitent peu de calculs et convergent vers un petit nombre d'itérations ce qui permet leur implémentation à l'OMC (Operation and Maintenace Center). La méthodologie a été appliquée à des cas pratiques sur réseau LTE dans le but de résoudre des problématiques liées à la mobilité et aux interférences. Il est ainsi apparu que l'objectif de correction de ces dysfonctionnements a été atteint au bout d'un petit nombre d'itérations. Un processus de résolution automatisé utilisant l'optimisation séquentielle des paramètres d'atténuation des interférences et de packet scheduling a également été étudié. L'incorporation de la "connaissance a priori" dans le processus de résolution automatisé réduit d'avantage le nombre d'itérations nécessaires à l'automatisation du processus. En outre, le processus automatisé de résolution devient plus robuste, et donc, plus simple et plus pratique à mettre en œuvre dans les réseaux sans fil
The mobile telecommunication industry has experienced a very rapid growth in the recent past. This has resulted in significant technological and architectural evolution in the wireless networks. The expansion and the heterogenity of these networks have made their operational cost more and more important. Typical faults in these networks may be related to equipment breakdown and inappropriate planning and configuration. In this context, automated troubleshooting in wireless networks receives a growing importance, aiming at reducing the operational cost and providing high-quality services for the end-users. Automated troubleshooting can reduce service breakdown time for the clients, resulting in the decrease in client switchover to competing network operators. The Radio Access Network (RAN) of a wireless network constitutes its biggest part. Hence, the automated troubleshooting of RAN of the wireless networks is very important. The troubleshooting comprises the isolation of the faulty cells (fault detection), identifying the causes of the fault (fault diagnosis) and the proposal and deployement of the healing action (solution deployement). First of all, in this thesis, the previous work related to the troubleshooting of the wireless networks has been explored. It turns out that the fault detection and the diagnosis of wireless networks have been well studied in the scientific literature. Surprisingly, no significant references for the research work related to the automated healing of wireless networks have been reported. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to describe my research advances on "Automated healing of LTE wireless networks using statistical learning". We focus on the faults related to Radio Resource Management (RRM) parameters. This thesis explores the use of statistical learning for the automated healing process. In this context, the effectiveness of statistical learning for automated RRM has been investigated. This is achieved by modeling the functional relationships between the RRM parameters and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). A generic automated RRM architecture has been proposed. This generic architecture has been used to study the application of statistical learning approach to auto-tuning and performance monitoring of the wireless networks. The use of statistical learning in the automated healing of wireless networks introduces two important diculties: Firstly, the KPI measurements obtained from the network are noisy, hence this noise can partially mask the actual behaviour of KPIs. Secondly, these automated healing algorithms are iterative. After each iteration the network performance is typically evaluated over the duration of a day with new network parameter settings. Hence, the iterative algorithms should achieve their QoS objective in a minimum number of iterations. Automated healing methodology developped in this thesis, based on statistical modeling, addresses these two issues. The automated healing algorithms developped are computationaly light and converge in a few number of iterations. This enables the implemenation of these algorithms in the Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) in the off-line mode. The automated healing methodolgy has been applied to 3G Long Term Evolution (LTE) use cases for healing the mobility and intereference mitigation parameter settings. It has been observed that our healing objective is achieved in a few number of iterations. An automated healing process using the sequential optimization of interference mitigation and packet scheduling parameters has also been investigated. The incorporation of the a priori knowledge into the automated healing process, further reduces the number of iterations required for automated healing. Furthermore, the automated healing process becomes more robust, hence, more feasible and practical for the implementation in the wireless networks

Today, different types of cellular networks are actively working on the radio links. For instance, the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is being used in nearly two hundred countries and currently it has around two and half billion users all over the world. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is currently deployed in many countries and it is providing increased data rates, coverage and mobility as compared to GSM. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) are very famous when we have a small area and none real time services. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a new technology and it is in deployment phase. In all these cellular technologies, we have very limited recourses and we have to make best use of them by proper management. Radio Resource Management (RRM) is a control mechanism for the overall system which is being used to manage radio resources in the air interface inside a cellular network. The main objective is to utilize the available spectral resources as efficiently as possible. Our aim is to use them in the best possible way to maximize the performance and spectral efficiency in such a way that we have maximum number of users in our network and Quality of Service (QoS) is up to the mark. In a cellular communication system, a service area or a geographical region is divided into a number of cells and each cell is served by an infrastructure element called the base station which works through a radio interface. The frequency license fees, real estate, distribution network and maintenance are the issues which dominates the cost for deploying a cellular network. Management of radio related resources is a critical design component in cellular communications. In RRM, we control parameters like Radio Frequency (RF) planning, link budgeting, modulation schemes, channel access schemes etc. RF planning includes cell planning, coverage of the network and capacity of the network. Our main focus in this thesis will be on cell planning and link budgeting and we will discuss them in context of a WiMAX network.

In this study, it was experimentally proved, for the first time, that it is possible to predict the frequency of electromagnetic radiation that can modulate activity of proteins and more specifically activity of enzymes. The prediction was obtained using the computational model so called the Resonant Recognition Model (RRM). The model was tested here experimentally using the reaction catalysed with the enzyme l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The RRM model was applied to the group of the enzymes belonging to the sub-subclass EC 1.1.1.27 i.e. l-lactate dehydrogenase. The wavelengths of the electro magnetic radiation calculated by the RRM and proposed to alternate activity of l-lactate dehydrogenate were identified at =620 25 nm and =840 25 nm. Enzyme activity was then measured after the exposure to the low-intensity, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) within the proposed EMR range [560-860 nm]. The experimental results have indeed shown that there is a significant increase in the activity of LDH only after irradiation within the range of the frequencies predicted by the RRM: 596nm (12%; P less than 0.001) and 829 nm (11.8%, P less than 0.001). These results prove successfully that activity of proteins and more specifically enzymes could be modified by EMR radiation of specific frequencies and even more that RRM computational model can successfully predict these frequencies.

Hur företag förhåller sig till rankinglistor tros enligt tidigare forskning bero på ett proaktivt agerande från företagens sida för att motverka risken att dras med ett dåligt rykte, vilket är något som företagsledare i dag ser som den mest oroande risken. Ryktet kan ses som en reaktion på ett företags arbete utifrån uppfattningar från dess intressenter gällande företagets beteende. Dessa reaktioner och uppfattningar kan tydliggöras genom bland annat rankingar och andra mätningar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för hur företag förhåller sig till rankinglistor. Undersökningen utgår från Sustainable Brand Insights (SBI) årliga index över Sveriges mest hållbara varumärke och genomfördes genom intervjuer med sex av de 20 högst rankade företagen, samt SBI. Studien visar för det första att företagen förhåller sig olika till rankingen. För det andra att det hållbara arbetet är nära knutet till kärnverksamheten och för det tredje att rankingen inte har någon inverkan på hur företagen arbetar med hållbarhet.

The differences between networks of mobile operators can be in their achitecture or the optimization of each network. The architecture is standardized which means there will only be differences in the willingness of mobile operators to invest in newer network elements. Network optimization is more important. The way of optimization isn't strictly given and depends on how the operator deals with it. The most important attribute in optimization is balance. The operators try to achieve balance among three important parameters. Those are capacity, coverage and maintaining QoS. Optimization depends on RRM algorithms. The algorithms include various functions such as admission control, congestion control, handover control, power control, etc. These elements don’t only affect the optimization but also affect each other, because they cooperate with each other. For example, an incorrect admission control of the network leads either to frequent network congestion because of a large number of participants in the network (participants are dissatisfied with the services offered by the operator) or to low utilization of the network because of too few participants in the network (the operator is dissatisfied because he is losing the possible earnings). Neither of these posibilities is good for the mobile operator, therefore it is important that the admission control is well balanced.

Après avoir exposé les enjeux de ce travail en présentant dans le chapitre 1 les produits naturels possédant le motif tétrahydroisoquinoléinique, leurs intérêts pharmacologiques et leur unique voie d'accès via la réaction de Pictet Spengler, nous avons présenté la synthèse énantiosélective de tétrahydroisoquinoléine 1,3-disubstituées et différentes tentatives d'obtention des motifs pentacycliques de différents alcaloïdes d'intérêt biologique. La synthèse énantiosélective de tétrahydroisoquinoléines 1,3-disubstituées a été effectuée en 6 étapes utilisant deux étapes clés. Une alkylation catalysée par transfert de phase permet de créer un centre asymétrique et une cyclisation pallado-catalysée permet d'accéder au motif tétrahydroisoquinoléinique. Dans la suite, les différentes voies d'accès testées permettant d'accéder au motif pentacyclique n'ont pas été couronnées de succès. Dans un second temps ont été exposées les différentes sources de composés possédant un motif spirocétalique, leurs propriétés électroniques et conformationnelles. Les différentes voies de synthèse de spirocétals ont été présentées. Les différentes voies de synthèse d'a-hétérofuranes ont été introduites en se concentrant sur les dérivés soufrés, azotés et oxygénés. L'utilisation des a­ alcoxyfuranes en réaction de cycloaddition a ensuite été présentée ainsi que l'utilisation des adduits. Enfin la réaction de RRM a été étudiée en se focalisant sur les réactifs à forte tension de cycle. Différentes voies de synthèse des a-alcoxyfuranes ont été exposées. Une voie d'accès générale a été développée par réaction d'addition/élimination sur le 2,5-diméthoxy-2,5-dihydro-2-furanoate de méthyle. La séquence cycloaddition [4+2] ou [4+3]1 RRM a été ensuite présentée permettant d'accéder aux spirocétals (5,6) et (6,6). L'application de cette méthodologie à la synthèse des aculéatines et des aculéatols, est étudiée.

La 5G-NR (Fifth Generation-New Radio) a introduit le concept de slicing pour cibler différents types de services. Nous considérons dans cette thèse le trafic véhiculaire, les véhicules envoyant deux types de flux : eMBB ( enhanced Mobile BroadBand ) et URLLC ( Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications ). Ces flux sont acheminés en deux slices différents, la première cherchant à garantir et/ou maximiser le débit, tandis que la seconde doit répondre à de fortes contraintes de QoS( Quality of Service ) en termes de délai, de l'ordre de 1ms, et de fiabilité, sur de l'ordre de 99.999%. Ces slices avec des profils de trafic et des exigences de QoS hétérogènes doivent partager la même infrastructure physique. Cette thèse vise à proposer de nouveaux schémas d'allocation de ressources pour satisfaire les exigences strictes de qualité de service de l'URLLC sans impacter trop le trafic eMBB. L'un des principaux défis est le moment où les ressources initialement réservées à l'eMBB doivent être allouées à l'arrivée de nouveaux flux URLLC. En raison de l'utilisation de différentes numérologies, ces ressources doivent être reconfigurées, ce qui ajoute un délai supplémentaire de l'ordre de 80 ms, ce qui dépasse le budget de délai URLLC. Pour répondre à ce problème de délai, nous proposons des schémas proactifs de réservation de ressources pour URLLC qui anticipent l'arrivée des véhicules dans une cellule et (re-)configurent la tranche avant leur arrivée effective dans la cellule. Ces approches permettent de répondre aux exigences de délai et de débit du trafic URLLC et eMBB des véhicules, respectivement.Nous introduisons en outre un modèle de dimensionnement inter-slice qui prend en compte les conditions radio et les trajectoires de l'utilisateur dans le réseau, ce qui permet de prendre en compte les MCS ( Modulation and Coding Scheme ) des utilisateurs. Ce faisant, nous obtenons une meilleure allocation des ressources grâce à une optimisation plus fine. Nos résultats montrent que nous sommes en mesure de satisfaire les exigences de trafic avec une meilleure utilisation des ressources. Finalement, nous étudions un modèle de dimensionnement alternatif basé sur des bornes de grande déviation. Nous analysons la queue du système correspondant à la région de perte URLLC. Nous considérons deux approches : avec et sans mise en file d'attente de paquets. Nous observons que les grandes limites d'écart entraînent une surréservation légèrement supérieure à l'approche susmentionnée lorsqu'elle est appliquée à l'URLLC, avec l'avantage du calcul instantané des ressources nécessaires
The Fifth Generation-New Radio (5G-NR) introduced the concept of slicing to target different types of services. We consider in this thesis vehicular traffic, with vehicles sending two types of flows: enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). These flows are transported in two different slices, the former trying to guarantee and/or maximize the throughput, while the latter has to meet stringent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints in terms of delay, on the order of 1ms, and reliability, on the order of 99,999%. These slices with heterogeneous traffic profiles and QoS requirements must share the same physical infrastructure. This thesis aims to propose new resource allocation schemes to satisfy URLLC stringent QoS requirements without impacting too much eMBB traffic. One main challenge is when resources initially reserved for eMBB must be allocated to the arrival of new URLLC flow. Due to using different numerologies, these resources need to be reconfigured, adding extra delay on the order of 80ms, which exceeds the URLLC delay budget. To respond to this delay problem, we propose proactive resource reservation schemes for URLLC which anticipates the vehicles' arrival in a cell and (re-)configures the slice before their effective arrival in the cell. These approaches enable to meet the delay and throughput requirements of vehicular URLLC and eMBB traffic, respectively.We additionally introduce an inter-slice dimensioning model that considers user's radio conditions and trajectories in the network, which enables taking into consideration users Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS). By doing so, we achieve a better resource allocation through finer optimization. Our results show that we are able to satisfy traffic requirements with a better resource utilization.Eventually, we investigate an alternative dimensioning model based on large deviation bounds. We analyze the tail of the system corresponding to the URLLC outage region. We consider two approaches: with and without packet queuing. We observe that large deviation bounds result in slightly more over-reservation than the aforementioned approach when applied to URLLC, with the advantage of instantaneous computation of the needed resources

Post-transcriptional regulations (PTRs) have always been considered features of organisms with higher complexity. However recently, the interest toward the post- transcriptional mechanisms in prokaryotes increased. The bacterial proteome is much more complex compared to the genome size, suggesting a tight and articulate regulation of proteins production, extremely important for the bacterial adaptation to an always changing environment. Bacterial PTRs are responsible of modulation of mRNA stability and decay, translation initiation and elongation, modulation of the access of ribosome to the ribosome binding site and control of termination of the transcript. The main actors in the PTRs are small non-coding RNA (responsible of the inhibition of the transcription) and RNA binding proteins (RBPs), which modulate the translation and half-life of the mRNA. RBPs, are particularly of my interest since I wanted to find a possible orthologous of the eukaryotic Elav-like (Elavl) family of proteins in Acinetobacter baumannii. Elav-like proteins are present in all metazoans and are characterized by two highly conserved sequences: RNP-1 (a quite well conserved hexamer) and RNP-2 (a really well conserved octamer) that are responsible of binding to the mRNA. Each species has a different number of Elavl paralogous that is totally independent from the complexity of the organisms, suggesting a more ancient origin. In particular, I focused on the human paralog HuR (human antigen R). HuR is characterized by three RNA Recognition motif (RRM) -domains, is ubiquitously expressed and is mainly localized into the nucleus (where it is responsible of maturation of the mRNA), but under stress stimuli, can shuttle into the cytoplasm where protect the target mRNA from degradation, by binding AU/U rich sequences (ARE sequences). Its high concentration into the cytoplasm can lead to the overexpression of oncogenes and pro-tumorigenic factors. The choice of Acinetobacter baumannii comes from the increasing worldwide concern toward this pathogen that is becoming multidrug resistant. Indeed, in Italy, more the 50% of nosocomial infections are caused by A. baumannii. I found a putative protein (AB-Elavl), composed by a single RRM domain endowed with similar features of the eukaryotic RRM domain as the presence of a quite well conserved RNP-2 and a less conserved RNP-1. I expressed this protein with recombinant tools and confirmed the production of the protein in the host by western blot and mass spectrometry. I evaluated the binding activity of AB-Elavl testing the EC50 and the Kd with different biochemical assays (EMSA, AlphaScreen and HTRF- FRET) toward three different RNA sequences, in order to test the specificity. By X- RAY and NMR, I confirmed the folded structure that can be overlapped to the HuR’s one and the interaction with the probes tested, highlighting the presence of binding, but with different specificity. I also tested some small molecules developed for interfering in the binding of HuR with the target sequence and found a possible compound able to interact with AB-Elavl, by disrupting the binding with the target probe. All these results suggest an ancient origin of the metazoans’ Elavl family of proteins that probably share a common ancestor with AB-Elavl. More studies should be performed to better understand the role of AB-Elavl in A. baumannii as well as in other bacteria. In fact, I found the presence of other ARE sequence-binding proteins also in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interesting would be to check the presence of this protein in all the multidrug resistant ESKAPE bacteria.

Le RNA silencing est un mécanisme de régulation génique qui contrôle de nombreux processus biologiques chez les eucaryotes. Il se caractérise par la production de petits ARNs en association avec des protéines Argonaute (AGO) dans un complexe effecteur de silencing nommé RISC (AGO-containing RNA-Induced Silencing Complex). Les partenaires des AGO présentent souvent un motif appelé AGO-HOOK, enrichi en répétitions WG/GW et très conservé chez les eucaryotes. Une approche informatique a permis d'identifier des protéines présentant de potentiels domaines AGO-HOOK chez Arabidopsis thaliana parmi lesquelles quatre appartiennent à une famille de protéines à motif de liaison à l’ARN de type RRM (pour RNA Recognition Motif), objet de cette thèse et que nous avons nommées RAHP (pour RRM and AGO-HOOK containing Proteins). Nos travaux ont permis de montrer que les gènes RAHPs sont exprimés et que les protéines correspondantes sont localisées dans le cytoplasme et le noyau. La nature AGO-HOOK des protéines RAHP a été validée par la mise en évidence d’une association préférentielle avec AGO1 in vivo. L’identification de lignées perte de fonction des gènes RAHPs et l’obtention de mutants multiples ont révélé des phénotypes développementaux tels qu’une altération du gravitropisme racinaire, une sénescence précoce des feuilles, un développement altéré des rosettes et une perte de rigidité de la tige. Une étude génétique indique que RAHP 2 et -4 agissent de façon redondante dans le contrôle de ces processus développementaux. L’importance des domaines RRM, mais pas des motifs AGO-HOOK, dans l’activité de ces protéines a été démontrée par complémentation fonctionnelle. L’étude approfondie du phénotype de rigidité de la tige révèle une perte d’accumulation de lignine chez le mutant rahp2/4. Une analyse RNA-seq a permis d’identifier des gènes candidats dont l’expression est augmentée dans le mutant rahp2/4 et qui appartiennent principalement aux catégories des gènes de défense et des gènes du catabolisme des polysaccharides. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives d’analyse quant à la fonction des protéines RAPH in vivo
RNA silencing is a conserved molecular mechanism which plays important roles in different biological processes. It is characterized by the production of small RNAs that associate with Argonaute (AGO) proteins forming the so-called RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). The AGO partners generally harbor a motif enriched in WG/GW repeats named AGO-HOOK. Such domains are highly conserved in eukaryotes and a bioinformatic approach allowed us to identify, in the Arabidopsis genome, about 40 encoded proteins containing a potential AGO-HOOK domain. Among these candidates, a family of four proteins contains also an RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain. Interestingly, these proteins have been recently identified in Arabidopsis messenger RNA proteome. My thesis work consisted in studying the function of these four proteins, called RAHP for RRM and AGO-HOOK containing Proteins. We have shown that RAHP genes are expressed and that the corresponding proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nuclei. Biochemical analysis suggests that RAHP proteins could interact with AGO1 in vivo. The identification of knock-out lines and the production of multiple mutants (double, triple and quadruple) reveal a dominant and redundant role of RAHP2 and RAHP4 proteins in vivo. The mutants present pleiotropic defects affecting root gravitropism, leaf senescence, rosette development and stem rigidity. Mutations of RAHP domains reveal the importance of RRM but not the AGO-hook domain in the developmental function of these proteins. We focused our work on the study of the pendant stem phenotype showing that it correlates with modifications of the secondary cell wall and a loss of lignin. RNA-seq analysis performed on the stem identified several genes whose expression is up-regulated in the mutants and that belong to the defense and polysaccharide catabolism gene categories. This work opens perspectives regarding the function of RAHP proteins in Arabidopsis

Les voies de transduction du signal mettent en jeu l'action coordonnees de plusieurs proteines caracterisees par la presence de domaines sh2 et sh3 (src homology domains), lesquels donnent lieu a des interactions proteine-proteine avec leurs effecteurs. L'une de ces proteines est g3bp, une proteine possedant les motifs rnp1 et rnp2 caracteristiques des proteines reconnaissant l'arn, qui interagit specifiquement avec le domaine sh3 de gap. Nos travaux montrent que g3bp est une endonuclease dont l'activite est regulee par les signaux membranaires. G3bp est exclusivement phosphorylee sur des residus serine. Nous montrons que rasgap joue le role de mediateur dans la regulation du niveau de phosphorylation de g3bp. En interagissant avec g3bp, gap recrute cette proteine au niveau de la membrane et favorise ainsi sa dephosphorylation. De meme, la transformation des cellules par l'oncogene ras s'accompagne d'une dephosphorylation de g3bp. A l'inverse g3bp est hyper-phosphorylee dans les cellules quiescentes. G3bp, purifiee a partir de cellules ou surexprimee dans le systeme baculovirus, s'est averee etre une endonuclease dont l'activite est modulable par phosphorylation. La methode du selex nous a permis d'identifier une sequence pour laquelle g3bp a une forte affinite. La recherche d'homologie de sequence dans plusieurs banques de donnees a revele que cette sequence est exclusivement presente au niveau de trois arn messagers : il s'agit du recepteur au ngf, de lyn une tyrosine kinase qui emprunte la voie ras et la radixine une proteine membre de la famille erm qui lie la membrane plasmique aux fibres d'actine.

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d'un projet Européen plus vaste (ITN RNAct) dans lequel des approches informatiques et biologiques étaient combinées pour progresser vers la synthèse de nouveaux domaines protéiques capables de se fixer sur des séquences spécifiques d'ARN. L'objectif spécifique de cette thèse était de concevoir et développer des outils informatiques pour mieux exploiter les connaissances existantes sur les domaines à Motif de Reconnaissance de l'ARN (RRM) lors de la modélisation 3D des complexes RRM-ARN. Les domaines RRMs représentent 50% de toutes les protéines fixant l'ARN et sont trouvées dans environ 2% de toutes les régions codantes du génome humain. Cependant, du fait de la grande diversité des domaines RRMs, il n'y a eu jusqu'à présent que très peu de succès rapportés dans la conception de nouveaux domaines RRMs. La contribution centrale de cette thèse est la construction d'une base de données relationnelle appelée (InteR3M) qui intègre des informations de séquence, de structure et de fonction sur les domaines RRMs. La base de données InteR3M (href{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}) contient 400,892 instances de domaines RRM (dérivées d'entrées UniProt) et 1,456 structures 3D déterminées expérimentalement (dérivées d'entrées PDB), qui correspondent à seulement 303 instances distinctes de domaines RRM. De plus, InteR3M contient 459,859 interactions atomiques entre RRM et acides nucléiques, dérivées de 656 structures 3D dans lesquelles le domaine RRM forme un complexe avec un ARN ou un ADN. Au cours du processus de collecte de données, des incohérences ont été détectées dans la classification de plusieurs instances de domaines RRMs dans les bases de données de domaines protéiques populaires CATH et Pfam. Ceci m'a conduit à proposer une approche originale (CroMaSt) pour résoudre ce problème, à partir de la mise en correspondance des instances structurales de domaines RRMs entre ces deux bases de données et de l'alignement structural des domaines sans correspondance avec une structure prototype du domaine RRM. Le workflow CroMast est disponible sur le Workflow Hub Européen (href{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}). Les informations de séquence et de structure intégrées dans la base de données InteR3M ont ensuite été utilisées pour aligner entre eux tous les domaines RRM et cartographier toutes les interactions RRM-ARN sur cet alignement en vue d'identifier les différents modes de liaison de l'ARN aux domaines RRM. Ceci a conduit au développement, avec nos partenaires RNAct de VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), de l'outil `RRMScorer'. Cet outil contribue au déchiffrage du code de reconnaissance RRM-ARN en calculant les probabilités de liaison entre les nucléotides de l'ARN et les acides aminés des domaines RRM à certaines positions de l'alignement. Les contacts atomiques entre RRMs et ARN ont aussi été utilisés pour identifier des motifs d'ancrage, c'est-à-dire des prototypes des positions 3D atomiques (relatives au squelette protéique) d'un nucléotide interagissant par empilement (`stacking') avec un acide aminé aromatique conservé. Ces ancres peuvent être utilisées comme des contraintes dans un protocole d'amarrage ancré (`anchored docking'). Le pipeline `RRM-RNA dock' est présenté ici et il intègre à la fois les motifs d'ancrage extraits de la base de données InteR3M et les scores de liaison de RRMScorer. Finalement, la simulation en dynamique moléculaire (MD) est un autre outil informatique testé dans cette thèse pour contribuer à la modélisation 3D des complexes RRM-ARN. Des protocoles MD préliminaires mais prometteurs sont décrits au titre d'essais visant à distinguer entre les complexes RRM-ARN à liaison forte ou faible
This thesis was carried out in the frame of a larger European project (ITN RNAct) in which computer science and biology approaches were combined to make progress towards the synthesis of new protein domains able to bind to specific RNA sequences. The specific goal of this thesis was to design and develop computational tools to better exploit existing knowledge on RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domains using 3D modeling of RRM-RNA complexes. RRMs account for 50% of all RNA binding proteins and are present in about 2% of the protein-coding regions of the human genome. However, due to the large diversity of RRMs, there have been very few successful examples of new RRM design so far. A central achievement of this thesis is the construction of a relational database called `InteR3M' that integrates sequence, structural and functional information about RRM domains. InteR3M database (href{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}) contains 400,892 RRM domain instances (derived from UniProt entries) and 1,456 experimentally solved 3D structure (derived from PDB entries) corresponding to only 303 distinct RRM instances. In addition, InteR3M stores 459,859 atom-atom interactions between RRM and nucleic acids, retrieved from 656 3D structures in which the RRM domain is complexed with RNA or DNA. During the data collection procedure, inconsistencies were detected in the classification of several RRM instances in the popular domain databases CATH and Pfam. This led me to propose an original approach (CroMaSt) to solve this issue, based on cross-mapping of structural instances of RRMs between these two domain databases and on the structural alignment of unmapped instances with an RRM structural prototype. The CroMaSt CWL workflow is available on the European Workflow hub at href{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}. Sequence and structural information stored in InteR3M database was then used to align RRM domains and map all RRM-RNA interactions onto this alignment to identify the different binding modes of RNA to RRM domains. This led to the development, with RNAct partners at VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), of the `RRMScorer' tool. This tool contributes to decipher the RRM-RNA code by computing binding probabilities between RNA nucleotides and RRM amino acids at certain positions of the alignment. Atomic contacts between RRMs and RNA were also used to identify anchoring patterns, i.e. prototypes of 3D atomic positions (relative to the protein backbone) of a nucleotide stacked on a conserved aromatic amino acid. These anchors can be used as constraints in anchored docking protocols. The `RRM-RNA dock' docking pipeline is presented here and integrates both anchoring patterns extracted from InteR3M and binding scores from RRMScorer. Finally, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation is another computational tool tested in this thesis to contribute to the 3D modeling of RRM-RNA complexes. Promising preliminary MD protocols are described as attempts to distinguish between strongly and weakly binding RRM-RNA complexes

TAR DNA Binding protein (TDP-43) is a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family with crucial splicing, transport and regulatory function of genetic material inside mammalian cells. Unfortunately, TDP-43 positive cytoplasmic aggregates occurring with post-translational modifications are a common hallmark in neurodegenerative diseases observed in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fronto-temporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) diseases. Mutations in the TARDBP gene responsible for encoding TDP-43, have been directly correlated with onset of ALS and FLTD. Disease models describing TDP-43 proteinopathy suggests onset may derive through either cytoplasmic mis-localisation or a loss of nuclear function but it is unclear if or how disease associated point-mutations contribute to these observations. In order to determine the effects these mutations have on the protein, a fragment containing the tandem RRM domains (residues 101-265), responsible for the proteins nucleic acid binding function was tested. Using small angle X-ray scattering, circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry and thermal assay methodology it was demonstrated that initial structures of all variants are similar but mutations (D169G and K263E) confer resistance to thermal denaturation by up to 4.9 ± 0.6˚C. This stability positively correlated with an increase in half-life when tested in the full-length variant using a neuron cell model suggesting that protein turn-over is a contributing disease factor. This study was also concerned with solving an X-ray crystallographic DNA binding complex structure for E.coli DPS and mapping interactions with neighbouring DPS complexes. These mechanisms are important in DPS function to protect nucleic acids during prokaryote stress. DPS is conserved in almost all prokaryotes however not all species can interact with DNA. Using X-ray crystallography, a model of E.coli DPS was built to 2.8 Å resolution from DNA containing samples showing both DNA and N-terminal residues were absent. Stabilising polar interactions were shown to form between neighbouring dodecamer structures involving T12, R18, D20, N99, S100, S106 and K134. Polar contacts are observed in all compared crystallographic structures from different species but the residues involved are poorly conserved, despite strong similarities between sequence and structure. This suggests that these contacts may contribute to stabilising the DNA-DPS complexes but form indiscriminately between exposed polar residues available on the dodecamer surface. These interactions are likely to contribute to the thermal stability of DNA-DPS complexes to aid in the proteins protective function.

La selection des sites 5' et 3' est une etape decisive dans l'epissage des arn pre-messagers. Bon nombre de facteurs impliques dans cette selection sont des proteines constituees d'un domaine de liaison a l'arn (domaine rrm) et d'un domaine riche en residu arginine et serine (domaine rs). Ce sont des proteines phosphorylees sur les residus serine. Apres avoir note qu'au moins un de ces facteurs subit un cycle de phosphorylation-dephosphorylation au cours de l'assemblage du spliceosome et de l'epissage, nous avons etudie le role de certains d'entre eux et des proteines de la snrnp u1 dans la selection du site d'epissage 5'. Nous concluons que la phosphorylation de la proteine u1-70k est critique pour la participation de la snrnp u1 a une etape pre-catalytique de la reaction d'epissage. Cette phosphorylation diminue aussi l'interaction de la snrnp u1 pour le site d'epissage 5'. La proteine u1-c interagit directement sur le site d'epissage 5'. L'extremite 5' du snrna u1 n'est pas requise dans la reconnaissance du site d'epissage mais est necessaire pour stabiliser l'interaction par appariement de bases. Nous avons cherche une kinase capable de phosphoryler de facon specifique le domaine rs des proteines sr. Nous avons decouvert que la dna topoisomerase i, en plus de son activite de relaxation des surtentions de l'adn, possede cette activite proteine kinase

The new mobile standard Long Term Evolution delivers high data rates, small delay and a more efficiently utilized RF spectrum. A solution to maintain this performance in user dense areas or areas with bad reception is the deployment of so-called femtocells. Femtocells are small base stations that are deployed indoors and share the RF spectrum with the whole mobile network. The idea is that femtocells will increase mobile operators network coverage and capacity while it at the same time increase users data throughput. There are several challenges with femtocells, both technical and economical ones. The most debated issues is how femtocells should schedule users while operating in an environment where other femtocells and base stations are interfering. In this work we developed a simulation tool to simulate the scheduling interaction between femtocells and base stationsin order to show the performance of radio resource schedulers. This rapport also aims to evaluate an approach to a femtocell scheduler to solve this issue in a satisfying way. The report gives a description of the structure of the implemented simulation tool together with some reflections on how future designs of similar or more complex simulation environments could be done.

In this thesis, we investigate several radio resourcemanagement (RRM) techniques and concepts in an indoorenvironment with a dense infrastructure. Future wireless indoorcommunication networks will very likely be implemented atplaces where the user concentration is very high. At these hotspots, the radio resources must be used efficiently. The goalis to identify efficient RRM techniques and concepts that aresuitable for implementation in an indoor environment.

Handling the high level of co-channel interference is shownto be of paramount importance. Several investigations in thethesis point this out to be the key problem in an indoorenvironment with a dense infrastructure. We show that a locallycentralized radio resource management concept, the bunchconcept, can give a very high performance compared to othercommonly used RRM concepts. Comparisons are made withdistributed systems and systems using channel selection schemeslike CSMA/CA. The comparisons are primarily made by capacityand throughput analysis which are made by system levelsimulations. Results show that the centralized concept can give85 percent higher capacity and 70 percent higher throughputthan any of the compared systems.

We investigate several RRM techniques to deal with thechannel interference problem and show that beamforming cangreatly reduce the interference and improve the systemperformance. Beamforming, especially sector antennas, alsoreduce the transmitter powers and the necessary dynamic range.A comparison is made between the use of TD/CDMA and pure TDMAwhich clearly shows the performance benefits of usingorthogonal channels that separates the users and reduces theco-channel interference. Different channel selection strategiesare studied and evaluated along with various methods to improvethe capability of system co-existence.

We also investigate several practical measures to facilitatesystem implementation. Centralized RRM is suitable forguaranteeing QoS but is often considered too complex. With thestudied centralized concept the computational complexity can bereduced by splitting the coverage area into smaller pieces andcover them with one centralized system each. This reduces thecomplexity at the prize of lost capacity due to theuncontrolled interference that the different systems produce.Our investigations show that sector antennas can be used toregain this capacity loss while maintaining high reduction incomplexity. Without capacity loss, the computational complexitycan be reduced by a factor of 40 with sectoring. Theimplementation aspects also include installation sensitivity ofthe indoor architecture and the effect of measurement errors inthe link gains. The robustness against installation errors ishigh but the bunch concept is quite sensitive to largemeasurement errors in the studied indoor environment. Thiseffect can be reduced by additional SIR-margins of the radiolinks.

The studied bunch concept is shown to be promising for usein future wireless indoor communication systems. It provideshigh performance and is feasible to implement.

Keywords:Radio resource management, indoorcommunication, the bunch concept, centralized RRM, dynamicchannel allocation, channel selection, co-channel interference,power control, feasibility check, capacity, throughput, qualityof service, beamforming, downtilting, sector antennas,co-existence, computational complexity, sensitivity analysis,measurement errors, infrastructure, system implementation,WLAN, HiperLAN/2, IEEE 802.11.

In the 3GPP LTE, different radio resource management (RRM) techniques have been proposed in order to improve the uplink performance. Frequency hopping is one of the techniques that can be used to improve the uplink performance by providing frequency diversity and interference averaging. The hopping can be between subframes (inter-subframe) or within a subframe (intra-subframe). 3GPP specifies two types of frequency hopping for the LTE uplink, hopping based on explicit hopping information in the scheduling grant and sub-band based hopping according to cell-specific hopping and mirroring patterns. In this master’s thesis, theoretical discussion on the frequency hopping schemes is carried out followed by dynamic simulations in order to evaluate the performance gain of frequency hopping. Based on the theoretical analysis, the second type of hopping is selected for detailed study. As a baseline for comparison, dynamic frequency domain scheduling with random frequency resource allocation has been used. Single cell and multi-cell scenarios have been simulated with VoIP traffic model using user satisfaction as a performance metric. The simulation results show that frequency hopping improves the uplink performance by providing frequency diversity in the single cell scenario and both frequency diversity and interference averaging in the multi-cell scenario. The gains in using the hopping schemes were reflected as VoIP capacity (the number of satisfied users) improvement. In this study, the performance of the selected hopping schemes under different hopping parameters is also evaluated.
ttma07@student.bth.se tariku.temesgen.mehari@ericsson.com

La conquête terrestre par les Plantes s’est accompagnée d’une augmentation importante de leur taille et d’une répartition des fonctions au sein de tissus ou d’organes spécialisés. Cette complexification cellulaire, associée à l’allongement de la phase sporophytique au détriment de la phase gamétophytique, a nécessité le recrutement et l’évolution de nombreux gènes. Afin de mieux comprendre la mise en place de ces mécanismes, nous avons orienté nos travaux vers les gènes TEL codant pour des protéines de liaison aux ARN de type RRM. En effet, ils constituent de bons candidats, n’étant présents que chez les Végétaux Terrestres et régulant la mise en place des organes floraux et foliaires chez les Poacées. Ainsi, nous avons initié la caractérisation fonctionnelle des gènes TEL au sein de la Lignée Verte. L’étude de transformants exprimant des versions tronquées de l’unique gène PpTEL nous a permis de montrer que chez la mousse Physcomitrella patens, ce gène contrôlait négativement la croissance des protonémas et des sporophytes, alors qu’il régule positivement l’initiation et le développement des pieds feuillés. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, la caractérisation de nombreux mutants a permis de mettre en évidence un rôle-clé pour AtTEL1 et AtTEL2 dans la régulation positive de la croissance végétative et l’induction florale, alors que ces gènes contrôlent négativement la formation des fleurs. En outre, nous avons pu montré que les gènes TEL seraient potentiellement des senseurs métaboliques, capables de réguler la division cellulaire et donc la croissance de la plante, en fonction de « l’énergie » disponible pour celle-ci
The land colonisation by plants was accompanied by an enormous increase in their size and the sharing out of functions within specialised tissues and organs. This cellular complexification, associated with the rise to dominance of the diploid phase (sporophyte) of the life cycle, required the recruitment and the evolution of many genes. In order to better understand the involved mechanisms, we focused our attention on TEL genes which encode RRM-type RNA-binding proteins. Indeed, they appeared as good candidates, since they are only present in land plants and they were shown to regulate the initiation of foliar and floral organs in Poaceae. So, the functional characterisation of TEL genes within the Green Lineage was initiated. The analysis of Physcomitrella patens mutants expressing truncated versions of the unique PpTEL gene allowed us to show that this gene was negatively controlling the growth of the protonema and the sporophytes, whereas it regulates positively the initiation and the development of gametophores. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the characterisation of TEL mutants highlighted a key role for AtTEL1 and AtTEL2 in the positive regulation of vegetative growth and floral transition, whereas they negatively control the development of flowers. Moreover, we could show that TEL genes would act as metabolic sensors, able to regulate cellular division and therefore the plant growth, depending on the available energy for the plant

L'étude par biologie structurale de protéines modulaires requiert le plus souvent l'isolement des différents domaines qui composent les protéines. Trois méthodes permettant d'obtenir des domaines isolés ont été développées et leur application systématique dans le cadre d'un projet de génomique structurale évaluée durant la thèse. La méthode ayant produit les meilleurs résultats a été appliquée à l'histone méthyltransférase de levure Set1. Deux domaines régulateurs appartenant à la famille des domaines RRM (pour RNA Recognition Motif) ont pu ainsi être isolés et étudiés. L'un d'eux a été cristallisé et a vu sa structure tridimensionnelle résolue. Ce domaine ne comporte pas les éléments présents dans la plupart des domaines RRM. En outre, une hélice située en C-Terminal est positionnée sur la région qui lie les ARN dans les domaines RRM conventionnels. De fait, nous proposons que ce domaine agisse comme un médiateur d'interactions protéines/protéines plutôt que protéines/ARN. Des études complémentaires par mutagénèse corrélées avec des études fonctionnelles in vivo ont également permis de decouvrir l'influence des deux domaines RRM de Set1 sur l'activité de la protéine et leur effet sur la transcription de différent gènes
Structural biology study of modular proteins often requires the isolation of individual proteic domains. Three methods that allow the generation of isolated domains were developped and their systematic use within a structural genomics projects evaluated during this thesis. The methods leading to the best results was applied to yeast histone methyltransferase Set1. Two regulatory domains belonging to the RRM (RNA Recognition Motif) family were isolated and studied. One of them was cristallized and its three-dimensionnal structure solved. This domains doesn't harbour the typical features of RRM domains. Moreover, a C-Terminal helix is located on the region used to bind RNA molecules in conventionnal RRM domains. Thus, we propose that this domain is involved in mediating protein/protein interactions instead of protein/RNA interactions. Complementary mutagenic studies correlated with in vivo functionnal studies allowed to decipher the role of the two Set1 RRM domains in the modulation of the protein activity and the regulation of the transcription of different genes

The next generation wireless system (NGWS) has been conceived as a ubiquitous wireless environment. It integrates existing heterogeneous access networks, as well as future networks, and will offer high speed data, real-time applications (e.g. Voice over IP, videoconference ) and real-time multimedia (e.g. real-time audio and video) support with a certain Quality of Service (QoS) level to mobile users. It is required that the mobile nodes have the capability of selecting services that are offered by each provider and determining the best path through the various networks. Efficient radio resource management (RRM) is one of the key issues required to support global roaming of the mobile users among different network architectures of the NGWS and a precise call admission control (CAC) scheme satisfies the requirements of high network utilization, cost reduction, minimum handover latency and high-level QoS of all the connections. This thesis is going to describe an adaptive class-based CAC algorithm, which is expected to prioritize the arriving channel resource requests, based on user¿s classification and channel allocation policy. The proposed CAC algorithm couples with Fuzzy Logic (FL) and Pre-emptive Resume (PR) theories to manage and improve the performance of the integrated wireless network system. The novel algorithm is assessed using a mathematical analytic method to measure the performance by evaluating the handover dropping probability and the system utilization.

Knowledge of protein hot spots and the ability to successfully predict them while using only primary protein structure has been a worldwide scientific goal for several decades. This thesis describes the importance of hot spots and sums up advances achieved in this field of study so far. Besides that we introduce hot spot prediction algorithm using only a primary protein structure, based primarily on signal processing techniques. To convert protein sequence to numerical signal we use the EIIP attribute, while further processing is carried out via means of S-transform. The algorithm achieves sensitivity of more than 60 %, positive predictive value exceeds 50 % and the main advantage over competitive algorithms is its simplicity and low computational requirements.

This master’s thesis deals with a UMTS radio access network optimization, containing radio interface analysis, services and procedures description, ways to correct parameters calculations and settings and other issues necessary for a correct access network operation. The goal is effective network operation, minimum costs and maximum performance and flexibility of the network. The optimization during system operation is important because of the system character. The UMTS system uses the WCDMA technology, where particular users share the same frequency band and they are distinguished from one another via code sequences. The capacity of such a system is then given by the interference level - each particular user increases the interference level by the value corresponding to his transmit power. The maximum cell capacity is determined by the maximum interference level at which users can still operate with required services, so it is related not only to the number of users, but also to their bit rate. The optimization allows effective usage of the system for different services with different requirements. The main optimization tool is the radio resource management, containing number of algorithms, such as admission control, which decides the acceptance or rejection of a new user demanding certain service, power control, which ensure that users transmit with a minimal power sufficient for required service, handover and cell selection algorithms etc. The major parameter used by these algorithms is a cell load factor, which is related to the interference level margin. There are several methods for the load factor estimation and some of them are described in this work. Some other optimization techniques are mentioned here, too. This work also contains a laboratory exercise proposal for radio resource management introduction using the OPNET Modeler network simulation tool.

Dans les cellules eucaryotes, l’expression d’un gène peut être régulée à de nombreux niveaux. Les études réalisées sur le contrôle de l’expression génique se sont généralement intéressées aux mécanismes de contrôle transcriptionnel. Cependant de nombreux exemples mettent de plus en plus en évidence l’importance des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels dans cette régulation. Les contrôles post-transcriptionnels de l’expression génique reposent essentiellement sur des interactions spécifiques entre les régions 5’ et 3’ non traduites de l’ARNm et des protéines agissant en trans qui contrôlent spécifiquement la maturation des ARNs messagers (ARNms), leur localisation cytoplasmique, leur stabilité et/ou leur traduction. Les éléments riches en adénine et en uridine (ARE), localisés dans la région 3’ non traduite de nombreux ARNms, font partie des séquences régulatrices les plus étudiées. Elles sont notamment présentes dans les ARNms codant pour des cytokines et des proto-oncogènes. Les protéines de liaison à l’ARN jouent donc un rôle central dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes. Les protéines TIA-1 et TIAR appartiennent à la famille des protéines qui fixent l’ARN et qui contiennent des domaines RRM (RNA Recognition Motif). Elles sont impliquées dans des mécanismes permettant la régulation de l’expression génique tels que l’épissage alternatif et la traduction. En particulier, elles participent à l’arrêt général de la traduction qui accompagne un stress environnemental en séquestrant les ARNms poly(A)+ non traduits dans des foci cytoplasmiques appelés granules de stress (SGs). Elles sont également impliquées dans la répression traductionnelle d’ARNms spécifiques en liant les ARE présents dans les extrémités 3’ non traduites de certains ARNms, et notamment des ARNs messagers codant pour le TNF-α et la cyclooxygénase-2 (Cox-2). L’invalidation des gènes tia-1 et tiar chez la souris conduit à une létalité embryonnaire élevée suggérant que ces protéines jouent également un rôle important au cours de l’embryogenèse. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les protéines TIA-1 et TIAR remplissent leurs différentes fonctions, nous avons réalisé un criblage par la technique du double hybride en levure afin d'identifier des partenaires d’interaction de ces deux protéines. Les protéines TIA-1 et TIAR interagissent avec les protéines FBPs (Fuse Binding Proteins). Celles-ci participent notamment à la maturation et à la dégradation des ARNs. Nous avons montré que les protéines FBPs co-localisent parfaitement avec TIA-1 dans le noyau et migrent dans les granules de stress en réponse à un stress oxydatif. De plus, des expériences de retard de migration sur gel réalisées à partir d’extrait cytosolique de macrophages ont montré que les protéines FBPs sont présentes dans le même complexe liant l’ARE du TNF-α que TIA-1. Enfin, la surexpression du domaine de liaison à l’ARN KH3 de FBP2 en fusion à l’EGFP induit la séquestration spécifique des protéines TIA-1 et TIAR dans des foci cytoplasmiques, empêchant ainsi leur accumulation nucléaire. Nos résultats indiquent que les protéines TIA-1/R et FBPs pourraient être fonctionnellement impliquées dans des étapes communes du métabolisme de l’ARN dans le noyau et/ou le cytoplasme.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les systèmes de 3G offrent de nouveaux services support (bearer services) à plus hauts débits pour les modes de transmission "paquet". Ces services vont coexister avec la voix (ou d'autres services temps réels), des scénarios de trafic mixte, voix et données, doivent être envisagés. La norme UMTS permet effectivement aux utilisateurs d'avoir plus d'un service activé simultanément. Les différentes classes de trafic augmentent la complexité de la gestion des ressources radios. Dans ce contexte, deux types de fonctions sont étudiés: l'allocation de TFCI et l'ordonnancement de paquets. Leur impact sur la qualité de service (QoS) ainsi que sur la capacité du système est évalué. On propose des améliorations de ces mécanismes dans le but d'augmenter la capacité du système et par conséquent d'améliorer la QoS des utilisateurs. Les études se restreignent au sens montant, c'est à dire aux transmissions du mobile (User Equipment ou UE) vers le réseau. Un premier mécanisme pour lequel un effort d'amélioration est fait, est l'adaptation du lien radio par variation du débit instantané transmis. On simule le cas d'une transmission multiservice (voix et données). L'UE doit partager un débit global qui lui est alloué entre les différents services activés. Ces derniers sont véhiculés dans des radio bearers (tuyaux supports). À chaque intervalle élémentaire de transmission (Transmission Time Interval, TTI), l'UE sélectionne un sous-débit pour chaque bearer; ceci se fait par la sélection d'un "format de transport" à appliquer pendant la durée TTI. Cette procédure s'effectue dans la couche MAC (Medium Access Control); le résultat de la sélection est une combinaison de formats de transport (Transport Format Combination, TFC) que la couche physique doit utiliser. La procédure, nommée sélection de TFC, permet d'adapter la transmission des différents services aux conditions variables de la propagation radio: elle détermine notablement la performance de transmission. L'algorithme de sélection de TFC est tracé dans ses grandes lignes dans la norme. Un de ses principes est de favoriser le trafic temps réel au détriment des services de données par paquet. Cependant, le trafic temps réel peut être perturbé par le trafic de données sous certaines conditions, en particulier pour les mobiles éloignés de la station de base (Node B). On propose un algorithme de sélection de TFC qui limite ces perturbations et qui offre une plus large zone de couverture aux services temps réels. En plus, il améliore la QoS du service de données et le débit effectif de l'UE sans augmenter sa puissance de transmission. Un autre type d'études concerne l'ordonnancement de paquets entre les différents utilisateurs ou UEs. C'est une procédure qui est contrôlée par la partie fixe du réseau. Nous l'étudions principalement par simulation en considérant divers mécanismes ou variations. Un premier mécanisme est nommé fast Variable Spreading Factor (fast VSF): les UEs distants changent rapidement leur facteur d'étalement (SF) afin de conserver une puissance de transmission constante, ce qui vise à stabiliser l'interférence inter-cellulaire. Un deuxième mécanisme étudié est un accès paquet décentralisé (decentralized mode) utilisant une information en retour sur le niveau global d'interférence dans la cellule. Un troisième mécanisme nommé "fast scheduling" (ordonnancement rapide) raccourcit le cycle d'ordonnancement. Les résultats ont montré que dans le cas de faible ou moyenne charge dans la cellule, le mode décentralisé réduit le délai par paquet jusqu'à 25 %. L'ordonnancement rapide augmente la capacité du système jusqu' à 10%. En plus, il améliore la QoS perçue par les utilisateurs en terme de débit par utilisateur et délai par paquet transmis.

Wind power, as a source of renewable energy, is growing very fast. Especially so, is consideration given to offshore wind farms where expansion is due in part to limited social and visual impact, reduced noise effect of turbines, and at the same time higher production of offshore wind turbines. Maintenance is always a considerable and costly part of the wind power investment, especially for offshore projects, but it could not improve as fast as the increasing wind industry in the world. The operation and maintenance management of wind farms should have always a reliable and structured planning to have an economical investment. At the beginning of the growth of wind industry, companies tried to transfer responsibilities of the failure and loss of production to the insurance companies, but it cannot be continued any more. These days even the insurance companies ask about regular inspection or condition monitoring. In other words, they ask for a reliable strategy for operation and maintenance. Both preventative and corrective maintenance are used in offshore wind farms. Preventive maintenance is usually performed at the first sign of failure, and in so doing it helps reduce costs associated from lost production. Having a perfect preventive maintenance program is not easy and it usually needs more inspection and online monitoring. To select a suitable strategy, data should be gathered from different stakeholders who are involved in the project. The stakeholders could be turbine designers, construction companies, transportation companies, operation staff, etc. The reason is that each group has the data which could help to define a reliable strategy of maintenance. Reliability includes measurements, e.g., failure rate, repair time, and availability. Reliability is the ability of components or system to perform their function under given operational condition and for a predicted period of time. However always preventive maintenance especially for offshore wind farm is faced with uncertainty due to bad weather, access difficulty, and logistic limitation. Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a systematic qualitative technique that balances preventive and corrective maintenance. It chooses the right preventive maintenance activities for the right component at the right time to reach the most cost efficient solution. This research points out that RCM, as an experienced methodology in other industries, could be a good method for scheduled preventive maintenance in offshore wind power for purposes of lowering cost while improving reliability and safety. RCM implementation is always facing with uncertainty. Engaged uncertainty to RCM is known as Reliability and Risk Centered Maintenance RRCM and it could lead maintenance process to an optimal preventive schedule with minimum uncertainty.

Recently an effective usage of the chip area plays an essential role for System-on-Chip (SOC) designs. Nowadays on-chip memories take up more than 50%of the total die-area and are responsible for more than 40% of the total energy consumption. Cache memory alone occupies 30% of the on-chip area in the latest microprocessors. This thesis project “System Level Exploration of RRAM for SRAM Replacement” describes a Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) based memory organizationfor the Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Array (CGRA) processors. Thebenefit of the RRAM based memory organization, compared to the conventional Static-Random Access Memory (SRAM) based memory organization, is higher interms of energy and area requirement. Due to the ever-growing problems faced by conventional memories with Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS), emerging memory technologies gained more importance. RRAM is typically seen as a possible candidate to replace Non-volatilememory (NVM) as Flash approaches its scaling limits. The replacement of SRAMin the lowest layers of the memory hierarchies in embedded systems with RRAMis very attractive research topic; RRAM technology offers reduced energy and arearequirements, but it has limitations with regards to endurance and write latency. By reason of the technological limitations and restrictions to solve RRAM write related issues, it becomes beneficial to explore memory access schemes that tolerate the longer write times. Therefore, since RRAM write time cannot be reduced realistically speaking we have to derive instruction memory and data memory access schemes that tolerate the longer write times. We present an instruction memory access scheme to compromise with these problems. In addition to modified instruction memory architecture, we investigate the effect of the longer write times to the data memory. Experimental results provided show that the proposed architectural modifications can reduce read energy consumption by a significant frame without any performance penalty.

[EN] In today's information society, there is a growing need to access data communication services ubiquitously, with mobility and increasingly higher data rates. This society's demand has motivated the development of the fourth generation of mobile communications (4G) and its evolution towards the fifth generation (5G). This development has required a revolution on the radio interface of the mobile communications systems, and, consequently, has significantly modified their capabilities and their radio resource management. This is the case of the technology known as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and its 4G version called LTE-Advanced. This Doctoral Thesis addresses the modelling, the radio resource management analysis, and the performance evaluation of the downlink of LTE and LTE-Advanced where, among the different features of LTE-Advanced, the focus is on the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission. The Thesis provides a detailed description of the main characteristics of LTE and LTE-Advanced. The high complexity of these systems, has prompted the use of computer simulations as the primary research methodology. The Thesis makes a detailed description of the simulation methodology and the system modelling required, including some contributions of the author in this field. Among them, it is of significant relevance the link-level simulation results used in the European project WINNER + for the LTE evaluation. With regard to the analysis of the radio resource management in LTE, the fundamentals of link adaptation and scheduling are explained in the first place. In relation to the scheduling, the Thesis includes a thorough study of the proportional fairness concept and the suboptimal implementation typically used in LTE to maximize this metric. This study has resulted in a series of ideas embodied in a modification of the typical implementation, which has proved to be capable of increasing the proportional fairness of the resource allocations. Moreover, the link adaptation analysis has revealed the "flash-light" effect problem, which is characterized by a high interference variability due to rapid changes in the scheduling decisions. The Thesis demonstrates that a particular implementation that stabilizes the scheduling decisions can improve the system performance. The radio resource management analysis of this Thesis is completed with the study of CoMP. Specifically, the CoMP scheme studied in this Thesis is a solution with coordinated scheduling and beamforming (CS/CB), that takes into account realistic and robust assumptions concerning the knowledge that the coordinated points have about the channel state. The Thesis proposes this solution for its simplicity and its ability to improve high data rates coverage and capacity even with incomplete channel knowledge. Concerning LTE and LTE-Advanced evaluation, it is performed in two different types of scenarios. On the one hand, the scenarios defined in the process of evaluation of IMT-Advanced. In this framework, it is evaluated the importance of different multi-antenna techniques, including CoMP, considering full-buffer traffic models. The most important conclusions in these scenarios are the significant performance improvement achieved with spatial multiplexing of users and the fact that CoMP mechanisms provide a reduced benefit. The second group of scenarios are those defined by the European project METIS for the evaluation of 5G technologies. Specifically, an indoor office scenario and an outdoor sports stadium have been selected. In these scenarios, a realistic traffic model is used, and it has been demonstrated the utility of CoMP to satisfy the first 5G requirement definitions with feasible frequency bandwidths. In these scenarios with less homogeneous deployments, or with a limited number of transmitters originating the major part of interference, is where this Thesis has found CoMP to be more useful and where the Thesis promotes its use.
[ES] En la actual sociedad, hay una creciente necesidad de acceso a servicios de comunicación de datos de forma ubicua, móvil y a velocidades cada vez más altas. Esta demanda ha motivado el desarrollo de la cuarta generación de comunicaciones móviles (4G) y su evolución hacia la quinta generación (5G). Este desarrollo ha requerido una revolución en la interfaz radio de los sistemas de comunicaciones móviles modificando en gran medida sus capacidades y la forma en la que se gestionan sus recursos. Este es el caso de la tecnología conocida como Long Term Evolution (LTE) y su versión 4G llamada LTE-Advanced. En concreto, esta Tesis Doctoral aborda el modelado, análisis de la gestión de recursos radio y evaluación de prestaciones del enlace descendente de LTE y LTE-Advanced, donde, de entre las características de LTE-Advanced, se ha puesto el foco de atención en la transmisión multipunto coordinada (CoMP). La Tesis proporciona una descripción detallada de las principales características de LTE y LTE-Advanced. La gran complejidad del sistema descrito ha motivado que la metodología de estudio haya sido la simulación mediante ordenador. La Tesis realiza una descripción detallada de dicha metodología y del modelado del sistema empleado, incluyendo algunas aportaciones del autor en este campo. De entre éstas, destaca la provisión de resultados de simulación de nivel de enlace que se usaron en el proyecto europeo WINNER+ para la evaluación de LTE. En cuanto al análisis de la gestión de recursos radio en LTE, en primer lugar, se explican los fundamentos de la adaptación al enlace y el scheduling. En relación con el scheduling, se realiza un estudio del concepto de proportional fairness y de la implementación subóptima típicamente usada en LTE para maximizar esta métrica. Este estudio ha dado como resultado una modificación de la implementación típica que ha demostrado ser capaz de aumentar la proportional fairness en la asignación de recursos con un bajo incremento de complejidad. Además, el análisis de la adaptación al enlace ha revelado el problema del efecto de "luz de flash" consistente en la alta variabilidad de la interferencia debida a rápidos cambios en las decisiones del scheduler. La Tesis demuestra que se pueden mejorar las prestaciones del sistema estabilizando dichas decisiones mediante una implementación concreta. El bloque de análisis de la gestión de recursos se completa con el estudio de CoMP. Específicamente, se estudia una solución con coordinación de scheduling y conformación de haz (CS/CB) que tiene en cuenta suposiciones reales y robustas en cuanto al conocimiento que los puntos coordinados tienen de los canales radio. La Tesis propone esta solución por su sencillez y capacidad de mejorar la eficiencia de los sistemas de comunicaciones móviles, tanto en cobertura de velocidades altas de transmisión como en capacidad, aun teniendo un conocimiento incompleto del canal. En cuanto a la evaluación de LTE y LTE-Advanced, ésta se realiza en dos tipos de escenarios. Por un lado, los escenarios definidos en el proceso de evaluación de IMT-Advanced. En este marco, se evalúa la importancia de diferentes técnicas de transmisión multiantena, incluyendo CoMP, y considerando tráfico de tipo full-buffer. Se ha obtenido una gran mejora de prestaciones por la multiplexación espacial de usuarios y mejoras discretas por el uso de CoMP. El segundo grupo de escenarios son los definidos por el proyecto europeo METIS para evaluación de tecnologías 5G, concretamente se han elegido un escenario de interiores con una oficina, y uno de exteriores con un estadio deportivo. En estos escenarios se utiliza un tráfico realista y se ha demostrado la utilidad de CoMP para mejorar las prestaciones del sistema. En estos escenarios con despliegues menos uniformes, o con un número limitado de transmisores provocando la mayor parte de la interferencia, es donde esta Tesis ha encontrado la mayor u
[CAT] En l'actual societat de la informació, hi ha una creixent necessitat d'accés a serveis de comunicació de dades de forma ubiqua, mòbil i a velocitats cada vegada més altes. Aquesta demanda de la societat, ha motivat el desenrotllament de la quarta generació de comunicacions mòbils (4G) i la seua evolució cap a la quinta generació (5G). Aquest desenrotllament ha requerit una revolució en la interfície ràdio dels sistemes de comunicacions mòbils i ha modificat en gran manera les seues capacitats i la forma en què es gestionen els seus recursos. Aquest és el cas de la tecnologia coneguda com a Long Term Evolution (LTE) i la seua versió 4G anomenada LTE-Advanced. En concret, aquesta Tesi Doctoral aborda el modelatge, anàlisi de la gestió de recursos ràdio i avaluació de prestacions de l'enllaç descendent de LTE i LTE-Advanced, on, d'entre les característiques de LTE-Advanced, s'ha posat el centre d'atenció en la transmissió multipunt coordinada (CoMP). La Tesi proporciona una descripció detallada de les principals característiques de LTE i LTE-Advanced. La gran complexitat del sistema descrit ha motivat que la metodologia d'estudi s'haja basat en simulació per mitjà d'ordinador. La Tesi realitza una descripció detallada de la metodologia de simulació i del modelatge del sistema empleat, incloent-hi algunes aportacions de l'autor en aquest camp. D'entre aquestes, destaca la provisió de resultats de simulació de nivell d'enllaç que es van usar en el projecte europeu WINNER+ per a l'avaluació de LTE. Pel que fa a l'anàlisi de la gestió de recursos ràdio en LTE, en primer lloc, s'expliquen els fonaments de l'adaptació a l'enllaç i el scheduling. En relació amb el scheduling, es realitza un estudi del concepte de proportional fairness i de la implementació subòptima típicament usada en LTE per a maximitzar aquesta mètrica. L'estudi ha donat com a resultat una modificació de la implementació típica que ha demostrat ser capaç d'augmentar la proportional fairness en l'assignació de recursos amb un baix increment de complexitat. A més, l'anàlisi de l'adaptació a l'enllaç ha desvetllat el problema de l'efecte de "llum de flaix" consistent en la alta variabilitat de la interferència deguda a una ràpida variació de les assignacions de recursos. La Tesi demostra que es poden millorar les prestacions del sistema estabilitzant les decisions del scheduler mitjançant una implementació concreta. En el bloc d'anàlisi de la gestió de recursos d'aquesta Tesi es completa amb l'estudi de CoMP. Específicament, s'estudia una solució amb coordinació de scheduling i conformació de feix (CS/CB), que té en compte suposicions reals i robustes quant al coneixement que els punts coordinats tenen dels canals ràdio dels usuaris servits. La Tesi proposa aquesta solució per la seua senzillesa i capacitat de millorar l'eficiència dels sistemes de comunicacions mòbils, tant en cobertura de velocitats altes de transmissió com en capacitat, encara tenint un coneixement incomplet del canal. Quant a l'avaluació de LTE i LTE-Advanced, aquesta es realitza en dos tipus d'escenaris diferents. D'una banda, els escenaris definits dins del procés d'avaluació de tecnologies IMT-Advanced. Dins d'aquest marc, s'avalua la importància de diferents tècniques de transmissió multi-antena, incloent-hi CoMP, i considerant tràfic de tipus full-buffer. S'ha obtingut una gran millora de prestacions amb la multiplexació espacial d'usuaris i una discreta millora amb CoMP. El segon grup d'escenaris són els definits pel projecte europeu METIS per a l'avaluació de tecnologies 5G, concretament s'han triat un escenari d'interiors amb una oficina, i un d'exteriors amb un estadi esportiu, on s'ha utilitzat un tràfic realista. En aquests escenaris amb desplegaments menys uniformes, o amb un nombre limitat de transmissors provocant la major part de la interferència, és on aquesta Tesi ha trobat la utilitat més gran de
Martín-Sacristán Gandía, D. (2016). 3GPP Long Term Evolution: Performance Analysis and Evolution towards 4G with Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63261
TESIS

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A incidência de insetos praga na cultura da soja causa aumento no custo de produção, o que ocasiona menor rentabilidade ao produtor em razão da maior utilização de defensivos para seu controle. Deste modo, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que atenuem estes problemas é frequente. Assim, a biotecnologia torna-se alternativa que contribui para minimizar os impactos deste cenário. A transformação genética de plantas cultivadas possibilita o melhoramento da produção, por meio da inserção de características agronômicas desejáveis. No entanto, ao adotar semente transgênica o custo da semente deve ser levado em consideração devido aos direitos de patentes pagas ao detentor da tecnologia, o que também pode refletir em aumento do custo de produção. A partir da necessidade de alternativas ao manejo fitossanitário de insetos praga foi desenvolvida a soja RR2 PRO, tolerante a herbicida e resistente a insetos. Esta cultivar é a evolução da soja RR1 que apresenta apenas tolerância a herbicida. Além do custo de produção mais satisfatório ao sojicultor, espera-se que a cultura proporcione benefícios sociais e ambientais, através da menor exposição do homem aos defensivos, bem como menor contaminação ambiental, seja por menor uso de defensivo, seja pela menor emissão de CO2. Todavia, o custo para obtenção desta tecnologia deve ser ponderado frente ao real benefício gerado. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar indicadores econômicos do sistema de produção com a soja RR2 PRO e a soja RR1 no estado de Mato Grosso. A metodologia utilizada para estimar o custo operacional de produção foi a do Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Foram avaliados os principais indicadores de rentabilidade. O custo operacional total (COT) do sistema com adoção da soja RR2 PRO foi inferior ao sistema com adoção da soja RR1, refletindo no menor custo por saca da ...
The appearance of insect pests in soybean cultivars may increase production cost and reduce producer profitability due to high use of pesticides. Techniques to minimize these problems must be developed. Biotechnology has become an alternative to minimize the impact on scenarios. Genetic transformations in cultivars enables production improvements by inserting desirable agronomic characteristics. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the cost of transgenic seeds. Patent rights of transgenic seeds require payment to them. However, the adoption of transgenic seeds requires consideration of the added production cost due to payment of patent rights of the technology's owner. The need for alternative insect pest management led to the development of the herbicide-tolerant insect-resistant soybean cultivar RR2 PRO, which was evolved from the herbicide-tolerant RR1 PRO. Besides reducing production costs, the RR2 PRO cultivar is expected to provide social and environmental benefits including reductions in exposure, environmental contamination, pesticide use and CO2 emissions. A cost assessment of this technology should take into account the real benefit generated. Thus, the objective of this study was estimated economic indicators in a soybean system of RR2 PRO and RR1 in the state of Mato Grosso. Operational cost was evaluated by Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA) methodology. Mean profitability indicator was evaluated. The soybean system RR2 PRO presented lower total operational cost than the RR1 system, including lower cost per bag under the RR2 PRO system versus RR1. Favorable profitability was demonstrated by both RR2 PRO with insect resistance and RR1 without insect resistance. However, the results have shown that the insect-resistant soybean cultivar may offer more advantages than its counterpart without insect resistance

Orientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini
Banca: Luiz Cesar Ribas
Banca: Marcelo Fodra
Resumo: A incidência de insetos praga na cultura da soja causa aumento no custo de produção, o que ocasiona menor rentabilidade ao produtor em razão da maior utilização de defensivos para seu controle. Deste modo, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que atenuem estes problemas é frequente. Assim, a biotecnologia torna-se alternativa que contribui para minimizar os impactos deste cenário. A transformação genética de plantas cultivadas possibilita o melhoramento da produção, por meio da inserção de características agronômicas desejáveis. No entanto, ao adotar semente transgênica o custo da semente deve ser levado em consideração devido aos direitos de patentes pagas ao detentor da tecnologia, o que também pode refletir em aumento do custo de produção. A partir da necessidade de alternativas ao manejo fitossanitário de insetos praga foi desenvolvida a soja RR2 PRO, tolerante a herbicida e resistente a insetos. Esta cultivar é a evolução da soja RR1 que apresenta apenas tolerância a herbicida. Além do custo de produção mais satisfatório ao sojicultor, espera-se que a cultura proporcione benefícios sociais e ambientais, através da menor exposição do homem aos defensivos, bem como menor contaminação ambiental, seja por menor uso de defensivo, seja pela menor emissão de CO2. Todavia, o custo para obtenção desta tecnologia deve ser ponderado frente ao real benefício gerado. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar indicadores econômicos do sistema de produção com a soja RR2 PRO e a soja RR1 no estado de Mato Grosso. A metodologia utilizada para estimar o custo operacional de produção foi a do Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Foram avaliados os principais indicadores de rentabilidade. O custo operacional total (COT) do sistema com adoção da soja RR2 PRO foi inferior ao sistema com adoção da soja RR1, refletindo no menor custo por saca da ...
Abstract: The appearance of insect pests in soybean cultivars may increase production cost and reduce producer profitability due to high use of pesticides. Techniques to minimize these problems must be developed. Biotechnology has become an alternative to minimize the impact on scenarios. Genetic transformations in cultivars enables production improvements by inserting desirable agronomic characteristics. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the cost of transgenic seeds. Patent rights of transgenic seeds require payment to them. However, the adoption of transgenic seeds requires consideration of the added production cost due to payment of patent rights of the technology's owner. The need for alternative insect pest management led to the development of the herbicide-tolerant insect-resistant soybean cultivar RR2 PRO, which was evolved from the herbicide-tolerant RR1 PRO. Besides reducing production costs, the RR2 PRO cultivar is expected to provide social and environmental benefits including reductions in exposure, environmental contamination, pesticide use and CO2 emissions. A cost assessment of this technology should take into account the real benefit generated. Thus, the objective of this study was estimated economic indicators in a soybean system of RR2 PRO and RR1 in the state of Mato Grosso. Operational cost was evaluated by Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA) methodology. Mean profitability indicator was evaluated. The soybean system RR2 PRO presented lower total operational cost than the RR1 system, including lower cost per bag under the RR2 PRO system versus RR1. Favorable profitability was demonstrated by both RR2 PRO with insect resistance and RR1 without insect resistance. However, the results have shown that the insect-resistant soybean cultivar may offer more advantages than its counterpart without insect resistance
Mestre

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Recife, PE, Brasil
Os tripanossomatídeos possuem uma combinação não usual de mecanismos moleculares, e seus processos de regulação de expressão gênica ocorreram a nível pós-transcricional. Acredita-se que essa regulação envolva tanto o controle da estabilidade dos mRNAs, como sua tradução em proteínas, eventos em que atua a proteína de ligação à cauda poli-A (PABP - Poly-A Binding Protein), uma das principais proteínas de ligação a RNAs em eucariotos. Um grande número destas proteínas está presente nos tripanosomatídeos, se caracterizando por possuírem domínios típicos de ligação a RNA, como o domínio RRM (RNA Recognition Motif). Dentre estas se destacam as proteínas de ligação a sequências ricas em uridina (UBPs), que se mostraram capazes de interagir com homólogos de PABP. Outras proteínas hipotéticas contendo domínios de ligação a RNA foram identificadas em ensaios que buscavam parceiros diferenciais para os três homólogos de PABP de Leishmania. Este trabalho se propôs a contribuir na caracterização funcional das proteínas UBPs e das proteínas hipotéticas, através da otimização de sua expressão de forma heteróloga em L. infantum, fusionadas ao epítopo HA. Para isto, os genes codificantes dos três homólogos de UBPs, e de cinco outras proteínas de ligação a RNA que parecem interagir com PABPs, foram amplificados e clonados em vetor de expressão de Leishmania. As construções geradas foram transfectadas em L. infantum e a expressão de seis destas proteínas avaliada. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma variação no reconhecimento das proteínas geradas com anticorpos comerciais anti-HA, que parecem depender da sequência de aminoácidos da sua extremidade C-terminal. Diferenças significativas nos seus níveis de expressão também foram observadas. Entre os três homólogos de UBP, dois destes se mostraram mais abundantes enquanto que os três são representados por mais de uma banda, indicando possíveis modificações pós-traducionais

Le SIDA et l'herpès sont des maladies virales liées respectivement à l'infection par le virus du VIH et des virus de type Herpes Simplex. L'AZT ainsi que l'Acyclovir furent les premiers antirétroviraux approuvés pour le traitement du sida et du virus Herpes Simplex type 1 et 2. Ces analogues de nucléosides, en raison de l'absence du groupement OH en position 3', inhibent respectivement la transcriptase inverse et l'ADN polymérase empêchant ainsi la polymérisation de la chaîne de l'ADN viral. Dans le cadre de la découverte de nouvelles molécules pour compléter l'arsenal thérapeutique dirigé vers ces deux pathologies virales, nous nous sommes intéréssés à la synthèse de nouvelles familles d'antirétroviraux analogues de l'AZT de type 1,2,3,-triazole-1,4-disubstitués. Ces composés ont été préparés selon une réaction clé de « Click Chemistry » à partir de précurseurs nucléosidiques de type alcyne ou azoture. Ils ont été testés contre le VIH en collaboration avec le Pr R. F. Schinazi, (Emory Univ School of Medecine, Atlanta, USA) ainsi que contre l'herpès en collaboration avec le Pr N. Bourgougnon (Université de Bretagne Sud, Vannes). D'autre part, un autre projet concernant la préparation de systèmes bicycliques azotés ou oxygénés a été mis au pont. Une étude de la réaction de métathèse tandem d'ouverture et fermeture de cycle (ROM-RCM) a aussi été mise en œuvre à partir de cyclobutènes 3,4 disubstitués par des groupements insaturés. Les composés bicycliques obtenus peuvent être utilisés comme synthons pour l'élaboration de ligands ou de molécules complexes
AIDS and herpes are viral diseases related respectively to infection by the HIV virus and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). AZT and Acyclovir were the first antiretroviral molecules approved for the treatment of AIDS and Herpes simplex type 1 and 2. These nucleoside analogues, due to the absence of the OH group at the 3'-position, inhibit respectively reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase thereby preventing the polymerization of the viral DNA. As part of the discovery of new molecules to complete the therapeutic arsenal directed to these two viral diseases, we focus our interest in the synthesis of a new families of antiretroviral analogues of AZT with 1,2,3-triazole-1,4-disubstituted moiety. These compounds were prepared starting from nucleoside alcyne and azide derivatives using Click Chemistry reaction. These analogues were tested against HIV in collaboration with Pr R. F. Schinazi (Emory Univ School of Medecine/Atlanta, USA) and against herpes in collaboration with Pr N. Bourgougnon (University of Bretagne Sud, Vannes). In other part of this work, we prepare bicyclic compounds using tandem ring opening-ring closing metathesis. Starting from cyclobutene substituted in its 3,4-positions with unsaturated oxygenated of nitrogenous chain, we synthesize a series of bicyclic (pyranic of pyridinic) compounds. These bicyclic compounds could be used as ligands or synthons of complex molecules

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known mammalian RNA virus, containing a genome of ~ 1700 nt. Replication of HDV is extremely dependent on the host transcription machinery. Previous studies indicated that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) directly binds to and forms an active preinitiation complex on the right terminal stem-loop fragment (R199G) of HDV genomic RNA, and that the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF) directly binds to the same region. Further studies demonstrated that PSF also binds to the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNAP II. In my thesis, co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to show that PSF stimulates the interaction of RNAPII with R199G. Results of co-immunoprecipitation experiments also suggest that both the RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) and N-terminal proline-rich region (PRR) of PSF are required for the interaction between PSF and RNAPII, while the two RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2) might be required for the interaction of PSF with R199G. Furthermore, in vitro run-off transcription assays suggest that PSF facilitates the HDV RNA transcription from the R199G template. Together, the above experiments suggest that PSF might act as a transcription factor for the RNAPII transcription of HDV RNA by linking the CTD of RNAPII and the HDV RNA promoter. My experiments provide a better understanding of the mechanism of HDV RNA-dependent transcription by RNAP II.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas
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O anonimato é um preocupação crescente nos atuais sistemas baseados na Internet. As redes de anonimato tradicionais, baseadas em misturadores ou multicast, possuem limitações de confiabilidade, confidencialidade e desempenho. A ampla escala de redes P2P pode ser usada para minimizar tais limitações, mas essas redes têm de lidar com o fenômeno do churn (entrada e saída de nós na rede) e a menor confiabilidade dos nós individuais (devido ao roteamento na camada de aplicação). Esta dissertação apresenta o RPM (Random Path + Multicast), um protocolo para comunicação anônima em sistemas P2P. Além do anonimato, o RPM tem por objetivo a resistência ao churn e a redução do custo computacional normalmente associado a sistemas de anonimato. Para o seu desenvolvimento, primeiramente foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de grande parte da literatura referente ao assunto abordado. Posteriormente foram definidos os objetivos gerais e específicos do projeto visando definir assim sua estrutura funcional. Ao final, foram realisados diversos testes através de simulações, os quais demonstraram que o RPM atinge eficazmente seus objetivos, especialmente com respeito à resistência ao churn.

In recent years, there has been a shift in focus in organic synthetic chemistry, steering away from multistep synthesis, leaning towards tandem and one pot reactions. Described herein is a unique, one pot method for the synthesis of linear triquinanes. The strategy involved a one pot intramolecular Diels-Alder---ring opening metathesis---ring closing metathesis sequence to form triquinane 85. Application of the new methodology towards the synthesis of antibiotic Delta(9,12)- capnellene (13) was performed. During our endeavors, the core ring structure 86 was synthesized.* Also described is a second project which involved the synthesis of bicyclic compounds through a new carbometallation-annulation reaction. The reaction was used for the synthesis of dihydrophenanthrene 129 and chiral tricycle 137. Insight into the application to the synthesis of indoles was also investigated.* *Please refer to dissertation for diagrams.

La spécificité de l’étude juridique du cas de l’enfant rom nécessite la coordination de différentes notions du droit. En effet, l’enfant rom se distingue par son appartenance à une minorité nationale et/ou ethnique, son statut de mineur de dix-huit ans et sa nationalité généralement étrangère, qu’il soit ressortissant communautaire ou issu d’un État tiers l’Union européenne ; qualifications dont la portée à l’égard de la personne de l’enfant doit être appréciée. Si l’intégration en droit interne de l’appartenance à un groupe minoritaire est de prime abord discutable, l’influence des normes de droit international et de droit européen relatives aux minorités, ainsi que l’orientation jurisprudentielle de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, témoignent de l’importance de cette notion dans le domaine du droit. En outre, la situation de mineur de dix-huit ans de l’enfant rom le place en principe sous la protection d’un statut adapté aux particularismes de l’enfance. Cependant, la difficile conciliation du droit aux circonstances de fait entourant la présence en France de l’enfant rom l’expose à des traitements non respectueux de son statut de mineur ou du principe de non discrimination, dans les domaines de la législation régissant l’entrée et le séjour en France des étrangers, de la jouissance des droits fondamentaux à l’instruction, à la santé, aux prestations sociales et familiales ou encore de sa protection contre la délinquance
What makes the legal analysis of the rights of the Roma Child so unique is that he is at the cross-road of several legal approaches. Indeed, the Roma Child is unique in the sense that he belongs to an ethnic and/or national minority, is less than 18 years old, in most cases is considered as a foreigner where he lives (whether from one of the European Union countries or not), all this to be put in perspective of his legal status of Child. If the integration of the fact that this child belongs to a « minority community » is very challengeable in regard to the National Legal Rights, it is obviously much more meaningful in regard to the international and European rights of the Minorities, both in terms of laws and jurisprudence of the European court of Justice. Furthermore, the legal rights of the Roma child as member of a minority are superseded by the rights of the children under the age of 18. However, the reality is sometimes not aligned with the legal principles when the actual circumstances of the presence of this child on the French territory expose him to treatment which are un-respectful to his status of child, and to the legal principles against discrimination. This is particularly true with respect to the laws regulating the entrance and circulation of foreigners on the French territory, which will collide with his rights to education, health, social benefits and protection against delinquency

Retroreflective Raised Pavement Markers (RRPMs) supplement other pavement markings to provide guidance to road users. Previous research concerning durability of the RRPMs suggests that their performance has been degrading over the years. One of the main causes for underperformance of the RRPMs is the lack of appropriate laboratory testing standards that can test the adequacy of the RRPMs to perform in field conditions. There is a need to modify the existing standards or develop new testing procedures that can better simulate field conditions. This requires identifying critical locations and magnitudes of stresses inside the markers during the tire-marker impacts that happen on roads. The goal of this research was to identify critical magnitudes and locations of the stresses in RRPMs during the tire-marker impacts by doing the finite element modeling and simulation of the impacts, and use the information to recommend laboratory testing procedures that could simulate real-world conditions. The researcher modeled and simulated the tire-marker impacts using the finite element tools Hypermesh and LS DYNA. He calibrated the material properties of the marker models to improve the tiremarker model. Based on the tire-marker impact simulations, the researcher concluded that the critical compressive stresses during impacts are located at the edge contacts of retroreflective sides with the top surface. The critical stresses may also occur at lower and upper corners of the marker. The other areas, especially the lower half of the marker, had tensile stresses. Angle of impact was found to be a critical external variable that affected the stresses inside the markers and the marker-pavement interface forces. The researcher then modeled and simulated a few laboratory-testing procedures that could simulate the field performance of the RRPMs. Based on these simulations, the researcher recommended that the ASTM compression test for evaluation of RRPMs be continued or a similar test be developed. He suggested development of one new test (named as offset compression test) that could better replicate the field conditions. He also recommended having a review of the ASTM flexural test.

Face à la croissance exponentielle des réseaux mobiles très haut débit, les opérateurs de téléphonie mobile se sont lancé dans le déploiement des réseaux dits hiérarchiques (HetNet), composés par des sous-réseaux avec des caractéristiques divergentes en termes de type des cellules déployées et des technologies d’accès radio utilisées. Avec ce caractère hétérogène des réseaux cellulaire, l’exploitation de ces derniers devienne de plus en plus compliquée et coûteuse impliquant le déploiement, la configuration et la reconfiguration de stations de base et d’équipements de différentes caractéristiques. Ainsi, l’intégration dans les réseaux HetNet de fonctionnalités d’auto-configuration automatisant et simplifiant l’exploitation des réseaux deviennent une demande forte des opérateurs. Cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude et le développement de solutions de gestion dynamique de l’équilibrage de charges entre les différentes couches composant un même HetNet, pour une expérience utilisateur (QoE) améliorée. Dans ce contexte, une classe des algorithmes d’équilibrage de charges dite ‘équilibrage de charges par adaptation dynamique des paramètres de la procédure de handover’ est étudiée. Pour commencer, nous développons un modèle théorique basé sur des solutions et des outils de la géométrie stochastique et incorporant le caractère hétérogène des réseaux cellulaires. Ensuite nous exploitons ce modèle pour introduire des algorithmes d’adaptation des paramètres de handover basés sur la maximisation de la puissance reçue et du rapport signal/brouillage plus bruit (SINR). Nous exploitons ces résultats pour implémenter et étudier, par simulation à évènements discrets, des algorithmes d’équilibrage de charges dans le contexte des réseaux LTE HetNet auto-organisés basés sur les spécifications 3GPP. Ces travaux soulignent l’importance de l’équilibrage de charges afin de booster les performances des réseaux cellulaires en termes de débit global transmis, perte de paquets de données et utilisation optimisée des ressources radio
High demands on mobile networks provide a fresh opportunity to migrate towardsmulti-tier deployments, denoted as heterogeneous network (HetNet), involving a mix of cell types and radio access technologies working together seamlessly. In this context, network optimisation functionalities such as load balancing have to be properly engineered so that HetNet benefit are fully exploited. This dissertation aims to develop tractable frameworks to model and analyze load balancing dynamics while incorporating the heterogeneous nature of cellular networks. In this context we investigate and analyze a class of load balancingstrategies, namely adaptive handover based load balancing strategies. These latter were firstly studied under the general heading of stochastic networks using independent and homogeneous Poisson point processes based network model. We propose a baseline model to characterize rate coverage and handover signalling in K-tier HetNet with a general maximum power based cell association and adaptive handover strategies. Tiers differ in terms of deployment density and cells characteristics (i.e. transmit power, bandwidth, and path loss exponent). One of the main outcomes is demonstrating the impact of offloading traffic from macro- to small-tier. This impact was studied in terms of rate coverage and HO signalling. Results show that enhancement in rate coverage is penalized by HO signalling overhead. Then appropriate algorithms of LB based adaptive HO are designed and their performance is evaluated by means of extensive system level simulations. These latter are conducted in 3GPP defined scenarios, including representation of mobility procedures in both connectedstate. Simulation results show that the proposed LB algorithms ensure performance enhancement in terms of network throughput, packet loss ratio, fairness and HO signalling

Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick zu RPM als Paketverwaltung für Unix/Linux-Systeme. Der Bau von RPM-Paketen wird an einem einfachen Beispiel skizziert. Paketverwaltungswerkzeuge (yum) werden vorgestellt.

Under detta projekt som utfördes på Scania CV AB undersöktes möjligheten att använda sig av en adaptiv regulator för att reglera motorvarvtalet på en lastbilsmotor som driver utrustning via ett kraftuttag. Fördelen med att använda sig av adaptiv reglering istället för den parameterstyrda PID reglering som används idag är att regulatorn kan klara av fler utrustningstyper. Dagens regulator kan få problem vid stora belastningsmoment eller tröghetsmoment. Detta kan lösas med adaptiv reglering. I rapporten presenteras en modellbaserad regulator som använder systemets tröghetsmoment. Då systemets tröghetsmoment är okänt ges även förslag på hur detta skulle kunna estimeras. Den modellbaserade regulatorn visar sig vara mycket effektiv då skattningen av tröghetsmomentet lyckas. Det Kalmanfilter som designats för att estimera systemet fungerar dock ej för alla önskvärda fall och en fortsatt studie på hur denna design ska se ut krävs innan regulatorn testas på ett verkligt system.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o instituto da obrigação propter rem à luz do direito positivo brasileiro. Com isso, pretende-se fornecer uma descrição dogmaticamente coerente do instituto. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram analisadas categorias jurídicas que, em sede de obrigação propter rem, são controvertidas, entre as quais, destacam-se a renúncia e o abandono liberatório
The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the institute of the propter rem obligation through the light of the Brazilian positive Law. With that, it intends to provide a dogmatically consistent description of the institute. To achieve this goal, there were analyzed legal categories that, in place of propter rem obligation, are issued; including, the waiver and the discharging relinquishment that are stood out.

Internet of Things (IoT) blir allt vanligare i dagens samhälle. Allt fler vardagsenheter blir uppkopplade mot det trådlösa nätet. För det krävs kostnadseffektiv datorkraft vilket medför att det kan vara gynnsamt att undersöka mikrokontroller och hur de skulle klara av detta arbete. Dessa kan ses som mindre kompakta datorer vilka trots sin storlek erbjuder en hel del prestanda. Denna studie avser att underrätta om något befintligt operativsystem kan fungera ihop med mikrokontrollern PIC18F452 samt hur många processer som kan köras parallellt givet MCU:ns begränsade minne. Olika metodval undersöktes och diskuterades för att avgöra vilken metod som skulle generera bäst resultat. En undersökning och flera experiment genomfördes för att kunna besvara dessa frågor. Experimenten krävde att en speciell utvecklingsmiljö installerades och att den generiska FreeRTOS distributionen porterades till både rätt processor och experimentkort. Porteringen lyckades och experimenten visade att frågeställningen kunde besvaras med ett ja - det går att köra ett realtidsoperativsystem på en MCU med enbart 1,5 kB RAM-minne. Under arbetets gång konstaterade också projektet att Amazon byggt sin IoTsatsning på FreeRTOS. De hade dock satsat på en mer kraftfull MCU. Satsningen ville därmed framhålla det som en mer framtidssäker inriktning.
Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming more common in today's society. More and more everyday devices are connected to the wireless network. This requires costeffective computing power, which means that it can be beneficial to investigate the microcontroller and how they would cope with this task. These can be seen as smaller compact computers which despite their size offer a lot of performance. This study aims to inform if any existing operating system can work together with the microcontroller PIC18F452 and how many processes that can run in parallel given the MCU's limited memory. A survey and an experiment were conducted to answer these questions. Different choice of methods was investigated and discussed to determine which method would generate the best results. A survey and an experiment were conducted to answer these questions. The experiments required a special development environment to be installed and the generic FreeRTOS distribution was ported to both the correct processor and the experimental card. The porting succeeded and experiments showed that the research question could be answered with a yes. You can run a real-time operating system on an MCU with only 1,5 kB RAM memory. During the work, the project also found that Amazon built its IoT on FreeRTOS. However, they had invested in a more powerful MCU. The effort would thus emphasize it as a more future-proof approach.